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Chapter 1: Introduction To Psychology
Chapter 1: Introduction To Psychology
Psychology
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Psychology
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Biopsychology
Specializes in the
biological bases of
behavior
Sensation, perception,
learning and thinking
Experimental psychology
Methodological study of
sensing, perceiving,
learning and thinking
Cognitive psychology
Emphasis on higher
mental processes
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Understanding change
and individual
differences
Developmental
psychology
Changes in behavior
over the life span (womb
to tomb)
Personality psychology
Examines consistencies
in peoples behavior
over time and traits that
differentiate us from one
another
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Clinical psychology
Investigates diagnosis
and treatment of
psychological disorders
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Understanding our
social networks
Social psychology
Studies how people are
affected by others
Cross-cultural
psychology
Focuses on the
similarities and
differences in
psychological
functioning across
cultures and ethnic
groups
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New frontiers
Clinical neuropsychology
Focuses on
relationships between
biological factors and
psychological disorders
Evolutionary psychology
Examines influence of
our genetic heritage and
our behavior
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Educating Psychologist
Doctoral Degrees
Ph.D. & Psy.D.
Masters Degree
Bachelors Degree
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Psychologys Roots
Early History
Trephining
hollow tubes
Bumps on the head
Gestalt Psychology
the whole is different from
the sum of its parts
Structuralism
Functionalism
Moved from structure to what
the mind does and how
behavior functions
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Mary Calkins
First female in the APA
Karen Horney
Social and cultural aspects
to personality
Anna Freud
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Todays Perspectives
Humanistic
Biological
Biological bases of
behavior
Psychodynamic
Free will
Natural tendency to
be in control of our
lives
Cognitive
How people think,
understand, and know
about the world
Behavioral
influences of inner
forces
Behavioral
Focus on
observable events
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Individual differences
versus universal
principles
How much of our
behavior is a
consequence of our
unique and special
qualities?
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Psychologys Future
Increase in
specialization
Focus on prevention
Greater influence on
issues of public interest
Increase in diversity
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Identify Questions of
Interest
Formulate an
Explanation:
Specify a theory
Develop a
hypothesis
Carry Out
Research:
Operationalize
hypothesis
Select a research
method
Collect data
Analyze the data
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Theories
Broad explanations and
predictions concerning
phenomena of interest
Hypothesis
A prediction stated in a
way that allows it to be
tested
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Systematic inquiry
aimed at the discovery
of new knowledge
Operationalization
Process of translating a
hypothesis into specific, testable
procedures that can be measured
and observed
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Research Methods
Archival research
Use of existing data in
order to test a hypothesis
Naturalistic observation
Observation of naturally occurring
behavior without intervention
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Research Methods
Survey research
A sample of people are
asked a series of
questions about their
behavior, thoughts, and
attitudes in order to
represent a larger
population
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Research Methods
Case study
An in-depth, intensive
investigation of an
individual or small group
of people
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Research Methods
Variables
Behaviors, events, or
other characteristics that
can change, or vary in
some way
Correlational research
The relationship between
two sets of variables is
examined to determine
whether they are
associated, or
correlated
Ranges from +1 to -1
Correlation does not
mean causation
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Research Methods
Experiment
The relationship between
two (or more) variables is
investigated by
deliberately producing a
change in one variable in
a situation and observing
the effects of that change
on other aspects of the
situation
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Experimental Research
Experimental manipulation
The change that an
experimenter deliberately
produces in a situation
Treatment
The manipulation
implemented by the
experimenter
Experimental group
Any group receiving a
treatment
Control group
A group that receives no
treatment
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Experimental Research
Independent variable
The variable that is
manipulated by the
experimenter
Dependent variable
The variable that is
measured and is
expected to change as a
result of changes caused
by the the experimenters
manipulation of the
independent variable
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Random assignment to
condition
Participants are assigned
to different experimental
groups or conditions on
the basis of chance and
chance alone
Significant outcome
Use of statistical
procedures in order to
determine whether or not
differences between
groups are large enough
to be significant
Replication
Repetition of findings
using other procedures in
other settings
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Research Challenges
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Threats to Experiments
Experimental bias
Factors that distort how
the independent variable
affects the dependent
variable in an experiment
Experimenter
expectations
Participant
expectations
Placebo
A false treatment, such
as a pill, drug, or other
substance without any
significant chemical
properties or active
ingredient
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