MEL242

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department
p
of Mechanical Engineering
g
g
IIT Delhi
prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in

MECH/IITD

Course Coordinator: Dr. Prabal Talukdar

Room No: III, 368
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
Course webpage:
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~prabal/courses.html
Pre-requisite: Fluid Mechanics (AML 160)

Lectures: Tue, Wed, Fri: 9-9.50 a.m.

(Room No: IV LT1)
Tut: 1-1.50 p.m.
(Tentative Room no: III352

MEL 242: Heat and Mass Transfer (3-1-0)

Syllabus (for total 42 lectures)
Introduction and basics of to heat transfer: Modes of heat transfer, Fouriers law, conductivity, diffusivity.
Heat conduction equation:
q
1D Heat conduction,, General heat conduction equation,
q
, Boundary
y and initial
conditions, Heat generation.
Steady heat conduction: Heat conduction in plane wall, cylinder, sphere, network analysis, critical radius of
insulation, heat transfer from fins.
Transient heat conduction: Lumped system analysis, transient heat conduction in large plane walls, long
cylinders
li d and
d spheres
h
with
ith spatial
ti l effect,
ff t Heisler
H i l and
d Grober
G b charts
h t
Numerical methods of heat conduction: Finite difference formulation, numerical methods for 1D and 2D steady
state heat conduction.
( 10 lectures)
Introduction to convection: Fundamentals, Velocity and thermal boundary layer, laminar, turbulent flows,
conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy, solution of boundary layer equations, Analogy between
heat and momentum transfer, Non-dimensional numbers
External heat transfer: Drag and heat transfer, parallel flow over flat plates, flow across cylinders and spheres
Internal heat transfer: Mean velocity and mean temperature, entrance region, constant heat flux and temperature
condition in pipe flow,
flow HagenPoiseuille
Hagen Poiseuille flow,
flow Turbulent flow and heat transfer
Natural/free convection: Equation of motion of Grashof number, natural convection over surfaces and inside
enclosures
( 13 lectures)

Boiling and condensation: Boiling heat transfer, pool boiling, flow boiling, condensation heat transfer, film
condensation, heat transfer correlations.
(( 4 lectures)
Heat Exchangers: Types of heat exchangers, overall heat transfer coefficient, analysis of heat exchangers, the
log mean temperature method, -NTU method.
( 4 lectures)
Introduction to radiation: Fundamentals, radiative properties of opaque surfaces, Intensity, emissive power,
radiosity,
di i Plancks
Pl k law,
l
Wiens
Wi displacement
di l
law,
l
Black
Bl k andd Gray
G
surfaces,
f
Emissivity,
E i i i absorptivity,
b
i i Spectral
S
l andd
directional variations, Stephan Boltzmann law, Kirchhoffs law
View factors: Definitions and relations, radiation heat transfer between two black surfaces, between diffuse gray
surfaces, network method above two surfaces, re-radiating surface, radiation shield, radiation effects on
temperature
p
measurements.
( 7 lectures)
Mass Transfer: Introduction, analogy between heat and mass transfer, mass diffusion, Ficks Law, boundary
conditions, steady mass diffusion through a wall, cylinder and sphere, water vapour migration in buildings,
transient mass diffusion, mass transfer in a moving medium, diffusion of vapor through a stationary gas: Stefan
Flow
( 4 lectures)
Evaluation:
Tuts and Quiz (2 nos): 20% (Closed note, book)
Minor Test I: 20% (Open note,
note closed book)
Minor Test II: 25% (Open note, closed book)
Major Test: 35% (Open note, closed book)
Total: 100%
Textbook: Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer: F. P.
Incropera and D. P. Dewitt
Heat Transfer: Yunus A. Cengel
Heat Transfer: J.P. Holmann

P.TALUKDAR/IITD

Quiz
Tentative Date

Quiz 1
August 27

Quiz 2
November 5

Heat Transfer as a Course

Has a reputation for being one of the most challenging,
fundamental, conceptual courses in ME. It is the heart of
thermal
h
l engineering
i
i
Why??
Physically diverse: thermodynamics,
thermodynamics material science
science, diffusion
theory, fluid mechanics, radiation theory
Higher-level math: vector calculus, ODEs, PDEs, numerical
methods
Physically elusive: heat is invisible; developing intuition takes
time
Appropriate assumptions: required
i d to simplify
i lif andd solve
l most
problems

However, Heat Transfer is interesting, fun, and readily

applicable to the real world
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Heat Transfer Applications

Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and
other aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some
application areas of heat transfer.
transfer

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Human body
y

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Heat Transfer - Thermodynamics

y
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a
system
y
undergoes
g
a process
p
from one equilibrium
q
state to another,
and it gives no indication about how long the process will take.
A thermodynamic analysis simply tells us how much heat must be
transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the
conservation of energy principle.
We are normally interested in how long it takes for the
hot coffee in a thermos to cool to a certain
temperature, which cannot be determined from a
thermodynamic analysis alone
alone.

Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a

system and thus the times of cooling or heating,
heating as well as the
variation of the temperature, is the subject of heat transfer
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Definition
Heat transfer is energy transfer due to a temperature difference in a
medium or between two or more media
Different types of heat transfer processes are called different modes
of heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer is due to a temperature gradient in a
stationary medium or media
Convection heat transfer occurs between a surface and a moving
fluid at different temperatures
Radiation heat transfer occurs due to emission of energy in the
f
form
off ele
electromagnetic
t
eti waves
e by
b all
ll bodies
b die above
b e absolute
b l te zero
e
temperature
Net radiation heat transfer occurs when there exists a temperature
difference between two or more surfaces emitting radiation energy
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Conduction
Conduction heat transfer is due to random molecular and atomic
vibrational, rotational and translational motions
High temperature and more energetic molecules vibrate more and
transfer energy to less energetic particles as a result of molecular
collisions or interactions

The heat flux (a vector)

& (W / m2)
Q
x

is characterized by a transport property know as the

Thermal Conductivity,
y k ((W / m K))
W = watts

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m = Meters

K = temperature in Kelvin

 Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic

particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a
result of interactions between the particles.
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and
liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due to the
combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the
energy transport by free electrons
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the
geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the
medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium

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Fouriers Law
T2 T1
T
&
= kA
Q cond = kA
x
x

(W)

In the limiting case of x 0, the equation above reduces to the

differential form
Fouriers law of heat

dT
&
Q cond = kA
dx

(W)

The negative sign ensures that heat

transfer in the positive x direction is a
positive quantity

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conduction after J. Fourier,

who expressed it first in his
heat transfer text in 1822
T1=

T2 =

Thermal Conductivity
y
Specific heat Cp is a measure of a materials ability to store thermal
energy.
gy For example,
p , Cp = 4.18 kJ/kgC
g
for water and Cp = 0.45
kJ/kgC for iron at room temperature, which indicates that water
can store almost 10 times the energy that iron can per unit mass.
Likewise
Likewise, the thermal conductivity k is a measure of a material
materialss
ability to conduct heat. For example, k = 0.608 W/mC for water
and k = 80.2 W/mC for iron at room temperature, which indicates
that iron conducts
cond cts heat more than 100 times faster than water
ater can.
can
Thus water is a poor heat conductor relative to iron, although
water is an excellent medium to store thermal energy

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Range
g of Thermal Conductivity
y
The thermal conductivities of gases
such as air vary by a factor of 104
from those of pure metals such as
copper.
Note that pure crystals and metals
have the highest thermal
conductivities and gases and
conductivities,
insulating materials the lowest.

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A simple experimental setup to

determine the thermal conductivity
of a material
material.

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The range of
thermal conductivity
of various materials
at room temperature

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 The thermal conductivity of a substance is

normally highest in the solid phase and lowest
in the gas phase.
Unlike gases, the thermal conductivities of
most liquids
li id decrease
d
with
i h increasing
i
i
temperature, with water being a notable
exception.
In solids, heat conduction is due to two
effects: the lattice vibrational waves induced
by tthee vvibrational
b at o a motions
ot o s oof tthee molecules
o ecu es
positioned at relatively fixed positions in a
periodic manner called a lattice, and the
energy transported via the free flow of
electrons in the solid .
The thermal conductivity of a solid is obtained by adding the lattice
and electronic components.
components The relatively high thermal conductivities
of pure metals are primarily due to the electronic component.
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 The lattice component of thermal conductivity strongly depends on

the way the molecules are arranged
Unlike metals, which are good electrical and heat conductors,
crystalline
lli solids
lid suchh as diamond
di
d andd semiconductors
i d
suchh as
silicon are good heat conductors but poor electrical conductors. As a
result, such materials find widespread use in the electronics industry.
For example, diamond, which is a highly ordered crystalline solid,
has the highest known thermal conductivity at room temperature.

Even small amounts in a pure metal of foreign

molecules that are good conductors themselves
seriously
i l disrupt
di
t the
th flow
fl off heat
h t iin that
th t metal.
t l
For example, the thermal conductivity of steel
containing just 1 percent of chrome is 62 W/mC,
while the thermal conductivities of iron
and chromium are 83 and 95 W/mC,
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 The variation of
the thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids and gases
liquids,
with temperature
(from White)

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Thermal Diffusivity
y
The product Cp, which is frequently encountered in heat transfer
y
is called the heat capacity
p
y of a material. Both the
analysis,
specific heat Cp and the heat capacity Cp represent the heat
storage capability of a material.

But Cp expresses it per unit mass whereas Cp expresses it per unit

volume, as can be noticed from their units J/kgC and J/m3C,
respectively.

Another material property that appears in the transient heat

conduction analysis is the thermal diffusivity, which represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material and
is defined as

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The larger the thermal diffusivity,

the faster the propagation of heat
into the medium. A small value of
tthermal
e a d
diffusivity
us v ty means
ea s tthat
at heat
eat
is mostly absorbed by the material
and a small amount of heat will be
conducted further

 Note that the thermal diffusivity

ranges from 0.14 x 10-6 m2/s for
water to 174 x 10-6 m2/s for silver,
which is a difference of more than a
thousand times.
Also note that the thermal
diffusivities of beef and water are the
same. This is not surprising, since
meat as well as fresh vegetables and
fruits are mostly water,
water and thus they
possess the thermal properties of
water.

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Forced Convection

Natural Convection

B ili
Boiling

C d
Condensation
i

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Convection
Convection heat transfer involves both energy transfer due to random
molecular motions and by bulk motion of the fluid
Convection heat transfer includes both forced convection and natural
convection

IIn convection
i heat
h transfer,
f the
h transfer
f off heat
h is
i between
b
a surface
f
and a moving fluid (liquid or gas), when they are at different
temperatures. The rate of transfer is given by Newtons Law of
Cooling.

q '' = h (Ts T )
T

Moving fluid

Ts
Ts > T

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Typical values of convection

h t ttransfer
heat
f coefficient
ffi i t
Process

h (W / m2 K)

Free Convection
Gases

2-25

Liquids

50 -1000

Forced Convection
Gases

35 -250
250

Liquids

50 -20,000

with Phase Change

Boiling or
Condensation

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2500 -100,000

Radiation

All surfaces of finite temperature emit energy in the form of electromagnetic

waves
In the absence of an intervening medium, there is a heat transfer by radiation
between two surfaces at different temperatures
The maximum flux, E (W / m2), at which radiation may be emitted from a
bl kb d surface
blackbody
f
is
i given
i
by:
b
Stefan Boltzmann Law

E b = T

4
s

where
Eb or E = Surface emissive power (W / m2)
T = absolute temperature (K)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 (W / m2 K4)
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Eb
Ts

 For a real surface:

E = Ts4
For a surface with absorptivity
p
y ,, the incident radiation (G,
( , W/m2)
that is absorbed by the surface is given by:
Gabs = G

where
G = incident radiation (W / m2)
T = absolute temperature (K)
= surface emissivity (0 1)
= surface absorptivity (0 1)
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Gabs

 For a gray surface =

When radiant energy is incident on a transparent surface, it can be
absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through the material. Hence,

G = G absorbed + G transmitted + G reflected = ( + + ) G

+ + =1
where

= materials surface reflectivity

= materials transmissivity

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 Consider a small gray surface at temperature Ts that is completely

enclosed by the surroundings at temperature Tsur.
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the surface is:
Tsur

'
4
q 'rad
= E s G sur = Ts4 Tsur

qsur
qs

'
q 'rad
=

Ts

q
4
= Ts4 Tsur
= h r (Ts Tsur )
A

Where hr is the radiation heat transfer coefficient, W / m2 K

2
hr = (Ts + Tsur ) Ts2 + Tsur

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Conduction example

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Convection
example
Calculate the heat flux
from your hand when it is
exposed to moving air
and water, assuming the
surface temperature of
your hand is 30C.

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Radiation ex.
An instrumentation package
has a spherical outer surface
of diameter D = 100 mm and
emissivity = 0.25.
0 25 The
package is placed in a large
space simulation chamber
whose walls are maintained
at 77 K. Iff the operation off
the electronic components is
restricted to the temperature
range of 40 T 85
85C,
C, what
is the range of acceptable
power dissipation for the
package?

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