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Grade 8 - Chapter 11/12 Study Guide!

Chapter 11/12 Outcomes

1. Human Body Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems
a. Explain that cells and organisms require the same basic necessities of life such as
oxygen, nutrients and waste removal. (413, 418)
b. Describe the levels of organization found in living things (i) Cells (ii) Tissues (iii) Organs
(iv) Organ Systems (v) Organisms. (420-423)
c. Identify the main function of the following organ systems: circulatory, respiratory,
digestive, excretory, nervous and muscular. (426-430)
Terms to Remember:
Living Thing
Cell
Parts/Function
s of the
Microscope
Tissue

Parts/Func
tions of
the Cell
Organ

Stimulus
Organelle
Organ
System

Reproduc
tion
Cell
Theory

Microscope

Organism

Name/Describe
main organ
systems.

Mitosis

Chp 12: Human Health

2. Organ Systems Interdependence
a. Describe three examples of the interdependence of various systems of the human body.
(circulatory/respiratory, digestive/circulatory, nervous/muscular) (438-440)
i. Core Lab The Effect of Activity on Heart and Breathing Rate (442-443)
3. Maintaining Healthy Organ Systems
Chapter 11 Notes
All systems have the following characteristics:
-Made up of individual parts that work together as a whole
often connected to one or more systems
-If one part of a system is missing or damaged, the system will not function well or may
not function at all.
-Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems and
organ
systems make
up
organisms

Cells and organisms require the same basic necessities of life. These are:
1) Oxygen
2) Nutrients
3) Waste removal
Cellular Respiration
-Cells require nutrients and oxygen and produce wastes which must be removed.
- Tissues and organ systems are needed to get nutrients and remove wastes.
- The energy for cellular activity originates in the food eaten and digested by the
human organism.
- Cellular processes create waste material that must be removed by the organism.
Tissues
-Groups of similar cells
-Found in all multicellular organisms
-Ex. muscle tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, etc
Organs
-Groups of tissues. Made up of two or more types of tissues
-They are distinct structures that perform specific functions
-Ex: lungs, kidney and heart (see page 423 figure 11.4 for a visual example)
Organ Systems (See pg. 428-430)
-A group of organs that perform activities that help the body as a whole.
- There are 11 human body Systems but you are only responsible for those in the
following chart.

Six Examples of Organ Systems

System

Parts of System

Function

Circulatory

Heart, Arteries, Veins,

Capillaries

-Transport blood,
nutrients, gases and
wastes

Respiratory

Nasal Cavity, Trachea,

Lungs

-Control breathing
-Exchange gases in
lungs and tissues

Digestive

Mouth, Esophagus,
Stomach, Small
Intestine, Large
Intestine, Liver, Gall
Bladder, Pancreas

-Take in and break down

food.
-Absorb nutrients.
-Eliminate solid waste

Excretory

Lungs, Kidneys, Urinary

Bladder

-Remove liquid and gas

wastes from the body

Nervous

Brain, Spinal Cord,

Nerves, Sense Organs

-Detect changes in the

environment and signals
these changes to the
body which then carries
out a response

Muscular

Muscles (Attached to
bones throughout the
body)

-Work with the bones to

move body parts

Factors that affect function and efficiency of systems

*Positive Factors: Exercise, Nutrition (Healthy Diet), Medical Attention, Healthy
lifestyle, Fresh Clean Air, Stress Reducing Activities
*Negative Factors: Sedentary Lifestyle, Poor Diet, Smoking, Alcohol/Drug Abuse,
Exposure to Environments with Poor Ventilation/Pollution, Stress

-Examples of negative health effects:

Obesity (overweight)

Clogged arteries can lead to heart attacks

Damaged lungs
Unit 4: Chapter 12
Technologies to assist damaged organs and/or systems
-Insulin Pump: Regulates insulin levels in the blood (Insulin is a hormone that
lowers the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood).
-Artificial Heart: Pump blood throughout the heart
Human body systems depend on each other:
-Circulatory & Respiratory
- we take in oxygen-rich air through our nose, windpipe, and into our lungs (i.e.,
through the respiratory system).
- the inner surface of our lungs contain blood vessels.
- Oxygen from the air we breathe in is transferred to the blood and is transported
throughout the body, by the circulatory system, to the cells that need the oxygen.
- As the blood passes by the cells, it delivers the oxygen and picks up carbon
dioxide (a waste product).
- The carbon dioxide is then transported to the lungs.

- At the lungs, the carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood vessels into the air
that we breathe out (exhale).
-Circulatory & Digestive
- When we chew and swallow food, it passes to the stomach and then to the small
intestine where it is digested.
- The walls of the small intestine contain many blood vessels.
- When it is digested, the food is broken down into very small particles called
nutrients.
- These nutrients (molecules) pass through the intestine lining into the blood.
- Once in the blood, these nutrients are transported to to the body cells, where it is
used to provide the cell with the materials and energy to carry out its life
processes.
-Nervous & Muscular
- Our nervous system picks up signals (stimuli) from both outside and inside our
bodies.
-Depending on the type of signal, our nervous system may cause our bodies to
react in a particular way.
- Often, the reaction or change that occurs, involves the muscular system.
- For example, when it is cold, our nervous system causes our muscles to contract
and relax rapidly. We experience this as shivering.
- When it is too hot, the nervous system causes the muscles around the blood
vessels in our skin to relax, bringing the warm blood closer to the surface where it
can be cooled by the air (e.g., the skin is flushed).
Careers associated with the health of body systems
-Lab Technicians -X-ray Technician -Physiotherapist -Nutritionists
-Doctors

-Nurses

-Coaches

Examples of personal decisions (choices) regarding health

-Exercise / Not Exercise
-Smoke / Not Smoke
-Use Sunscreen / Not Use Sunscreen
-Eat food with additives / Refrain from eating food with additives
-Avoid Steroid Use / Use Steroids

Grade 8 Science Chapter 11 and 12 Practice Questions

1. What are the 2 characteristics of a system?
2. Draw an organizational chart showing the levels of cell organization
3. What are tissues made up of? Where are they found? What is an example of a tissue?
4. What are organs? What are they made up of? What are some examples of organs?
5. What are organ systems? What are they made up of? What are the 6 organ systems
we are studying?
6. What are organisms made up of?
7. What are the 3 basic necessities of life that all cells and organisms need to live?
8. What is cellular respiration and why is it important?
9. Identify the parts and function for these 6 systems: circulatory, respiratory, Digestive,
Excretory, nervous, muscular
10. What are some positive factors that affect how our body systems work? Explain why
they are positive and what they do to your body.
11. What are some negative factors that affect how our body systems work? Explain
why they are negative and what they do to your body.
12. What are 2 technologies that can help damaged organs or systems?
13. How do the circulatory and respiratory systems depend on each other?
14. How do the circulatory and digestive systems work together?
15. How do the nervous system and muscular system depend on each other?
16. Name careers that are associated with the health of body systems.
17. What are some personal decisions humans can make about their own health? Explain
choices.