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Tabla Transformadas
Tabla Transformadas
+
X
x(t) =
jk0 t
ak e
k=
1
ak =
T
Property
Periodic Convolution
jk0 t
x(t)e
ak ejk(2/T )t
k=
1
dt =
T
x(t)ejk(2/T )t dt
Periodic Signal
x(t)
y(t)
Linearity
Time-Shifting
Frequency-Shifting
Conjugation
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
+
X
Ax(t) + By(t)
x(t t0 )
ejM 0 t = ejM (2/T )t x(t)
x (t)
x(t)
x(t),
> 0 (periodic with period T /)
Z
x( )y(t )d
ak
bk
Aak + Bbk
ak ejk0t0 = ak ejk(2/T )t0
akM
ak
ak
ak
T ak bk
Multiplication
+
X
x(t)y(t)
al bkl
l=
Differentiation
dx(t)
Z dt
t
Integration
x(t)dt
(finite-valued and
periodic only if a0 = 0)
Conjugate Symmetry
for Real Signals
x(t) real
2
jk0 ak = jk ak
T
1
1
ak =
ak
jk(2/T )
jk0
ak = ak
e{ak } = e{ak }
m{ak } = m{ak }
|ak | = |ak |
<
) ak = <
) ak
ak real and even
ak purely imaginary and odd
e{ak }
jm{ak }
1
N
ak =
Property
Time Scaling
Periodic Convolution
x[n]ejk0 n =
n=<N >
1
N
x[n]ejk(2/N )n
n=<N >
Periodic signal
x[n]
y[n]
Linearity
Time shift
Frequency Shift
Conjugation
Time Reversal
k=<N >
Ax[n] + By[n]
x[n n0 ]
ejM (2/N )n x[n]
x [n]
x[n]
x[n/m] if n is a multiple of m
x(m) [n] =
0
if n is not a multiple of m
(periodic with period mN )
X
x[r]y[n r]
x[n]y[n]
First Difference
x[n] x[n 1]
n
X
finite-valued and
x[k]
Periodic with
period N
Aak + Bbk
ak ejk(2/N )n0
akM
ak
ak
viewed as
1
ak periodic with
m
period mN
Nak bk
r=hN i
Multiplication
ak
bk
al bkl
l=hN i
Running Sum
k=
periodic only if a0 = 0
Conjugate Symmetry
for Real Signals
x[n] real
(1 ejk(2/N ) )ak
1
ak
(1 ejk(2/N ) )
ak = ak
e{ak } = e{ak }
m{ak } = m{ak }
|a | = |ak |
k
<
) ak = <
) ak
ak real and even
ak purely imaginary and odd
e{ak }
jm{ak }
k=hN i
Property
Aperiodic Signal
Fourier transform
x(t)
y(t)
X(j)
Y (j)
Linearity
Time-shifting
Frequency-shifting
Conjugation
Time-Reversal
ax(t) + by(t)
x(t t0 )
ej0 t x(t)
x (t)
x(t)
x(at)
Convolution
x(t) y(t)
Multiplication
x(t)y(t)
aX(j) + bY (j)
ejt0 X(j)
X(j( 0 ))
X (j)
X(j)
j
1
X
|a|
a
X(j)Y (j)
1
X(j) Y (j)
2
Differentiation in Time
d
x(t)
Zdt
t
Integration
x(t)dt
Differentiation in Frequency
tx(t)
jX(j)
1
X(j) + X(0)()
j
d
j X(j)
d
X(j) = X (j)
e{X(j)} = e{X(j)}
m{X(j)} = m{X(j)}
|X(j)| = |X(j)|
<
) X(j) = <
) X(j)
X(j) real and even
Fourier transform
Signal
+
X
jk0 t
ak e
k=
+
X
ak ( k0 )
2( 0 )
cos 0 t
[( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]
sin 0 t
[( 0 ) ( + 0 )]
j
x(t) = 1
2()
Periodic
square wave
1, |t| < T1
x(t) =
0, T1 < |t| T2
and
x(t + T ) = x(t)
+
X
(t nT )
x(t)
1, |t| < T1
0, |t| > T1
sin W t
t
(t)
u(t)
(t t0 )
at
ak
k=
ej0 t
n=
e{a} > 0
+
X
2 sin k0 T1
( k0 )
k
k=
+
2 X
2k
T
T
k=
2 sin T1
1, || < W
X(j) =
0, || > W
1
1
+ ()
j
ejt0
1
a + j
1
(a + j)2
1
(a + j)n
a1 = 1
ak = 0, otherwise
a1 = a1 = 12
ak = 0, otherwise
1
a1 = a1 = 2j
ak = 0, otherwise
a0 = 1, ak = 0, k 6= 0
!
this is the Fourier series representation for any choice of
T >0
0 T1
sinc
ak =
k0 T1
1
for all k
T
sin k0 T1
k
X(e ) =
+
X
x[n]ejn
n=
Property
Aperiodic Signal
Fourier transform
Periodic with
X(ej )
j
period 2
Y (e )
aX(ej ) + bY (ej )
ejn0 X(ej )
X(ej(0 ) )
X (ej )
X(ej )
Convolution
x[n]
y[n]
ax[n] + by[n]
x[n n0 ]
ej0 n x[n]
x [n]
x[n]
x[n/k], if n = multiple of k
x(k) [n] =
0,
if n 6= multiple of k
x[n] y[n]
Multiplication
x[n]y[n]
Differencing in Time
x[n] x[n 1]
n
X
x[k]
Linearity
Time-Shifting
Frequency-Shifting
Conjugation
Time Reversal
Time Expansions
Accumulation
k=
X(ejk )
X(eZj )Y (ej )
1
X(ej )Y (ej() )d
2 2
(1 ej )X(ej )
1
X(ej )
1 ej
+
X
j0
( 2k)
+X(e )
k=
Differentiation in Frequency
Conjugate Symmetry
Real Signals
nx[n]
dX(ej )
j
d
j
X(e ) = X (ej )
e{X(ej )} = e{X(ej )}
m{X(ej )} = m{X(ej )}
|X(ej )| = |X(ej )|
<
) X(ej ) = <
) X(ej )
X(ej ) real and even
X(ej ) purely
imaginary and odd
e{X(ej )}
jm{X(ej )}
Signal
X
Fourier transform
ak ejk(2/N )n
+
X
2k
ak
N
+
X
( 0 2l)
k=
k=hN i
ej0 n
+
X
0
ak
0
2
0
(b)
(a)
ak
{( 0 2l) + ( + 0 2l)}
l=
+
X
{( 0 2l) ( + 0 2l)}
j
sin 0 n
ak
(a)
l=
cos 0 n
(b)
(a)
0
2
0
ak
(b)
l=
x[n] = 1
+
X
( 2l)
l=
Periodic
square wave
1, |n| N1
x[n] =
0, N1 < |n| N/2
and
x[n + N ] = x[n]
+
X
[n kN ]
k=
sin W n
n
1, |n| N1
0, |n| > N1
=W
sinc
0<W <
Wn
[n]
u[n]
[n n0 ]
(n + 1)an u[n], |a| < 1
(n + r 1)! n
a u[n], |a| < 1
n!(r 1)!
+
X
k=
2k
ak
N
+
2k
2 X
N
N
k=
1
1 aej
sin[(N1 + 21 )]
sin(/2)
1, 0 || W
X() =
0, W < ||
X()periodic with period 2
ejn0
2
1, k = 0, N, 2N, . . .
ak =
0, otherwise
ak
ak
=
=
ak =
k=
1
(1 aej )2
1
(1 aej )r
sin[(2k/N )(N1 + 12 )]
, k 6= 0, N, 2N, . . .
N sin[2k/2N ]
2N1 +1
,
k
=
0,
N,
2N, . . .
N
1
for all k
N
+
X
1
+
( 2k)
1 ej
2m
=
N
1, k = m, m N, m 2N, . . .
=
0, otherwise
irrational The signal is aperiodic
2m
=
N
1
2 , k = m, m N, m 2N, . . .
=
0, otherwise
irrational The signal is aperiodic
= 2r
N
1
2j , k = r, r N, r 2N, . . .
1
, k = r, r N, r 2N, . . .
2j
0, otherwise
irrational The signal is aperiodic
Linearity
Signal
Transform
x(t)
X(s)
x1 (t)
X1 (s)
R1
x2 (t)
X2 (s)
R2
ROC
Time shifting
x(t t0 )
est0 X(s)
es0 t x(t)
X(s s0 )
Time scaling
x(at)
1 s
X
|a|
a
Conjugation
x (t)
X (s )
Convolution
x1 (t) x2 (t)
X1 (s)X2 (s)
d
x(t)
dt
sX(s)
tx(t)
x( )d( )
d
X(s)
ds
1
X(s)
s
Signal
Transform
ROC
1. (t)
All s
2. u(t)
3. u(t)
tn1
u(t)
(n 1)!
tn1
5.
u(t)
(n 1)!
4.
6. et u(t)
7. et u(t)
tn1 t
e u(t)
(n 1)!
tn1 t
9.
e u(t)
(n 1)!
8.
esT
10. (t T )
11. [cos 0 t]u(t)
s
+ 02
0
s2 + 02
s+
(s + )2 + 02
0
(s + )2 + 02
s2
1
s
1
s
1
sn
1
sn
1
s+
1
s+
1
(s + )n
1
(s + )n
dn (t)
dtn
e{s} > 0
e{s} < 0
e{s} > 0
e{s} < 0
e{s} >
e{s} <
e{s} >
e{s} <
All s
e{s} > 0
e{s} > 0
e{s} >
e{s} >
sn
All s
1
sn
e{s} > 0
Sequence
Transform
ROC
x[n]
x1 [n]
x2 [n]
X(z)
X1 (z)
X2 (z)
R
R1
R2
Linearity
Time shifting
x[n n0 ]
z n0 X(z)
Scaling in the
ej0 n x[n]
z-Domain
z0n x[n]
n
a x[n]
j0
X(e
z)
X zz0
X(a1 z)
x[n]
X(z 1 )
Inverted R (i.e., R1
= the set of points
z 1 where z is in R)
X(z k )
R1/k
Time reversal
Time expansion
x(k) [n] =
x[r], n = rk
0,
n 6= rk
for some integer r
z0 R
Scaled version of R
(i.e., |a|R = the
set of points {|a|z}
for z in R)
Conjugation
x [n]
X (z )
Convolution
x1 [n] x2 [n]
X1 (z)X2 (z)
First difference
x[n] x[n 1]
(1 z 1 )X(z)
At least the
intersection of R and |z| > 0
Accumulation
Pn
1
X(z)
1z 1
At least the
intersection of R and |z| > 1
Differentiation
in the z-Domain
nx[n]
z dX(z)
dz
k= x[k]
Transform
ROC
1. [n]
All z
2. u[n]
1
1z 1
|z| > 1
3. u[n 1]
1
1z 1
|z| < 1
4. [n m]
z m
All z except
0 (if m > 0) or
(if m < 0)
5. n u[n]
1
1z 1
|z| > ||
6. n u[n 1]
1
1z 1
|z| < ||
7. nn u[n]
z 1
(1z 1 )2
|z| > ||
8. nn u[n 1]
z 1
(1z 1 )2
|z| < ||
9. [cos 0 n]u[n]
1[cos 0 ]z 1
1[2 cos 0 ]z 1 +z 2
|z| > 1
[sin 0 ]z 1
1[2 cos 0 ]z 1 +z 2
|z| > 1
1[r cos 0 ]z 1
1[2r cos 0 ]z 1 +r 2 z 2
|z| > r
[r sin 0 ]z 1
1[2r cos 0 ]z 1 +r 2 z 2
|z| > r