9-10-06 Bangla Shahitto

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Avwg mevM MnY KwiqvwQjvg, wZwbB evUxi KZv| mLvb wZb kZ jvK _vwKjI Avgvi `w
evanq c_gB Zuvnvi gyLi cwZ cwoZ| mi~c cmbZveK I Avwg AwZ A `wLqvwQ| ZLb
Zuvnvi eqtg evanq cvk AZxZ nBqvwQj, ei ZvwjKvq Zuvnvi bvg DwVqvwQj, Z_vwc ZuvnvK
eo myì `wLqvwQjvg| evanq mB c_g Avwg eK myì `wL|
h mgqi K_v ewjZwQ, Avwg ZLb wbR hyev; AZGe m eqm eK myì `Lv agmZ bn|
wK m wèm Gi~c agwei Kvh NwUqvwQj| GY Avwg wbR e, KvRB cvq eK myì `wL|
GKRb gnvbyfe ewjqvwQj h, gbyl e bv nBj myì nq bv|
Avnviv wekvgMn ewmqv evjKw`Mi mwnZ M KwiZ KwiZ evjKì kqbNi `wLZ DwVqv
Mjvg| NiwU wejY cwimi, Zvnvi Pvwi KvY PvwiLvwb LvU cvZv, gaj Avi-GKLvwb LvU
iwnqvQ| wRvmv Kivq evjKiv ewjj, Pvwi KvY Avgiv PvwiRb kqb Kwi, Avi gaj gvvi
gnvkq _vKb| GB e`ve `wLqv eo cwiZ nBjvg| wèviv Qvì KvQ wkK _vKvi
AvekKZv AbK eySb bv|
evjKì kqbNi nBZ ewnMZ nBqv Avi-GKNi `wL, GK Kuvw` mycK gZgvb iv `v`yjgvb
iwnqvQ, ZvnvZ GKLvwb KvMR SzwjZQ| cwoqv `wLjvg, wbZ hZ K`jx Kuvw` nBZ eq nq,
ZvnvB ZvnvZ wjwLZ nBqv _vK ! jvK mPivPi BnvK z` `w, QvUbRi BZvw` ej : wK Avwg
Zvnv Kvbvi~c fvweZ cvwijvg bv| hi~c Abvb welqi e`ve `wLjvg, ZvnvZ KjvKuvwì
wnmve `wLqv eis Aviv PgrKZ nBjvg| hvnvì `w z` Zvnviv Kej mvgvb welqi cwZB `w
ivL, Ab welq `wLZ cvq bv| wK Avwg huvnvi K_v ewjZwQ, `wLjvg Zuvnvi wbKU enr m~
mKjB mgfve cwijwZ nBqv _vK| AbK AvQb, eo eo welq gvUvgywU `wLZ cvib, wK
m~ welqi cwZ Zuvnvì `w GKevi co bv| Zuvnvì cksmv Kwi bv| huvnviv enr m~ GK
`wLqv Kvh Kib, ZvunvìB cksmv Kwi|
Avwg fvweqvwQjvg cvjvg cej kni, myLi vb| ZLb RvwbZvg bv h cvjvg kni bn, GKwU
cKv ciMbvgv| kni m AjB bvB, bMi `~i _vKzK, Z_vq GKLvwb MMvgI bvB, Kej cvnvo
I Rj cwic~Y|
iuvwP nBZ cvjvg hvBZ hvBZ hLb evnKMYi wb`kgZv `~i nBZ cvjvg `wLZ cvBjvg,
ZLb Avgvi eva nBj hb gZ gN KwiqvQ| Avwg AbKY ùvovBqv mB gbvni `k `wLZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvwMjvg| H AKvi gNga GLbB hvBe GB gb Kwiqv Avgvi KZB Avnv` nBZ jvwMj|
KZY cuwQe gb Kwiqv Avevi KZB e nBjvg|
cvjvg cek Kwiqv `wLjvg b`x, Mvg mKjB AvQ, `~i nBZ Zvnv wKQzB `Lv hvq bvB| cvjvg
ciMbvq cvnvo AmsL, cvnvoi ci cvnvo, Zvnvi ci cvnvo, Avevi cvnvo; hb wePwjZ b`xi
msLvZxZ Zi|
mLvb GKevi GKwU cvnvo `wLqv PgrKZ nBqvwQjvg| mwU GKwkjv, mgy`q GKLvwb ci | ZvnvZ
GKevi Kv_vI KYvgv gwKv bvB, mgy`q cwivi SiSi KwiZQ| Zvnvi GKvb AbK `~i ch
dvwUqv wMqvQ, mB dvUvi Dci enr GK AkMvQ RwbqvQ| ZLb gb nBqvwQj, Ake eo iwmK,
GB bxim cvlvY nBZI imMnY KwiZQ| wKQzKvj ci Avi GKw`b GB AkMvQ Avgvi gb
cwoqvwQj, ZLb fvweqvwQjvg ewU eo kvlK, Bnvi wbKU bxim cvlvYiI wbvi bvB|
Acivn cvjvgq cek Kwiqv Dfqcvk ceZkwY `wLZ `wLZ ebga w`qv hvBZ jvwMjvg|
eb eYbvq hi~c kvj Zvj Zgvj, wnvj kywbqvwQjvg, mi~c wKQzB `wLZ cvBjvg bv| Zv, wnvj
GKeviB bvB, Kej kvjeb, Ab eb MvQI AvQ| kvji ga cKv MvQ GKwUI bvB,
mKjwjB Avgvì `wk K`êi gZv, bvnq wKQz eo; wK Zvnv nBjI Rj AwZ `yMg,
Kv_vqI Zvnvi Q` bvB, GBRb fqvbK| GBi~c eb w`qv hvBZ hvBZ GK vb nVvr KvNvi
weqKi k KYMvPi nBj, KvNv c~e gw`bxcyi Aj `wLqvwQjvg| MncvwjZ c eb c_
nvivBj, kvbymiY Kwiqv Zvnvì Abymvb KwiZ nq, GBRb MjNvi Drcw| KvNvi k
wbj cvYi wfZi Kgb Ki| cvnvo Rji ga m k Aviv hb Aemb Ki; wK mKjK
Ki wK bv, Zvnv ewjZ cvwi bv|
A wej^B Aa ZYveZ GKwU z` cvi `Lv Mj, GLvb mLvb `yBGKwU gay ev gqve
wfb mcvi j wK jZv wKQzB bvB, me AwZ cwivi| ceZQvqvq mcvi Aviv ig nBqvQ;
Z_vq KZKwj KvjevjK GK gwnl PivBZwQj, mi~c KeY Kvw Avi KLbv `wL bvB;
mKji Mjvq cyuwZi mvZbix, ayK&aywKi cwieZ GKGKLvwb Mvj Aviwk; cwiavb aov, KY
ebdzj; Kn gwnlc kqb Kwiqv AvQ, Knev gwnlc ewmqv AvQ, Kn Kn bZ KwiZQ|
hi~c vb ZvnvZ GB cv_yi Qjwj DchvMx ewjqv wekl myì `LvBZwQj; Pvwiw`K Kvjv
cv_i, cI cv_yi; Zvnvì ivLvjI mBi~c|
GB Aj cavbZ Kvji evm| Kvjiv eb RvwZ, LevKwZ, KeY; `wLZ KyrwmZ wK i~cevb
Zvnv Avwg gxgvsmv KwiZ cvwi bv! hmKj Kvj KwjKvZv AvBm ev PvevMvb hvq Zvnvì ga
Avwg KvnvKI i~cevb `wL bvB; eis AwZ KzrwmZ ewjqv eva KwiqvwQ| wK ^`k KvjgvB
i~cevb, AZ Avgvi P| ebiv eb myì; wkiv gvZvo|
cvii ci GK z` Mvg, Zvnvi bvg iY bvB; Z_vq wk-ewkwU Mn evm Ki| mKjiB
cYKzwUi| Avgvi cvjwK `wLZ hveZxq xjvK QzwUqv Avwmj| mKjB Avejymi gZv Kvjv,
mKjB hyeZx, mKji KwU`k GKLvwb Kwiqv z` Kvco Rovbv| KY z` z` ebdzj, gv_vq eo
eo ebdzj| hyeZxiv cii Kuva aivawi Kwiqv `wLZ jvwMj|
evvjvi c_NvU evB AwaK `Lv hvq, wK cvjvg Aj hyeZxB AwaK `Lv hvq| Kvji ga
ev AwZ A, Zvnviv AwaKeqmx nBjI hyeZxB _vK, AkxwZcivqYv bv nBj Zvnviv jvjPgv nq
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
bv| AwZkq cwikgx ewjqv MnKvh KwlKvh mKj KvhB Zvnviv Ki| cyiliv xjvKi bvq Kej
ewmqv mvb iv Ki, KLbv KLbv PvUvB eyb| Avjm Rb cyiliv egwnjvì bvq kxN e
nBqv hvq, xjvKiv kgnZz wPihebv _vK| jvK ej ccxi ga cyilRvwZB ewj I
myì; gbylgaI mB wbqg| wK Kvjì `wLj Zvnv evanq bv, Zvnvì xRvwZivB ewj I
Avh Kvwwewkv| wK Zvnvì eqtcv cyilì Mvq Lwo DwVZQ, P gvwQ DwoZQ, gyL
nvwm bvB, hb mKjiB Rxebxkw Kwgqv AvwmqvQ|
GKw`bi K_v ewj| hi~c wbZ Acivn GB cvnvo hvBZvg mBi~c Avi GKw`b hvBZwQjvg, c_
`wL GKwU hyev exi`c cvnvoi w`K hvBZQ, cvZ KZKwj xjvK ZvnvK mvwaZ mvwaZ
m hvBZQ|
hLb Avwg wbKUeZx nBjvg ZLb xjvKiv wbi nBqv GKcvk ùvovBj| ev wRvmv Kivq hyev
m`c ewjj, Avwg evN gvwiZ hvBZwQ, GB gv Avgvi MviK evN gvwiqvQ| Avwg evY-mvb;
m evN bv gvwiqv Kvb gyL Avi Rj MnY Kwi ? Avwg wKwZ AcwZf nBqv ewjjvg, Pj, Avwg
Zvgvi m hvBZwQ|
Avwg ^fveZ eo fxZ, Zvnv ewjqv evN-fjyK m^ Avgvi KLbv fq nq bvB| e wkKvwiiv KZw`b
cvnvo GKvKx hvBZ Avgvq wbla KwiqvQ, wK Avwg Zvnv KLbv Mvn Kwi bvB, wbZ GKvKx
hvBZvg, evN Avwme, Avgvq awie, Avgvq LvBe, G mKj K_v KLbv Avgvi gb AvwmZ bv| Kb
AvwmZ bv Zvnv Avwg GLbv eywSZ cvwi bv| mwbK cyilì ga AbK Avcbvi Qvqv `wLqv fq cvq,
A_P Avb e`b iY wMqv iY Ki| wj wK Zievwi Zvnvi A cwe nBe GK_v Zvnvì gb
AvBm bv| hZw`b Zvnvì gb GK_v bv AvBm, ZZw`b jvKi wbKU Zvnviv mvnmx; h wec` bv
eyS mB mvnmx| Avw`g Aevq mKj cyiylB mvnmx wQj, Zvnvì ZLb djvdj vb nq bvB|
Rjxì ga A`vc `Lv hvq, mKjB mvnmx, BDivcxq mfì AcvI AbK Ask mvnmx; nZz
djvdj eva bvB| Avwg ZvB Avgvi mvnmi wekl Mie Kwi bv| mfZvi m m mvnmi fvM
Kwgqv AvBm; cbvj KvW hZ fvjv nq mvnm ZZ AwnZ nq|
GKw`b Acivn cvnvoi w`K hvBZwQjvg, cw_ga KZKjv KvjKbvi mwnZ mvvr nBj|
Zvnvì ga h mevcv eqvRv gv_vq c~Y Kjm `yB n awiqv nvmgyL Avgvq ewjj,
iv bvP `wLZ Avwmeb? Avwg gv_v njvBqv ^xKvi Kwijvg, Agwb mKj nvwmqv DwVj| Kvji
hyeZxiv hZ nvm, hZ bvP, evanq cw_exi Avi Kvbv RvwZi Kbviv ZZ nvwmZ bvwPZ cvi bv;
Avgvì `yi Qjiv Zvnvi kZvsk cvi bv|
mvi ci Avwg bZ `wLZ Mjvg; Mvgi cvfvM GK eUeZj Mvg hyeviv mgy`qB Avwmqv
GK nBqvQ| Zvnviv Luvcv evuvwaqvQ, ZvnvZ `yB wZbLvwb KvVi wPiwb mvRvBqvQ| Kn
gv`j AvwbqvQ, Knev j^v jvwV AvwbqvQ, win Kn Avm bvB; eqmi `vl mKjiB `n
Pj, mKjB bvbvfwZ Avcb Avcb ejexh `LvBZQ| eiv eg~j DP gbq-gi Dci
Roer ewmqv AvQ, Zvnvì Rvby cvq QvovBqvQ| Avwg wMqv Zvnvì cvk ewmjvg|
GB mgq `j `j Mvg hyeZxiv Avwmqv RwgZ jvwMj; Zvnviv AvwmqvB hyevw`Mi cwZ Dcnvm
Avi Kwij, m m eo nvwmi NUv cwoqv Mj| Dcnvm Avwg wKQzB eywSZ cvwijvg bv; Kej
10
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Abyfe wi Kwijvg h hyeviv VwKqv Mj| VwKevi K_v, hyev `kevivUv, wK hyeZxiv cvq Pwjk
Rb, mB Pwjk Rb nvwmj nvBji cb VK|
nvmDcnvm kl nBj, bZi D`vM Avi nBj| hyeZx mKj nvZ aivawi Kwiqv AaP`vKwZ
iLvwebvm Kwiqv ùvovBj| `wLZ eo PgrKvi nBj| mKjwjB mg-DP, mKjwjB cv_yi
Kvjv| mKji gv_vq ebcy, KY ebcy, I nvwm| mKjB Avnv` cwic~Y, Avnv` Pj|
eiv BwZ Kwij hyevì `j gv`j evwRj, Agwb hyeZxì `n hb wknwiqv DwVj; ciB
Zvnviv bZ Avi Kwij| Zvnvì bZ Avgvì P bZzb, Zvnviv Zvj Zvj cv dwjZQ, A_P
Kn Pj bv; `vj bv, Uj bv| h hLvb ùvovBqvwQj, m mBLvbB ùvovBqv Zvj Zvj cv
dwjZ jvwMj|
bZ Avi nBj ci GK e g nBZ KwZ K GKwU MxZi gnov Avi Kwij, Agwb hyeviv
mB MxZ DPî Mvwnqv DwVj, m m hyeZxiv Zxe Zvb ayjv awij| hyeZxì myii XD
wbKUi cvnvo wMqv jvwMZ jvwMj|
hyeZxiv Zvj Zvj bvwPZQ, Zvnvì gv_vi ebdzj mBm DwVZQ bvwgZQ, Avevi mB dzji
`ywUGKwU Swiqv Zvnvì cwoZQ| kxZKvj wbKU, `yBwZb vb Kwiqv AwM
RwjZQ, AwMi AvjvK bZKxì eY Aviv Kvjv `LvBZQ; Zvnviv Zvj Zvj bvwPZQ,
bvwPZ bvwPZ dzji cvcwoi bvq mKj GKevi wPwZqv cwoZQ, AvKvk nBZ P` Zvnv `wLqv
nvwmZQ, Avi eUg~ji AKvi ewmqv Avwg nvwmZwQ| T
kv_ I UxKv : Kzmwy gZ KvbbdzjkvwfZ evMvb, dzjj evMvb, ci gq ceZi gvwU cv_ii gZv
nq hvIqv; KKvKxY KuvUvq cwic~Y, `yMg ; K`vPvix KzrwmZ AvPvi, RNb AvPiY, bvsiv eenvi;
WvKMvwo WvKevnx `ZMvgx Mvwo, wPwVc enbKvix Mvwo; gwKvi mvgvb Z~c QvU wUjv, DuPz RvqMv;
`Zc`wec `Z ev ZvovZvwo cv Pvwjq hvIqv; mvì Avìi m; cmbZveK Avbw`Z,
Drdzj wP; GK Kuvw` mycK gZgvb iv GK Qov myìfve ev cwic~Yi c cvKv Kjv; ciMbv
AbKjv Mvgi mgw, Rjvi Ask wekl; hb gZ gN KwiqvQ cvnvo Ges Pvicvki cwieki
NbZ evSvZ G DcgvwU cqvM Kiv nqQ| hb wePwjZ b`xi msLvZxZ Zi cvjvgZ chvqg
mgZjf~wg cvnvo hb b`x-Zii gZv Aevb KiQ| KvjevjK Kvj mc`vqfy evjK;
mvZbix Knvi, Mjvi gvjv; ayKa& wy K jKU; aov aywZ, Pxie; cv_yi Qjwj cvnvwo Qjjv
mvaviYZ KvjvI cwikgx nq; AkxwZcivqYv Avwki AwaK eqm wewk ev; jvjPhv wkw_j ev wXjv
Pvgov; kgnZz wPihebv cvnvwo GB gqiv cwikgx nIqvq mnmv e nq bv; A`vwc AvRI, GLbv,
cbvj KvW dR`vwi gvgjvi `wewa; Rvby nuvUz, Kuva|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mxeP` Pvcvavqi cvjvg bvqK gYvcbvm _K AskwU msKwjZ I
mvw`Z nqQ| hyeK eqm jLK GKevi cvjvg wMqwQjb| ZviB wZPviYg~jK iPbv GwU|
mLvbKvi cvnvo-b`x-MvQcvjv mevcwi mLvbKvi gvbyl jLKK w`qwQj Acvi Avb`| GK
evOvwj cwievi wZwb AvwZ_ MnY Kib| Zvì cvwievwiK Rxebi GK kwK eYbv AvQ G
iPbvq| Kvj mc`vqi gvbyli mvswZK Abyvb DcfvMi GK DcfvMKi eYbvI iqQ|
AZ mvejxj fvlvq I wmbgvwUK XO DcvwcZ KvwnbxwU wbtm`n imvZK Ges
KZ~njvxcK|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
11
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1. mcwZ Zzwg hLvb wkv mdi ev gY wMqwQj Zvi weeiY `vI|
2. evsjv`ki wewfb `kbxq vbi bvg I cwiPqi GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1| cvjvg Aj cavbZ Kvb RvwZi jvKi evm ?
K.
gvivwV
L.
RivwU
M.
Kvj
N.
gyvwi
2| M Kiv G eqmi ivM GLvb ei Kvb ewkK evSvbv nqQ ?

K.
e` Afvm
L.
eqmi evwZK
M.
evPvjZv
N.
cvwZ

Rvgvb evevi mv_ wmjUi Rvdjs hvwQj| ivv _K cvnvoi m`h `L Mvwo _vgvZ
ej| Zvici bg mw`K òvZ i Ki| evev evSvZ Pvq H cvnvo AbK `~i wK
Rvgvb Zv wKQzZB wekvm KiZ Pvq bv|
3| DxcKi Rvgvb cvjvg iPbvi hvi mv_ mv`kc~Y
K. jLK
L. MvoIqvb
M. eevmx
N. cwZekxi
4| Dfqi ga h ewk cKvk cqQ
K. wbeywZv
L. g
M. GKuqgx
N. mvnm
mRbkxj ck
Rwni mvnei GjvKvi gvbyl Zvi evmv _K GKUz `~i GKRb _vK| Zvi mv_ AvwiKZv, `Zv
I PjvPj Ki ^vQ`| wK Ab GjvKv _K Avmv Zvi cvki evmvq _vK iwdK mvne| Zvi
mv_ mK fvjv _vK bv| eis memgq kZvi mK weivR Ki|
K. jLK nvRvwievM KLb cuQwQj ?
L. jLKi zav AwaKZi c`x nBj Kb ?
M. DxcKi Rwni mvnei ^vQ` PjvPji Kvhgjv cvjvg iPbvq KvìK BwZ
Ki Zv Zzj ai|
N. DxcKwU cvjvg iPbvi Lvsk gv, c~Yi~c bq hywmn weklY Ki|
12
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
dzji weevn
ewgP` Pvcvavq
[jLK cwiwPwZ : ewgP` Pvcvavq 26k Ryb 1838 wLv cwgei Pwek ciMbv Rjvi AMZ
KuvVvjcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1858 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K we.G cixvq DxY nb Ges
m eQiB WcywU gvwRU I WcywU Kvji c` PvKwiZ wbhy nb| ewgP` Zwk eQi GKB c`
PvKwi Ki 1891 mvj Aemi MnY Kib| wZwb cvVvevqB mvwnZPPv i Kib| Zuvi Amvgvb KwZZ
cKvk cqQ cvvZ fvev`k evsjv Dcbvm iPbvi cw_Kr wnme| 1865 mvj cKvwkZ Zuvi c_g evsjv
Dcbvm `yMkbw`bx evsjv K_vmvwnZ GK bew`M mw Ki| Zuvi Abvb Dcbvm njv : KcvjKzjv,
gYvwjbx, wele, Bwìv, hyMjvyixq, ivavivbx, P`kLi, iRbx, KKvi DBj, ivRwmsn, Avb`gV, èx
Payivbx I mxZvivg| ce mvwnZI ewgP` KwZZ `wLqQb| KgjvKvi ì, jvKinm, K Pwi
BZvw` Zuvi DjLhvM ceM| ewgP` Pvcvavq 1894 mvji 8B Gwcj gZzeiY Kib|]
ekvL gvm weevni gvm| Avwg 1jv ekvL bmx eveyi dzjevMvb ewmqv GKwU weevn `wLjvg|
fwelr eiKbvw`Mi wkv_ wjwLqv ivwLZwQ|
gwjKv dzji weevn| eKvjkke Aemvbcvq, KwjKv-Kbv weevnhvMv nBqv Avwmj| Kbvi wcZv
eojvK bn, y` e, ZvnvZ Avevi AbKwj KbvfvivM| mî AbK K_v nBZwQj, wK
KvbUv wi nq bvB| D`vbi ivRv jc wb`vl cv eU, wK No eo DuPz, jc AZ `~i bvwgj
bv| Rev G weevn AmZ wQj bv, wK Rev eo ivMx, KbvKZv wcQvBjb| MivR cv fvjv, wK
eo `gvM, cvq Zuvnvi evi cvIqv hvq bv| GBi~c Aeevi mgq giivR NUK nBqv gwjKvem`b DcwZ nBjb| wZwb Avwmqv ewjjb, Y&& ! Y&& ! Y&& gq AvQ ?
gwjKve cvZv bvwoqv mvq w`jb, AvQ ! gi cvmb MnY Kwiqv ewjjb, Y&& Y&& Y&& ! Y&&
YvY&& ! gq `wLe|
e, kvLv bZ Kwiqv gyw`Zbqbv AebeZx Kbv `LvBjb|
gi GKevi eK c`wY Kwiqv Avwmqv ewjjb, Y&& ! Y&& ! Y&& ! Y `wLZ PvB| NvgUv Lvj|
jvkxjv Kbv wKQzZB Nvg&&Uv Lyj bv| e ewjjb, Avgvi gqwj eo jvRyK| Zzwg GKUz
Acv Ki, Avwg gyL `LvBZwQ|
gi fuv Kwiqv jci eVKLvbvq wMqv ivRcyi m BqviwK KwiZ ewmjb| Gw`K gwjKvi
mvVvKzivYx-w`w` Avwmqv ZvnvK KZ eySvBZ jvwMj ewjj, w`w`, GKevi Nvg&&Uv Lvj bBj,
ei Avwme bv jx Avgvi, Puv` Avgvi, mvbv Avgvi, BZvw`| KwjKv KZevi Nvo bvwoj, KZevi
ivM Kwiqv gyL NyivBj, KZ evi ewjj, Vvb&&w`w`, ZzB hv ! wK kl mvi wm ^fve gy nBqv
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
13
gyL Lywjj| ZLb NUK gnvkq fuv Kwiqv ivRevox nBZ bvwgqv Avwmqv NUKvjxZ gb w`jb| Kbvi
cwigj gy nBqv ewjjb, Y&& Y&& Y&& Y YvY&& ! Kbv YeZx eU| Ni gay KZ ?
KbvKZv e ewjjb, d` wèb, Kovq Mvq eySvBqv wè| gi ewjjb, Y&& Y&&, Avcbvi
AbK Y NUKvjxUv ?
KbvKZv kvLv bvwoqv mvq w`j, ZvI ne|
giewj NUKvjxi wKQz AvMvg w`j nq bv ? bM` `vb eo YY&& Y&& Y&|
z` ewU ZLb wei nBqv, mKj kvLv bvwoqv ewjj, AvM eii K_v ej ei K ?
giei AwZ mycv| Zuvi AbK Y-bb&|
G mKj K_vcK_b gbyl wbZ cvq bv, Avwg Kej wè KY cvBqvB G mKj wbZwQjvg| Avwg
wbZ jvwMjvg, KzjvPvh gnvkq, cvLv Svwoqv, Qq cv QovBqv Mvjvei gwngv KxZb KwiZwQjb|
ewjZwQjb h, Mvjve esk eo Kjxb; Kb bv, Bnviv dzj gj| hw` ej, mKj dzjB dzj,
Z_vwc Mvjvei Mie AwaK; Kb bv, Bnviv mvvr evvgvjxi mvb; Zvnvi ^nivwcZ| hw` ej,
G dzj KuvUv AvQ, Kvb&& Kzj ev Kvb&& dzj bvB ?
hvnv nDK, NUKivR Kvbi~c m^ wi Kwiqv, euv Kwiqv Dwoqv wMqv, Mvjve eveyi evwoZ Lei
w`jb| Mvjve, ZLb evZvmi m bvwPqv bvwPqv, nvwmqv nvwmqv, jvdvBqv jvdvBqv Ljv
KwiZwQj, weevni bvg wbqv Avnvw`Z nBqv Kbvi eqm wRvmv Kwij| gi ewjj, AvwR Kvwj
dzwUe|
Mvaywj jM DcwZ, Mvjve weevn hvvi D`vM KwiZ jvwMjb| DwPov bner evRvBZ Avi
Kwij ; ggvwQ mvbvBqi evqbv jBqvwQj, wK ivZKvbv ewjqv m hvBZ cvwij bv| L`vZiv
Svo awij ; AvKvk ZvivevwR nBZ jvwMj| KvwKj AvM AvM dzKivBZ jvwMj| AbK eihvv
Pwjj; ^qs ivRKzgvi jc wèvemvb AmyKi ewjqv AvwmZ cvwijb bv, wK RevMvx kZ
Rev, i Rev, Ri` Rev cfwZ mesk AvwmqvwQj| Kiexii `j, mKj ivRvw`Mi gZ eo DP
Wvj Pwoqv Avwmqv DcwZ nBj| muDwZ bxZei nBe ewjqv, mvwRqv Avwmqv `ywjZ jvwMj|
Miì Rvo cwiqv Puvcv Avwmqv ùvovBj DM M QzwUZ jvwMj| MivRiv eo evnvi w`qv, `j
`j Avwmqv, M wejvBqv `k gvZvBZ jvwMj| AkvK bkvq jvj nBqv Avwmqv DcwZ; m GK
cvj wcc&&ov gvmvqe nBqv AvwmqvQ; Zvnvì Yi m m^ bvB, wK ùvZi Rvjv eoKvb&&
weevn bv Gi~c eihv RvU, Avi Kvb&& weevn bv Zvnviv j dzUvBqv weev` evavq ? KzieyK KzUR
cfwZ AviI AbK eihv AvwmqvwQjb, NUK gnvkqi KvQ Zuvnvì cwiPq wbeb| meB wZwb
hvZvqvZ Kib Ges wKQz wKQz gay cvBqv _vKb|
AvgviI wbgY wQj, AvwgI Mjvg| `wL, eici eo wec`| evZvm evnKi evqbv jBqvwQjb;
ZLb ug Kwiqv AbK gi&&`vwb KwiqvwQjb, wK KvRi mgq Kv_vq jyKvBjb, Kn LyuwRqv cvq
14
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
bv| `wLjvg, ei eihv, mKj AevK nBqv wifve ùvovBqv AvQb| gwjKvw`Mi Kzj hvq
`wLqv, AvwgB evnKi Kvh ^xKvi Kwijvg| ei, eihv mKjK Zzwjqv jBqv gwjKvcyi Mjvg|
mLvb `wLjvg, KbvKzj, mKj fwMbx, Avnv` NvgUv Lywjqv gyL dzUvBqv, cwigj QzUvBqv, myLi
nvwm nvwmZQ| `wLjvg, cvZvq cvZvq RovRwo, Mi fvvi QovQwo cwoqv wMqvQi~ci fvi
mKj fvwqv cwoZQ| hyw_, gvjZx, eKzj, iRbxMv cfwZ GqvMY x-AvPvi Kwiqv eiY Kwij|
`wLjvg, cyivwnZ DcwZ; bmx eveyi begelxqv Kbv (Rxe KzmygcywcYx) KzmygjZv m~P myZv jBqv
ùvovBqv AvQ; KbvKZv Kbv m`vb Kwijb; cyivwnZ gnvkq `yBRbK GK m~Zvq Muvw_qv MuvUQov
euvwaqv w`jb|
ZLb eiK evmiNi jBqv Mj| KZ h imgqx gaygqx myìx mLvb eiK Nwiqv ewmj, Zvnv wK
ewje| cvPxbv VvKzivYxw`w` UMi mv`v cvY euvav iwmKZv KwiZ KwiZ KvBqv DwVjb| iYi
ivvgyL nvwm ai bv| hyB, Kbi mB, Kbi KvQ wMqv Bj; iRbxMvK ei ZvoKv ivmx ewjqv
KZ Zvgvmv Kwij; eKzj GK evwjKv, ZvZ hZ MyY, ZZ i~c bn; GKKvY wMqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv
iwnj; Avi Szg&Kv dzj eo gvbyli MwnYxi gZ gvUv bxj kvox QovBqv RgKvBqv ewmj| ZLb
KgjKvKvIV evwo hvB ivZ nqQ, I wK, Xzj coe h ?
KzmygjZv GB K_v ewjqv Avgvi Mv VwjZwQj; PgK nBj, `wLjvg wKQzB bvB| mB cyevmi
Kv_vq wgwkj ? gb Kwijvg, msmvi AwbZB eUGB AvQ GB bvB| m ig evmi K_vq
Mj, mB nvmgyLx wZmyavgqx cymyìxmKj Kv_vq Mj ? hLvb me hvBe, mBLvb
wZi `cYZj, f~ZmvMiMf| hLvb ivRv cRv, ceZ mgy`, Mn bvw` wMqvQ ev hvBe,
mBLvb asmcyi! GB weevni bvq me k~b wgkvBe, me evZvm Mwjqv hvBe Kej _vwKe
Kx ? fvM ? bv, fvM bv _vwKj fvM _vwKZ cvi bv| Ze Kx ? wZ ?
Kzmyg ewjj, IV bvwK KPv ?
Avwg ewjjvg, `~i cvMwj, Avwg weq w`wQjvg|
Kzmyg Nul Gm, nm nm KvQ ùvovBqv Avì Kwiqv wRvmv Kwij, Kvi weq, KvKv ?
Avwg ewjjvg, dzji weq|
It cvov Kcvj, dzji ? Avwg ewj wK ! AvwgI h GB dzji weq w`qwQ|
KB ?
GB h gvjv Muvw_qvwQ| `wLjvg, mB gvjvq Avgvi ei Kbv iwnqvQ| T
kv_ I UxKv : KbvfviM weevnhvMv Kbv A_; mî weqi; KbvKZv Kbvi
AwffveK; cvmb cvZvi Dci Avmb; AebeZx NvgUv Ìqv; BqviwK ezì mB ejv
Pj Ggb Avjvc; mvVvKzivYx w`w` GLvb mvKvjK w`w` ej m^vab Kiv nQ; cwigj
myM; Mvcvavq Mi ivRv evSvZ; KzjvPvh Kzji AvPvh ev eski cavb cyivwnZ;
evvgvwj h gvwj BQgZ dzj dvUvZ cvi; L`vZ RvbvwK cvKv; GqvMY maev bvix;
KgjKvKv KgjvKvK KvKv ej m^vab Kiv nqQ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
15
cvV cwiwPwZ : ewgP` Pvcvavqi jNyiPbv KgjvKvi ì Mi beg msLK jLv dzji
weevn| GB iPbvq nvmimi gvag wewfb dzji bvg, m dzjjvi Mi ZviZg, eYi iKgdi
AZ mse`bkxjZvi m Zzj aiQb ewgP`| KLb Kvb dzj dvU m cheYI GB iPbvq
cvIqv hvq| weq-Abyvb evOvwji Rxeb, wekl Ki evwoi wk-wKkvi I cwZekxì ga AZxe
Avb` wbq Avm| GB Abyvb ei-Kb K` _vKjI ei-Kbi gvZv-wcZv, Kbi cowk bvixiv
bvbv gvwjK eZ m _vKb, NUKI _vKb weklfve hy| weq Abyvbi m hy _vKb
Ggb bvbv ewi cwieZ wewfb dzji DjL Ki AmvaviY `Zvq ewgP` evOvwji Mvn GKwU
Abyvb Aviv Avb``vqK Ki GLvb Dcvcb KiQb| Zuvi GB iPbvfw evsjv M` weKvki
iZc~Y f~wgKv ivL|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1. cvVwUZ hme dzji K_v ejv nqQ mjvi bvg I Mi cwiPq w`q GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|
2. dzji ewea eenvi wjwce Ki kwY wkKK `LvI|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
dzji weevn Mi cv K wQj ?

K.
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2| G M KbvKzj ejZ KvìK evSvbv nqQ ?

K.
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wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

Rwg`vi Rbvab Nvl gqi weq w`Z wMq cv LyuR eovQb| AbK LuvRvLyuwRi ci
Aekl ivq evnv`yi Payixi GKgv cy èvkxlK cvIqv Mj| i~c-MyY m AZzjbxq|
3| DxcKi èvkxli mv_ dzji weevn Mi mv`k iqQ
i.
MivRi
ii. Mvjvei
iii. iRbxMvi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

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16
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
4| Gi~c mv`ki KviY Kx ?

K.
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m`h
Kwjb
L.
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cwZcw
Aevb
mRbkxj ck
gix GKw`b evevi KvQ evqbv ai evUvwbKvj MvWb eovZ hve| evev GKw`b IK wbq
eovZ Mj m fxlY Lywk nq| bvbv RvZi dzj-dji MvQi mgvivn `L m Awff~Z nq hvq|
`xNw`b m hme dzj-dji bvg bQ mjv AvR wbR PvL `L LyeB Avbw`Z nq| Aekl
wmv bq evwoi AvwObvq Qv GKUv evMvb Kie|
K.
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dzji weevn M K NUKi `vwqZ cvjb Ki ?

y` ewU Kb wei nqwQj ?
DxcKi gixi fvjvjvMvi dzji weevn Mi mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki|
gixi gvS m cwZwqvB hb dzji weevn Mi g~j PZbv hywmn eywSq jL|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
17
myfv
iex`bv_ VvKzi
[jLK cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzi 25k ekvL 1268 mvj (7B g 1861 wLv) KjKvZvi RvovmuvKvi
VvKzi cwievi RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv gnwl è`bv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wc viKvbv_ VvKzi|
we`vjqi AvbyvwbK wkv wZwb jvf Kibwb, wK mvwnZi wewP Zuvi c`PviYv GK weqi welq|
wZwb wQjb cKZ A_B Amvgvb cwZfvai ew| evjKvjB Zuvi KwecwZfvi Dbl NU| gv cbi eQi
eqm Zuvi ebdzj Kve cKvwkZ nq| 1913 mvj iex`bv_ MxZvwj Kvei Rb Gkxqì ga c_g
mvwnZ bvej cyivi jvf Kib| eZ Zuvi GKK mvabvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ mKj kvLvq `Z DbwZ
jvf Ki Ges wekìevi Miei Avmb cwZwZ nq| wZwb GKvavi mvwnwZK, `vkwbK, wkvwe`,
myiKvi, bvU chvRK I AwfbZv| Kve, QvUM, Dcbvm, bvUK, ce, Mvb BZvw` mvwnZi mKj kvLvB
Zuvi Ae`vb mg| Zuvi ARm iPbvi ga gvbmx, mvbvi Zix, wPv, Kbv, wYKv, ejvKv, cyb,
PvLi evwj, Mviv, Ni evBi, hvMvhvM, kli KweZv, wemRb, WvKNi, iKiex, MQ,
wewP ce BZvw` weklfve DjLhvM| 22k kveY 1348 mvj (7B AvM 1941 wLv) KjKvZvi
wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi kl wbtkvm ZvM Kib| ]
gqwUi bvg hLb myfvwlYx ivLv nBqvwQj ZLb K RvwbZ m evev nBe| Zvnvi `ywU eov evbK
myKwkbx I mynvwmbx bvg Ìqv nBqvwQj, ZvB wgji Abyiva Zvnvi evc QvUv gqwUi bvg
myfvwlYx ivL| GLb mKj ZvnvK msc myfv ej|
ìgZ Abymvb I A_eq eov `ywU gqi weevn nBqv MQ, GLb QvUvwU wcZvgvZvi bxie
`qfvii gZv weivR KwiZQ|
h K_v Kq bv m h Abyfe Ki Bnv mKji gb nq bv, GBRb Zvnvi mvvZB mKj Zvnvi
fwelr m^ `ywv cKvk KwiZ| m h weavZvi Awfkvcî~c Zvnvi wcZMn Avwmqv RbMnY
KwiqvQ G K_v m wkKvj nBZ eywSqv jBqvwQj| Zvnvi dj GB nBqvwQj, mvaviYi `wc_
nBZ m AvcbvK Mvcb Kwiqv ivwLZ me`vB Pv KwiZ| gb KwiZ, AvgvK mevB fzwjj euvwP|
wK, e`bv wK Kn KLbv fvj? wcZvgvZvi gb m me`vB RvMi~K wQj|
weklZ, Zvnvi gv ZvnvK wbRi GKUv ywUî~c `wLZb; Kbbv, gvZv cy Acv KbvK wbRi
Aski~c `Lb Kbvi Kvbv Am~Y `wLj mUv hb wekli~c wbRi jvi KviY ewjqv gb
Kib| ei, Kbvi wcZv evYxK myfvK Zuvnvi Ab gqì Acv hb GKUz ewk
fvjvevwmZb; wK gvZv ZvnvK wbRi Mfi Kj vb Kwiqv Zvnvi cwZ eov wei wQjb|
myfvi K_v wQj bv, wK Zvnvi my`xNcjewewk eov eov `ywU Kvjv PvL wQjGes Zvnvi Ivai
fvei Avfvmgv KwP wKkjqi gZv Kuvwcqv DwVZ|
K_vq Avgiv h fve cKvk Kwi mUv Avgvw`MK AbKUv wbRi Pvq Mwoqv jBZ nq, KZKUv
ZRgv Kivi gZv; mKj mgq wVK nq bv, gZvi Afve AbK mgq fzjI nq| wK Kvjv
PvLK wKQz ZRgv KwiZ nq bvgb Avcwb Zvnvi Dci Qvqv dj; fve Avcwb Zvnvi Dci
KLbv cmvwiZ KLbv gyw`Z nq; KLbv Djfve Rwjqv DV, KLbv vbfve wbweqv Avm,
18
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KLbv Agvb Pì gZv Awbglfve Pvwnqv _vK, KLbv `yZ Pj we`yZi gZv w`M&wew`K
wVKwiqv DV| gyLi fve e AvRbKvj hvnvi Ab fvlv bvB Zvnvi PvLi fvlv Amxg D`vi Ges
AZjk Mfxi AbKUv ^Q AvKvki gZv, D`qv Ges QvqvjvKi wb if~wg| GB
evKnxb gbyli ga enr cKwZi gZv GKUv weRb gn AvQ| GBRb mvaviY evjKevwjKviv
ZvnvK GKcKvi fq KwiZ, Zvnvi mwnZ Ljv KwiZ bv| m wbRb wcnii gZv knxb Ges
mxnxb|
Mvgi bvg Pxcyi| b`xwU evsjv`ki GKwU QvUv b`x, MnNii gqwUi gZv, e`~i ch
Zvnvi cmvi bn; wbijmv Z^x b`xwU Avcb K~j iv Kwiqv KvR Kwiqv hvq; `yB avii Mvgi
mKjiB m Zvnvi hb GKUv-bv-GKUv mK AvQ| `yB avi jvKvjq Ges ZiyQvqvNb DP ZU;
wbgZj w`qv Mvgjx mvZw^bx AvZweZ `yZ c`c cdzj `q Avcbvi AmsL KjvYKvh
PwjqvQ|
evYxKi Ni b`xi GKevi DciB Zvnvi euvLvwii eov, AvUPvjv, MvqvjNi, XuwKkvjv, Loi ~c,
ZuZzjZjv, Avg KuvVvj Ges Kjvi evMvb bKvevwn-gviB `w AvKlY Ki| GB Mvn mQjZvi
ga evev gqwU KvnviI bRi co wK bv Rvwb bv, wK KvRKg hLwb Aemi cvq ZLwb m GB
b`xZxi Avwmqv em|
cKwZ hb Zvnvi fvlvi Afve c~iY Kwiqv `q| hb Zvnvi nBqv K_v Kq| b`xi Kjawb, jvKi
Kvjvnj, gvwSi Mvb, cvwLi WvK, Ziyi ggimg wgwkq Pvwiw`Ki Pjvdiv-Av`vjb-Kbi
mwnZ GK nBqv mgyì Ziivwki bvq evwjKvi wPiwb `q-DcK~ji wbKU Avwmqv fvwOqv
co| cKwZi GB wewea k Ges wewP MwZ, BnvI evevi fvlv eov eov Pzcjewewk myfvi
h fvlv ZvnviB GKUv wekevcx wevi; wSwjiec~Y ZYf~wg nBZ kvZxZ bjvK ch Kej
BwZ, fw, msMxZ, `b Ges `xNwbkvm|
Ges gav hLb gvwSiv Rjiv LvBZ hvBZ, Mniv NygvBZ, cvwLiv WvwKZ bv, Lqv-bKv e
_vwKZ, mRb RMr mg KvRKgi gvSLvb mnmv _vwgqv wMqv fqvbK weRbg~wZ aviY KwiZ, ZLb
iy` gnvKvki Zj Kej GKwU evev cKwZ Ges GKwU evev gq gyLvgywL Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv
_vwKZ GKRb mywexY i`, Avi-GKRb z` ZiyQvqvq|
mzfvi h wUKZK Ai ezi `j wQj bv Zvnv bn| Mvqvji `ywU Mvfx, Zvnvì bvg mekx I
cvywj| m bvg evwjKvi gyL Zvnviv KLbv b bvB, wK Zvnvi c`k Zvnviv wPwbZ Zvnvi
K_vnxb GKUv KiyY myi wQj, Zvnvi gg Zvnviv fvlvi Acv mnR eywSZ| myfv KLb Zvnvì
Avì KwiZQ, KLb frmbv KwiZQ, KLb wgbwZ KwiZQ, Zvnv Zvnviv gvbyli Acv fvjv
eywSZ cvwiZ|
myfv Mvqvj XzwKqv `yB evi viv mekxi Mxev eb Kwiqv Zvnvi Kvbi KvQ Avcbvi M`k NlY
KwiZ Ges cvywj wm`wZ Zvnvi cwZ wbixY Kwiqv Zvnvi Mv PvwUZ| evwjKv w`bi ga
wbqwgZ wZbevi Kwiqv MvqvjNi hvBZ, Zvnv Qvov AwbqwgZ AvMgbI wQj; Mn h w`b Kvbv
KwVb K_v wbZ m w`b m Amgq Zvnvi GB g~K ez`ywUi KvQ AvwmZ Zvnvi mwnzZvcwic~Y
welv`kv `wcvZ nBZ Zvnviv Kx-GKUv A Abygvbkwi viv evwjKvi gge`bv hb eywSZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
19
cvwiZ, Ges myfvi Mv Nuwlqv Avwmqv A A Zvnvi evZ wks Nwlqv Nwlqv ZvnvK wbevK
evKzjZvi mwnZ mvbv w`Z Pv KwiZ|
Bnviv Qvov QvMj Ges weovjkveKI wQj; wK Zvnvì mwnZ myfvi Gi~c mgKfve gx wQj bv,
Z_vwc Zvnviv h_ AvbyMZ cKvk KwiZ| weovjwkwU w`b Ges iv hLb-ZLb myfvi Mig
KvjwU wbtmsKvP AwaKvi Kwiqv myLwb`vi AvqvRb KwiZ Ges myfv Zvnvi Mxev I c Kvgj
Avywj eyjvBqv w`j h Zvnvi wb`vKlYi wekl mnvqZv nq, BwZ Gi~c AwfcvqI cKvk KwiZ|
DbZ kwYi Rxei ga myfvi Aviv GKwU mx RywUqvwQj| wK Zvnvi mwnZ evwjKvi wVK wKi~c
mK wQj Zvnv wbYq Kiv KwVb, KviY, m fvlvwewk Rxe; myZivs Dfqi ga mgfvlv wQj bv|
MuvmvBì QvUv QjwUZvnvi bvg cZvc| jvKwU wbZv AKgY| m h KvRKg Kwiqv msmvii
DbwZ KwiZ hZ Kwie e Pvi ci evc-gv m Avkv ZvM KwiqvQb| AKgY jvKi GKUv
myweav GB h, AvZxq jvKiv Zvnvì Dci wei nq eU, wK cvq Zvnviv wbtmK jvKì
wcqcv nq KviY, Kvbv Kvh Ave bv _vKvZ Zvnviv miKvwi mw nBqv ùvovq| knii hgb
GK-AvaUv MnmKnxb miKvwi evMvb _vKv AvekK Zgwb Mvg `yB-PvwiUv AKgY miKvwi jvK
_vKvi wekl cqvRb| KvR-Kg Avgv`-Aemi hLvb GKUv jvK Kg co mLvbB
Zvnvw`MK nvZi KvQ cvIqv hvq|
cZvci cavb kL wQc dwjqv gvQ aiv| BnvZ AbK mgq mnR KvUvbv hvq| Acivn b`xZxi
BnvK cvq GB KvR wbhy `Lv hvBZ| Ges GB Dcj myfvi mwnZ Zvnvi cvq mvvr nBZ| hKvbv KvRB wbhy _vK, GKUv mx cvBj cZvc _vK fvjv| gvQ aivi mgq evKnxb mxB
mevcv k GBRb cZvc myfvi ghv`v eywSZ| GBRb mKjB myfvK myfv ewjZ, cZvc AviGKUz AwZwi Avì mshvM Kwiqv myfvK my ewjqv WvwKZ|
myfv ZuZzjZjvq ewmqv _vwKZ Ges cZvc AbwZ`~i wQc dwjqv Rji w`K Pvwnqv _vwKZ|
cZvci GKwU Kwiqv cvb eiv wQj, myfv Zvnv wbR mvwRqv AvwbZ| Ges eva Kwi AbKY
ewmqv ewmqv Pvwnqv BQv KwiZ, cZvci Kvbv-GKUv wekl mvnvh KwiZ, GKUv-Kvbv KvR
jvwMZ, KvbvgZ RvbvBqv w`Z h GB cw_exZ mI GKRb Kg cqvRbxq jvK bn| wK
wKQzB Kwievi wQj bv| ZLb m gb gb weavZvi KvQ AjwKK gZv cv_bv KwiZ gej
mnmv Ggb GKUv Avh Kv NUvBZ BQv KwiZ hvnv `wLqv cZvc Avh nBqv hvBZ, ewjZ, ZvB
Zv, Avgvì mywfi h GZ gZv Zvnv Zv RvwbZvg bv|
gb Kiv, mzfv hw` RjKzgvix nBZ, Av Av Rj nBZ DwVqv GKUv mvci gv_vi gwY NvU ivwLqv
hvBZ; cZvc Zvnvi ZzQ gvQ aiv ivwLqv mB gvwbK jBqv Rj Wze gvwiZ; Ges cvZvj wMqv `wLZ,
i~cvi AvwjKvq mvbvi cvjK ewmqv? Avgvì evYxKi Nii mB evev gq my Avgvì my
mB gwY`x Mfxi wb cvZvjcyixi GKgv ivRKbv| Zvnv wK nBZ cvwiZ bv| Zvnv wK GZB
Ame| Avmj wKQzB Ame bq, wK ZeyI my cRvk~b cvZvji ivResk bv Rwbqv evYxKi Ni
Avwmqv RwbqvQ Ges MvmvBì Qj cZvcK wKQzZB Avh KwiZ cvwiZQ bv|
20
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
myfvi eqm gB evwoqv DwVZQ| g m hb AvcbvK Avcwb Abyfe KwiZ cvwiZQ| hb

Kvbv GKUv c~wYgvwZw_Z Kvbv-GKUv mgy` nBZ GKUv Rvqvii mvZ Avwmqv Zvnvi A
ivZvK GK b~Zb AwbePbxq PZbvkwZ cwic~Y Kwiqv ZzwjZQ| m AvcbvK Avcwb `wLZQ,
fvweZQ, ck KwiZQ, Ges eywSZ cvwiZQ bv|
Mfxi c~wYgviv m GK-GKw`b axi kqbMni vi Lywjqv fq fq gyL evovBqv evwnii w`K
Pvwnqv `L c~wYgvcKwZI myfvi gZv GKvwKbx my RMZi Dci RvwMqv ewmqv-hebi inm
cyjK welv` Amxg wbRbZvi GKevi kl mxgv ch, Ggb-wK, Zvnv AwZg KwiqvI ag&&_g&&
KwiZQ, GKwU K_v KwnZ cvwiZQ bv| GB wb evKzj cKwZi cv GKwU wb evKzj
evwjKv ùvovBqv|
Gw`K KbvfvivM wcZvgvZv wPwZ nBqv DwVqvQb| jvKI wb`v Avi KwiqvQ| Ggb-wK, GKNi Kwie Ggb RbieI bv hvq| evYxKi mQj Aev, `yB ejvB gvQfvZ Lvq, GRb Zvnvi
ky wQj|
xcyiyl wei civgk nBj| wKQzw`bi gZv evYx we`k Mj|
Aekl wdwiqv Avwmqv Kwnj, Pjv, KwjKvZvq Pjv|
we`khvvi D`&hvM nBZ jvwMj| Kzqvkv-XvKv cfvZi gZv myfvi mg `q Akyev GKevi
fwiqv Mj| GKUv Awbw` Avkv-ek m wKQzw`b nBZ gvMZ wbevK&& Ri gZv Zvnvi evcgvqi m m wdwiZ WvMi Pz gwjqv Zuvnvì gyLi w`K Pvwnqv Kx-GKUv eywSZ Pv KwiZ,
wK Zuvnviv wKQz eySvBqv ewjZb bv|
BwZga GKw`b Acivn wQc dwjqv cZvc nvwmqv Kwnj, Kx i my, Zvi bvwK ei cvIqv MQ,
ZzB weq KiZ hvwQm? `wLm Avgvì fzwjm b|
ewjqv Avevi gvQi w`K gbvhvM Kwij|
ggwe nwiYx evai w`K hgb Kwiqv ZvKvq, bxie ewjZ _vK Avwg Zvgvi KvQ Kx `vl
KwiqvwQjvg, myfv Zgwb Kwiqv cZvci w`K Pvwnj; mw`b MvQi Zjvq Avi ewmj bv| evYxK
wb`v nBZ DwVqv kqbMn ZvgvK LvBZwQjb, myfv Zuvnvi cvqi KvQ ewmqv Zuvnvi gyLi w`K
Pvwnqv Kuvw`Z jvwMj| Aekl ZvnvK mvbv w`Z wMqv evYxKi Kcvj Aky MovBqv
cwoj|
Kvj KwjKvZvq hvBevi w`b wi nBqvQ| myfv MvqvjNi Zvnvi evj-mLxì KvQ we`vq jBZ
Mj, Zvnvw`MK ^n LvIqvBqv, Mjv awiqv GKevi `yB PvL hZ cvi K_v fwiqv Zvnvì gyLi
w`K Pvwnj `yB bcje nBZ Uc&&Uc&& Kwiqv AkyRj coZ jvwMj|
mw`b Kvv`kxi ivw| myfv kqbMn nBZ evwni nBqv Zvnvi mB wPicwiwPZ b`xZU kkhvq
jyUvBqv cwoj hb aiYxK, GB cKv g~K gvbeZvK `yB evZ awiqv ewjZ Pvn, Zzwg AvgvK
hvBZ w`qv bv, gv| Avgvi gZv `ywU ev evovBqv ZzwgI AvgvK awiqv ivLv| T
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
21
kv_ I UxKv : Mfi Kj mvb wnme Kj, Mf njv gvqi cU h ew ev eK cwievi

bwZevPK wnme `Lv nq Zv njv Kj; my`xN cjewewk eo cvZvwewk, `xN njv eo, my hy
nq eoK weklvwqZ Kiv nqQ; cje njv cvZv; GLvb PvLi cvZv wnme eeZ nqQ|
Ivai I Ges Aai, Dcii I wbPi VuvU [I+Aai = Ivai] wKkvjq MvQi bZzb cvZv|
ZRgv Abyev`, GK fvlv _K Ab fvlvq ejv ev jLv| Agvb Wze, Wze hvQ Ggb, P`-m~hi
cwg w`K A`k Aev| Awbglfve cjKnxbfve, Awbgk AcjK, cjKnxb D`qv D`q +
A = D`qv, Avwefve I wZivfve, DVv I Wzev| QvqvjvK Qvqv + AvjvK = QvqvjvK; Kvbv ei
Ici Avjv coj h cwZwe^ nq Zv njv Qvqv; weRb gn weRb Rbk~b, wbRb; gn Ae`vb;
weRb gn Kvjvnjgy cKw Zi Aevi h AvKlYxq w`K| Z^x xY I myMwVZ Awewk| euvLvwi
Kuvai `yw`K `ycv Szwjq evSv enbi euvki dvwj| XuwKkvjv h Ni XuwK ivLv nq; XuwK njv
avb _K Pvj Zwii jvKR h; GLbv MvgxY Rxeb AbK evwoZ XuwKi Ni AvQ| Mvn mQjZv
cvwievwiK `bw`b Rxebi mQjZv| wPiwb n`q DcK~j kv n`q; wb njv Avjvobnxb
Aev; DcK~j njv K~ji m`k; GLvb n`q DcK~j ejZ n`qi wKbvivi K_vB ejv nqQ| wSwjie
c~Y wSu wSu cvKvi AvIqvR/k gyLi| weRb g~wZ wbRb Aev; weRb njv wbRb ev Rbgvbek~b,
g~wZ njv KvbvwKQz cwZKwZ; weRbg~wZ kwU GLvb Kvjvnjnxb Aev ev wbRb/Rbgvbek~b Aev
evSvZ eenZ nqQ| M`k ewai, evev| welv`kv `ytLgM, wec` = ywZk~bZv, welYZv;
welv`kv njv Lyeewk welv`MZv _K h kv Aev| c~wYgvwZw_ Puvì cwic~Y i~c nIqvi mgq|
KbvfvivM wcZv-gvZv h wcZv-gvZvi weevnhvMv Kbv mvbi weq nqwb| Kcvj Mvj;
bcje PvLi cvZv; Kvv`kx Puvì wZxq w`b|
cvV cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzii myfv MwU Zuvi weLvZ MQ _K msMnxZ nqQ| GKRb
evK&&cwZex wKkvix myfvi cwZ jLKi n`q wbsovbv fvjvevmv I ggZeva MwU Agi nq
AvQ| myfv K_v ejZ cvi bv| gv gb Kib G-Zvi wbqwZi `vl, wK evev ZuvK fvjvevmb|
Avi KD Zvi m wgk bvLj bv| wK Zvi wekvj GKwU Avkqi RMr AvQ| hviv K_v ejZ
cvi bv mB cvlv cvYxì KvQ m gyLi| Zvì m LyeB KvQi Rb| Avi wecyj wbevK cKwZi
KvQ m cvq gywi Avb`| iex`bv_ VvKzi g~jZ cwZex gvbyli Avkqi Rb GKwU RMr Zwi
KiQb Ges mBm Zvì cwZ Avgvì ggZevai Dvab NUvZ PqQb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1.
wewfb aibi cwZexì mvnvh mnhvwMZvi Rb Kx Kx D`vM MnY Kiv hvq| G welq
cwZe`b Zwi Ki kwYwkKi wbKU Rgv `vI|
2. Zvgvi Pvicvki mgvR myfvi gZv Kviv Rxeb-eveZv _vKj Zv wbRi fvlvq wjL|
ewbevPwb ck
1| wQc dj gvQ aiv Kvi cavb kL wQj ?
K. myfvwlYxi
L. evYxKi
M. myKwkbxi
N. cZvci
22
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
2| evYxKi Kcvj Ak Mwoq cowQj Kb ?

myfvK weq wèb ej
i.
ii. myfv K_v ejZ cvi bv ej
iii. gqwUi fwelr fe
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mB Qvejvq gwRbv GKwU weovj I GKwU KzKzi Qvbv GbwQj| bvg w`qQ cywl Avi cyUz|
AvR cywl Avi cyUz cyivcywi eo nqQ| bvg ai WvKjB gyn~ZB nvwRi nq| cywl Kvj DV
em wK cyUz GKUz `~i ùvwoq jR bvovq|
3| gwRbvi ga myfvi h ewk jYxq, Zv njv
K. BZi cvwYi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk
M. GKvKxZi mv_x BZi cvwY
L. BZi cvwYi cwZ ggZeva
N. mevi _K wbRK Avovj ivLv|
4| D ewk h PiYi gvag dzU IV Zv njv
w`b wZbevi Mvqvj Ni hvIqv
i.
ii. `yB ev viv Mjv Rwoq aiv
iii. gvS gvS ZvìK frmbv Kiv|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck
`yB cy mvbi ci Kbv mvb cjvk eveyi cwievi Avbì ebv wbq Gjv| bvg ivLv njv
KjvYx| mKji PvLi gwY KjvYx eo IVvi mv_ mv_ cjvkevey eySZ cvijb eqmi
Zzjbvq KjvYxi gvbwmK weKvk NU wb| wKQz ejj dvj&&dvj&& Ki Pq _vK| KjvYxi weqi
K_vevZv PjQ| cjvkevey KjvYxi meB eicK Lyj ejjb| me b eii evev myeva evey
ejjb, cjvk evey KjvYxi gZv Avgvi QjI Zv nZ cviZv, KvRB KjvYx gvK Ni wbZ
Avgvì Kvbv Avcw bB|
K.
L.
M.
N.
myfvi Mvgi bvg Kx ?

wcZv-gvZvi bxie `qfve K_vwU viv jLK Kx evSvZ PqQb ?
DxcKi c_g Aski ee KjvYx I myfvi h wekl w`KwUi mwZ `Lvbv nqQ Zv
evLv Ki|
KjvYx I myfv GKB cwiwwZi wkKvi njI Dfqi cvcU I cwiYwZ wfb weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
23
jvBewi
iex`bv_ VvKzi
gnvmgyì kZ ermii Kjvj Kn hw` Ggb Kwiqv euvwaqv ivwLZ cvwiZ h, m NygvBqv cov
wkwUi gZv Pzc Kwiqv _vwKZ, Ze mB bxie gnvki mwnZ GB jvBewii Zzjbv nBZ| GLvb
fvlv Pzc Kwiqv AvQ, cevn wi nBqv AvQ, gvbevZvi Agi AvjvK Kvjv Aii kLj KvMRi
KvivMvi euvav cwoqv AvQ| Bnviv mnmv hw` we`vnx nBqv DV, wbZv fvwOqv dj, Aii
eov ` Kwiqv GKevi evwni nBqv Avm! wngvjqi gv_vi Dci KwVb eidi ga hgb KZ KZ
ebv evuav AvQ, Zgwb GB jvBewii ga gvbe`qi ebv K euvwaqv ivwLqvQ!
we`yrK gvbyl jvnvi Zvi w`qv euvwaqvQ, wK K RvwbZ gvbyl kK wbtki ga euvwaZ
cvwie| K RvwbZ msMxZK, `qi AvkvK, RvMZ AvZvi AvbàwbK, AvKvki èevYxK m
KvMR gywoqv ivwLe! K RvwbZ gvbyl AZxZK eZgvb e`x Kwie! AZjk Kvjmgyì Dci
Kej GK-GKLvwb eB w`qv muvKv euvwaqv wè!
jvBewii ga Avgiv mnm c_i Pgv_vi Dci `vuovBqv AvwQ| Kvbv c_ Ab mgy` wMqvQ,
Kvbv c_ Ab wkLi DwVqvQ, Kvbv c_ gvbe`qi AZjk bvwgqvQ| h h- w`K avegvb
nI, Kv_vI evav cvBe bv| gvbyl Avcbvi cwivYK GZUzKz RvMqvi ga euvavBqv ivwLqvQ|
kLi ga hgb mgyì k bv hvq, Zgwb GB jvBewii ga wK `qi DvbcZbi k
wbZQ| GLvb RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ| ev` I cwZev`
GLvb `yB fvBqi gZv GKm _vK; mskq I wekvm, mvb I Avwevi GLvb `n `n jq
nBqv evm Ki| GLvb `xNcvY ^cvY cig ah I kvwi mwnZ Rxebhvv wbevn KwiZQ, Kn
KvnvKI Dcv KwiZQ bv|
KZ b`x mgy` ceZ DjNb Kwiqv gvbei K GLvb Avwmqv cuwQqvQ KZ kZ ermii cv
nBZ GB î AvwmZQ| Gmv, GLvb Gmv, GLvb AvjvKi RbmsMxZ Mvb nBZQ|
AgZjvK c_g Avwevi Kwiqv h h gnvcyil h- Kvbw`b Avcbvi Pvwiw`K gvbylK WvK w`qv
ewjqvwQjb Zvgiv mKj AgZi cy, Zvgiv wèavg evm KwiZQ mB gnvcyilì KB
mnm fvlvq mnm ermii ga w`qv GB jvBewii ga cwZawbZ nBZQ|
GB ei cv nBZ Avgvì wK wKQz ewjevi bvB| gvbe mgvRK Avgvì wK Kvbv msev` wèvi
bvB| RMZi GKZvb msMxZi ga e`kB Kej wb nBqv _vwKe!
Avgvì c`cvwZ mgy` wK Avgvw`MK wKQz ewjZQ bv| Avgvì Mv wK wngvjqi wkLi nBZ
Kjvmi Kvbv Mvb enb Kwiqv AvwbZQ bv| Avgvì gv_vi Dci wK Ze Ab bxjvKvk bvB|
mLvb nBZ AbKvji wPiRvwZgqx bwjwc wK Kn gywQqv dwjqvQ|
`k-we`k nBZ AZxZ-eZgvb nBZ cwZw`b Avgvì KvQ gvbeRvwZi c AvwmZQ; Avgiv wK
Zvnvi Di `ywU-PviwU PwU PwU BsiwR Leii KvMR wjwLe| mKj `k Amxg Kvji cU wbR wbR
bvg Lyw`ZQ| evOvwji bvg wK Kej ìLvi wZxq cvZB jLv _vwKe| Ro Aì mwnZ
24
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
gvbevZvi msMvg PwjZQ, mwbKw`MK Avnvb Kwiqv cw_exi w`K w`K kLawb evwRqv
DwVqvQ, Avgiv wK Kej Avgvì DVvbi gvPvi DciKvi jvD-Kzgov jBqv gKgv Ges Avwcj
PvjvBZ _vwKe|
e ermi bxie _vwKqv e`ki cvY fwiqv DwVqvQ| ZvnvK Avcbvi fvlvq GKevi Avcbvi K_vwU
ewjZ `vI| evOvwj-Ki mwnZ wgwjqv wekmsMxZ gayiZi nBqv DwVe| T
kv_ I UxKv : Kjvj- XD, kL- kvgyKi Lvjm, DjNb- cvi nIqv, jNb Kiv, AgZjvK^M, enkZ, Kjvm- wn`y agi èZv wkei evmvb wnme ewYZ wngvjq ceZi DuPz vb,
wkejvK|
cvV cwiwPwZ : jvBewi iex`bv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU weLvZ ce| G ce iex`bv_ jvBewii
iZ Zzj aiQb| wZwb jvBewiK gnvmg~ì Kjvj awbi mv_ Zzjbv KiQb| Kbbv,
jvBewiZ gvbevZvi awbivwk eBqi cvZvq e`x nq _vK| eBqi fZi w`qB Avgiv AvKvki
èevYx _K gvnvZvì K_v cq _vwK| huvì mvwba Avgvì KLbB cvIqv me bq,eBqi
fZi w`qB Avgiv Zvì cZ cvwi| eB Avgvì AZxZi mv_ mZye Mo `q| G eBqi
vb njv jvBewi| G jvBewiZB gvbe `qi DvbcZbi k kvbv hvq| jvBewiZ mKj
c_i mKj gZi gvbyli mwjb NU| jvBewii gni K_v eYbv Ki jLK ejQb- RMZi
Dk wK AvgvìI wKQz ejvi bvB? Avgiv wK Kej ZzQ welq wbq Kjn Ki eovev| jLK
kl Avkv e Ki ejQb- evOvwjiv RM DVQ| ZvivI Avcb fvlvq wjL weki vbfvvi
mg Ki Zzje|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1.
Zvgvi GjvKvi ev Zvgvi `Lv ev Zzwg eenvi Ki Ggb GKwU cvVvMvi ev jvBewii cwiPq
`vI|
2.
Zvgvì zji cvVvMviwU Kxfve Aviv Dbqb Kiv hvq- m welq cve `vI|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
jvBewi ce gnvmgyì kZ ermii Kjvji mv_ KvbwUK Zzjbv KiQb ?

K.
M.
gvbevZvi
jvBewii
L.
N.
AvjvKi
msMxZK
2| jvBewi ce mnm c_i Pgv_v ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

K.
L.
e vbi mwjb
e ivvi mwjb
M. e `qi mwjb
N. e Rxebi mwjb

wn`y gymjgvb evsjvi evOvwj RbgZzi eb Awfb Avcb mv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
25
3| DxcK h welqei BwZ iqQ Zv jvBewi cei h PiY e nqQ

i.
RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ
ii. ev` I cwZev` GLvb `yB fvBqi gZ GKm _vK
iii. mvb I Avwevi GLvb `n `n jq nBqv evm Ki
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i
i I ii
L.
N.
iii
i, ii I iii
L.
N.
wel
NYv
4| BwZgq welqewU njv

K.
M.
wnsmv
msnwZ
mRbkxj ck
GKRbi c mewe`v wekvi` nIqv Ame| mRb GKKRb GKK welq cvi`wkZv jvf Ki|
Avevi h ew h we`vq cvi`wkZv jvf Ki Zvi meUzKz vb gw aviY KivI GKRbi c
me nq bv| ZvB cqvRb Ggb Kvb Dcvq Dvebi, hvi e`jZ ìKvi Abyhvqx mg welq
GKUv gvUvgywU vb jvf Kiv hvq| mB _K cqvRb `Lv `q vb msiYi|
K.
L.
M.
N.
Kxmi ga mgyì k bv hvq ?

RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ K_vwU eywSq ej|
DxcK ewYZ vb msiYi KviYwU jvBewi cei AvjvK Zyj ai|
gvbe `qi ebvK eua ivLvi cqvRbxq w`KwUB hb DxcK I jvBewi cei g~j
ee weklY Ki|
26
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`bvcvIbv
iex`bv_ VvKzi
cuvP Qji ci hLb GK Kbv Rwbj ZLb evc-gvq AbK Avì Kwiqv Zvnvi bvg ivwLjb
wbi~cgv| G MvxZ Ggb kwLb bvg BwZc~e KLbI kvbv hvq bvB| cvq VvKzi-èZvi bvgB
cPwjZ wQjMYk KvwZK cveZx Zvnvi D`vniY|
GLb wbicgvi weevni cve PwjZQ| Zvnvi wcZv ivgmyì wg AbK LuvR Kib wK cv
wKQzZB gbi gZb nq bv| Aekl g GK ivqevnv`yii Nii GKgv QjK mvb Kwiqv evwni
KwiqvQb| D ivqevnv`yii cZK welq-Avkq hwÌ AbK nvm nBqv AvwmqvQ wK eb`x Ni
eU|
eic nBZ `k nvRvi UvKv cY Ges ej `vbmvgMx Pvwnqv ewmj| ivgmyì wKQzgv weePbv bv
Kwiqv ZvnvZB mZ nBjb : Ggb cv KvbvgZ nvZQvov Kiv hvq bv|
wKQzZB UvKvi RvMvo Avi nq bv| euvav w`qv, weq Kwiqv, AbK PvZI nvRvi Qq-mvZ evwK
iwnj| G w`K weevni w`b wbKU nBqv AvwmqvQ|
Aekl weevni w`b DcwZ nBj| wbZv AwZwi my` GKRb evwK UvKvUv avi w`Z ^xKvi
KwiqvwQj, wK mgqKvj m DcwZ nBj bv| weevnmfvq GKUv Zzgyj MvjhvM evwaqv Mj|
ivgmyì Avgvì ivqevnv`yii nvZ-cvq awiqv ewjjb, fKvh mb nBqv hvK, Avwg wbq
UvKvUv kva Kwiqv wè| ivqevnv`yi ewjjb, UvKv nvZ bv cvBj ei mfv Kiv hvBe bv|
GB `yNUbvq Atcyi GKUv Kvbv cwoqv Mj| GB iZi wecì h g~j KviY m Pwj cwiqv,
Mnbv cwiqv, Kcvj P`b jwcqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv AvQ| fvex kiKzji cwZ h Zvnvi Lye-GKUv
fw wKsev AbyivM RwbZQ, Zvnv ejv hvq bv|
BwZga GKUv myweav nBj| ei mnmv Zvnvi wcZèi Aeva nBqv DwVj| m evcK ewjqv ewmj,
KbvePv-ì`vgi K_v Avwg eywS bv; weevn KwiZ AvwmqvwQ, weevn Kwiqv hvBe|
evc hvnvK `wLj ZvnvKB ewjj, `LQb gnvkq, AvRKvjKvi Qjì eenvi ? `yB-GKRb
cexY jvK wQj, Zvnviv ewjj, kvwkv bxwZwkv GKevi bvB, KvRB|
eZgvb wkvi welgq dj wbRi mvbi ga cZ Kwiqv ivqevnv`yi nZv`g nBqv ewmqv
iwnjb| weevn GKcKvi welY wbivb`fve mb nBqv Mj|
kievwo hvBevi mgq wbi~cgvK eyK Uvwbqv jBqv evc Avi PvLi Rj ivwLZ cvwijb bv| wbiy
wRvmv Kwij, Zviv wK Avi AvgvK AvmZ è bv, evev ? ivgmyì ewjjb, Kb AvmZ è
bv gv| Avwg ZvgvK wbq Avme|
ivgmyì cvqB gqK `wLZ hvb wK envBevwoZ Zuvi Kvbv cwZcw wQj bv| PvKijv ch
ZuvnvK wbPz bRi `L| Atcyii evwni GKUv ^Z Ni cuvP wgwbUi Rb Kvbvw`b ev gqK
`wLZ cvb, Kvbv w`b-ev `wLZ cvb bv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
27
KzUz^M n Ggb Kwiqv Avi Acgvb Zv mn nq bv| ivgmyì wi Kwijb, hgb Kwiqv nDK UvKvUv
kva Kwiqv w`Z nBe|
wK h FYfvi Kuva PvwcqvQ ZvnviB fvi mvgjvbv `ytmva| LiPci AZ UvbvUvwb cwoqvQ
Ges cvIbv`viì `wc_ GovBevi Rb me`vB bvbvi~c nxb Kkj Aej^b KwiZ nBZQ|
G w`K kievwo DwVZ ewmZ gqK LuvUv jvMvBZQ| wcZMni wb`v wbqv Ni vi w`qv
AkwemRb Zvnvi wbZwqvi ga ùvovBqvQ|
weklZ kvwoi Avvk Avi wKQzZB gU bv| hw` Kn ej, Avnv Kx kx| eDqi gyLLvwb
`wLj PvL RyovBqv hvq| kvwo SsKvi w`qv DwVqv ej, kx Zv fvwi| hgb Nii gq Zgwb
kx|
GgbwK, eDqi LvIqvciviI hZ nq bv| hw` Kvbv `qvciZ cwZewkbx Kvbv wUi DjL
Ki, kvwo ej, IB Xi nqQ| A_vr, evc hw` cyiv `vg w`Z Zv gq cyiv hZ cvBZ| mKjB
Ggb fve `Lvq hb ea~i GLvb Kvbv AwaKvi bvB, duvwK w`qv cek KwiqvQ|
eva nq, Kbvi GB-mKj Abvì Ges Acgvbi K_v evci Kvb wMqv _vwKe| ZvB ivgmyì
Aekl emZevwo weqi Pv KwiZ jvwMjb|
wK Qjì h Mnnxb KwiZ ewmqvQb m K_v Zvnvì wbKU nBZ Mvcb ivwLjb| wi
KwiqvwQjb, evwo weq Kwiqv mB evwo fvov jBqv evm Kwieb; Ggb Kkj Pwjeb h, Zvunvi
gZzi c~e G K_v Qjiv RvwbZ cvwie bv|
wK Qjiv RvwbZ cvwij| mKj Avwmqv Kuvw`qv cwoj| weklZ eov wZbwU Qj weevwnZ Ges
Zvnvì Kvnviv-ev mvb AvQ| Zvì Avcw AZ iZi nBqv ùvovBj, evwo weq wMZ nBj|
ZLb ivgmyì bvbv vb nBZ wei my` A A Kwiqv UvKv avi KwiZ jvwMjb| Ggb nBj h,
msmvii LiP Avi Pj bv|
wbiy evci gyL `wLqv me eywSZ cvwij| ei cK Kk, gyL Ges m`msKzwPZ fve `b
Ges `ywv cKvk nBqv cwoj| gqi KvQ hLb evc Acivax ZLb m Acivai AbyZvc wK Avi
Mvcb ivLv hvq| ivgmyì hLb envBevwoi AbygwZg YKvji Rb Kbvi mvvrjvf KwiZb
ZLb evci eyK h Kgb Kwiqv dvU Zvnv Zuvnvi nvwm `wLjB Ui cvIqv hvBZ|
mB ew_Z wcZ`qK mvbv wèvi Dk w`bKZK evci evwo hvBevi Rb wbiy wbZv Aaxi
nBqv DwVqvQ| evci vb gyL `wLqv m Avi `~i _vwKZ cvi bv| GKw`b ivgmyìK Kwnj,
evev, AvgvK GKevi evwo jBqv hvI| ivgmyì ewjjb, AvQv|
wK Zuvnvi Kvbv Rvi bvB wbRi Kbvi Dci wcZvi h ^vfvweK AwaKvi AvQ Zvnv hb cYi
UvKvi cwieZ eK ivwLZ nBqvQ| GgbwK, Kbvi `kb mI AwZ mmsKvP wfv PvwnZ nq
Ges mgqwekl wbivk nBj wZxq K_vwU Kwnevi gyL _vK bv|
wK gq Avcwb evwo AvwmZ Pvwnj evc ZvnvK bv Avwbqv Kgb Kwiqv _vK, ZvB, envBqi
wbKU m m^ ìLv ck Kwievi c~e ivgmyì KZ nxbZv, KZ Acgvb, KZ wZ ^xKvi Kwiqv
h wZbwU nvRvi UvKv msMn KwiqvwQjb, m BwZnvm Mvcb _vKvB fvjv|
28
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
bvU-KLvwb igvj RovBqv Pvì euvwaqv ivgmyì envBqi wbKU wMqv ewmjb| c_g nvmgyL
cvovi Lei cvwojb| niKi evwoZ GKUv g Pzwi nBqv wMqvQ, Zvnvi A`vcv weeiY
ewjjb; bexbgvae I ivavgvae `yB fvBqi Zzjbv Kwiqv we`veyw I ^fve m^ ivavgvaei
myLvwZ Ges bexbgvaei wb`v Kwijb; kni GKUv bZzb evgv AvwmqvQ, m m^ AbK
AvRMwe AvjvPbv Kwijb; Aekl uKvwU bvgvBqv ivwLqv K_vq K_vq ewjjb, nuv nuv, envB, mB
UvKvUv evwK AvQ eU| ivRB gb Kwi, hvwQ Agwb nvZ Ki wKQz wbq hvB, wK mgqKvj gb
_vK bv| Avi fvB, eyov nq cowQ| Ggwb GK `xN f~wgKv Kwiqv cii wZbLvwb Awi gZv
mB wZbLvwb bvU hb AwZ mnR AwZ Aenj evwni Kwijb| megv wZb nvRvi UvKvi bvU
`wLqv ivqevnv`yi Anvm Kwiqv DwVjb|
ewjjb, _vK, envB, IZ Avgvi KvR bB| GKUv cPwjZ evsjv cevì DjL Kwiqv ewjjb,
mvgvb KviY nvZ `yM KwiZ wZwb Pvb bv|
GB NUbvi ci gqK evwo Avwbevi cve KvnviI gyL Avm bv Kej ivgmyì fvwejb, mmKj KzUzw^Zvi msKvP AvgvK Avi kvfv cvq bv| ggvnZfve AbKY Pzc Kwiqv _vwKqv
Aekl g`yî K_vUv cvwojb| ivqevnv`yi Kvbv KviYgv DjL bv Kwiqv ewjjb, m GLb
nQ bv| GB ewjqv Kgvcj vbvi Pwjqv Mjb|
ivgmyì gqi KvQ gyL bv `LvBqv KwZ n KqKLvwb bvU Pvìi cv euvwaqv evwo wdwiqv
Mjb| gb gb cwZv Kwijb, hZw`b bv mg UvKv kva Kwiqv w`qv AmsKvP Kbvi Dci
`vwe KwiZ cvwieb ZZw`b Avi envBevwo hvBeb bv|
ew`b Mj| wbi~cgv jvKi Dci jvK cvVvq wK evci `Lv cvq bv| Aekl Awfgvb Kwiqv
jvK cvVvbv e KwijZLb ivgmyìi gb eov AvNvZ jvwMj, wK Zey Mjb bv|
Avwkb gvm Avwmj| ivgmyì ewjjb, Gevi c~Rvi mgq gvK Ni AvwbeB, bwnj Avwg | Lye
GKUv kiKg kc_ Kwijb|
cgx wK lxi w`b Avevi Pvìi cv wUKZK bvU euvwaqv ivgmyì hvvi D`vM Kwijb|
cuvP ermii GK bvwZ Avwmqv ewjj, `v`v, Avgvi Rb Mvwo wKbZ hvwQm ? ew`b nBZ Zvnvi
VjvMvwoZ Pwoqv nvIqv LvBevi kL nBqvQ, wK wKQzZB Zvnv wgwUevi Dcvq nBZQ bv| Qq
ermii GK bvwZwb Avwmqv miv`b Kwnj, c~Rvi wbgY hvBevi gZv Zvnvi GKLvwbI fvjv
Kvco bvB|
ivgmyì Zvnv RvwbZb Ges m m^ ZvgvK LvBZ LvBZ e AbK wPv KwiqvQb|
ivqevnv`yii evwo hLb c~Rvi wbgY nBe ZLb Zuvnvi ea~MYK AwZ hrmvgvb AjsKvi AbyMncv
`wiì gZv hvBZ nBe, G K_v iY Kwiqv wZwb AbK `xNwbkvm dwjqvQb; wK ZvnvZ
Zuvnvi jjvUi evaKiLv MfxiZi AwZ nIqv Qvov Avi Kvbv dj nq bvB|
`bcxwoZ Mni `bawb Kvb jBqv e Zuvnvi envBevwoZ cek Kwijb| AvR Zuvnvi m
msKvPfve bvB; viix Ges fZì gyLi cwZ m PwKZ mj `wcvZ `~i nBqv wMqvQ, hb
Avcbvi Mn cek Kwijb| wbjb, ivqevnv`yi Ni bvB, wKQzY Acv KwiZ nBe| gbi
DQvm mseiY KwiZ bv cvwiqv ivgmyì Kbvi mwnZ mvvr Kwijb| Avb` `yB PvL w`qv Rj
cwoZ jvwMj| evcI Kuv`, gqI Kuv`; `yBRb Kn Avi K_v KwnZ cvi bv| Ggb Kwiqv
wKQzY Mj| Zvi ci ivgmyì Kwnjb, Gevi ZvK wbq hvwQ gv| Avi Kvbv Mvj bvB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
29
Ggb mgq ivgmyìi Rcy nigvnb Zuvnvi `ywU QvUv Qj m jBqv mnmv Ni cek
Kwijb| wcZvK ewjjb, evev, Avgvì Ze Gevi c_ fvmvj ?
ivgmyì mnmv AwMg~wZ nBqv ewjjb, Zvì Rb wK Avwg biKMvgx ne| AvgvK Zviv Avgvi
mZ cvjb KiZ w`we b ? ivgmyì evwo weq Kwiqv ewmqv AvQb; Qjiv wKQzZ bv RvwbZ
cvq Zvnvi AbK eev KwiqvwQjb, wK Zey Zvnviv RvwbqvQ `wLqv Zvnvì cwZ nVvr AZ
i I wei nBqv DwVjb|
Zuvnvi bvwZ Zuvnvi `yB nuvUz mej RovBqv awiqv gyL Zzwjqv Kwnj, `v`v, AvgvK Mvwo wKb w`j bv?
bZwki ivgmyìi KvQ evjK Kvbv Di bv cvBqv wbii KvQ wMqv Kwnj, wcwmgv, AvgvK
GKLvbv Mvwo wKb è ?
wbi~cgv mg evcvi eywSZ cvwiqv Kwnj, evev, Zzwg hw` Avi GK cqmv Avgvi kiK `vI Zv nj
Avi Zvgvi gqK `LZ cve bv, GB Zvgvi Mv Quyq ejjyg|
ivgmyì ewjjb, wQ gv, Agb K_v ejZ bB| Avi G UvKvUv hw` Avwg bv w`Z cvwi Zvnj Zvi
evci Acgvb, Avi ZviI Acgvb|
wbi~ Kwnj, UvKv hw` `vI ZeB Acgvb| Zvgvi gqi wK Kvbv ghv`v bB| Avwg wK Kej
GKUv UvKvi _wj, hZY UvKv AvQ ZZY Avgvi `vg ! bv evev, G UvKv w`q Zzwg AvgvK Acgvb
Kviv bv| ZvQvov Avgvi ^vgx Zv G UvKv Pvb bv|
ivgmyì Kwnjb, Zv nj ZvgvK hZ è bv, gv|
wbi~cgv Kwnj, bv `q Zv Kx Kie ejv| ZzwgI Avi wbq hZ Pqv bv|
ivgmyì KwZ n bvUevuav PvìwU Kuva Zzwjqv Avevi Pvii gZv mKji `w GovBqv evwo
wdwiqv Mjb|
wK ivgmyì GB h UvKv AvwbqvwQjb Ges Kbvi wbla m UvKv bv w`qvB Pwjqv wMqvQb, m
K_v Mvcb iwnj bv| Kvbv ^fveKZ~njx vijMKY `vmx wbiyi kvwoK GB Lei w`j| wbqv
Zuvnvi Avi Avvki mxgv iwnj bv|
wbi~cgvi c Zvnvi kievwo kikhv nBqv DwVj| G w`K Zvnvi ^vgx weevni Aw`b ciB
WcywU gvwRU nBqv `kvi Pwjqv wMqvQ Ges cvQ msmM`vl nxbZv wkv nq GB IRi
mwZ evci evwoi AvZxqì mwnZ wbiyi mvvrKvi m~Y wbwl nBqvQ|
GB mgq wbiyi GKUv iZi cxov nBj| wK mRb Zvnvi kvwoK m~Y `vl Ìqv hvq bv|
kixii cwZ m AZ Aenjv KwiZ| KvwZK gvmi wngi mgq mg ivZ gv_vi ìRv Lvjv,
kxZi mgq Mvq Kvco bvB| Avnvii wbqg bvB| `vmxiv hLb gvS gvS Lvevi AvwbZ fzwjqv
hvBZ ZLb h Zvnvì GKevi gyL Lywjqv iY KivBqv Ìqv, ZvnvI m KwiZ bv| m cii Nii
`vm`vmx Ges KZvMwnYxì AbyMni Dci wbfi Kwiqv evm KwiZQ, GB msvi Zvnvi gb eg~j
nBZwQj| wK Gi~c fveUvI kvwoi mn nBZ bv| hw` Avnvii cwZ ea~i Kvbv Aenjv
`wLZb Ze kvwo ewjZb, bevei evwoi gq wKbv! Mwiei Nii Ab Iui gyL ivP bv|
KLbv-ev ewjZb, `Lv-bv GKevi, wQwi nQ, `Lv bv, w`b w`b hb cvovKvV nq hvQ|
ivM hLb iZi nBqv DwVj ZLb kvwo ewjjb, Ii mg bvKvwg| Aekl GKw`b wbiy
mwebq kvwoZ ewjj, evevK Avi Avgvi fvBì GKevi `Le, gv|
30
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
kvwo ewjjb, Kej evci evwo hvBevi Qj|

Kn ewjj wekvm Kwie bv hw`b mvi mgq wbiyi kvm DcwZ nBj mBw`b c_g Wvvi `wLj
Ges mBw`b Wvvii `Lv kl nBj|
evwoi eov eD gwiqvQ, Lye ayg Kwiqv Awwqv mb nBj| cwZgv-wemRbi mgvivn m^
Rjvi ga ivqPayixì hgb jvKweLvZ cwZcw AvQ, eoveDqi mrKvi m^
ivqevnv`yiì Zgwb GKwU LvwZ iwUqv Mj Ggb P`bKvi wPZv G gyjyK Kn KLbI `L
bvB| Ggb NUv Kwiqv kvI Kej ivqevnv`yiì evwoZB me, Ges bv hvq, BnvZ Zuvnvì
wKwZ FY nBqvwQj|
ivgmyìK mvbv wèvi mgq, Zvnvi gqi h wKi~c gnvmgvivn gZz nBqvQ, mKjB Zvnvi
ej eYbv Kwij|
G w`K WcywU gvwRUi wPwV Avwmj, Avwg GLvb mg e`ve Kwiqv jBqvwQ, AZGe Awej^
Avgvi xK GLvb cvVvBe| ivqevnv`yii gwnlx wjwLjb, evev Zvgvi Rb Avi-GKwU gqi
m^ KwiqvwQ, AZGe Awej^ QzwU jBqv-GLvb Avwme|
Gevi wek nvRvi UvKv cY Ges nvZ nvZ Av`vq| T
kv_ I UxKv : ivqevnv`yi wewUk Avgji miKvwi LZve, ivRvi gZv mv I cZvckvjx ew;
Zzgyj cej, NviZi, fqvbK; AbyivM Avmw, cxwZ, mvnvM, ggZv; nZv`g wbi`g,
D`gnxb; cwZcw mvb, ghv`v, cfve; LuvUv Mbv, wb`v, `vli cwZ BwZ; wbZwqv
`bw`b Kg, cwZw`bi KvR; Avvk wel, va; SsKvi b, exYv BZvw` ev`hvwì
k; `qvciZ `qv`, `qvi ekxf~Z; AvRMwe AZ
y , Awekvm; ci cuvRi, eyKi nvoi
LuvPv; miv`b Ku` Ku`; ^fveKZ~njx vijMKY Avovj Aevb Ki Abi K_vcK_b
kvbv; kikhv gZzkhv; e`ve eev, AvqvRb|
cvV cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzii MQ _K `bvcvIbv MwU msKwjZ nqQ| wbgawe
cwievii ivgmyì cuvP cy Ges GK Kbvi RbK| Avìi Kbv cZvckvjx ivqevnv`yii GKgv
cyi m weq `qv nq| weqi mgq cvi wcZv ivqevnv`yi `k nvRvi UvKv bM`mn Abvb
mvgMx weqi hZzK wnme `vwe Kib| Kbvi evc ivwR nb| weqi mgq bM` A_ evwK co hvq|
i nq wcZv I Kbvi Ici gvbwmK wbhvZb| wbi~cgvi AvZwemRbi ga w`q kl nq Avgvì
mgvRi GB fqven evwai Kvwnbx| iex`bv_ VvKzii ì`x nvZ G Mi Kvwnbx Avgvì n`q
k Ki Ges hviv hZzK MnY Ki Zvì cwZ GKaibi NYvi Rb `q|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1.
2.
3.
hZzK c_vi Kzdjjv wjL GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|

Zvgvi Rvbv hZzK c_vi wkKvi Kvbv gqi Kvwnbx wjL|
hZzK MnY Kiv DwPr bq mc AviI hyw c`kb Ki GKwU ce jL|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
31
ewbevPwb ck
1|
ivgmyì Kvb gvm gqK Ni Avbvi cwZv Kib ?

K.
M.
fv`
KvwZK
L.
N.
Avwkb
AMnvqY
2| kvwkv, bxwZwkv GKevi bvB GK_v ejvi KviY Kx ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
gyL gyL K_v ejvq

agxq wewawbla bv gvbvq
cYi UvKv Dcv Kivq
evevi AgZ weq Kivq

Mwb wgqv GKRb KlK| BZvga Pvlvev` Ki Avw_K Aevi AbK DbwZ KiQ| GKgv
Qji weq `qvi wPv Kivi mv_ mv_ Pviw`K _K AbK cve AvmZ i Kij| Mvgi
jvKRb aij aygavgi mv_ weqi Drme cvjbi Rb| Avi GZ Mwb wgqvK Pov my` avi
KiZ njv gvUv AsKi UvKv| GKmgq mewKQz nvwiq Avevi m wbt^ nq hvq|
3| DxcKi Mwb wgqvi mv_ `bv cvIbv Mi ivgmyìi mv`kc~Y w`K njv
i.
A`~i`wk cwiKbv
ii. FYM Aev
iii. mvbevrmj
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i I ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
i I iii
i, ii I iii
4| ivgmyì Kvb w`K w`q Mwb wgqv _K ^Z ?

K.
M.
f~mw
jvf
L.
N.
AvwacZ
Avcvqb
mRbkxj ck
ngyi evev ckvq AavcK| Zuvi GKgv gqK e Ki Ni ZzjZ AbKi AvMn| Zvì wekvm
ngyi evevi mg mwi gvwjK ne ney ei| G jovBq weRqx njv Ac~eì cwievi| ki
evwoZ eDqi ghv`v Akl| GKmgq Zviv RvbZ cj, AMva abmw `~i _vK, gqi weqZ
evev gvUv AsKi FY KiQb| GZ ki evwoZ ngyi cwZ fvjvevmv Ges Zvi evevi cwZ
kvfwi GZUzKz NvUwZ KLbvB `Lv `q wb| eis ZuvK FY _K gyw `qvi Rb GwMq hvq
ngyi ki|
K. wbi~cgvi weqZ eic KZ UvKv cY PqwQj ?
L. eZgvb wkvi welgq dj ejZ jLK Kx eywSqQb ?
M. DxcKi ngyi evevi mv_ `bv cvIbv Mi wbi~cgvi evevi mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi ngy I `bvcvIbv Mi wbi~cgvK GKm~ Muv_v hvq wK ? hywmn cgvY Ki|
32
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
eB cov
cg_ Payix
[jLK cwiwPwZ : cg_ Payix 7B AvM 1868 wLv hkvi RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cZK wbevm wQj cvebv
Rjvq nwicyi Mvg| Zuvi wkvRxeb wQj AmvaviY KwZZc~Y| wZwb 1890 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K
BsiwR mvwnZ c_g kwYZ Gg.G. wWwM jvf Kib Ges ci evwivwi covi Rb wejvZ hvb| wejvZ _K
wdi Gm evwivwi ckvq hvM`vb bv Ki wZwb wKQyKvj BsiwR mvwnZ Aavcbv Kib Ges ci
mvwnZPPvq gbvwbek Kib| Zuvi mvwnwZK Qbvg wQj exiej| Zuvi mvw`Z meyR c evsjv mvwnZ
PjwZ fvlvixwZ ceZb AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki| eZ ZuviB bZZ evsjv mvwnZ bZzb Màviv m~wPZ nq|
Zuvi DjLhvM M : exieji nvjLvZv, ivqZi K_v, Pvi-Bqvwi K_v, AvwZ, ce msMn, bxjjvwnZ, mbU
cvkr, c`vPviY BZvw`| cg_ Payix 2iv mî 1946 mvj KjKvZvq cijvKMgb Kib| ]
eB cov kLUv gvbyli mek kL njI Avwg KvDK kL wnme eB coZ civgk w`Z PvBb|
c_g, m civgk KD Mvn Kieb bv; Kbbv, Avgiv RvZ wnme kwLb bB| wZxqZ, AbK Zv
Kzcivgk gb Kieb; Kbbv, Avgvì GLb wVK kL Kievi mgq bq| Avgvì GB ivM-kvK,
`ytL-`vwiì `k myì Rxeb aviY KivB hLb nqQ cavb mgmv, ZLb mB RxebKB myì
Kiv, gnr Kivi cve AbKi KvQ wbi_K Ges wbggI VKe| Avgiv mvwnZi im DcfvM
KiZ cZ bB; wK wkvi dj jvfi Rb Avgiv mKj Dv| Avgvì wekvm wkv Avgvì
Mvqi Rvjv I PvLi Rj `yB-B `~i Kie| G Avkv meZ `yivkv; wK Zv njI Avgiv Zv ZvM
KiZ cvwi b| Kbbv, Avgvì Dvii Rb Kvbv m`ycvq Avgiv PvLi mygyL `LZ cvBb|
wkvi gvnvZ AvwgI wekvm Kwi Ges whwbB hvB ejyb mvwnZPPv h wkvi mecavb A m welq
Kvbv m`n bB| jvK h Zv m`n Ki, Zvi KviY G wkvi dj nvZ nvZ cvIqv hvq bv,
A_vr Zvi Kvbv bM` evRvi ì bB| GB KviY Wgvwm mvwnZi mv_KZv evS bv, evS
ay A_i mv_KZv| Wgvwmi iiv PqwQjb mKjK mgvb KiZ wK Zvì wkliv Zvì
K_v Dv eyS mKjB nZ Pvq eo gvbyl| GKwU wewk AwfRvZ mfZvi DivwaKvix nqI
BsiwR mfZvi msk Gm Avgiv Wgvwmi Yjv Avq KiZ bv ci Zvi `vljv
AvZmvr KiwQ| Gi KviYI | evwaB msvgK ^v bq| Avgvì wkwZ mgvRi jvjyc`w
AvR A_i IciB co iqQ| myZivs mvwnZPPvi mydj m^ AbKB mw`nvb| huviv nvRviLvbv
j-wicvU Kbb, Zviv GKLvbv KveMI wKbZ cZ bb, Kbbv, ZvZ eemvi Kvbv mymvi bB|
bwRi bv AvDo KweZv Avew Kij gvgjv h nviZ ne m Zv Rvbv K_v, wK h K_v RR
kvb bv, Zvi h Kvbv g~j bB, GBUB nQ ckv`viì gnvvw| vbi fvvi h abi
fvvi bq G mZ Zv cZ| wK mgvb cZ bv njI mgvb mZ h, G hyM h RvwZi vbi
fvvi k~b m RvwZi abi fuvoI fevbx| Zvici h RvwZ gb eo bq, m RvwZ vbI eo bq;
Kbbv abi mw hgb vb mvc Zgwb vbi mw gb mvc Ges gvbyli gbK mij, mPj,
mivM I mg Kivi fvi AvRKi w`b mvwnZi IciI b nqQ| Kbbv, gvbyli `kb, wevb,
agbxwZ, AbyivM-weivM, Avkv-bivk, Zvi Aii mZ I ^c GB mKji mgevq mvwnZi Rb|
Acivci kvi wfZi hv AvQ mme nQ gvbyli gbi fMvsk; Zvi cyiv gbUvi mvvr cvIqv hvq
ay mvwnZ| `kb wevb BZvw` nQ Zvi gbMvi Zvjv Rj, Zvi c~Y vZ AvengvbKvj
mvwnZi fZiB mvjvm meM eq PjQ Ges mB MvZ AeMvnb KiB Avgiv Avgvì mKj
cvcgy ne|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
33
AZGe, ùvovj GB h, Avgvì eB coZ ne, Kbbv eB cov Qvov mvwnZPPvi Dcvqvi bB| agi
PPv PvB wK gwìi evBiI Kiv Pj, `kbi PPv nvq, bxwZi PPv Ni Ges wevbi PPv Rv`yNi; wK
mvwnZi PPvi Rb PvB jvBewi; I-PPv gvbyl KviLvbvZI KiZ cvi bv; wPwoqvLvbvZI bq| GBme
K_v hw` mZ nq, Zvnj Avgvì gvbZB ne h, mvwnZi ga Avgvì RvZ gvbyl ne| mBRb
Avgiv hZ ewk jvBewi cwZv Kie, `ki ZZ ewk DcKvi ne|
Avgvì gb nq G `k jvBewii mv_KZv nvmcvZvji PvBZ wKQz Kg bq Ges zj- KjRi
PvBZ GKUz ewk| GK_v b AbK PgK DVeb| KD KD Avevi nmI DVeb; wK Avwg
Rvwb, Avwg iwmKZvI KiwQb, AzZ K_vI ejwQb; hwÌ G welq jvKgZ h Avgvi gZi
mgiLvq Pj bv, m welq Avwg m~Y mPZb| AZGe Avgvi K_vi Avwg KwdqZ w`Z eva|
Avgvi ee Avwg Avcbvì KvQ wbe`b KiwQ Zvi mZ wg_vi wePvi Avcbviv Kieb| m wePvi
Avgvi K_v hw` bv UK Zvnj iwmKZv wnmeB Mvn Kieb|
Avgvi wekvm wkv KD KvDK w`Z cvi bv| mywkwZ jvK gvB ^wkwZ| AvRKi evRvi
we`v`vZvi Afve bB| Ggb wK, G `vZvKYiI Afve bB; Ges Avgiv Avgvì Qjì
Zvì vi KiB wbwZ _vwK GB wekvm h, mLvb _K Zviv GZUv we`vi ab jvf Ki wdi
Avme hvi my` Zvi evwK Rxeb Avivg KvwUq w`Z cvie| wK G wekvm wbZv Ag~jK|
gbvivRi `vb MnYmvc, A_P Avgiv `vZvi gyL Pq MnxZvi K_vUv GKeviB fzj hvB| G
mZ fzj bv Mj Avgiv eySZvg h, wkKi mv_KZv wkv`vb Kivq bq, wK QvK Zv ARb
KiZ mg Kivq| wkK QvK wkvi c_ `wLq w`Z cvib, Zvi KZ~nj D`K KiZ
cvib, Zvi eywewK RvMZ KiZ cvib, gbvivRi Hkhi mvb w`Z cvib, Zvi vb
wccvmvK Rj KiZ cvib, Gi ewk Avi wKQz cvib bv| whwb h_v_ i wZwb wkli AvZvK
DvwaZ Kib Ges Zvi AwbwnZ mKj cQb kwK e Ki Zvjb| mB kwi ej wkl
wbRi gb wbR Mo Zvj, wbRi AwfgZ we`v wbR ARb Ki we`vi mvabv wklK wbR ARb
KiZ nq| i DimvaK gv|
Avgvì zj KjRi wkvi cwZ wVK DjUv| mLvb Qjì we` Mjvbv nq, Zviv Zv RxY
KiZ cviK Avi bvB cviK| Gi dj Qjiv kvixwiK I gvbwmK g`vwMZ RxYkxY nq KjR
_K ewiq Avm| GKUv Rvbvkvbv D`vniYi mvnvh evcviUv cwivi Kiv hvK| Avgvì
mgvR Ggb AbK gv AvQb huviv wk mvbK gv^q Mii `ya MjvbvUvB wki ^vivi I
ejewi mecavb Dcvq gb Kib| `y Aek AwZkq Dcv`q c`v_, wK Zvi DcKvwiZv h
fvvi RxY Kievi kwi Ici wbfi Ki G vb I kwYi gvZKzji bB| Zvì wekvm Ie
cU MjB DcKvi ne| KvRB wk hw` Zv wMjZ Avcw Ki Zvnj m h eqvov Qj, m
welq Avi we`ygv m`n _vK bv| AZGe ZLb ZvK ai eua Rvi Rei`w Ki `ya LvIqvbvi
eev Kiv nq| klUvq m hLb GB `ycvb wqv nZ AevnwZ jvf Kivi Rb gv_v bvovZ, nvZcv QzoZ i Ki, ZLb mngqx gvZv ejb, Avgvi gv_v LvI, givgyL `L, GB XvK, Avi GK
XvK, Avi GK XvK BZvw`| gvZvi Dk h Lye mvay, m welq Kvbv m`n bB, wK G
welqI Kvbv m`n bB h, D ejv KIqvi dj gv ay Qji hKZi gv_v Lvb Ges XvKi
ci XvK Zvi givgyL `Levi mvebv evwoq Pjb| Avgvì zj KjRi wkv cwZUvI H
GKB aibi| Gi dj KZ Qji my mij gb h BbdvUvBj wjfvi MZvmy nQ Zv ejv KwVb|
Kbbv `ni gZzi iwRvwi ivLv nq, AvZvi nq bv|
34
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Avgiv wK GB AvZvi AcgZzZ fxZ nIqv `~i _vK, Drdzj nq DwV| Avgiv fvwe `k hZ Qj
cvk nQ ZZ wkvi wevi nQ| cvk Kiv I wkwZ nIqv GK e bq, G mZ ^xKvi KiZ
Avgiv KzwZ nB| wkv kvi GKRb RMwLvZ divwm kvx ejQb h, GK mgq divwm `k
wkv cwZ GZB eqvov wQj h, m hyM France was saved by her idlers ; A_vr hviv cvk
KiZ cviwb ev Pvqwb ZvivB dvK iv KiQ| Gi KviY, nq Zvì gbi ej wQj ej
KjRi wkvK Zviv cZvLvb KiwQj, bq m wkv cZvLvb Ki wQj ejB Zvì gbi ej
eRvq wQj| ZvB GB zj-cvjvbv Qjì `j _K m hyMi dvi hZ KZKgv jvKi Avwefve
nqwQj|
m hyM dv Kx iKg wkv Ìqv nZv Zv Avgvi Rvbv bB| ZeyI Avwg Rvi Ki ejZ cvwi h,
G hyM Avgvì zj KjR wkvi h ixwZ PjQ, Zvi PvBZ m wkvcwZ wKQzZB wbK wQj
bv| mKjB Rvbb h, we`vjq gvvi gnvkqiv bvU `b Ges mB bvU gyL Ki Zviv nq
cvk| Gi Rywo Avi GKwU evcviI Avgvì `k `Lv hvq| G`k GK`j evwRKi AvQ, hviv
e`yKi wj _K Avi Ki Divi Kvgvbi wj ch MjvatKiY Ki| Zvici GK GK
mejv DMj `q| Gi fZi h AmvaviY Kkj AvQ, m welq Kvbv m`n bB| wK GB
Mjv Avi IMjvbv `kKi KvQ Zvgvkv njI evwRKii KvQ Zv cvYvKi evcvi| I Kvi`vwb
Kiv Zvi c hgb Kmva, Zgwb AcKvix| ejv evj, m ePvivI jvnvi Mvjvjvi GK
KYvI RxY KiZ cvi bv| Avgvì QjivI Zgwb bvU bvgK i` bvbv AvKvii I bvbv
cKvii Mvjvjv we`vjq MjvatKiY Ki cixvjq Zv D`&MxiY Ki `q| G Rb mgvR evnev
`q w`K, wK gb hb bv fve h, G RvwZi cvYkw evoQ| zj KjRi wkv h AbKvsk
e_ nq, AbK j gvivZK| Kbbv Avgvì zj KjRi Qjì ^wkwZ nevi m myhvM `q
bv, ay ZvB bq, ^wkwZ nevi kw ch b Ki| Avgvì wkvhi ga h hyeK wbwlZ
nq ewiq Avm, Zvi Avcbvi ejZ ewk wKQz _vK bv, hw` bv Zvi cvY AZ Kov nq|
mfvMi welh, GB xYcvY RvwZi gaI RbKZK Ggb KwVb cvYi jvK AvQ, Gnb
wkvcwZI Zvì gbK RLg KijI GKevi ea KiZ cvi bv|
Avwg jvBewiK zj KjRi Ici vb w`B GB KviY h, G j jvK ^Qvq ^Q`wP
^wkwZ nevi myhvM cvq; cwZwU jvK Zvi ^xq kw I iwP Abymvi wbRi gbK wbRi Pvq
AvZvi ivR vbi c_ GwMq wbq hZ cvi| zj KjR eZgvb Avgvì h AcKvi KiQ
m AcKvii cwZKvii Rb ay bMi bMi bq, Mvg Mvg jvBewii cwZv Kiv KZe| Avwg
c~e ejwQ h, jvBewi nvmcvZvji PvBZ Kg DcKvix bq, Zvi KviY Avgvì wkvi eZgvb
Aevq jvBewi nQ GKiKg gbi nvmcvZvj| AZtci Avcbviv wRvmv KiZ cvib h, eB
covi c wbq G IKvjwZ Kievi, weklZ cvPxb bwRi `Lvevi Kx cqvRb wQj? eB cov h
fvjv, Zv K bv gvb? Avgvi Di mKj gyL gvbjI KvR gvb bv| gymjgvb ag gvbeRvwZ `yB
fvM wef| hviv KZvwe, Avi GK hviv Zv bq| evsjvq wkwZ mgvR h c~e`jfz bq, GK_v
wbfq ejv hvq bv; Avgvì wkwZ m`vq gvUi Ici eva bv nj eB k Kib bv| Qjiv
h bvU co Ges Qji evciv h bwRi cob, `yB-B eva nq, A_vr cUi `vq| mBRb
mvwnZPPv `k GKiKg bB ejjB nq; Kbbv, mvwnZ mvvrfve Dìc~wZi KvR jvM bv|
eva nq eB covq Avgiv GZUv Af nqwQ h, KD ^Qvq eB coj Avgiv ZvK wbgvi `jB
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
35
dj w`B; A_P GK_v KD A^xKvi KiZ cvieb bv, h wRwbm ^Qvq bv Kiv hvq, ZvZ gvbyli
gbi mvl bB| GKgv Dìc~wZZ gvbyli m~Y gbw nq bv| GK_v Avgiv mKjB Rvwb h,
Dìi `vwe iv bv Kij gvbyli `n evuP bv; wK GK_v Avgiv mKjB gvwbb h, gbi `vwe
iv bv Kij gvbyli AvZv evuP bv| `niv Aek mKjiB KZe wK AvZivI AKZe bq|
gvbei BwZnvmi cvZvq cvZvq jLv iqQ h gvbyli cvY gbi mK hZ nvivq ZZB Zv `yej
nq co| gbK mRvM I mej ivLZ bv cvij RvwZi cvY h_v_ zwZjvf Ki bv; Zvici h
RvwZ hZ wbivb` m RvwZ ZZ wbRxe| GKgv Avbì kB gvbyli gbcvY mRxe, mZR I
mivM nq IV| myZivs mvwnZPPvi Avb` _K ewZ nIqvi A_ nQ, RvwZi Rxebxkwi nvm
Kiv| AZGe, Kvbv bxwZi AbymviB Zv KZe nZ cvi bv| A_bxwZiI bq, agbxwZi bq|
KvevgZ h Avgvì AiwP aiQ m Aek Avgvì `vl bq, Avgvì wkvi `vl| hvi Avb`
bB m wbRxe GK_v hgb mZ, h wbRxe ZviI Avb` bB, m K_vI Zgwb mZ| Avgvì
wkvB Avgvì wbRxe KiQ| RvwZi AvZivi Rb G wkvi DjUv Uvb h Avgvì UvbZ ne,
G welq Avwg wbtm`n| GB wekvmi ejB Avwg ^Qvq mvwnZPPvi mc GZ evK eq Kijyg|
m evK Avcbvì gbvib KiZ mg nqwQ wKbv Rvwbb| meZ nBwb| Kbbv, Avgvì
`yievi K_v hLb iY Kwi, ZLb Lvwj Kvgj myi Avjvc Kiv Avi Pj bv; gbi Avc cKvk
KiZ gvS gvSB Kwo jvMvZ nq| T
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AvengvbKvj- wPiKvj| mvjvm- Avb`| AeMvnb- mev Wzweq Mvmj| Dcvqvi- Ab Kvbv
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hviv|
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Rb NUQ Zv mnRB jYxq| Avw_K AbUbi KviY A_Kix bq Ggb mewKQzB G`k Ab_K
ej weePbv Kiv nq| mRb eB covi cwZ jvKi Abxnv we`gvb| wkv cwZvb _K j wkv
c~Yv bq ej evcKfve eB cov ìKvi| KviY mywkwZ jvK gvB ^wkwZ| h_v_ wkwZ nZ
nj gbi cmvi ìKvi| Zvi Rb eB covi Afvm evovZ ne| Gi Rb jvBewi cwZvi
cqvRb| eva bv nj jvK eB co bv| jvBewiZ jvK wbRi cQ` Abyhvqx eB co h_v_
wkwZ nq DVZ cvi| cMwZkxj RMZi m Zvj wgwjq Pjvi Rb mvwnZPPv Kiv AvekK
ej jLK gb Kib|
36
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1. Zvgvì zji eBcov cwZhvwMZv Zvgvi wkv Rxeb h BwZevPK cfve djQ Zv
DjL Ki|
2. eB covi Afvm Kxfve Aviv ew Kiv hvq m welq Zvgvi cve `vI|
ewbevPwb ck
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K. nvmcvZvji
L. zj-KjRi
M. A_-wei
N. vbx gvbyli
2| ^wkwZ ejZ evSvq
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cwoj eB AvjvwKZ nq
bv cwoj eB AKvi iq|
3| DxcKwUi fvev_ wbPi Kvb PiY we`gvb ?
K. vbi fvvi h abi fvvi bq
L. wkv KD KvDK w`Z cvi bv
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N. Avgvì evRvi we`v`vZvi Afve bB|
4| DxcKwUi fvev_ eB cov cei h fveK wb`k Ki
K. vbvRbi gvag gwjKZ ARb
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M. wkKi gvag weKwkZ nIqv
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mRbkxj ck
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avivi bvg AvZcKvk ev cigv_ ew| GKw`K hyweMn, gvgjv-dvmv` cfwZ K`h w`K, Aciw`K
mvwnZ, wk, ag cfwZ KjvYc` w`K| GKw`K ay KvRi Rb KvR| Aciw`K Avbì Rb
KvR| GKw`K msMn, AviK w`K mw| h RvwZ wZxq w`KwUi cwZ D`vmxb _K ay c_g
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M. DxcK ewYZ c_g w`KwU eB cov cei h w`KwUK BwZ Ki Zv evLv Ki|
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Ki gewUi wePvi Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
37
AfvMxi ^M
kirP` Pvcvavq
[jLK cwiwPwZ : kirP` Pvcvavq fviZi cwge ivRi Mwj Rjvi èvb`cyi Mvg 15B
mî 1876 wLv RbMnY Ki| Avw_K msKUi KviY Gd.G. kwYZ covi mgq Zuvi QvRxebi
Aemvb NU| wZwb wKQzw`b feNyi nq wewfb RvqMvq gY Kib| ci 1903 mvj fvMi mvb evgv
(eZgvb gvqvbgvi) hvb Ges iyb GKvDUvU Rbviji Awdm Kivwb c` PvKzwi Kib| cevm
RxebB Zuvi mvwnZ mvabv iy Ges wZwb Aw`bB LvwZ jvf Kib| 1916 mvj wZwb KjKvZvq wdi
Avmb Ges wbqwgZfve mvwnZ mvabv KiZ _vKb| M, Dcbvm iPbvi cvkvcvwk wZwb wKQz ce iPbv
Kib| wZwb ivRbwZK Av`vjbI hvM w`qwQjb, wK ci Zv ZvM Kib| wZwb 1920 mvj KjKvZv
wekwe`vjqi RMvwiYx c`K Ges 1936 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq _K wW. wjU Dcvwa jvf Kib| kirP`
Pvcvavq evsjv K_v mvwnZ `yjf RbwcqZvi AwaKvix| Zuvi DjLhvM M, eow`w`, weivR e, ivgi
mygwZ, è`vm, we`yi Qj, cwiYxZv, cwZgkvB, gRw`w`, cwjmgvR, eKzi DBj, kxKv, Pwinxb,
`v, Qwe, Mn`vn, `bv cvIbv, c_i `vex, kl ck BZvw`| kirP` 16B Rvbyqvwi 1938 mvj gZzeiY
Kib|]
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`j, PvKi-evKi m hb GKUv Drme evwaqv Mj| mg Mvgi jvK aygavgi kehvv wfo Kwiqv
`wLZ Avwmj| gqiv Kuvw`Z Kuvw`Z gvqi `yB cvq Mvp Kwiqv AvjZv Ges gv_vq Nb Kwiqv
wm`yi jwcqv w`j, ea~iv jjvU P`b PwPZ Kwiqv eg~j e kvoxi `n AvQvw`Z Kwiqv w`qv
AvuPj w`qv Zuvnvi kl cà~wj gyQvBqv jBj| cy, c, M, gvj, Kjie gb nBj bv G
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`ydvUv PvLi Rj gywQqv kvKvZ Kbv I ea~MYK mvbv w`Z jvwMjb| cej nwiawbZ cfvZAvKvk AvjvwoZ Kwiqv mg Mvg m m Pwjj| Avi GKwU cvYx GKUz `~i _vwKqv GB `ji
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DcKiY mwZ nBqvwQj, KvOvjxi gv QvURvZ, `yji gq ewjqv KvQ hvBZ mvnm cvBj bv,
ZdvZ GKUv DuPz wXwci ga ùvovBqv mg Awwqv c_g nBZ kl ch DrmyK AvMn PvL
gwjqv `wLZ jvwMj| ck I chv wPZvi ci hLb ke vwcZ Kiv nBj ZLb Zuvnvi ivv cv`yLvwb `wLqv Zvnvi `yPz RyovBqv Mj, BQv nBj QzwUqv wMqv GKwe`y AvjZv gyQvBqv jBqv gv_vq
`q| eKi nwiawbi mwnZ cyni gcyZ AwM hLb mshvwRZ nBj ZLb Zvnvi PvL w`qv
SiSi Kwiqv Rj cwoZ jvwMj, gb gb evisevi ewjZ jvwMj, fvwMgvbx gv, Zzwg mM
hvPvAvgvKI Avkxev` Ki hvI, AvwgI hb Ggwb KvOvjxi nvZi AvbUzKz cvB| Qji nvZi
Avb ! m Z mvRv K_v bq! ^vgx, cy, Kbv, bvwZ, bvZbx, `vm, `vmx cwiRbmg msmvi Dj
38
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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Mvq Zvnvi KZ bv Qwe AuvKv, P~ovq Zvnvi KZ bv jZvcvZv Rovbv| wfZi K hb ewmqv AvQ
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gv PgwKqv wdwiqv Pvwnqv Kwnj, euvaevLb i ! nVvr Dci Aywj wb`k Kwiqv eMî Kwnj, `vL
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
39
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ZLb Awekvm Kwievi Avi wKQz bvB| LvwbK ci Av Av Kwnj, Zvnj ZzBI Z gv mM hvwe ?
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40
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
41
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KvOvjx GB c_g AcUz n fvZ iuvwaZ ce nBj| bv cvwij dvb SvwoZ, bv cvwij fvjv Kwiqv
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gvqi PvL QjQj Kwiqv Avwmj| wbR GKevi DwVevi Pv Kwij, wK gv_v mvRv KwiZ cvwij
bv, khvq jyUvBqv cwoj| LvIqv nBqv Mj QjK KvQ jBqv wK Kwiqv wK KwiZ nq wewagZ
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42
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KvOvjx mfq cvY bvwgqv ùvovBqv Kwnj, Avgiv `yj|

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44
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KvOvjx Avi cv_bv Kwij bv| GB Nv-`yqKi AwfZvq msmvi m hb GKevi eyov nBqv
wMqvwQj| wbtk axi axi Zvnvi giv gvqi KvQ wMqv DcwZ nBj|
b`xi Pi MZ Lyuwoqv AfvMxK kvqvb nBj| ivLvji gv KvOvjxi nvZ GKUv Loi AuvwU Rvwjqv
w`qv ZvnviB nvZ awiqv gvqi gyL k KivBqv dwjqv w`j| Zvi ci mKj wgwjqv gvwU Pvcv
w`qv KvOvjxi gvqi kl wP wejy Kwiqv w`j|
mevB mKj KvR e,ay mB cvov Loi AvuwU nBZ h ^ ayuqvUzKz Nywiqv Nywiqv AvKvk
DwVZwQj, ZvnviB cwZ cjKnxb Pz cvwZqv KvOvjx Ea` nBqv Pvwnqv iwnj| T
kv_ I UxKv : gyLy h gyLvcvavq c`we, jvKgyL DPviYi cv_K NUQ GLvb; elxqmx AwZ
e, mKji ga eqm eo, xevPK k wnme eeZ; mwZcb A_-mì AwaKvix; Awwqv
gZ ewi mrKvi, gZi Rb Awg ev kl Abyvb; mM ^M, jvKgyLi DPviY cv_K NUQ;
Aix AvKvk, MMb; fzvekl fvRb ev LvIqvi ci cvZ hv co _vK; cmb m, Lywk;
cmbgyL Lywk fiv gyL; vo Kvj; kke LiMvk ev kkKi gZv e; Zbvi Zvi, Zuvi; `yj
cvjwK enbKvix wn`y m`vqwekl, wbPz RvZi gvbyl ej AwfwnZ; B`Rvj Rv`ywe`v, GLvb Mi
gvag gy ev gvwnZ Ki ivLvi gZvK evSvbv nqQ; ivgv wkniY, Abyf~wZi AvwaK Mvqi
jvg ùvwoq hvIqv; fMK weKZ î, GLvb AwZ AveM KvOvjxi fvOv ev weKZ î K_v ejv
evSvbv nqQ; cYvgx cyivwnZ ev è-èxK Ìqv mvjvwg, GLvb KweivRK Ìqv wPwKrmv wd
wnme Ìqv UvKv evSvbv nqQ; gywhvM UvUKv wPwKrmv; MuU Kwo KuvUvhy kvgyK RvZxq cvwY;
wb wbj, wbtmvo; wbevK; nwiawb nwi bvgi awb, wn`y agvej^xiv gZ`n enb Kivi mgq
mgeZK èZv nwii bvg DPî ej _vK ZvK nwiawb ej; msvi wekvm, SuvK, AvRb aviYv;
Akb Lv`è, Avnvii e; mvwK mvejvq wn`y m`vqi wbZKiYxq c~Rv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : myKzgvi mb mvw`Z kir mvwnZmgM Mi c_g L _K AfvMxi ^M bvgK
MwU msKjb Kiv nqQ| Mixe-`yLx bxPz kwYi Qj KvOvjx| Zvi gv AfvMx| cwZekx DuPz RvZi
gyLyh evwoi MnKxi gZzi ci mrKvii `k `L AfvMxi fZiKvi fvevbyf~wZ cKvki gvag
i nq G M| gZi kehvvi AvoîZv I mrKvii evcKZv `L AfvMxI wbRi gZz gyn~Zi
^c `L| P`b, wmu`yi, AvjZv, gvjv, NZ, gay, a~c, aybv, AwMi auvqvq gyLyh evwoi wMwb ^M Mgb
KiQb| `ywLbx AfvMxI fve Zvi gZzi mgq ^vgxi cvqi a~wj wbq gZz kl cy gyLvwM Kij
mI ^M hve| gZzi mgq KvOvjx Zvi evevK nvwRi KiZ cvijI cviwb KvVi Afve gvqi
mrKvi KiZ| G M mvgevì wbgg i~c Ges bxP kwYi nZ`wi` gvbyli `ytL-K I hYv
kirP` AZ ì`x fvlvq Dcvb KiQb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1. Zvgvi `Lv abx cwievii Kviv gZz I Mixe cwievii Kviv gZz NUbvi Zzjbvg~jK weeiY `vI|
2. KvOvjx Zvi gvqi cwZ h gvZfw `wLqQb GiKg Kvbv NUbv wjwce Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
45
ewbevPwb ck
1| Kvb b`xi Zxi kkvb NvU AewZ ?
K. ksL
L. Mio
M. MovB
N. cv
2| iwmK ej MvQwU Kx KvR eenvi KiZ PqwQj ?
K. AfvMxi ke`vn
L. Nievwo Zwi
M. ivbvi KvV msMn
N. KvOvjxi Rb
ZKiZ Kwnjb avi wbwe awe Kxfve ? Mdzi ewjj, hgb Ki cvwi ae evev VvKzi,
ZvgvK duvwK è bv|
3| ZKiZ AfvMxi ^M Mi Kvb&& Pwii cwZwbwa ?
K. VvKzi `vm gyLyR
L.
iwmK `yj
M. `vivqvbRx
N.
Aai
4| GB cwZwbwaZi KviY njv
i
DfqB Rwg`vii cwZwbwa
ii
Rwg`vii Mvgv
iii Rwg`vi I evY
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
L. ii
N. ii I iii
M. iii
mRbkxj ck
GB wbzi AwfhvM Mdzi hb evK&iva nBqv Mj| YK ci axi axi Kwnj, Kvnb LvbK Lo
Gevi fvM cqwQjvg| wK Mj mbi eKqv ej KZvgkvq me ai ivLjb ? Ku` KU nvZ
cvq co ejjvg, evey gkvB, nvwKg Zzwg, Zvgvi ivRZ Qo Avi cvjve Kv_vq ? AvgvK
cY`kK wePzwj bv nq `vI| Pvj Lo bB| evc ewUZ _vwK, ZvI bv nq ZvjcvLvi MuvRvMuvRv
w`q G elvUv KvwUq è, wK bv LZ cq Avgvi gnk h gi hve|
K. KvOvjxi evevi bvg Kx ?
L. Zvi nvZi Avb hw` cvB, AvwgI mM hve DwwU evLv Ki|
M. DxcK AfvMxi ^M Mi h mgvRwPi BwZ iqQ Zv evLv Ki|
N. KvOvjxi m DxcKi Mdzii mv`k _vKjI KvOvjx m~Yic Mdzii cwZwbwaZ Ki bv
gewUi h_v_Zv wbicY Ki|
46
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbixn evOvwj
ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb 9B wWmî 1880 wLv iscyi Rjvi cvqive` Mvg
RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Rnxiywb gvnv` Avey Avjx nvq`vi mvei mv f~^vgx wQjb| QvUejvq eo
evb Kwigybmv eMg ivKqvK evsjv wkvq mvnvh Kib| ci wZwb eo fvB Bevwng mveii Zveavb
BsiwR kLb| wenvii AMZ fvMjcyii mq` mvLvIqvZ nvmbi m weevni ci wZwb eMg
ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb bvg cwiwPZ nb| ^vgxi ciYvq wZwb mvwnZPPv iy Kib| mgKvjxb gymjgvb
mgvR cPwjZ Kzmsvii weiy wZwb jLbx aviY Kib| gymwjg bvix RvMiY wZwb AMYx f~wgKvq AeZxY
nb| mvLvIqvZ ggvwiqvj Mvjm zj I Avygvb LvZqvwZb Bmjvg cwZv Ki wZwb gymjgvb bvixì
wkv I mswZi c_ AMmi nZ mvnvh Kib| civM, Aeivaevwmbx, gwZPzi, myjZvbvi ^c BZvw` Zuvi
DjLhvM M| 9B wWmî 1932 mvj ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb gZzeiY Kib| ]
Avgiv `yej wbixn evOvwj| GB evOvwj k Kgb mygayi Zij Kvgj fve cKvk nq| Avnv ! GB
Awgqvwm evOvwj Kvb& weavZv MwoqvwQjb ? Kzmygi mKzgvh, Pì Pw`Kv, gayi gvayix, hyw_Kvi
mif, mywi bxieZv, f~aii APjZv, bebxi KvgjZv, mwjji ZijZvGK K_vq wekRMZi
mgy`q m`h Ges wmZv jBqv evOvjx MwVZ nBqvQ ! Avgvì bvgwU hgb kwZgayi Z`c
Avgvì mgy`q wqvKjvcI mnR I mij|
Avgiv g~wZgZx KweZvhw` fviZelK BsivwR aiYi GKwU AvwjKv gb Kib, Ze e`k
Zvnvi eVKLvbv (drawing room) Ges evOvwj ZvnvZ mvRmv (drawing room suit)! hw`
fviZelK GKUv mivei gb Kib, Ze evOvwj ZvnvZ cwbx| hw` fviZelK GKLvbv Dcbvm
gb Kib, Ze evOvwj Zvnvi bvwqKv! fviZi cyil mgvR evOvwj cyiwlKv! AZGe Avgiv g~wZgvb
Kve|
Avgvì Lv`èjv,cyuBkvKi WuvUv, mwRbv I cyuwU grmi SvjAwZkq mim| Avgvì
Lv`èjvNZ, `y, Qvbv, bebxZ, xi, mi, m`k I imMvjvAwZkq my^v`y| Avgvì `ki
cavb dj, Avg I KuvVvjimvj Ges gayi| AZGe Avgvì Lv`mvgMx wYvZKmim, my^v`y,
gayi|
Lvì Y Abymvi kixii cyw nq| ZvB mwRbv hgb exRej, Avgvì `k ZgbB fyuwowU ~j|
bebxZ KvgjZv AwaK, ZvB Avgvì ^fvei fxiZv AwaK| kvixwiK m`h m^ AwaK ejv
wbcqvRb; GLb cvlvK cwiQì K_v ewj|
Avgvì ei A hgb Zjwm bewbMwVZ myKvgj, cwiaqI Z`c AwZ m~ wkgjvi a~wZ I
Pvì| BnvZ evqymvjbi (Ventilation Gi) Kvb evav weN nq bv ! Avgiv mgq mgq mfZvi
Abyiva KvU kvU eenvi Kwi eU, KviY cyilgvbyli meB mn nq| wK Avgvì
Aavxngvx, KvwMY Z`vbyKiY BsivR jjbvì wbj cwiQ` (kwgR RvKU) eenvi
Kib bv| Zuvnviv AwZkq myKzgvix jwjZv jveZx jwZKv, ZvB AwZ gmY I m~ nvIqvi kvwo
cib| evOvwji mKj eB myì, ^Q I mnRj|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
47
evOvwji Yi K_v wjwLZ nBj Ab gmx, KvMR I AKv jLKi AvekK| Ze msc `ywU
PvwiUv Yi eYbv Kwi|
abewi `yB Dcvq, evwYR I Kwl| evwYR Avgvì cavb eemvq| wK ZvB ewjqv Avgiv
(Avievcbvmi) wmevì bvq evwYRcvZ AwbwZ djjvfi Avkvq Ab Acvi mvMi
fvmvBqv w`qv bivki SvevZ IZcvZ nB bv| Avgiv BnvK (evwYR) mnR I ^vqvmmva
Kwiqv jBqvwQ| A_vr evwYwR eemvq h KwVb cwikg AvekK, Zvnv eRb KwiqvwQ| GB Rb
Avgvì `vKvb cqvRbxq wRwbl bvB, ay wejvmèbvbvwea KkZj I bvbvcKvi ivMeaK
Jla Ges ivOv wcji Ajvi, bKj nxivi AvswU, evZvg BZvw` weqv_ gRy` AvQ| C`k
eemvq KvwqK cwikg bvB| Avgiv LuvwU mvbv i~cv RIhvnivr ivwL bv, KviY UvKvi Afve|
weklZt AvwR Kvwj Kvb& wRwblUvi bKj bv nq ?
hLbB Kn GKUz hZ cwikg ^xKvi c~eK `xNKkx Zj cZ Kib, AgbB Avgiv Z`byKiY
n^Kkx evwni Kwi| Kzjxbi m Kkjxb weq nq| evRvi gw wmKvix Jla
AvQ, gw DKvix èI AvQ| GK K_vq ewj, hZ cKvii bKj I wbcqvRbxq wRwbl
nBZ cvi, meB AvQ| Avgiv avb Zyji eemvq Kwi bv, KviY ZvnvZ cwikg AvekK|
Avgvì AbZg eemvqcvm weq| GB cvm weZvi bvg ei Ges ZvK ki ej| GK
GKwU cvmi g~j KZ Rvb ? AaK ivRZ I GK ivRKzgvix| Gg,G, cvm Ag~jiZ, Bnv h m
Zvi q bn| wbZv mv ì weq nBj, g~jGK ivRKzgvix Ges mgy`q ivRZ| Avgiv
Ajm, ZijgwZ, kgKvZi, Kvgjv evOvwj wKbv ZvB fvweqv `wLqvwQ, mkixi cwikg Kwiqv
gy`vjvf Kiv Acv Old fool kii h_vme^ jyb Kiv mnR|
GLb KwlKvhi K_v ewj| Kwl viv Abew nBZ cvi| wK Avgiv fvweqv `wLqvwQ KwlwefvMi
Kvh (Agriculture) Kiv Acv gw Dei (Brain culture) Kiv mnR| A_vr KKk Dei f~wg
KlY Kwiqv avb Drcv`b Kiv Acv gyL we`vi Rvi A_ Drcv`b Kiv mnR| Ges KwlKvh
cvi`wkZv c`kb Kiv Acv Kej M.R.A.C cvk Kiv mnR| AvBbPPv Kiv Acv Kwl welq
vbPPv Kiv KwVb| A_ev iì mgq Q n Kwl cwi`kbi Rb Kwl welq vbPPv Acv
UvbvcvLvi Zj Avivg K`vivq ewmqv `ywf mgvPvi (Famine Report) cvV Kiv mnR| ZvB Avgiv
Abvrcv`bi Pv bv Kwiqv A_ Drcv`b mP AvwQ| Avgvì A_i Afve bvB, myZivs AbKI
nBe bv| `wi` nZfvMv me Abvfve gi giK, ZvZ Avgvì wK ?
Avgiv AviI AbK cKvi mnR Kvh wbevn Kwiqv _vwK| h_v :
(1) ivR vcb Kiv Acv ivR Dcvwa jvf mnR|
(2) wkKvh cvi`kx nIqv Acv B.Sc I D.Sc cvm Kiv mnR|
(3) Awei A_eq `k Kvb gnr Kvh viv LvwZ jvf Kiv Acv Luv evnv`yi ev ivq
evnv`yi Dcvwa jvfi Rb A_ eq Kiv mnR|
(4) cwZekx `wi`ì kvK `ytL ew_Z nIqv Acv e`kxq eo jvKì gZz`ytL kvK
mfvi mf nIqv mnR|
(5) `ki `ywf wbeviYi Rb cwikg Kiv Acv AvgwiKvi wbKU wfv MnY Kiv mnR|
48
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
(6) ^vivq hZevb nIqv Acv ^v b Kwiqv Jla I Wvvii n Rxeb mgcY Kiv
mnR|
(7) ^vi DbwZ viv gyLkxi cdzjZv I m`h eab Kiv (A_vr healthy & cheerful nIqv)
Acv (M!) KvwjWvi, wg Af ivR I wfbvwjqv cvDWvi (Kalydore, milk of rose
and Vinolia powder) gvwLqv myì nBZ Pv Kiv mnR|
(8) KvnviI wbKU cnvijvf Kwiqv ZrYvr evej cwZkva jIqv Acv gvbnvwbi gvKgv
Kiv mnR BZvw`|
Zvici Avgiv g~wZgvb AvjmAvgvì MwnYxMY G welq AMYx| Kn Kn kxgZxw`MK ^n
ib KwiZ Abyiva Kwiqv _vKb| wK ewj, Avgiv hw` i`Zvc mn KwiZ bv cvwi, Ze
Avgvì AavxMY wKi~c AwMZ Dvc mwneb ? Avgiv Kvgjv-Zuvnviv Kvgjvx; Avgiv cvVK,
Zuvnviv cvwVKv; Avgiv jLK, Zuvnviv jwLKv| AZGe Avgiv cvPK bv nBj Zvunviv cvwPKv nBeb
Kb ? myZivs h jxQvov wèvbvw`MK ib KwiZ ej, Zvnvi wwea ` nIqv DwPZ| h_v
ZvnvK (1) Zzlvbj ` Ki, AZtci (2) Ren& Ki, Zvici (3) duvwm `vI !
Avgiv mKjB KweAvgvì Kve exiim Acv KiYim ewk| Avgvì GLvb jLK Acv
jwLKvi msLv ewk| ZvB KweZvi mvZ webv KviY Akcevn ewk ewnqv _vK| Avgiv c`
wjwLZ ewmj Kvb& welqUv ev` w`B ? fM k~c, RxY Kuv_v, cyivZb PwURyZvwKQzB cwiZvR
bn| Avgiv Avevi KZ bZyb ki mw KwiqvwQ; h_vAwZ bxjvî, mvkmRjbqb BZvw`|
kxgZxì KiY wejvccjvcc~Y cì AkRji ebvq e`k axi axi Wyweqv hvBZQ !
myZivs `wLZQb, Avgiv mKjB Kwe|
Avi AvZcksmv KZ Kwie ? GLb Dcmsnvi Kwi| T
kv_ I UxKv : mKgvh- m`h, SvevZ- Svi evZvm, Kzjxb, Kkjxb- jLKi Avgj
Rbwcq Pzj `qvi Zji bvg, nvIqvi kvwo- m~ myZvi kvwo, cvZjv kvwo, Zj- Pvj, KvwjWvi,
wg Ae ivR, wfbvwjqv cvDWvi- m`heaK mvgMx, wèvbv- ^Mi icwm, icwi, bxjvîcwivi bxj AvKvk, mvkmRjbqb- Rjfiv PvL, AvZcksmv- wbRi cksmv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : AvjvP cewUZ ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb evOvwj bvix cyili cvZwnK
RxebvPiYi wewfb w`K nvm imvZKfve eYbv KiQb| evOvwj cyilMYi AjmwcqZv, kvixwiK
cwikg Abxnv, evMvoî AvPiY mK AvjvPbv hgb iqQ Zgwb bvixì AnZzK icPPv,
cwiPPv Ges wbRì Aejv cgvY Kivi mevZK cPvi cwZ bwZevPK iqQb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1.
wbixn evOvwj cvVwUZ (h mgqi) evOvwji hme ewki K_v ejv nqQ Zvi GKwU
ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
49
ewbevPwb ck
1|
eMg ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb KvK g~wZgvb Kve ejQb ?

K.
M.
bvixK
evOvwjK
L.
N.
cyilK
BsiRìK
2| wbixn evOvwj ce jwLKv cvm weq ejZ Kx eywSqQb ?

K.
M.
wkvK
ewZK
L.
N.
ewK
g~jevaK

Kgnvi Afve AvR Avgiv nq AvwQ mKji Pq `xb| h evOvwj mviv cw_exi jvKK
w`bi ci w`b wbgY Ki LvIqvZ cvi ZvivB AvR nQ mKji vi wfLvix|
3| DxcK wbixn evOvwj ce evOvwj Pwii cwZdwjZ w`KwU njv
i.
fvRbwcqZv
ii. AjmZv
iii. KgwegyLZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i I ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
i I iii
i, ii I iii
4| G PvwiwK ewki KviY evOvwj AvR Kvb cwiPq cwiwPZ ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
g~wZgvb
cwbx
cyiwlKv
bvwqKv
mRbkxj ck
b` evwoi nZ bv evwni, Kv_v Kx NU wK Rvwb,
PwoZ bv Mvwo, wK Rvwb KLb Dvq MvwoLvwb|
bKv wd-mb WzweQ fxlY, ij Kwjkb nq,
nuvwUj mc, Kzzi Avi Mvwo-Pvcv cov fq|
ZvB q q K euvwPqv iwnj b`jvj|
mKj ewjj, fvjv i b`, euP _vK wPiKvj|
K. Kvb RvZxq cvkvKK BsiR jjbvì wbj cwiQ` ejv nqQ ?
L. eMg ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb evOvwjK g~wZgvb KvR ejQb Kb ?
M. b`jvji ewk wbixn evOvwj ce hvì KvhgK BwZ Ki Zvì îc Zzj ai|
N. DxcK wbixn evOvwj cei DcwZ w`KwU weklY Ki|
50
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cwjmvwnZ
gyn` knx`yjvn&
[jLK cwiwPwZ : gyn` knx`yjvn& 10B RyjvB 1885 wLv cwgei Pwek ciMbv Rjvi ewminvU
gnKzgvi cqviv Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb 1910 mvj KjKvZv wmwU KjR _K msZ we.G. Abvm cvm
Kib| 1912 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K wZwb Zzjbvg~jK fvlvZ Gg.G. wWwM jvf Kib| gyn`
knx`yjvn& cvwimi mvieb wekwe`vjq _K fvlvZ wWcvgv Ges wW. wjU. jvfi Mie ARb Kib|
wZwb my`xN wk ermiKvj evsjv`ki wewfb KjR I wekwe`vjq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi AavcK Ges
Aaic wbqvwRZ wQjb| Amvgvb cwZfvai gyn` knx`yjvn& wQjb mycwZ I fvlvwe`| wZwb wQjb
gyeywi AwaKvix| cvPxb fvlv I mvwnZ mK `yin I RwUj mgmvi hywc~Y evLv I weklY wZwb
Amvgvb cvwZi cwiPq w`qQb| evsjv fvlvi BwZe, evsjv mvwnZi K_v (`yB L) Ges evsjv fvlvi
evKiY Zuvi DjLhvM M| Zuvi AbZg KvjRqx mv`bv M evsjv`ki AvwjK fvlvi Awfavb|
wZwb AvjvIji cveZx, we`vcwZ kZKmn AviI AbK M mv`bv Kib| wk cwKv AvOyi ZuviB
mv`bvq cKvwkZ nq| G Qvov cvVcyK Abyev` Ges bvbv gwjK iPbvq wZwb Zuvi `Zvi cwiPq
iLQb| 13B RyjvB 1969 mvj XvKvq gyn` knx`yjvni Rxebvemvb NU|]
cwjMvg knii gZv MvqK, ev`K, bZK bv _vKjI Zvi Afve bB| Pviw`K KvwKj, `vqj,
cvwcqv cfwZ cvwLi KjMvb, b`xi KzjKzj awb, cvZvi ggi k, kvgj kmi fwgq wnjv`yjv
cPzi cwigvY knii Afve GLvb c~Y Ki w`Q| cwji NvU gvV, cwji AvjvevZvm, cwji
cZK ciZ ciZ mvwnZ Qwoq AvQ| wK evZvmi ga evm Ki hgb Avgiv fzj hvB evqymvMi Avgiv Wze AvwQ, Zgwb cvovMuvq _K Avgvì gbB nq bv h KZ eo mvwnZ I
mvwnZi DcKiY Qwoq AvQ|
kq Wi `xbkP` mb ggbwmsn MxwZKv msMn Ki `wLqQb, mvwnZi Kx GK Ag~j Lwb
cwjRbbxi eyKi KvY jywKq AvQ| my`~i cwgi mvwnZiwmK iuvgv ivujv ch gqgbwmsni
gw`bv wewei m`h gy nqQb| gbmyi eqvwZi gZv AviI KZ cwjKwe ki Pyi AMvPi
cwjZ AvZMvcb Ki AvQb, K Zuvì mvwnZi gRwjm Gm RMZi m Pbvkvbv Kwiq
è? AvR hw` evsjv`ki cZK cwj _K GBme ARvbv APbv Kweì Mv_v msMn Ki cKvk
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53
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_vKj KvR ne bv| Pv Ki, bovPov Ki, Ggb wK wKQz-bvo, fZi wKQz djvZ cvie| KzKzii
gZv wPrKvi Ki, wmsn nqI Nywgq _vKj Kx jvf ?
cixvq KZKvh nqQ, Zvici gb nQ Zvgvi g~j GK cqmv bq| wRvmv Kwi, Kb ? Rvb bv,
G RMZ hviv wbZv Avbvwo Zviv gvm nvRvi nvRvi UvKv Dcvq KiQ ?
Zvgvi GB gge`bv I `ytLi KviY Zzwg g~L| gvbyl evwjZ mvbv djvZ cvi, G Zzwg wekvm Ki
bv? Zzwg Kuyo, Zvgvi D`g bB, Zzwg GKUv AvZcZqnxb AfvMv|
KvR QvU nvK, eo nvK, cvY-gb w`q Kie| g~jnxb ezMYi jvq KvRK NYv Kviv bv|
mKj w`K, mKj iKg Zvgvi KvR hvZ myì nq Zvi Pv Kie|
dK&&m mvneK GK mgq GK f`jvK ejwQjb, Avcbvi jLv fvjv bq| KvRi PviyZvi cwZ Zuvi
GZ bRi wQj h, wZwb mB w`b _K zji evjKi bvq jLv Avi Kijb Ges AKvji ga
Zuvi jLv PgrKvi nq Mj|
DbwZi Avi GK KviY nQ `w I gbvhvM| GK f`jvKi LvwbK Rwg wQj| RwgZ jvf Zv
nZB bv, eis w`b w`b Zuvi wZ nwQj| wbiycvq nq bvggv UvKv wbq wZwb GK ewK Rwgjv
BRviv w`jb| KqK eQi kl BRviv`vi GK w`b f~^vgxK ejjb, hw` Rwgjv weq Kib
Zvnj AvgvKB èb| Avcbvi Kcvq GB Kq eQi Avwg AbK UvKv Rgv KiZ mg nqwQ|
f~^vgx AevK nq wRvmv Kijb, GK eQii fZi h RwgZ Avwg GKUv cqmv Dcvq KiZ cvwi
58
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wb, mB Rwg gv KqK eQi Pvl KiB Lwi` KiZ mvnm KiQ ? m ejj, Avcbvi gZv
AgbvhvMx I evey Avwg bB| cwikg Qvov Avwg Avi wKQz Rvwb bv| ejv `kUv ch Nygvbv Avgvi
Afvm bq|
GK hyeK U mvnei KvQ Dc`k PqwQj| hyeKK wZwb GB Dc`k `b : Kzuowg Kviv bv, hv
Kievi, Zv GLbB Avi Ki| wekvg hw` KiZ nq KvR mi Kie|
mgqi hviv menvi Ki, Zviv wRZeB| mgqB UvKv, mgq UvKvi Pq ewk| RxebK DbZ
Kiv KvR Ki| vb ARb Ki| PwiK wVK Ki em _vK| KcYi gZv mgqi KvQ _K
Zvgvi cvIbv eyS bvI|
GK Nv Ki cwZw`b b Ki, `Le ermi kl b `L, Aenjvq KZ mgq b nqQ| GK
Nv Ki cwZw`b GKUz Ki KvR Ki, `Le ermi kl, GgbwK gvm KZKvR Zvgvi nqQ|
Zvgvi KvR `L Zzwg wbRB wewZ ne| cwZw`b Zvgvi wPv GKLvbv KvMR ewk bq-`k jvBb
Ki ai ivL, `Le eQi kl Zzwg GKLvbv mywPwZ PgrKvi eB wjL djQ| RxebK eenvi
Ki, `Le gZz Rxebi nvRvi KxwZi wbkvb Dwoq w`qQ| Rxeb Avjm, webv KvR KvwUq `vI,
gZzKvj gb ne Rxeb Zvgvi GKUv wg_v jxjvi Awfbq Qvov Avi wKQz nqwb GKUv mxgvnxb
`ytL I nv-Zvki mgw ! Rxeb kl hw` ejv, Rxeb Kx Kijvg ? wKQz njv bv ZvZ Kx jvf
ne ? KvRi cvi fe wbI, Zzwg Kvb KvRi DchvMx, RMZ Kvb KvR Kievi Rb Zzwg Zwi
nqQ-Kvb KvR Zvgvi AvZv Zw jvf Ki|
mvayZv I mZi fZi w`q hgb DbwZ jvf Kiv hvq, Ggb Avi wKQzZ bq| mZ Ges mvayZvK
j iL eemv Ki, Zvgvi DbwZ Aekvex| RyqvPzwi Ki `y w`bi Rb Zzwg jvfevb nZ cvi,
m jvf `y w`bi| RMZ h mg gvbyl eemvZ DbwZ KiQb Zuvì KvRKvg KLbI wg_v,
RyqvPzwi wQj bv| eemv, fvjv KvR-Gi fZi Aghv`vi wKQz bB| AMie nq nxb civaxbZvq,
wg_v I AmvayZvq|
GK ew gyw` Rxebi jv mn KiZ bv ci AvZnZv KiwQj| gievi AvM GKLvbv KvMR
wjL iL wMqwQj G nxb Rxeb Avgvi c Amnbxq| Zvi gZzZ Avgvì gb Kvbv `qvi
D`K nq bv| jvKwU GZ nxb wQj h, Zvi gyw` nq euvPeviI AwaKvi wQj bv| KvRKvg ev
eemvZ AMie bB| XvKvi mycwm beve eski bvg c~ee cwm| GB eski cwZvZv
AvwjgDjvn&& wQjb GKRb eemvqx| RvwZi KjvY nq eemvi fZi w`q| eemvK h kvi PvL
`L bv m g~L| BsiR RvwZi GB Mie-Mwigvi GK KviY eemv| eemv bv Kij Zviv GZ eo
nZ cviZ bv|
h wRwbm wbR wKbj VKQ ej gb nq, m wRwbm ZvK KLbI wÌ bv| KLbI Abwf
ZvK VwKI bv| nqZv gb ne Zvgvi jvKmvb njv, wK bv, Acv Ki, Zvgvi mvayZv I
mybvg QovZ `vI, jvKmvbi `kY Gm Zvgvi cKU fwZ ne|
eemvi fZi mvayZv iv Ki KvR Kivq AbKLvwb gbylZi ìKvi| h eemvqx jvf mseiY
Ki wbRi mybvgK euvwPq ivL, m Kg gni cwiPq `q bv| wg I mwnz eenvi, f`Zv Ges
A jvfi BQv Zvgvi eemvqx RxebK mdj Kie|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
59
AbeiZ PvKwii jvf hyeKiv mvbvi kwfiv RxebK weow^Z Ki w`Q| wgw, Kvgvi, wkx,
ìwR Giv wK mZB wbgii jvK ? AwkwZ ejB wK mf mgvR Gì vb bB ? hv Zzwg
mvgvb ej Aenjv KiQ, Zv KZLvwb vb, wPv I mvabvi dj Zv wK fe `LQ ? wkwZ ew
h Kvbv KvRB KiyK bv, Zvi mvb, A_ `yB-B jvf ne| AvZvi Adzi kwK gvbyli Kcvcv_x
nq e_ Ki w`qv bv| T
kv_ I UxKv : ewZ ewwekli ewk| wbj wbgj| cUv (wL:c~: 427-347)-wkveZx I
mZvbymvbx cUv 387 wL c~ev GKvWwg bvg G_ GKwU we`vjq vcb Kib Ges wkvg~jK
MelYvq eZx nb| wicvewjK Zuvi weLvZ M| cUvi gZ, ewZi gvb ev Rxebi mv_KZv Kx ?
Zuvi K_vq Only an examined life is worthliving A_vr cixwZ RxebB mv_K Rxeb-AvZvbi
viv cwikxwjZ RxebevaB ewmvi aviK I evnK| AmvayZv cZviYv, AmrKvR| Ljv g~jnxb,
wbK|
W. Rbmb- (Dr. Samual Johnson : 1709-1784)-GKRb wewk BsiR jLK I BsiwR fvlvq
c_g Awfavb msKjK| wZwb e cLvZ Awfavb cYZv| hgb : Dictionary, Vanity of Human
Wishes, Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, Lives of the Poets BZvw`|
Aviwfs- (Washington Irving : 1883-1959)-GKRb AvgwiKvb jLK| Zuvi mek Rbwcq
Mi bvg wicfvb DBsKj|
U- (Sir Walter Scott : 1771-1832)- BsiwR fvlvq cLvZ wUk JcbvwmK I Mv_v iPwqZv|
Zuvi AbZg k Dcbvm AvBfvbnv|
nv-Zvk-Avcawb| D`K-D`q, mvi| Mie-Mwigv, ghv`v, Me| weow^Z-`ytLcv| e_-wbj|
cvV cwiwPwZ : D`g I cwikg wbewU gvnv` jyrdi ingvbi DbZ Rxeb Mi `kg cwiQ`
_K msMnxZ| Mi g~j wbe Gi bvg PvKwi, KvRKg I eemv : D`g, Pv, cwikg| D`g I
cwikg wbe gvnv` jyrdi ingvb i~c DPviY KiQb h, Rxeb avibi Rb PvKwi KiZ
ne| KvR KiZ ne| Ze Kvbv KvRB hb gbi ^vaxbZvK Le bv Ki| PvKwi Rxeb ^v_ew
ev Abvqi Kvbv k hb bv _vK| KvR QvU nvK wZ bB, wK civbyMni P hb ew
Zvi mvi Aghv`v Ki Avkvi cZb bv NUvq| cw_exZ GgbI `v AvQ, huviv GKKvj QvULvUv
KvR KiQb, AvZmvb eRvq iL wbR j wi iL Aekl nqQ cw_exLvZ jvK|
AvZvbwZi Rb cwikg Ges D`g Acwinvh, Gi m `w I gbvhvM _vKZ ne| mvayZv I
mZi fZi w`q hgb mvi gwngv DvwmZ nq KvRi gvag, Zgwb mgvRI ^wbfi hyeKi,
wkwZ gvbyli Adzi kwi cKvkI Avgiv `LZ cvB| `ytL nq, hLb `Lv hvq, D`xqgvb hyeKi
ga h mvebvgq mvbvi gZv g~jevb kw mshy AvQ, ZLb ZvivB civbyMni gvn `yqvi
`yqvi PvKwii Rb gv_v KzU giQ| A_P Zvì KvQ, Kgkwfiv `ywU mej nvZ AvQ, wkvj
vb, AwfZvgq gw AvQ, Dxcbvgq cvY~wZ AvQ, GB Yvewji mdj cqvM Zvì è
mv_K Rxebi mvb, AvZwbfiZv Z_v AvZcwZvq Agq kw|
60
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1. mgvR I ivxq Rxeb PvKwi I Rbmevi cuvPwU KvRi DjL Ki|
2. Zvgvi GjvKvq Zzwg Kx Kx mgvRmevg~jK KvR KiZ cvi Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
D`g I cwikg cewU jLKi Kvb M _K msMnxZ ?

K. DP Rxeb
L. gnr Rxeb
M. DbZ Rxeb
N. gvbe Rxeb
2| mgqi hviv menvi Ki Zviv wRZeBGK_v viv Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

K. cwikgxiv weRqx ne
L. Avjm ZvM Kiv DwPZ
M. KvRK NYv Kiv AbywPZ
N. mrkgi Kvb weK bB
cwikg mfvMi cm~wZ|
3|
4|
D`g I cwikg cei h Pwii gvS DxcKi cwZdjb `Lv hvq wZwb njb
i. Aviwfs
ii. W. Rbkb
iii. cUv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
M. i I iii
L.
N.
ii I iii
i, ii I iii
D cwZdjbi KviY Kx ?
K. mZZv I cwikg
M. D`g I mvnm
L.
N.
D`g I cwikg
cwikg I wbv
mRbkxj ck :
kvgxg ckvq bk cnix| GKw`b ivZ `L gvbRvi mvne kwgKì w`q `vgi gvjvgvj
mivQb| GZ m cwZev` Kivq ZvK PvKwiPzwZi gwK `q| G Abvq KvRK mg_b KiZ bv
cvivq m PvKwi Qo w`q Mvg Pj hvq| mLvb nuvm-gyiwM, grm I ke&wRi Pvl i Ki|
Aw`bi gaB Zvi eemvqi ek cmvi NU| AbK eKvi hyeKK wbqvM `q Zvi Lvgvii
KvR|
K. KvK BDivci vbi ejv nq ?
L. RyZv cq Rbkb AcgvwbZ eva Kijb Kb ?
M. DxcKi kvgxgi gvS D`g I cwikg cei dzU IVv w`KwU evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi kvgxg gvnv` jyrdi ingvbi D`g I cwikg ce ewYZ PZbvi mgM
AskK aviY Ki wK ? hywmn cgvY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
61
Rxeb wki vb
Gm. IqvR` Avwj
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Gm IqvR` Avwj 1896 wLv (28k fv` 1303 mb) mvZxiv Rjvi euvk`n Mvg
RbMnY Kib| KjKvZv eevmx KjR we.Gm. Kvmi Qv _vKvKvjxb wZwb AmnhvM Av`vjb hvM`vb
Kib Ges GLvbB jLvcovi mgvw NUvb| Gici wZwb mvsevw`KZvK ckv wnme MnY Kib| wZwb
gvwmK gvnv`x, `wbK gvnv`x, `wbK meK, mvvwnK mIMvZ, mvvwnK Lv`g, BsiwR w`
gymjgvb BZvw` cwKvq KgiZ wQjb| Zuvi DjLhvM M : gnvgvbyl gynmxb, giyfvi, mq` Avng`,
^Yvbw`bx, QvUì nhiZ gyn` BZvw`| wZwb Lye cwiQb wPv I hywev`x gb wbq mewKQzi wePvi
KiZb| mnR mij cKvkfw Zuvi iPbvi AbZg ewk| Zuvi M`kjx FRy, iPbv mvejxj| ^vMZ
KviY wZwb 1935 mvj KjKvZv Qo euvk`n wdi Avmb Ges mLvbB 1954 mvji 8B bfî
gZzeiY Kib|]
RxebK myì KiZ nj m`hi wb`kb wkK mvaviY Rxeb wewk GKUz vb Ìqv ìKvi|
Avgvì evwo myì nIqv PvB, evwoi cvY myì nIqv PvB, evwoi Avmevec myì nIqv PvB,
evwoi mvR-mivg myì nIqv PvB, evwoi ewbI myì nIqv PvB| Zvici Avgiv hv cwi, Avgiv hv
eenvi Kwi, meB myì nIqv PvB| Kej ZvB bqAvgvì emevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì
DVevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì K_v ejevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì cZKwU Afw,
Avgvì cZKwU AvPvi, cZKwU eenvi myì nIqv PvB| hv Amyì, hv K`h, hv Kzrwmr, hv
K`vKvi m meK Kvb-bv-Kvb Dcvq Rxeb _K Avgvì ZvovZ ne| mZ hgb evbxq
Rxebi Acwinvh GKwU A, kq hgb evbxq Rxebi Acwinvh GKwU A, myìI Zgwb mB
evbxq RxebiB Acwinvh GKwU A| cvPxb MxKiv h GKvfve m`hwcq wQjb cvVK m
K_v Rvbb| Zuviv hy-Kzkj Ges hywcqI wQjb| Zvì welq Avwg cowQ, hyi, hyi mgq
mev jvj Kvco AveZ Ki Zuviv hy hZb, ii `vM `nK Zvì hvZ Kzrwmr, K`vKvi Ki
bv Zvj mB Dk| AvgvìI ZuvìB gZ RxebK me cKvi K`hZv _K `~i ivLevi Pv
KiZ ne|
evsjv`ki Mvg Ges kni wK `k Avgiv `LZ cvB ? Avgvi wbRi Ges Avkcvki Mvgwji
K_vB GLb ewj| gvUihvM wKsev cèR District Board-Gi ivv eq Mvgi w`K AMmi nB,
ZLb B gb nq, District Board-Gi KZviv Rxeb m`hi cqvRbxqZv gvU Dcjw Kib
bv ! mi, Amgvb c_, `yavi Zvi AvMvQvi ivk| c_i cvk w`q Pj MQ b`gv, ZvZ KZiKg
AveRbv h co AvQ Zv eYbv Kiv hvq bv| A`~i euvki eb, ZvZ gvbylI cek KiZ cvi bv,
AvjvKI cek KiZ cvi bv| Wvev, cywiYx, gRvb`x meB jZvj fiv Kvb m`h mwi
cqvmi wP ch cvIqv hvq bv| Avgiv `k wbq Me KiZ fvjvevwm| e xZ Ki mgq
Avgiv ej _vwK evsjv`ki gZ myì `k Kv_vI bvB| wK mZB wK ZvB !
GB mw`b Avwg wkgyjZjvq wMqwQjvg| mLvbKvi cvKwZK m`h Avgvq gy KiwQj| Avgvi m
GK ZiyY ez wQjb| evsjv`kK wZwb eoB fvjvevmb| wkgyjZjvq hvevi c~e Zuvi KvQ evsjv
`ki m`hi cksmv Anin bZ cZzg| dievi mgq hLb Avgvì Ub evsjvi gvwUZ cek
62
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Kij ZLb `Ljyg Avgvi ZiY ez gvZf~wgi m`hi welq Zuvi gZ m~Yi~c e`j djQb|
mZB, eagvb _K KjKvZvq AvmZ h K`hZv Avgvì `wK e_vq RRwiZ Ki, Zv `L gb
nq bv h Avgvì `ki jvKiv Rxebi m`hi cqvRbxqZv wKQzgv Dcjw KiQb|
Avgvi Mvgi K_vq div hvK&&| District Board-Gi ivv _K h c_ Mvg wMqQ m c_ GZ miy
h Zvi Dci w`q Kvb iKg hvbevnb Pvjvb GKv KwVb evcvi| mB miy ivvK Mvgevmxì
m`h Abyf~wZnxb ^v_ciZv wbZB AviI miy Ki ZzjQ| mKjB mvaviYi ivvi GK Bw, `yB
Bw wKsev ZZvwaK cwigvY Rwg wbRi GjvKvfz Kievi Rb eM| ivvi m`hi w`K KviI
`w bvB, m`h bvgK wRwbmUvi w`KB KviI `w bvB| Mvg AbKwj KvVvevwo AvQ| m me
cZ KiZ h_ A_ eq nqQ| wK m`hvbyf~wZi Kvb wb`kb evwowji wfZiI cvIqv hvq
bv Avi evBiI cvIqv hvq bv| GK KvVv RwgI KD myìfve mvRvZ Pv Kiwb| KD nqZv
wKQz dvwbPvi, `yGKLvbv Qwe GKUv Ni iLQ| wK m Ni cek KijB evSv hvq, h Mn^vgx
Taste ev iywP wRwbmUvi m `~i mKI ivL bv| gvwUi evwoi Aev KvVvevwoi PqI kvPbxq,
Avi evMvb, cywiYx cfwZi welq wKQz bv ejvB fvjv|
cwjMvgi welq hv ejv njv, knii ejvZI ZvB ejv Pj| knii Nievwo, Avmevec, evwoi
ewb cfwZ `Lj B evSv hvq h, Avgvì `kevmxiv Rxeb m`hi cqvRb gvUB
Abyfe Kib bv, myì wK Avi Amyì wK m welq Zuvì aviYv GKvB KznwjKveZ|
Avwg GKvb ejwQ, cybivq ewj, mePq eo wk nQ Rxeb-wk| Ab me iKgi wk nQ
mB weivU Rxeb wkiB GK GKwU wefvMgv| cZKwU wefvMi w`K Avgvì `w ivLv ìKvi
Rxeb-wkK mv_K Kivi Rb| Avi hw` mZB KiZ ne, Avgvì KvRKgK wbqwZ KiZ
ne, Avgvì bvMwiK RxebK wbqwZ KiZ ne, Avgvì ivxq RxebK wbqwZ KiZ ne,
GK K_vq Avgvì Rxebi cZKwU wefvMK wbqwZ KiZ ne| Avi Zvi Rb ìKvi evcK
Ges HKvwK mgevwqK cPvi|
cvVK ejeb, GZ eo cPvi K_v ejv mnR, Kiv mnR bq| z` Avwg GZ wK KiZ cvwi ? Ze
ewj byb| Avcwb GZ AbK wKQz KiZ cvib| Avcbvi evwoK myì Ki mvRvb| Avcbvi evwoi
DVvbK, Avk-cvki RwgK c-cy kvwfZ Ki Zzjyb| Avcbvi cvlvK-cwiQ` AvUi GK
GKwU wb`kb nvK| myì GK ebx Avcbvi Rxeb wNi _vKzK| myìi cksmvq Avcbvi K
gyLwiZ nvK| `Leb wbRK hZUv z` gb KiwQjb ZZUv z` Avcwb bb| Avi `Leb,
Avcbvi e-wZZ, Avcbvi mvabvq Zz nq m`hèx Avcbvi Mvg, Avcbvi cvovq mkixi
Avwef~Z nqQb| T
kv_ I UxKv : cèR cvq nuU; b`gv cqtcYvwj, Wb; gRvb`x Rjnxb b`x, wKq
hvIqv b`x; xZ dzj ev duc DVQ Ggb, MweZ; KvVvevwo cvKvevwo, AvwjKv, `vjvb;
dvwbPvi Avmevec; KynwjKveZ Kzqvkv AveZ, cQb; mgevwqK mwwjZ D`vM Kvbv
wKQz Mo Zvjvi cqvm, `je cPv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
63
cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKvWgx _K cKvwkZ Gm. IqvR` Avwj iPbvewj _K Rxeb wki vb
kxlK cewU msKwjZ nqQ| mwi miv Rxe gvbyl| Ze gb bv _vKj gvbyl nq bv| Avi G
gbK me`v gvbm m`hi PPvq wbew`Z nZ nq| K_vevZv, AvPiY, Lv` MnY, cvlvK wbevPb,
Mnmv, Mni Pvicvki cwiQbZv cfwZ gvbyli RxebK myì I Avb`gq Ki Zvj| Gi dj
cwievi, mgvR, RvwZ, `k wbwekl GKwU my`p eevcbvi wb`kbic Mo IV|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
Zvgvi evwoi m`h evovZ Zzwg Kx Kx c`c wbqQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
mePq eo wk Kvb&&wU ?
K.
M.
Pviwk
Kviwk
L.
N.
Rxebwk
vcZwk
2| Rxeb wk ejZ Kx evSvq ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
Mni Pvicvk myì ivLv

gvbm m`hi PPv Kiv
myìK AviI Mfxifve Rvbv
Pvicvk wkKjvi cqvM NUvbv

cw_exi me dzj GKB wbqg gb dzj bvg cqQ| Avgiv `L ewj myì| G wbqgwU njv
GKB we`y _K mKj cvcwo we`yi Pviw`K Qwoq _vKe| GB GK wbqg gbB KZ iKg
dzj ^vaxbfve dzU IV|
3| DxcK Rxeb wki vb cei cwZdwjZ w`KwU njv
i.
Rxeb m`h
ii. wbqwZ Rxeb
iii. mwi cqvm
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
ii
i I ii
L.
N.
iii
i, ii I iii
64
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
4| cwZdwjZ w`KwU wbPi Kvb evK cKvk cqQ ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
mie, Amgvb c_, `yavi Zvi AvMvQvi ivk

Mn^vgx iwP wRwbmUvi m `~i mKI ivL bv
wkgyjZjvi cvKwZK m`h AvgvK gy KiwQj
miy ivvK Mvgevmxi ^v_ciZv AviI mi Ki ZzjQ|
mRbkxj ck
gvbyli gb ej, cqvRb wgUjB ne bv, ZvK myì nZ ne| hgb bKwkKuv_v, iv weQvbvq
Mvq w`q kvIqvi Rb GKwU mvgMx mUv Zv myì-Amyì nIqvi cqvRb bB| wK GB
cqvRbi wRwbmK muyB Avi iwOb myZv w`q Ac~e bKkv Ki mvwRqQ Muvqi ea~iv| bKwkKuv_v
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Ki wZwb evsjv K_vmvwnZ Agi nq AvQb| cKwZ Ges gvbyli Rxebi Awfb mKi wPivqZ Zvrch
Zuvi K_vmvwnZ gwngvgwZ| wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavqi DjLhvM Dcbvm njv : c_i cuvPvjx, AcivwRZ,
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mKvj ejv| AvUUv wK bqUv| nwinii cy Avcb gb ivqvK ewmqv Ljv KwiZQ, Zvnvi GKUv
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msMn Kiv nqQ| MvgxY Rxeb cKwZNwb `yB fvB-evbv Avbw`Z Rxebi AvLvb wbq MwU
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eZ nhiZi i~cjveY wQj Ac~e, AmvaviY| gv nBZ gw`bvq wnhiZi c_ GK ciwnZeZx

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cswZ Avgvi vb `vI|
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euvavBqv w`j| GBfve kl ch hvnviv c` c` Avwbqv w`j jvbv, Acgvb, AZvPvi, wbhvZb,
cZK myhvM hvnviv nvwbj ewiZvi welv evY; nhiZ Zuvnvì mwnZ Kx eenvi Kwijb? Rqxi
Avmb ewmqv bvqi Zzjv` nvZ jBqv ewjjb : fvBme, Zvgvì m^ Avgvi Avi Kvbv
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cwZkva me KwiqvwQj nhiZi weivU gbylZ|
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KuvwcZ jvwMj| nhiZ wZgyL ZvnvK ewjjb, Kb Zzwg fq cvBZQ? fqi wKQzB GLvb bvB|
Avwg ivRv bB, mgvU bB, gvbyli cfy bB| Avwg Ggb GK bvixi mvb, mvaviY gvsmB wQj
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eis Zuvnvi Abvwej Pwii ^Q mnR cKvk ghv`vnvwbi Avkv ZzQ Kwiqv, jvKP mvweZ
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w`q emeb wMq Rvbvjvi avi| evBi `Leb eid coQ, eid coQ coQ, coQ `y w`b,
wZb w`b, cuvP w`b, mvZ w`b ai| Avcwb emB AvQb, Avi `LQb P Zi ed eevi` wK iKg
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Avi KLbv GZUv Ac` nqwb| vb nm ejj, GKevi Avmyb, Rvbvjvi cvk emyb, `Lyb| cQ`
bv nq, Ave`yi ingvbi M`vb Zv iqQ|
LB Zzj wbq ejj, m KZ iKgi eid co| KLbv mvRv, Quov Quov cuRv Zzjvi gZ, Zvwi
duvK duvK Avmgvb Rwgb wKQz wKQz `Lv hvq| KLbv NyiNw Nb, Pvìi gZ be Gm PvLi
mvgb c`v Ub `q| KLbv eq Rvi evZvm, cP So| eidi cuvR hb m-evZvm Wvj
Mjvevi PwK Pvwjq w`qQ| eidi uov WvBb euvq Dci wbP Gjvcv_vwo QzUvQzwU jvMvq
Ki KLbv GKgyL nq ZvwR NvovK nvi gvwbq QzU Pj| KLbv me NyUNyU AKvi, ay bZ
cveb muv-Iu-Iu Zvi m Avevi gvS gvS hb `vij Avgvbi Bwbi wkwUi k| mB So aiv
coj i bB, Kv_v _K Kv_vq Dwoq wbq Pj hve, bv nq euk nq co hveb eidi
weQvbvq, ZviB Dci Rg DVe Q nvZ DuPz eidi K^j Mv`v Mv`v, cuvRv cuvRv| wK ZLb m
eidi cuvRv mwZKvi K^ji gZ Ig `q| Zvi Zjvq gvbylK `y w`b ciI Rv cvIqv wMqQ|
GKw`b mKvj Nyg fvOj `Leb eid cov e nq wMqQ| m~h DVQ mv`v eidi Dci m
ivkwbi w`K PvL gj ZvKvbv hvq bv| Kveyji evRvi Kvjv Pkgv cvIqv hvq, ZvB ci ZLb
eovZ eiveb| h nvIqv `g wbq eyK fieb ZvZ GKiw ayjv bB, evjy bB, gqjv bB
Qzwii gZ avivjv Vvv nvIqv bvK gMR Mjv eyK wPi XzKe, Avevi ewiq Avme wfZiKvi me
gqjv SuwUq wbq| `g beb, QvwZ GK weNr dzj DVe `g djeb GK weNr bg hve| GK
GK `g bIqvZ GK GK eQi Avqy evoe GK GKevi `g djvZ GKkUv egvwi ewiq hve|
ZLb wdi Gm, Ryi GKUv Av `y^v hw` bv LZ cvib, Ze Avwg Avgvi Muvd Kvwgq dje|
AvR hv ivbv KiwQjyg Zvi Wej w`jI Avcwb wì PvU Avgvq KZj Kieb|
Avwg ejjyg, nuv Ave`yi ingvb Zvgvi K_vB mB| kxZKvjUv Avwg cvbwkiB KvUve|
Ave`yi ingvb M`M` nq ejj, m eo Lywk evr ne Ryi|
Avwg ejjyg, Zvgvi Lywki Rb bq, Avgvi cvY euvPvevi Rb|
Ave`yi ingvb dvjdvj Ki Avgvi w`K ZvKvjv|
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K? T
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gvqvbgvii gvZvevb xc Drcb Kjvi RvZ; iyR Mvj ivOvevi cmvabx; cvqv wPwbi im
wfRvbv wNZ Kov fvRv imMvjv RvZxq wgw; ZvM` kw; Dgva whwb FY `b; Z^x
wZivi; eviKvk KvVi Zwi Kvbv DuPz eo _vjv; cybiwc cybivq; ei Zvjyi KèZx
wQ`; ecy eo `n; Zby xY `n|
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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nvmimvZKfve GB iPbvq dzwUq Zvjv nqQ| jLKi evsjv`ki wbKU cwZekx `k
AvdMvwbvb gYi AvswkK AwfZvi cwiPq AvQ GLvb| AvdMvwbvbi ivRavbx Kveyji
mwbKU LvRvgvjv bvgK Mvg evmi mgq Ave`yi ingvb bvgi GKRb Zuvi `Lfvji `vwqZ
wQjb| AvdMvb Ave`yi ingvb Pwii ga mijZv, ^`kcg, AwZw_civqYZv dzU DVQ|
ingvbi ivbv I cwiekb Kiv Lvevii ga AvdMvwbvbi wewP I my^v`y Lvèi cwiPq cvIqv
hvq| AvdMvwbvbi cif~wg Ges GKB m wbKU-cwZekx GB Rbcì eid-kxZj Rjevqy
AvKlYxq| Ave`yi ingvbi mij AvwZ_qZvq KLbv jLKi ahPywZ NUjI kl Aewa mq`
gyRZev Avjx GK MnY KiQb kvi m|
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b`x mewKQz ZvK Mfxifve AvKlY Ki| mvweK m`h gy nq evevK ejb, GLvb
Avgvì GKUv evwo evwbq è ?
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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Kv_vq Ggb nwir AvKvkZj gk|
Ggb avbi Ici XD Lj hvq evZvm Kvnvi `k|
Ggb `kwU Kv_vI LyuR cve bvKv Zzwg
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L. KzBbvBb mvive eU wK KzBwbb mvive K? `vkwbK wR`bv_ GK_v ejwQjb
Kb?
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Ki|
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wei ecixZ Zvgvi Dii mc hyw `vI|
94
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ggZvw`
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ceva Kzgvi e`vcvavq| Zuvi wcZvi bvg nwini e`vcvavq Ges gvZv bxi`vmyìx èx| Zuvi cwK
evwo gyxMi wegcyi Aji gvjew`qv Mvg Ges gvqi evwo GKB Aji MuvIw`qv Mvg| 1926 mvj
wZwb gw`bxcyi Rjvzj _K gvwUK I 1928 mvj euvKzov Iqmwjq wgkb KjR _K AvBGmwm cvk
Kib| Zvici MwYZ Abvm wbq KjKvZv cwmWw KjR weGmwm Kvm fwZ nb| wK ezì m
evwR ai AZmxgvgx bvgK M wewPv cwKvq cKvwkZ nj jLK wnme Zuvi wbqwZ wbavwiZ nq hvq|
G mgq wZwb jLv wbq GZB gM _vKb h AmvaviY GB KZx Qvi Avi Abvm cvk Kiv nqwb| gv GKzk
eQi eqm wZwb Zuvi weLvZ wèvivwi Kve iPbv Kib| Gici wZwb jLvjwLKB RxweKvi GKgv
Aej^b wnme MnY Kib| cv b`xi gvwS I cyZj
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wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| cvkwUiI AwaK Dcbvm wZwb iPbv Kib| Gi ga Rbbx, wP, mniZjx,
Awnsm, PZzvY Zuvi DjLhvM Dcbvm| 1956 wLvi 3iv wWmî GB gnvb jLK gZzeiY Kib|]
kxZi mKvj| iv` em Avwg zji cov KiwQ, gv KvQ em dzjKwc KzUQb| m GmB ejj,
Avcbvi ivbvi Rb jvK ivLeb? Avwg QvU Qj-gqI ivLe|
wbtmvP Ave`b| evSv Mj mvP AbK wQj, cvYcY Pvq AwZwi Rq Ki djQ| ZvB
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eqm Avi KZ ne, eQi ZBk| cib mjvB Kiv gqjv kvwo, cvoUv weeY jvj| mxgv ch
NvgUv, Clr wekxY gyL Mvp kvwi Qvqv, wi APj `ywU PvL| Kcvj GKwU Z-wP-Av`vR
civ wUci gZv|
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evmv evQv|
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KvRI Kie|
gv ZvK Riv Kijb| `Ljvg m fvwi Pvcv| gvi cki QuvKv Reve w`j, wbR _K GKwU K_v
ewk KBj bv| m ejj, Zvi bvg ggZv| Avgvì evwo _K LvwbK `~i Rxebgqi Mwj, Mwji
fZi mvZvk bî evwoi GKZjvq m _vK| Zvi ^vgx AvQ Avi GKwU Qj| ^vgxi PvKwi bB
Pvigvm, msmvi Avi Pj bv, m ZvB c`v Vj DcvRbi Rb evBi GmQ| GB Zvi c_g PvKwi|
gvBb? m Zv Rvb bv| `yejv iua w`q hve, wK Lve bv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
95
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DVj| wK mgUzKz KZZv m bxieB cKvk Kij, K_v KBj bv|
gv ejjb, AvQv, Zzwg Kvj mKvj _K Gmv|
m gv_v nwjq mwZ Rvwbq ZrYvr Pj Mj| Avwg MUi KvQ ZvK cvKovI Kijvg|
kvb| GLywb hvQ Kb? ivbvNi `Le bv? Avwg `wLq w`wQ Gmv|
Kvj `Lev, ej m GK mK ùvovj bv, Avgvq ZzQ Ki w`q Pj Mj| IK Avgvi fvjv
jMwQj, Ii m fve KiZ e nq DVwQjvg, Zey, Avwg zY nq gvi KvQ Mjvg| GKUv
wewZ nqI| hvi Agb wgw Mjv, PvL gyL hvi DcP cov mn, Zvi eenvi Ggb ip!
gv ejjb, wcQb QzUwQwj eywS fve KiZ? fvwem bv, ZvK Lye fvjvevme| evi evi Zvi w`K
Ggb Ki ZvKvwQjv!
b Lywk njvg| iuvaybx c`cvw_bxi mn mw`b Agb Kvg gb nqwQj Kb ejZ cvwi bv|
ciw`b m KvR Gj| bxie bZgyL KvR Ki Mj| h welq Dc`k cj cvjb Kij, h welq
Dc`k cj bv wbRi eyw LvwUq myìfve mb Kij Ab_K ck Kij bv, wb`ki Afve
Kvbv KvR dj ivLj bv| m hb ew`b GevwoZ KvR KiQ webv Avoî Ggb wbLyuZ njv Zvi
KvR|
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fvjvevme Zvi Kvbv jY bv `L Avwg njvg zY| `yevi Lvevi Rj PvBjvg, Pvi cuvP evi ivbv
Ni w`q ùvovjvg, wK wKQzZB m Avgvq fvjvevmj bv| eis ixwZgZv Dcv Kij| ay
AvgvK bq mKjK| KvRwjK m Avcbvi Ki wbj, gvbylwji w`K wdiI ZvKvj bv| gvi m
g`yî `yGKwU ìKvix K_v ejv Qvov QUv _K ejv mvo `kUv Aewa GKevi Kvwki k ch
Kij bv| m hb Qvqvgqx gvbex, Qvqvi gZvB vwbgvi Hkh gnxqmx wK aiv Quvqvi AZxZ
knxb Abyf~wZnxb wbweKvi|
ivM Ki Avwg zj Pj Mjvg| m wK Ki Rvbe gvBb Kiv iuvaybxi `~i _vKvUvB mKj Zvi
KvQ Avkv KiQ bv, Zvi m K_v KBevi Rb evwoi QvUKZv QUdU KiQ!
mvnLvbK wbRi bZzb Aevq Af nq hvIqvi ci m Avgvi m fve Kij|
evwoZ mw`b KzUzg GmwQj, m GmwQj GK Mv`v imMvjv Avi m`k| cKvk fvMUv cKvk
Lq fuvovi Ni Mvcb fvMUv gyL cyi PjwQ, Kv_v _K m Gm Lc Ki nvZ ai djj| ivM
Ki gyLi w`K ZvKvZ m Ggb fve nvmj h jv cjvg|
ejj, ìRvi cvk _K `LwQjvg, Avi KUv LvQ bwQjvg| hv LqQ ZvZB evanq AmyL ne,
Avi Lqv bv| Kgb?
frmbv bq, Ave`b| gvi KvQ aiv coj eKzwb LZvg Ges GK Lvejv Lvevi Zzj wbq QzU
cvjvZvg| Gi Ave`b nvZi Lvevi dj w`jvg| m ejj, jx Qj| Gm Rj Lve|
96
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
evwoi mKj KzUgz wbq Ab e wQj, Rj Lq Avwg ivbv Ni Avmb cZ Zvi KvQ emjvg|
GZw`b Zvi Mxi gyLB ay `LwQjvg, AvR c_g `Ljvg, m wbRi gb nvmQ|
Avwg ejjvg, evgybw`
m PgK nvwm e Kij| Ggb fve Avgvi w`K ZvKvj hb Avwg ZvK Mvj w`qwQ| eySZ bv
ciI AcwZf njvg|
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m Gw`K Iw`K ZvKvj| Wvj LvwbKUv byb dj w`q Gm nVvr Avgvi Mv Nul em coj| Mxi
gyL ejj, Avgvq evgybw` evjv bv LvKv| ay w`w` evjv| Zvgvi gv ivM Kieb w`w` ejj?
Avwg gv_v bvojvg| m QvU GK wbtkvm dj AvgvK GZ KvQ Ub wbj h Avgvi c_g fvwi
jv KiZ jvMj|
Zvici wKQzY Avgvì h M Pjj m Ac~e K_vcK_b gb Ki wjLZ cvij mvwnZ bv nvK
Avgvi KvQ mePq g~jevb jLv nq DVZ|
nVvr gv Gjb| m `ynvZ AvgvK GKiKg RwoqB ai wQj, nvZ mwiq aiv cov Pvii gZv
nVvr weeZ nq DVj, `yPvL fq `Lv w`j| wK m gyn~Zi Rb| ciY Avgvi Kcvj Py^b Ki
gvK ejj, GZ K_v KBZ cvi Avcbvi Qj|
ZLb eywSwb, AvR eywS mn m Avgvq Avì Kiwb, wbRi Me cwZvi jvf| gv hw` ejZb,
LvKv DV Avq, hw` Kej gyL Kvjv Ki mi hZb, ciw`b _K m Avi AvmZ bv| cbi
UvKvi LvwZiI bv, ^vgxcyi Abvnvii ZvobvZI bv|
gv nvmjb| ejj, I IBiKg| mvivw`b eKeK Ki| ewk Avviv wÌ bv, Rvwjq gvie|
ej gv Pj Mjb| Zvi `yPvL w`q `yduvUv `yeva inm Uc Uc Ki Si coj| gv Acgvb
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`qv gvLv wQj, mUv evanq Zvi mBj bv|
wZb Pvi w`b ci Zvi Mvj wZbU `vM `LZ cjvg| gb nq, Avyji `vM| gvvii Po Lq
GKw`b Aebxi Mvj h iKg `vM nqwQj Zgwb| Avwg e nq ck Kijvg, Zvgvi Mvj Avyji
`vM Kb? K Po giQ?
m PgK Mvj nvZ Pvcv w`qv ejj, `~i! Zvici nm ejj, Avwg wbR giwQ! Kvj iv Mvj
GKUv gkv emwQj, Lye iM
gkv gviZ Mvj Po! ej Avwg Lye nvmjvg| mI c_gUv Avgvi m nvmZ Avi Ki Mvj nvZ
NlZ NlZ Avbgbv I Mxi nq Mj| Zvi gyL `L AvgviI nvwm e nq Mj| Pq `Ljvg,
fvZi nuvwoi eyèy`dvUv ev wK `L hb Zvi PvL cjK nvwiqQ, wbPi VuvU ùvZ ùvZ
Kvgo aiQ, e`bvq gyL nqQ Kvjv|
mw` nq ejjvg, Zzwg wg_ ejQ w`w`| Zvgvq KD giQ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
97
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G cki Reve LyuR bv cq AvgvK Pzc Ki _vKZ njv| ZLb wK Rvwb Zvi Mvj Po gvivi
AwaKvi GKRb gvbyli AvVvi Avbv AvQ! wK Po h KD GKRb giQ m welq Avgvi m`n
NyPj bv| ay `vM bq, Zvi gyL PvLi fve, Zvi K_vi myi mg Avgvi KvQ IK_v NvlYv Ki w`j|
weeY Mvj wZbwU ieY `vM `LZ `LZ Avgvi gb Lvivc nq Mj| Avwg Mvj nvZ eywjq w`Z
Mjvg, wK m Avgvi nvZUv Ub wbq eyK Pc aij|
Pzwc Pzwc ejj, Kviv KvQ hv cvB bv, Zzwg Zv è Kb?
Avwg AevK nq ejjvg, wK w`jvg Avwg?
G cki Reve cjvg bv| nVvr m ZiKvix bvgvZ fvwi e nq coj| wcuwoZ emvgv Luvcv Lyj
wcV fvwmqv GKivwk Pzj gS ch Qwoq coj wK GKUv AKvi inmi Avovj m hb wbRK
jywKq djj|
inm ewK| Mvj Poi `vM, wPiw`b h ahgqx I kv Zvi evKzj KvZiZv, wdmwdm Ki QvU
QjK kvbvbv; KviI KvQ hv cvB bv Zzwg Zv è Kb? eywi cwigvYi Zzjbvq Gi Pq eo
inm Avgvi Rxeb KLbv `Lv `qwb! fewP Avwg Zvi Pzjwj wbq eYx cvKvevi Pv Avi
Ki w`jvg| Avgvi Avkv c~Y njv m gyL wdwiq nm inmi NvgUv Lyj mnR gvbyl nq Mj|
weKvj Avwg wRvmv Kijvg, AvQv, Zvgvi eii PvKwi nj Zzwg wK Kie?
Zzwg wK KiZ ej? nwii jyU è? bv Zvgvq m`k LvIqve|
ar Zv ejwQ bv| Zvgvi eii PvKwi bB ej Avgvì evwo KvR KiQ Zv PvKwi nj Kie bv?
m nvmj, Kie| GLb KiwQ h!
Zvgvi eii PvKwi nqQ|
nqQ ej m Mxi nq Mj|
Avnv ^vgxi PvKwi bB ej f`jvKi gq K coQ, cvovi gwnjvì KvQ gvi GB ge b
ggZvwì eii PvKwii Rb Avwg `ywvM nq DVwQjvg| Zvi PvKwi nqQ b cyjwKZ nq
gvK msevÙv wbq w`jvg|
gv ZvK WK cvVvjb, Zvgvi ^vgxi PvKwi nqQ?
m ^xKvi Ki ejj, nqQ| ewk w`b bq, BsivwR gvmi cqjv _K|
gv ejjb, Ab jvK wVK Ki w`Z cviQ bv ej wK Zzwg KvR Qo w`Z BZZ KiQ? Zvi
Kvbv ìKvi bB| Avgiv Zvgvq AvUK ivLe bv| Zvgvi K `~i nqQ ZvZ AvgivI Lye myLx|
Zzwg BQ Kij GejvB KvR Qo w`Z cvi, Avgvì Amyweav ne bv|
Zvi PvL Rj Gj, m ay ejj, Avwg KvR Kie|
gv ejjb, ^vgxi PvKwi nqQ Zey?
98
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
m ejj, Zuvi mvgvb PvKwi, ZvZ Kzje bv gv| Avgvq Qvoeb bv| Avgvi KvR wK fvjv nQ bv?
gv e nq ejjb, Agb K_v Zvgvi kI ejZ cvie bv gv| mRb bq| Zvgvi K_v feB
Avwg ejwQjvg| Zvgvi Ici gvqv emQ, Zzwg Pj Mj AvgvìI wK fvjv jvMe?
m GKiKg cvwjq Mj| Avwg Zvi wcQz wbjvg| ivbvNi XzK `Ljvg m Kuv`Q| Avgvq `L
PvL gyQj|
AvPgKv eji, wg_ ejj wK nq LvKv?
wg_ ejj wK nq RvbZvg| ejjvg, cvc nq|
iwb`v euvPvZ wg_ ejj?
GUv RvbZvg bv| iwb`v cvc, wg_v ejv cvc| KvbUv ewk cvc m vb Avgvi Rbvqwb| wK bv
Rvbv K_v ejI mvbv Ìqv Pj `L ejjvg, ZvZ GKUzI cvc nq bv| mwZ! Kvu`Q Kb?
ZLb Zvi PvKwii GKgvm evanq c~Y nqwb| GKw`b zj _K evwo dievi mgq `Ljvg
Rxebgqi Mwji gvo dwiIqvjvi KvQ Kgjv jey wKbQ|
m bevi BQ bB Ui cqI GK iKg Rvi KiB evwo `LZ Mjvg| `ywU jey wKb AvgvK
m wbq m MwjZ XzKj| wekx bvsiv Mwj| K h Vvv Ki GB hgvjqi c_Uvi bvg Rxebgq
jb iLwQj! MwjUv Av BU w`q euvavbv, cvq cvq q nq MQ| `yw`Ki evwoi Pvc AKvi,
GLvb ILvb AveRbv Rgv Kiv Avi GKUv `~wlZ Pvcv M| Avwg mzwPZ nq Zvi m PjZ
jvMjvg| m ejj, gb nQ cvZvj PjQ, bv?
mvZvk bîi evwoUv `vZjv wbq, wK hZ y` `vZjv nIqv me| mì ìRvi ciB QvU
GKwU DVvb, gvSvgvwS KvVi cvPxi w`q `yfvM Kiv| wbP Nii msLv evanq Pvi, KviY ggZvw`
Avgvq hfvM wbq Mj mLvb `yLvbv QvU QvU KzVwii ewk wKQz Avwevi KiZ cvijvg bv|
Nii mvgb `ynvZ PIov GKUz ivqvK, GKcvk GKwkU KivMU Avqibi Qv` I PUi eovi
Avqx ivbvNi| PUwj Kqjvi auvqvq Kqjvi eY cqQ|
m AvgvK kvevi Ni wbq wMq Uzj emvj| Ni `ywU Rvbvjv AvQ Ges meZ mB KviYB
kvevi Ni Ki Ab NiLvbvi Pq ewk gvb Ìqv nqQ| wK Rvbvjv `ywUi Ggwb Aevb h
Avjv hwÌ wKQz wKQz Avm, evZvmi Avmv hvIqv GKevi Ame| myZivs ccvwZZi h Lye
Rvivjv KviY wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| msmvii mg wRwbmB cvq GNi VuvB cqQ| me Kg `vgx
kxnxb wRwbm| GB kxnxbZvi Rb mhZ wQq ivLv mI gb nQ wekLjZvi A bB|
GKcvk eo PwK, ZvZ Uvbv gwjb weQvbv| PwKi Zj GKwU PiKv Avi fvv eZi evU
PvL co, Aivj nqZv AviI wRwbm AvQ| Nii GK KvY cvkvcvwk iwZ `ywU UvsK `ywUiB
iO PU MQ, GKwUi Zvjv fvv| Ab KvY KqKUv gvRv evmb, evmbi wVK Ea KvbvKzwb
Uvvbv `woZ LvbKqK Kvco| GB `yB KvYi gvSvgvwS Ìqvj Nul cvZv GKwU fvv Uwej,
AvMvMvov `woi evRi Rvi KvbgZ ùvwoq AvQ| Uwej KqKUv eB LvZv, GKwU A `vgx
UvBgwcm, KqKUv Ilyai wkwk, GKUv givgZ Kiv Avwm, KqKUv fuvR Kiv msev`c, GB me
UzwKUvwK wRwbm| Uweji Ea Ìqvji MZi ZvK KZKwj eB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
99
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Avi evwjk Ub evi Kij| mc Y QjwUi gv_vi Zj evwjk w`q jc w`q Mv XK w`j|
ejj, Kvj mvivivZ cUi e_vq wbRI Nygvqwb, AvgvKI NygvZ `qwb| Dwb Zv ivM Ki
KB, Zzwg jey Lj bv|?
Avwg GKUv jey Ljvg| m Pzc Ki LvIqv `L ejj, gywo Qvov Ni wKQz bB, `vKvbi welI
è bv, GKUv jey LvIqvZ ZvgvK WK Avbjvg!
Avwg ejjvg, Avi GKUv jey Lve w`w`|
m nm jey w`j, ejj, KZv_ njvg| mevB hw` Zvgvi gZv fvjvevmZ!
Ni Avjv I evZvmi `xbZv wQj| LvwbK ci m Avgvq evBi ivqvK gv`yi cZ emvj| K_v
ejvi m msmvii KqKUv KvRI Ki wbj| Ni SuvU w`j, KovB gvRj, cvwb Zzjj, Zvici gkjv
evUZ emj| nVvr ejj, Zzwg Gevi evwo hvI fvB| Zvgvi wL` cqQ| T
kv_ I UxKv : evQv erm ev Aeqmx mvb; c`v Vj DcvRb GLvb bvixì Atcyi _vKvi
c_vf Ki evBi Gm Avq-ivRMvi Kiv evSvQ; Abvoî RuvKKgKnxb; evgybw` evYw`wì
msw i~c| AvM ivbv ev MnKg h evYKbvMY wbqvwRZ nZb Zvì K_ixwZZ evgybw` WvKv
nZv; AcwZf AcZ; ciw`b _K m Avi AvmZ bv bv Avmvi KviY AvZmvb| ggZvw`
UvKvi Rb Abi evwoZ KvR wbqQ mZ| wK ZvK Amvb Kij ev m`ni PvL `Lj
wbR AcgvwbZeva Ki PvKwiZvMi mvnm Zvi wQj; nwii jyU èZv nwiK jywUq `vb Kiv Ges
mLvb _K cPzi cmv` MnY Kiv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : gvwbK e`vcvavqi mixmc (1939) Mi Afy ggZvw` M| GB M MnKg
wbqvwRZ gvbyli cwZ gvbweK AvPiY Kivi w`KwU cvavb cqQ| j
z coqv GKwU Qj hLb `L
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gb Ki QjwU| ggZvwì msmvi Afve ejB ghv`vmb Nii bvix nqI ZvK Acii evwoZ KvR
wbZ nq| GB AvZghv`veva Zvi memgqB mgybZ wQj| m wbR hgb Avì I mvb cZvkx, Zgwb
AbKI mn I fvjvevmv èvi Zvi ga wav wQj bv| zj coqv QjwU ZvB ggZvwì KvQ
QvU fvBqi ghv`v jvf Ki| ZvK wbR evmvq wbq wMq h_vmvg_ Avcvqb Ki ggZvw`| mvb I
mngwgZv wbq ggZvwì cvkI ùvovq zj coqv H Qj I Zvi cwievi| cKZ
c, Avgvì MnKg
hviv mnvqZv Ki _vKb Zvì m mnv`c~Y mK vcb Kiv Riwi| AvZmvbeva ZvìI AvQ|
GB evaK gvb Kij ZvivI Mni cwieviK wbR cwievi wnme MY Kieb|
Abykxjbx
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100
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ewbevPwb ck
1| ggZvwì eZb KZ UvKv wbaviY Kiv nqwQj?
K. 10 UvKv
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M. 15 UvKv
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2| Po LvIqvi welqwU w`w` Kb Mvcb iLwQjb?
K. jv cq
L. AvZ mvbi Rb
M. wecì AvksKvq
N. PvKwi hvIqvi fq
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4bs cki Di `vI :
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bvbv KvR Kwiq wbQ| KviY AKviY ZzQ welq wbq cvqB `yeenvi Ki| wbicvq Kv
mewKQy bxie mn Ki|
3| h wePvi Kv I ggZvw` GKm~ Mvu_v Zv njv
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`vwi`
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K. i. I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i. I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4| GKm~ Mvu_v mI ggZvw` ewZg nIqvi KviY| wZwb
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cwikgx
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fxlY fvjvevm| BdwZiv IK fvBqv ej WvK, GKmv_ Lvq, M Ki, eovZ hvq| ivmji
cwZ mvbì GB AvPiY GgviZ mvne fxlY Lywk|
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ggZvwì eqm KZ wQj?

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ivmj I ggZvwì cwZ `yB cwievii AvPiYi dzU IVv w`KwU mvgvwRK msnwZ mwZ
KZUzKz cfvweZ Ki? hywmn weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
101
ingvbi gv
iYk `vk
[jLK cwiwPwZ : iYk `vk 1912 mvji 12B Rvbyqvwi XvKvi jnRs-Gi MvDcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib|
wZwb Kwe Rxebvb` `vki wbKU AvZxq wQjb| iYk `vk ZiyY eqm _KB gvKmev`x `kb wekvmx
ivRbwZK I mvswZK Kgx wQjb| G wekvmi Dci wfw Ki MwVZ XvKv cMwZ jLK I wkx msN-Gi
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Ae`vb ivLb| Zuvi DjLhvM Mjv njv : wkxi ^vaxbZvi ck, Avjv w`q Avjv Rvjv, Dcbvmi
wki~c BZvw`| 1997 mvji 4Vv bfî wZwb gZzeiY Kib|]
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DoZ kLv cvwLi evPvi gZv, eywS Zv Ab fwelZi Awfmvix| `Lj`vi cvwKvbx mbvevwnbxi
evQvBKiv Lybiv h nvRvi nvRvi gqi mg b KiwQj Zvì exivbv ejv nQ Ges Zviv
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mjv KviI gb _K mi hvqwb| XvKvq knx` wgbvii PZi _K i Ki eywoMvi euva ch
ivvi Avkcvk `Lj`vi evwnbx Avb jvwMq hme GjvKv cywoq w`qwQj mjvi Avi ZLbv
hb Kvjv Kvjv AvOyj knii AvKvkK weuaQ| GB Aevq 1971-Gi 26k gvPi ^vaxbZv
wèmi mg Abyvb HKvwKZvi m gywhvv Avi exivbvì mvwbZ Kiv nQ| knx`ì
bvg GjvKvq GjvKvq Rq-RqKvi Kiv nQ| GKB mB weklfve mvb Rvbvbv nQ knx`ì
AvZxq-^RbKI|
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mvgb iL XvKvi kniZwjZ GKUv gnjvi Abyvbi AvgYwjwcZ Rvbvbv nqwQj mfvq
ingvbi gv DcwZ _vKeb| 71-Gi 26k gvPi ivZ gnjvi Pwek cuwPk eQii Rvqvb Qj
Ave`yi ingvb Bqvwnqv Lvbi muvRvqv evwnbxi wekvj Xji mvgb ivBdj wbq ùvwoqwQj eo iv
vi fvOvPviv bvbviKg wRwbmc w`q Zwi GKUv evwiKWi cQb| ejv evj, cvY w`qwQj|
Zvi cp gvK GZw`b gnjvi mevB Pzwc Pzwc mvbv Rvwbq AvmwQj| ^vaxbZvi ci Avi mvbv
bq| Gevi mvb exii gv wnme cvIbv|
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MYgvb cyiyliv| g cavb AwZw_ wnme GKRb bvgKiv jvKi Pqvii cvk mfvcwZi Pqvi,
Zvi cvkB ingvbi gvqi Rb Pqvi| g Uwej GKUv m` avqv myRwbi Ici nvigvwbqvg
Avi dzj`vwb| gnjvi h me Rvqvb Qj ingvbi m GK bvbv iKg mvgvwRK ivRbwZK KvR
KiQ, Zviv Nvivdiv KiQ| Dwbk Kzwo eQii `ywU gq iqQ Gì m|
mfv i njv| gnjvi GKRb e Kvivb _K cvV Kijb| Gici RvZxq mxZ mvbvi evsjv
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102
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
hyeK Qji AvwcQzZ ingvbi gv mfvq XzKQb| GKSjKB mevB `Ljv ZuvK| Avcv`gK
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nvZ gvS gvS ingvbi mv_x hyeK Qjì Kvua fi Kiv| MwZ wc, eviv`vq DVjb KqK
jngvi ga Avwbvq VvmvVvwm Ki emvbv Pqvii duvKjvK cwiq| ZuvK ZiYxiv Pqvi
ewmq ai ùvwoq iBjv| cavb AwZw_ fvlY w`jb mg evsjv`ki c _K knx` Ave`yi
ingvbi wZi cwZ kv Rvwbq| mfvcwZ gnjvi eb`x mg evwm`vi c _K ingvbi gvqi
Miei K_v ejjb GKevi Nivqv fvlvq|
eviKvq Avcv`gK XvKv ingvbi gv KvVi cyZz ji gZv Pqvi Avo nq em eZv bjb|
Wvb nvZ aiv iBjv gyLi Ici `yPvLi `yUv Quv`vIqvjv AveiYxi dvwjwU| Gici h_vixwZ Mvb
I KweZv Avew njv| Ave`yi ingvbi hyeK mv_xiv `yPvi K_v ej PvwP AvvK mvbv Rvbvjv|
Aekl wKQz ejvi Rb Abyiva Kiv njv ingvbi gvK|
ingvbi gv KvbiKg f~wgKv bv Ki ejjb, ingvBbv PvBwQj `vkUvi ^vaxb KiZ| `vk
^vaxb nBQ| Gnb Avcbviv `vki `kRb hw` `vki gvBbli LvIb cib _vKb wèvi cvib,
ZvBj Avcbviv AvcbMv Kvg Kieb| gnjvi gvBqv QvIqvjMv jnvcov wkLvbvi GB BzjUvi
jvBMv ingvb LvUQ| GB BzjUv hb _vn| Avwg Avgvi ingvBbvi w`wQ| Ai Kvj KBiv
eIqv nBwQjvg| GZUv WvMi KiwQjvg| Avgvi Avi wKQz& bvB| Zey KB| `vki jvBMv hw` KvR
WvKb, Avgy| Avwg knxì gv| Avwg ingvbi gv|
nvZZvwjZ mfv RgRgvU nq DVjv| GiciB ingvbi gv GKUv ANUb NUvjb| wZwb Zuvi gyLi
Ici bg Avmv eviKvi GKdvwj AveiYxK GK SUKvq gv_vi Ici Zzj w`q mg mfvi w`K
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`ywUK `ynvZ Ub wbq eviv`v _K jvwdq wbP bg KqK jngvi ga VvmvVvwm Pqvi Avi
jvK f` Ki mfv _K ewiq Mjb| gyLi AveiYxwU gv_vi IciB Zvjv iBj|
kv_ I UxKv : Lybiv hviv nZv Kivi Rb cZ
; Kvj `ni Afi Aw; KivwU gv_vi
Lywj; Avi Kqjv; gnjv kni ev bMii Ask; cp heb I evaKi gaeZx eqmcv;
myRwb khvi Rb bK&&kv Kiv wekl Pvì; mvgvwRK mgvRi Rb wnZKi; Avcv`gK cv
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eL evSvb nqQ|
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evsjv`ki gywhy me kwYi gvbyli AskMnY wQj| eqv ingvbi gv-I AskMnY Kib|
wbRcy ingvbK gywhy AskMnYi AbyciYv w`q wZwb GB gnrKg Ask bb| gywhycieZxKvj GK mseabv Abyvb Mni Afi _vKv ingvbi gv cKvk Avmb| wZwb mevi
Dk Avnvb Rvwbq ejb, ^vaxb `k `kMovq mevi mwwjZfve AskMnY KiZ ne|
bvixwkvi Rb bvix we`vjq AevnZ ivLZ ne| wZwb ejb, `ki Rb, cqvRb nj, GB
AwaK eqmI h-Kvbv KvR KiZ wZwb cZ| kl ingvbi gv Mni Afi Avi bv wMq
wgk Mjb RbZvi m| gywhyviKvj RvZxq mgwi j mevi mgw^Z Kg AskMnYi
K_vB ew nqQ ingvbi gv M|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
103
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1| gywhy cvY`vbKvixì wZ Kxmi gZ ?
K. DoZ kLv cvwLi evPvi gZ
M. òvZ kLv Nvovi evPvi gZ
L. nuvUZ kLv weovji evPvi gZ
N. ùvovZ kLv gvbyli evPvi gZ
2| Gevi mvb exii gv wnme cvIbv ejZ KvK evSvbv nqQ ?
K. iZMfv gv
M. wbhvwZZ gv
L. AcgvwbZ gv N. wPibx gv
AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèmi AvjvPbv Abyvb| mLvb AjsKvi wnme AvgY Rvbvbv
nqQ GKRb fvlv mwbKK| GZ ZuvK mvwbZ Kiv ne Ges cvkvcvwk ZiY cRb
DxweZ ne|
3| DxcKi AvgwZ AwZw_ ingvbi gv M h PwiK BwZ Ki
i
GKRb e
ii
ingvbi gv
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wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
L. ii
K. i
M. i I ii
N. i I iii
4| BwZc~Y Pwii gvag Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ
K. kwn` cwieviK cwiwPZ Kiv
M. kwn` cwieviK g~jvqb Kiv
L. AZxZi iIqvR AbymiY
N. eZgvb avivi ixwZ AbymiY
mRbkxj ck :
Avmvì gZz Z Avwg
Aknxb; AkvK; Kbbv
bqb Kej eRelx, Kbbv
Avgvi e wcZvi kixi
GLb cì cnvii
wP : Kbbv Avgvi evgvZvi
K bB AvZ nvnvKvi, bB
AwfmvZ Kej
`ygi NYvi Avb|
K.
L.
M.
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Pqvi cZ mfv emwQj Kv_vq ?

Rq-RqvKvi ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
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DxcKi evgvZvB hb ingvbi gv Mi ingvbi gv Pwii cwZKwZ ejv hvq
Kx? gewU wePvi Ki|
104
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cqjv ekvL
Kexi Payix
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Kexi Payix 1923 mvji 9Bs deqvwi evbevwoqvq RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Ave`yj
nvwjg Payix I gvZv Avwdqv eMg| Kexi Payix 1938 mvj XvKv KjwRqU zj _K cewkKv I
1940 mvj XvKv BUviwgwWqU KjR _K DP gvawgK cvm Kib| wZwb 1943 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq
_K BsiwR mvwnZ mvZK mvb Ges 1944 mvj mvZKvi wWwM ARb Kib| GQvov hyivi
Kvwjdvwbqv wekwe`vjq I wgbmvUv wekwe`vjq wZwb Aaqb Kib| PvKwi I Aavcbv Ki Zuvi
KgRxeb kl nq| XvKv wekwe`vjqi AavcK wnme wZwb Aemi MnY Kib| wZwb RvZxq AavcK
DcvwaZ f~wlZ nb| wZwb wkvwe` cvewK I Abyev`K wnme LvwZ ARb Kib| cMwZkxj, Amv`vwqK
GKwU AvaywbK iveev cwZvi Rb wZwb AvRxeb msMvg Ki MQb| Zuvi DjLhvM iPbv : Qq mx,
cvPxb BsiwR Kve mvwnZ, AvaywbK gvwKb mvwnZ, mvwnZ Kvl, u`vj _K c, cykwKb I Abb, eez
kL gywRe, gywhy PPv, QvUì BsiwR mvwnZi BwZnvm, Qwe K_v myi, knxì cwZvq| wZwb evsjv
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cijvKMgb Kib|]
cvq me `k, me RbMvxi ga, me mswZZB beel D`&&hvcbi c_v cPwjZ AvQ| Aek
D`&&hvcbi ixwZ-cKwZ I cwZ-cKiYi ga ZviZg AvQ, Zey meB GKwU gwjK HK
Avgvì PvL co| Zv nj beRb ev cybRb ev cybiyxebi aviYv, cyivbv RxY GK AwZK
we`vq w`q mZR mRxe bexb GK Rxebi ga cek Kivi Avb`vbyf~wZ| Uwbmb hLb ejb :
wis AvDU w` I, wis Bb w` wbD,
wis, nvwc ejm&& Gvm w` mv :
w` Bqvi BR Mvwqs, jU wng Mv,
wis AvDU w` dj&&m, wis Bb w` Uy \
ZLb Zvi ga Avgiv mUv j Kwi| Kwe iex`bv_ hLb ejb :
Gmv, Gmv, Gmv n ekvL|
Zvcmwbkvmevq
gyg~lyi `vI Dovq,
ermii AveRbv `~i nq hvK \
hvK cyivZb wZ,
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ky Kwi `vI Avwm,
Avbv Avbv Avbv Ze cjqi kuvL|
gvqvi KzR&SwURvj hvK `~i hvK \
ZLb Zvi ga Avgiv mUv j Kwi| GKRb ejQb, cqjv RvbyqvwiK Dk Ki, AviKRb
wjLQb cqjv ekvLK gbi ga iL, wK K`xq fvewU DfqB GK|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
105
cqjv ekvL ev evsjv beel evOvwji GK Abb Drme, Zvi AbZg RvZxq Drme| Gi HwZn
mycvPxb I MiegwZ| Avek Kvji hvvc_ ai Gi D`&&hvcb ixwZZ bvbv cvjve`j NUQ,
wewfb mgq Zv wewfb gvwKZv ARb KiQ| my`~i AZxZ Gi m Kwl mgvRi hvMm~ wQjv
AweQ`| cvPxb Kwl mgvRi kxZKvjxb wbRxeZvi ci beRxebi Avwefvei aviYvi m evsjv
beel D`&&hvcbi welqwU mwKZ wQjv, GK_v fvev AmZ bq| GK mgq Mvg-bMi wbwekl
evsjv me gvbyl, m wn`y-gymjgvb-e wK wLvb nvK, evsjv beeli Drme mvrmvn hvM
w`Zv| ciii evwoZ hvIqv-Avmv, fQv, wewbgq, LvIqv-`vIqv, bvbv iKg Ljvayjv I Avb`
Drme, gjv I c`kbx wgj mviv eQii Abvb w`bwj _K m~Y ^Z nq GB w`bwU
MiegwZ nq DVZv| mvo wZbk eQiiI ewk AvM weLvZ HwZnvwmK Aveyj dRj Zuvi
AvBb-B-AvKeix M evsjv beelK G`ki RbMYi bIivR ej DjL KiQb| Avek
ZviI e kZel AvM _K evsjv gvbyl bvbvfve GB w`bwU cvjb Ki AvmQ|
wK cvjv e`ji K_v ejwQjvg| Dbwesk kZvxi klva wewUk JcwbewkK ivRZi w`bjvi
GK chvq evsjv beel cvjbi ga G`ki kvwlZ I cikvwmZ RbMYi wP ^v`wkKZv I
RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi cwZdjb NUwQj, hwÌ m mgqKvi gymwjg gvbm Gi Kvbv Mfxi ev
cZ AwfNvZ j Kiv hvq bv| wesk kZvxi c_gva evsjv beel D`&&hvcbK Aej^b Ki Zvi
RvZxqZvev`x Abyli m h mvgvRev` weivax PZbv hy nqwQjv, GKUz j KijB Zv evSv
hvq| 1947-G Dcgnv`k wefwi dj cvwKvb mwi ci mw`bi c~e cvwKvb evsjv beel
D`&&hvcb wbq ZrKvjxb bqv Dcwbekev`x, xY`w, agv, cvwKvwb kvmKeM h gbvfve c`kb
Kib Zv GKBm KZynjvxcK I bvviRbK| ZLb G Aji wkwZ gvbyl ag I m`vq
wbicfve GKwU cwZev`x gbvfve wbq cig Drmvn fi evsjv beel D`&&hvcb KiQ| Gi ga
w`q Zviv Zvì evOvwj RvZxqev`x PZbvK Zzj aiQ, Zvì ^Z mvswZK cwiPq NvlYv
KiQ, Zvì `xNw`bi agwbicZvi Av`ki cwZdjb NwUqQ|
AvR ^vaxb evsjv`kI GB w`bwU bvbv KgKvi ga w`q DrmegyLi nq IV| eemvqx gnj
nvjLvZv I wgVvB weZiYi Abyvb Zv AvQB| Zvi cvkvcvwk AvQ bvbv aibi xov cwZhvwMZv,
c`kbx I gjvi Avmi, mxZvbyvb, KweZv Avew, AvjvPbv mfv, eZv-fvlY BZvw`| Ze h
Mvgevsjv wQjv cqjv ekvLi Avb`vbyvbi cvYK` AvR A_bwZK KviY kni, weklfve
ivRavbx XvKvq, cqjv ekvLK Dcj Ki GLb h Pvj I Avb`-Drme `Lv hvq Zv wbZvB
gwK GK_v ejv hve bv, wK Zvi ga gawe I DPwe bvMwiKi eyRvqv wejvm I dvkvbi
GKwU eo Ask KvR KiQ mK_v gvbZB ne| cqjv ekvLK G Aev _K Dvi Kiv cqvRb|
eni RbRxebi m, kgRxex gvbyli Avimvi m Gi ivLxebK Avevi bZzb Ki euvaZ
ne| mB j Avgvì AvR evsjv beeli ga mPZbfve bZzb gvwKZv hvM KiZ ne|
evsjv beeli Drme h weklfve HwZngwZ, kwYMZ Aevb wbwekl, mvaviY gvbyli Drme,
Gi GKv agwbic Pwi h AZ Zvrchgq AvR mK_vUv Avevi Rvii m ejv PvB|
wbRK GKevi GKRb wn`y, e wKsev wLvb agvej^x evsjv`ki gvbyl wnme fe `Lyb,
ZvnjB Gi kwfwbwK w`KwU eySZ cvieb| A_P G Aji HwZn Zv Zv bq| BsiR
mvvRev`x ewbqv kwi mvgb ^vaxb evOjvi m~h Wze hvIqvi c~e gyn~Z wmivRjv kl evii
gZv jovB Kivi Rb WvK w`qwQjb wn`y-gymjgvb DfqK| Avgvì HwZn Zv gxi g`b I
gvnb jvji, wZZygxi I gj cvi, Mvwe` è I gybxi Payixi| Ze Kb GLb Gi iKg
NUQ? cvwKvwb Avgji agi bvg bksmZvi BwZnvm fzj hvIqv wK GZB mnR?
106
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
evOvwji k Drme evsjv beel D`&&hvcb Avgvì agwbic PZbvK AcivRq kw I gwngvq
c~Y Kiyb, GK nvK Avgvì f Kvgbv| Rq cqjv ekvL|
kv_ I UxKv : wbRxeZv cvY k~bZv, dmj Drcv`bi AbychvMx mgq, mvrmvn Drmvni m,
AvMnmnKvi, MiegwZ gwngvgq, ghv`vc~Y, bIivR bZzb w`b| cvim `ki wbqg Abyhvqx bZzb
eQii c_g w`b, ^v`wkKZv `kcwgKZv, RvZxqZv ^RvwZcxwZ msv, cZ AwfNvZ
mivmwi AvNvZ, GLvb ZvrwYK cwieZb cm, mvgvRev` ciivRi Ici KZZwevii~c
ivRbwZK K~UKkj, Dcwbek RxweKv wbevni Rb A_ev vqxfve evm Kivi Rb `jefve
we`k h emwZ vcb Kiv nq, Colony, xY`w msKxY `w, KZznjvxcKhvZ Kvbv ARvbv
welq Rvbvi AvMn evo, bvviRbKAZ wb`bxq, waviRbK, nvjLvZvbZzb eQii wnmvewbKvki Rb bZzb LvZv Avii Drme, eyRvqv wejvmgawe kwYi gvbyli kL, ivwLebkveb
c~wYgvq wcqRbi Wvb nvZ gj Kvgbvq ivwL eua Ìqvi Drme, mvgvwRK cKkjxmgvRwewbgvYi
KvwiMi, kwfwbwKi~k ivRbwZK gZev`x|
cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKvWgx _K cKvwkZ (2008) evsjv`ki Drme : beel bvgK M _K
iPbvwU msKwjZ nqQ| MwU mv`bv KiQb gveviK nvmb| evsjv beel cqjv ekvL
evOvwji mek mvswZK Drme| Kwl-wbfi G`k dmj Drcv`bi m mvgm iv Ki
cvPxbKvj _KB evsjv beel D`&hvcbi aviYv Zwi nq| G Drme GKvi wn`yi ev gymjgvbì
wKsev e-wLvbi bq-G Drme mgM evOvwji| G Drme ay weevb, gawe ev `xb `wi` KlKi
bqG Drme evsjvfvlvfvlx Ges evsjv`k emevmKvix mg gvbyli| agxq msKxYZvi e AwZg
Ki evsjv beel Drme AvR Avgvì RvZxq PZbi aviKG AwfgZ e Ki jLK cewUZ
cqjv ekvLi RqMvb MqQb|
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1|
HwZnvwmK Aveyj dRj beelK Kx ej DjL KiQb ?

K.
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bIivR
Abb Drme
L.
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2| beel D`&&hvcbi gvag Kx cKvk cqQ ?

K.
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DM RvZxqZv
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L.
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HKeva
mvswZK wfbZv
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nqwQj ?
i
ii
iii
mvvRev` weivax PZbv

bqv Dcwbekev` PZbv
ag weivax PZbv
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i
M. iii
107
L.
N.
ii
i I iii
DxcKwU co Ges wbPi cki Di `vI :

evsjvi wn`y
evsjvi e
evsjvi wLvb
evsjvi gymjgvb
Avgiv mevB evOvwj
4| DZvsk cqjv ekvL ce weaZ w`KwU njv
K. evsjv`kx RvZxqZv
L. evOvwj RvZxqZv
M. Amv`vwqKZv
N. KjvY
5| DxcK cwZdwjZ fvei mv_ wbPi KvbwUi mvgm iqQ ?
K.
L.
wmivRjv klevii gZv jovB Kivi Rb WvK w`qwQjb wn`y-gymjgvb DfqK|

JcwbewkK ivRZi w`bjvZ beel cvjbi gvag RbMYi ga ^`wkKZv I
RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi cwZdjb NUwQj|
M. beel evOvwji GK Abb Drme, AbZg RvZxq Drme|
N. mvgvwRK cKkjxì AvR evsjv beeli ga mPZbfve bZzb gvwKZv hvM
KiZ ne|
mRbkxj ck :
1967 mvj _K igbvi eUg~j QvqvbU beeli h Drme i Ki ^vaxb evsjv`ki evavnxb
cwiek GLb Zv RbMYi wecyj AvMn-Dxcbvgq AskMnY `ki meenr RvZxq Abyvbi
cwiYZ nqQ| ivRavbx XvKvi beel Drmei wZxq cavb AvKlY XvKv wekwe`vjqi PviKjv
Abylì Qv-Qvxì eYvX gj kvfvhvv| GB kvfvhvvq gyLvk, KvUybmn h-me mvswZK
HwZni cZxKagx wP enb Kiv nq ZvZ Avengvb evOvwjZi cwiPq Ges mgKvjxb mgvRivRbxwZi mgvjvPbvI _vK|
K.
L.
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beel GK AwZK we`vq w`q Ab Rxeb cek Kivq Kx cKvk Ki ?

agwbic PZbv ejZ Kx eyS ?
cqjv ekvL ce cKvwkZ beel D`&&hvcbi Kvb w`KwU DxcK AbycwZ ? evLv Ki|
mvgvwRK cKkjxì AvR evsjv beeli ga mPZbfve bZzb gwKZv hvM KiZ
ne| jLKi GB cZvkvB hb DxcKwU aviY KiQ g~jvqb Ki|
108
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ebgvbyl
Avey BmnvK
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Avey BmnvK 1926 mvji 1jv bfî kwiqZcyi Rjvi wkij Mvg RbMnY Kib|
wZwb 1942 mvj gvwUK I 1944 mvj AvB.G. cvk Kivi ciB miKvwi PvKwiZ cek Kib| 1960 mvj
wZwb KivwP wekwe`vjq _K we.G. cixvq DxY nb| 1983 mvj PvKwi _K AemiMnY Kib| mvwnZ
mvabvq wZwb ^xq ewki AwaKvix| wZwb Mvgevsjvi wP Ges mLvbKvi mgmv AZ mv_KZvi m
i~cvwqZ KiQb| Gw`K _K Zuvi m~h`xNj evwo DcbvmwUK eve Rxebi mv_K wPYi Dj wb`kb
wnme weePbv Kiv hvq| m~h`xNj evwo DcbvmwU Avgvì mvwnZ GKwU DjLhvM mshvRb|
Dcbvm-mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb wZwb 1960 mvj evsjv GKvWgx cyivi jvf Kib| Zuvi iwPZ Mjv :
m~h`xNj evwo, nvig, gnvcZ, cvi cwjxc BZvw`| Avey BmnvK 2003 mvji 17B deqvwi XvKvq
gZzeiY Kib|]
bZzb PvKwi cq KjKvZv GmwQ| m~Y Avqx PvKwi| h-Kvbv mgq, webv-KviY I webv
bvwUk eiLv nIqvi mvebv| wbqvMc Gme kZ `LI NveovBwb GKUzI| eb-wefvM PvKwi
KiZvg lvU UvKvq GLvb cve GKkv wZwik UvKv| wYiI ewk| Ggb myeY myhvM Kvbv wbeva
cvq Vj `q ej Avgvi gb nq bv| Avi hvB nvK, Avwg `ycvq nuvwU| Rj hviv Pvi cvq
nuvU, Zuvì cwiek _K Avgvi eywUv jvc cq hvqwb| mi UvKv ewk cve-G wK hgb-Zgb
evcvi ! weq KiwQ Aw`b| GLb wY UvKviB ìKvi| ZvQvov Rj Qo GmwQ kni,
wnsvjq Qo jvKvjq, Auvavi Qo AvjvK| GiKg mfmvR AmvUvI GKUv g jvf|
PvKwiZ hvM w`qwQ MZKvj| AvR wZxq w`b, enwZevi| bUv bv evRZB Lq wbjvg
ZvovZvwo| gmi LvIqv| Kx Ljvg ej bv| ejZ jv Ki| ZvQvov LvIqvUv MYKg, bnvqZB
ivbvNii evcvi| hv gyL Zv nQ Avgvì cvkvK| mvR-cvkvKB Avgvì mfZvi gvcKvwV
KvbviKg kvKfvZ Lq euP_vKjI G-`nK `yi Lvjm XK f`jvK mvRvZB ne|
ZvQvov Dcvq bB f`mgvR ei nIqvi| Avgvì gZv Ly` Awdmviì evcvi Aviv RwUj|
KvU-cvU ci, UvB eua `yi nIqv PvB, bqZv IciIqvjv mvqeì mybRi ne bv Kvbvw`b|
Zuvì K_v : Nvovq Po bv nvK, Mvavq PoI Kb Avgiv Zvì AbymiY Kie bv ? Awdm ZvB
AbyKiY I AbymiYi cwZhvwMZv ek DcfvMi nq ùvovq|
gmi GK m`mi mvnvh wbq MjMwUv KvbviKg eua KvUUv Mvq Pwoq w`B| Avqbvq gyL
`L fvjv jvM bv| `vwojvi Kvjv gv_v `Lv hvQ| A_P MZKvjB `vo KvwgqwQjvg|
ZvovZvwo mdwU iRvi ei Ki H AevqB KqK cuvP Ub wbB| wK kvUi KjviUvq mvevbi
dbv jM hvq| Zvqvj w`q mUv gyQ Pzj wPiwb PvjvB Avi-GKevi| Zvici RyZvRvov cvq
XzwKq Avi GK`Lv Avqbvq gyL `L ewiq cwo|
bUv evR| c_ msc KiZ wMq GKUv Qv MwjZ XzwK| Mwj bq wVK| `yB `qvji gvSLvb
w`q mic_| Mv euvwPq GKRb hZ cvi KvbvgZ| gvSc_ wMq `qvji mv_ wcV VwKq
ùvovZ nq AvgvK| GKRb eyov f`jvK AvmwQjb Iw`K _K| `ni AvqZb Zvi wbZv QvU
bq| ZvB KvjvKzwjUv nq hvq fvjvfveB| Zvici GKRb, Aviv GK, Aviv GKRb| KvjvKzwj
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
109
mi ewiq hvb Zviv| KvjvKzwjUv hwÌ mKji mv_ mgvb Rg bv, ZeyI gb nq gvbyl gvbyl
nvbvnvwbi G mgqUvq ARvbv-APbvq GiKg KvjvKzwj eo `yjf|
Avi gv KqK K`g cvi njB eo ivv| `qvj Qo me mvRv nq `vuwoqwQ, `wL GK
f`gwnjv MwjUvq XzK coQb| Avgvi mvgvb Kq `Kgi c_UzKz cvi nevi myhvM bv w`q GwMqB
AvmQb wZwb| Gevi Avi Dcvq bB| ZvovZvwo wcQz nuU klUvq Dcvq KiZ nq AvgvKB|
`qvj Vm&& `qvq kvIjv jMwQj KvU| igvj ei Ki So Avgvi c_ `wL Avwg| Gevi Avi
mvRvc_ bq| mvRvc_UvB `LwQ KwVb ewk| ebcyKzi jb Nyi jvqvi mvKzjvi ivW cvi nq
BwjqU ivWi gvo Gm ùvovB|
agNUi Rb Uvg e| AvgvK hZ ne 8 bî evm| GK GK Ki KqKUv evm Pj hvq|
KZevi nvZj aiZ wMq wcwQq hvB| mvnm Kzjvq bv| jvKme ev`yoSvjv nq hvQ| wbivk
nevi cv Avwg bB| ùvwoq _vwK, `wL AZ GKUv cv ivLevi RvqMvI hw` wgj hvq|
GKUv evm Gm _vg| cv ivLevi RvqMv bB| ZeyI me jvK QzUvVzwU KiQ, K Kvi AvM DVe|
PvKwi wVK ivLvi Kx cvYv Pv| GKUv jvK bg hvq WvBfvii KzVwi _K| gnvmyhvM! cvki
KqKRbK Uv gi PU Ki DV cwo Avwg| PvKwi Mj Avgvi Pje bv| nVvr Avgvi eyK avv
gi GKRb PuwPq IV, gvbyl, bv Rvbvqvi !
jvKUv wK MYK bvwK ! MYKi gZv wVKB Zv ejQ m ! Avwg RjB Zv wQjv Avwb !
jvKUvK abev` `qvi BQ nq| wK mvnm nq bv| NvoUv byBq Mvq Mvq gkvgwk nq
ùvwoqwQ| wK gkvgwkUv AvMi KvjvKzwji gZv cxwZKi nq bv| Avwg kl XzK AbKi
Amywea KiwQ| Vjv-avvUv ZvB Avgvi w`KB AvmQ ewk Ki| cuvRii nvojv Pvc LZ
fO hve gb nQ| Avi `wi bq|, cii c _vgZB Avwg bg hvB|
GZY `g e nqwQj hb| wgwULvbK ùvwoq kvmckvmK mRxe Ki wbB Lvjv evZvm| myUUvi
w`K ZvwKq gvqv nq| fZii Nvg Avi Icii Nlvq Bw fO hvQZvB nq MQ| Gevi
cv`yUvK m^j KiB QzUe wVK Kijvg|
KjKvZv GmwQjvg AbKw`b AvM GKevi| c_-NvU fvjv gb bB| c_ Pq c_ Pwj| wK Zvi
PqI ewk Pq `LZ nq c_Pvixì cvkvKi w`K| GB cvkvK Qvov Kvi Kx ag Rvbevi
Dcvq bB| KviY agi K_v Mvq wKQz jLv _vK bv| me agcivaxì PnvivB gvbyli Pnviv|
Avgvi Pnviv `L wK Kviv eySevi hv bB, Avgvi ag Kx| KviY Avgvi gvbyli kixiUvK Av
tavwgK cvkvK XK wbqwQ| ZvB ej wK Avwg wbivc` ? gvUB bv| Avgvi wec` eis ewk| Av
tavwgK cvkvK gvbyli Pnviv njI h-Kvbv w`Ki PvKz LvIqvi fq AvQ Avgvi| gymjgvb
AvgvK wn`y VvIivj, Avi wn`y gymjgvb VvIivjB nj !
fq eyKUv `yi`yi Ki| gb BwZga we`vn NvlYv KiQ| GKkv wZwik UvKvi PvKwiUvi fvi
Qo w`B cv`yUvi Ici| ay ZvB bq, gbi wei mg `ni fviUvI|
GK ivv _K Ab ivvq cv w`q _gK ùvovB| KvQvKvwQ GKUv cvYxI `LwQ bv h! eyKi
fZiUv `yj IV| mygyLi GKUv `vZjv evwoi w`K PvL coZB `wL, Rvbvjv w`q gyL evwoq
KqKRb Kx hb `LQ ivvi w`K| Ici _K wbPi w`K PvL bvgvZB PvL wdi Avm,
cvqi Zjv _K gvwU mi hvq| Mvqi ivg KuvUv w`q IV| wPbZ fzj nq bv| gvbyl ! gwo Lq
co AvQ iv gvbyl| i ivOv vZ Wb wMq wgkQ|
110
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbgl cQb Nyi Ab c_ awi| Mvwoi AvIqvi cqI ZvKvB bv wdi| wK K hb MR IV,
Vvqiv|
`yRb mvRU wifjevi nvZ GwMq Avm| AvgvK ZbZb Ki LyuR `L Zviv| wK duvmvZ cvi
bv| wbqvMcUv cKUB wQj| mUv `wLq invB cq hvB|
Gevi AviKUv ivv ai nuvwU| nuvwU mygyL cQb Pq| gviUv bvwK cQb _KB Avm| GK
GKRb jvK Pj hvq cvk KU, gb nq GK-GKUv duvov KU hvq Avgvi| Avgvi mZK PvL`yUv
AvoPvL ZvKvq mevi w`K| wK ZvivI h mZK`w gq AvgviB w`K ZvKvq ! AvgvK-Avgvi
nvZ`yUvKB evanq Zvì fq| Zvì fxZ PvDwb `L Abygvb KiZ K nq bv| AvwgI Avgvi
AbyMZ nvZ`yUv Qvov Avi Kviv nvZK wekvm KiZ cvwi bv|
wKQz`~i AvM Wvbw`K GKUv cvkMwj| Mwji gyL wZbU jvK| Zvì cvkvK `L PgK DwV|
Zvì fveMwZKI Kgb hb myweai gb nQ bv| Avgvi eyKi fZiUv wXcwXc i nqQ|
Avkcvk jvKRb bB| cQb ZvwKq `wL GK Avsjv Bwqvb ZiYx DuPz-Mvovwj RyZv cvq
AvmQ MU&M& U&& Ki| Avgvi gv_vq nVvr GKUv eyw Lj hvq| Avwg cQb wdi ùvwoq hvB| Mwji
gyLi jvKjvK evSvZ PvB, Avwg ZiYxwUi RbB Acv KiwQ| ZviB mv_x Avwg| wK Zviv
eySZ PvBj nq| Avgvi hiKgb Mvqi iO ! Aek GiKg iOi Avsjv-Bwqvbi Afve bB
KjKvZv kni|
Avgvi cvkvK `L jvKjv bv nq AvgvK Avsjv-Bwqvb VvIivj| wK ZiYxwUK Kx evSve?
AvgvK GLve `vuwoq _vKZ `L Kx gb Kie m ?
Avwg Dey nq euv-cvqi RyZv Lywj| RyZvi fZi KuvKi XzKQ Ggwb fvb Ki RyZvUv Dcyo Ki
So wbB KqKevi| Zvici Avevi cvq XzKvB| ZiYxwU Avgvi KvQ Gm MQ| RyZvi wdZ
euvav kl Ki Gevi Zvi cvkvcvwk PjZ i Kwi| GLb wVK gb nQivv w`q nuU hvQ GK
Avsjv-Bwqvb `wZ| Abi Kx gb nQ Rvwb bv| Avgvi wK IiKgB gb nQ| G cv `ycv
Ki Mwji gyL cvi nq hvB|
duvov KU MQ| Avgvi bxie mwbx GKevi KUgU Ki Avgvi w`K ZvKvq| Avgvi PvLi w`K
Pq Avgvi gbUv wgBq hvq| wK ZeyI Zvi m QvoZ fimv cvBb|
cvkvcvwk nuU Aviv wKQz`~i GwMq hvB| nVvr Avgvi w`K wdi BsiwRZ ej m, Avgvi wcQz
wbqQ Kb ?
bv-bv| Avwg _ZgZ Lq hvB|
bv gvb ! eY ai Avwg j KiwQ| cywjk WvKe ?
bv-bv, gvb-Bq, gvb vi fq
vi fq!
nuv, ZvB-ZvB Avcbvi mv_ mv_ Gjvg|
AevK Kij ! GK Rvqvb cyil, ZvK iv Kie gqgvbyl ! AvQv Kvcyil Zv ! Aevi nvwm
ZiYxUi gyL|
wKQz`~i wMq gwnjv euv-w`K GK MwjZ XzK co| Avwg gvo wbB Wvbw`K|
cvk _K GKUv nvZ GwMq AvmQ bv Avgvi w`K !
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
111
Dn&& gvMv ej jvd w`q mi hvB KqK nvZ| wdi `wL GKRb RUvavix dwKi nvmQ Avgvi
Aev `L| GwMq Gm m ej, fq cwj bvwK ? `yw`b LZ cvBwb| `yUv cqmv `|
ixwZgZv Nvg w`qQ AvgvK| gyL w`q K_v eivq bv| Zey nvZ PvKz bv-_vKvi Rb dwKiUvK
abev` w`B gb-gb Avi cKU _K `yUv cqmv ei Ki Zvi w`K Qzo gvwi|
Pix Gm cowQ| GKUv jvK nVvr Avgvi c_ AvMj ùvovq| ej, dUv Zzjeb ? Avmyb| GK
UvKvq wZb Kwc|
jvKUvi K_vi Reve bv w`q cvk KvwUq Pj hvB| wK fzj nq Mj| gvbyli fq fxZ gvbyli
dUvUv Zzj ivLv DwPZ wQj Avgvi|
GK cqmvi GKUv cvwms kv wmMviU wKb iwki Avb aivZ hve, nVvr Kvi k wkDi DwV|
Pq `wL, Avgvì myfvl gyPwK nvmQ| mncvVx ezi Avwjb eyKi fZiUv hb wfR IV| wK
Ii eyKUv k jvMj bv ! Rvgvi Ici nvZ ivwL| ZvB Zv !
myfvl nm ej, nvZ w`q `LwQb Kx ?
`LwQ, gvbZvi eyKUv k jvMQ Kb i ?
k jvMQ un& u ! G wRwbK `wLmwb KLbv| jvnvi Zvii Mw| GKevi bqv Avwevi|
bqv Avwevi|
nuv G eg f` Kie PvKz ? Du!
myfvli Rvgvi Ici nvZ w`q w`q AvuP KiZ cvwi, jvnvi Zvi w`q Zwi nvZvKvUv Mw| g`
wRwbm bq| mnmv ANvZ Ki wKQz KiZ cvie bv|
Avwg nm ewj, wKi PvKz-UvKz jyKvbv bB Zv ?
bB Zv Kx ! wbqB AvQ| Gzwb Zvi eyK ewmq è| Zvi i w`q duvUv-wZjK KU
Kvjxc~Rv Kie|
GLvb Kx Kwim ?
cwo AvU zj|
AvU zj ! wVK AvQ| kvb&&, ZvK ZvK GKUv Qwe AvuKZ ne| gvbyli fq gvbyli Pnviv
Kgb nq, dzwUq ZzjZ ne m QweZ| cviwe Zv ?
Zv `Le Pv Ki|
Aviv `y-GK K_v ej we`q nB ZvovZvwo|
nuU nuU Pix ch Avwm| wK cv Avi Pj bv| Pjevi Kvbv nZz bB h ! fvi hv LqwQ, Avi Gch GK cqvjv Pv-I bv| KvRb cvK em cwo| nuU hvIqv Ame| wfo Kgj evmB hve|
mvo QUvi mgq evm GKUz RvqMv cvIqv hvq| cu-cu KiZ KiZ evm QzUQ| GZ wfo, evBii
wKQzB `Lv hvq bv| eySZ cviwQ bv, Kvb&& iv ai PjQ Mvwo|
eyg&-g&&
Avevi eyg&g&&
fxlY k| Kvb Zvjv jM MQ| bZ cvB bv wKQz| kqvji fh LuvPvi gviMi gZv KiwQ Avgiv|
Zvici Kvb&& w`K w`q Kgb Ki evmLvbv Pj Gj, AZ Lqvj bB| KqKRbi gyL bjvg,
evmicv`vwbi Ici _K `yRbK `ycq kqvj Ub wbq MQ| Avi AbKi nvZ-gyL bvKKvb
wQuo MQ evgvi AvNvZ|
112
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Nii KvQ GmI Avi-GKevi wkDi DwV| AZ `n cZK cvYUv wbq wdi GmwQ Avwg|
mv nq MQ| wkw_j kixiUvK Ub Gb weQvbvq Xj w`B| gvbyli gvS GKw`b PjB gylo
cowQ Avwg| Avgvi mg ivM NYv AvR gvbyli Ici|
PvL eyR fvewQ c`ZvMcUv cZvnvi Kivi GLbv nqZv mgq AvQ| Avgvi Rb eb-wefvMi
PvKwiUv fvjv| gvbyl Zvi gbylZ wbq kni _vK| Avwg eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl ne|
kv_ I UxKv : wnsvjq- wns cvwYi evmvb; MjMw- Mjvi ewb| UvB (Tie); QvZjv- kvIjv,
`qvj Rgv cyivbv gqjv; Avwb- GZvw`b ki K_ic; Vvqiv- ùvovI; VvIivjv- gb Kij;
Pix- Pvi ivvi wgjbj| KwjKvZvi GKwU vbi bvg|
cvV cwiwPwZ : fviZ wefvMi AvM 1946 mvj G Aj fqven wn`y gymjgvb `vv nqwQj| G
mv`vwqK `vvi cUf~wgZ ebgvbyl MwU wjwLZ| G Mi jLK ebwefvM mvgvb eZb PvKwi
KiZb| wZwb wY eZb KwjKvZvq PvKzwi KiZ Avmb| KwjKvZvq Gm c_g Zuvi wbRK
mf gvbyl gb nZ _vK| wK wZwb ZLb mv`vwqK nvbvnvwbi gyLvgywL nZ _vKb| wZwb `Lb
G knii gvbyliv agi bvg ciiK wbggfve nZv KiQ| ebi c-cvwLivI G iKg
ciiK nZv Ki bv| ZLb jLK Avevi eb wefvMi PvKwiZ wdi hvIqvi wmv bb|
jLKi KvQ G Z_vKw_Z knii mf gvbylì PvBZ eb emevmKvixì AwaK MnYhvM gb
nq| G Mi fZi w`q mv`vwqK fèywi wei jLKi Zxe NYv cKvk cqQ|
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1|
jLK KvbwUK MbKg gb Kib ?

K.
M.
KvU civ
eZb
L.
N.
LvIqv
Awdm hvIqv
2| Auvavi Qo AvjvK GLvb KvbwUK Auvavi ejv nqQ ?

K.
M.
kni Rxeb
ebi Rxeb
L.
N.
AKvi Aev
AvjvwKZ Aev

eb kl Zxe Lv`msKU `Lv `q| G mgq wegvb Gm ivvfwZ Lvevi dj w`j gvbyl,
c, cvwL mevB zav c~iY Kib| wKQzw`b ci AveviI wegvb Avm| Po~B `wZ Zv `L
fxlY Lywk| GK mgq wegvb _K djv evgvi AvNvZ gviv hvq gvbyl, c, cvwL| asm nq
MvQcvjv| GLb H Po~Bqi K kvbv hvq wQ ! wQ !! wQ !!!
3| DxcK dzU IVv h w`KwU ebgvbyl Mi wekl w`KK BwZ Ki, Zv njv
AvaywbKZv
i.
ii. bwZevPK gbvfve
iii. mfZvi gyLvk
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
113
wbPi Kvb&&wU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i I ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
i I iii
i, ii I iii
4| Po~Bqi Abyf~wZi mv_ jLKi GKvZZv cKvk Kvb eewU h_v_ ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
AbyKiY I AbymiYi cwZhvwMZv ek DcfvMi|

mvR-cvkvKB Avgvì mfZvi gvcKvwV|
ARvbv-APbvq G iKg KvjvKzwj eo `yjf|
Avwg eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl ne|
mRbkxj ck :
Mxi QzwUZ gwbi Zvi gvgvi evwo KjKvZvq eovZ Mj| wK KqKw`b hZ bv hZB
gvgvevwo Zvi KvQ Amn nq DVj| gvgv, gvgx, gvgvZv fvB-evbiv Zvi mv_ fvjfve K_v ejZ
bv| gvgx Zvi viv AbK KvR Kwiq bqv i Kij| gvgvevwoi e `qvj Zvi KvQ RjLvbv gb
nj| Zvi evievi gb coZ jvMj dj Avmv Mvgi weivU meyR gvV, b`x, ez-eve, AvcbRbi
Pnviv|
K.
agNUi Rb Kx e nqwQj ?
L.
K_K eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl nZ Pvq Kb ?
M.
DxcKi h fvewU ebgvbyl M cvIqv hvq Zv evLv Ki|
N.
DxcKi gwb hb ebgvbyl Mi K_KiB cwZwbwaZ KiQ DwwU hywmn eywSq jL|
114
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
GKvii w`bwj
Rvnvbviv Bgvg
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1923 mvji 3iv g gywk`vevì myìcyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg mq`v Avyj Avjx| wZwb wWcywU gvwRU wQjb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1947 mvj KjKvZvi jwW
eevY KjR _K we.G. cvk Kib| cieZxZ wZwb XvKvi wmkix Mvjm zj cavb wkKi `vwqZ
cvjb Kib| G mgq wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K we.GW I evsjvq Gg.G wWwM jvf Kib Ges XvKv wUPvm
Uwbs KjR Aavcbv Kib| 1971 mvji gywhy Zuvi c_g mvb iygx hvM`vb Kib| iygx I Zuvi
mnhvvì wewfb Acvikb Rvnvbviv Bgvg mnhvwMZv Kib| GQvov gywhvvì Avkq, Lvì
hvMvb, MvwoZ A Avbv-bIqv Ges Zv hy cuQ Ìqv, Lei Av`vb-c`vb- BZKvi KgKv wZwb
mevKiY AskMnY Kib| hyi klw`K i~gx kwn` nb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg nb Avgvì kwn` Rbbx|
gywhyi Dci wZPviYg~jK Zuvi AmvaviY GB GKvii w`bwj me mgv`Z| Zuvi Abvb Mjv
njv : MRKQc, mvZwU Zvivi wSwKwgwK, Kvvii m emevm, cevmi w`bwj BZvw`| mvwnZKg
Ae`vbi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi jvf Kib| GKvii NvZK, `vjvj, ivRvKvi, Avjeì,
Avjmg&&kì kvwi `vweZ wZwb AvgZz msMvg KiQb| 1994 mvji 26 k Ryb GB gnxqmx bvix
cijvKMgb Kib|]
13B Gwcj : gjevi 1971

Pviw`b ai ew| kwbevi ivZ wK gyljaviB h njv, iveevi Zv mviv w`bfi GKUvbv| MZKvj
mKvji ci ew _vgjI mviv w`b AvKvk gNjv wQj| gvS gvS iv` `Lv MQ| gvS gvS GK
ckjv ew| Rvgx Qov KvUwQj, iv` nq ew nq, LuvK-wkqvwji weq nq| wK Avgvi gb
cvlvYfvi| GLb mvi ci ew bB, NbNb gN WvKQ Avi we`yr PgKvQ| emvi Ni em Rvbvjv
w`q ZvwKq fvewQjvg, Avgvi RxebI GZw`b mwZ mwZ `yhvMi gN Nb nq AvmQ| GB iKg
mgq Kwig Gm XyKj Ni, mvgb mvdvq em ejj, dzdyRvb G cvovi AbKB Pj hvQ evwo
Qo| Avcbviv Kv_vI hveb bv ?
Kv_vq hve ? A, eyov kiK wbq Kgb Ki hve ? wK G cvov Qo jvK hvQ Kb ?
GLvb Zv Kvbv fq bB !
bB, gvb ? cQb GZ KvQ wekwe`vjqi njjv
nj Zv me Lvwj, weivb, hv nevi ZvZv c_g `yw`bB nq MQ| Rvbv eveyì evwoZ Zvi gvgvi
evwoi mevB Gm DVQ kvwbMi _K ?
ZvB bvwK ? Avgiv Zv fvewQjvg kvwbMi Avgvi `yjvfvBqi evmvq hve|
ZvnjB `LfqUv Avmj gb| kvwbMii gvbyl GwjdvU ivW AvmQ wgwjUvwii nvZ _K
cvjvZ, Avevi Zzwg GwjdvU ivW _K kvwbMiB hZ PvQ wbivcvi KviY|
hywUv eyS Kwig gv_v bvoj, Lye `vwg K_v ejQb dzdzRvb| Avmj hv Kcvj AvQ Zv neB|
bBj `vLb bv, XvKvi gvbyl LvgvKv wRwivq Mj wj Lq giZ| Aviv GKUv K_v bQb
dzdzRvb ? b`xZ bvwK cPzi jvk fm hvQ| cQb nvZ euvav, wjZ giv jvk|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
115
wkDi DV ejjvg, ivRB bwQ Kwig| hLvbB hvB GQvov Avi K_v bB| KqKw`b AvM bjvg
UvKfwZ Ki Zzj wbq hvQ nvZ Avi PvL eua, KZv jvK `LQ| GLb bwQ mìNvU,
mvqvixNvU bvwK ùvovbv hvq bv cPv jvki `yM| gvQ LvIqvB ev` w`qwQ GRb|
10k g : mvgevi 1971

ek wKQzw`b evMvbi w`K bRi Ìqv nq wb| AvR mKvj bvkZv Lvevi ci ZvB evMvb Mjvg|
evMvb ek KUv nvB-weW wU-ivRi MvQ AvQ| GB aibi Mvjvc MvQi Lye ewk hZ KiZ
nqhv MZ `ygvm nqwb| Lyiwc nvZ KvR jvMvi AvM MvQjvi w`K ZvwKq `Ljvg| gvLbi
gZv iOi wcm A_vr kvw| KvjP-gii ewb wc Avi Gbv nvKbm| wdK I Mvp ewb
iOi wmgvb Avi jvfvi| njy` eyKvwbqvi, mv`v cvm&Kvwj|
ewb wc-Gi AvadvUv KwjwU GLbv Avgvi eW-mvBW Uwej Kvwj`vwbZ iqQ| Kwj Aek Avi
bB, dzU MQ Ges cvq Si covi Aev| wcm-Gi MvQUvq GKUv Kwj Kej GmQhwÌ
mviv`k _K wcm DavI|
evMvb Kiv GKUv bkv| G bkvq `ytL-K LvwbKY fyj _vKv hvq| MZ KqK gvm ai bkvUvi
K_v fveeviB AeKvk cvB wb| GLb fqvbK wew gbK e ivLvi MiRB eva Kwi bkvUvi K_v
Avgvi gb coQ|
12B g : eyaevi 1971

Rvgxi zj LyjQ w`b `yB njv| miKvi GLb zj-KjR Rvi Ki Lvjvi eev KiQ| GK
ZvwiL cvBgvwi zj Lvjvi Kzg nqQ, bq ZvwiL gvawgK zj|
Rvgx zj hvQ bv| hve bv| kixd, Avwg, igx, Rvgx-PviRb em Avjvc-AvjvPbv Ki AvMB
wVK Ki iLwQjvg zj LyjjI zj hvIqv ne bv| `k wKQzB ^vfvweKfve PjQ bv, `k GLb
hyvev| `kevmxi Ici nvbv`vi cvwKvwb Rvbvqviì PjQ wbgg wblYi wgivjvi| GB
Aevq Kvbv Qvi DwPZ bq eB-LvZv eMj zj hvIqv|
Rvgx Aek evwoZ covkvbv KiQ| Gevi I `kg kwYi Qv| igx hZw`b AvQ, IK mvnvh
Kie| Zvici kixd Avi Avwg-h hZUv cvwi|
Rvgx Zvi `ywZbRb ezi mv_ wVK KiQ Iiv GKm em AvjvPbv Ki covkvbv Kie| GUv
ek fvjv eev, covI ne, mgqUvI fvjv KvUe| Aei wbwqZvq Iiv nuvwcq DVe bv|
17B g : mvgevi 1971

iwWI-wUwfZ weLvZ I c` ewì ai wbq cvMvg KwiqI KZvì Zgb myweav nQ bv
eva nq ! ZvB GLb eywRxex I wkxì ai ai Zvì w`q Leii KvMR weewZ Ìqvbvi
K~UKkj i nqQ| AvRKi KvMR 55 Rb eywRxex I wkxi bvg w`q GK weewZ ewiqQ|
XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvbv wUPvi, iwWI-wUwfi Kvbv KgKZv I wkxi bvg ev` MQ ej gb
nQ bv| Guì ga KD KD mvb` Ges mvMn mB w`jI ewkifvM eywRxex I wkx h
eqbUi gyL mB w`Z eva nqQb, ZvZ Avgvi Kvb m`n bB| Avi h weewZ Zvì bvg
ewiqQ, mUv h Zuviv AbK bv `LB mB KiZ eva nqQ, ZvZI Avgvi m`n bB| AvR
mKvji KvMR weewZwU c_gevii gZv co Zuviv wbq wZ nq em iBeb LvwbKY ! Ges
116
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ejeb, aiYx wav nI ! GiKg wbj wg_vfvlY fiv weewZ ^qs MvqejmI wjLZ cviZb wKbv
m`n| GB c~e evsjvi Kvb cwZfvai weewZwU Zwi KiQb, RvbZ eo BQ nQ|
25B g : gjevi 1971

AvR we`vnx Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvgi RbRqx| ek kvb-kIKZi m cvwjZ nQ XvKvq|
GgbwK BmjvwgK dvDkb ch GKUv Abyvb KiQ|
mvi ci wUwfi mvgb emwQjvg, Rvgx wmuwoi gv_v _K gyL evwoq WvKj, gv wkMwMi Gm| bZzb
cvMvg|
ò Ici Mjvg, ^vaxb evsjv eZvi evsjv msev` cvV KiQ bZzb GK Kî| LvwbK kvbvi
ci Pbv Pbv VKj wK wVK wPb DVZ cvijvg bv| mvjn Avng` bvgUv AvM KLbv wb wb|
igx ejj, wbq Qbvg|
ejjvg, nZ cvi| Ze XvKviB jvK G| GB XvKvZB GB Mjv bwQ| nq bvUK, bq Avew|
GBme MelYv KiZ KiZ evsjv msev` cvV kl|
AvRKi cvMvgI ek bZzbZ| KîI meB bZzb bwQ| GKRb GKUv Kw_Kv cojbPigc|
ek gRv jvMj bZ, fvlvq ejZ ejZ nVvr kli w`K Gevi LuvwU XvKvBqv fvlvZ
`yUv jvBb ej kl Kijb|
AyZ Zv| wK GLvb AvjwUgUvgi gZv wKQz Zv evSv Mj bv|
kixd ejj, H h ejj bv GKevi hLb G `ki Kv`vq cv WyweqQ, Avi i bB| MvRywiqv
gvBii PvU gi Kv`vi ga q _vKZ ne, GUv AvjwUgUvg|
wK Rvwb|
Rvgx RvbZ PvBj, MvRywiqv gvBi wK wRwbm ?
igx ejj, Rvwb bv| Avgvi XvKvBqv ez KvDK wRMm Ki be|
H h gywdRi Mwijv ZrciZvi K_v ejj XvKvi QRvqMvq MbW dUQ, Avgiv Zv mvZ
AvUw`b AvM G iKg evgv dvUvi K_v bwQjvg, wK wVK wekvm Kwi wb| evcviUv Zvnj mwZ ?
Avgvi mviv kixi KuvUv w`q DVj| evcviUv Zvnj mwZ ! mwZ mwZ Zvnj XvKvi AvbvP-KvbvP
gywdRi Mwijviv cwZNvZi QvU QvU zwj RvjvZ i KiQ ? GZw`b RvbwQjvg
eWviNulv AjjvZB Mwijv ZrciZv| GLb Zvnj Lv` XvKvZI ?
gywdR ! K_vUv GZ fvwi h GB iKg AZvPvix mb w`q Niv Aei XvKv kni em
gywdR kUv bjI Kgb hb Awekvm gb nq| Avevi H Awekvmi fZi _K GKUv Avkv,
GKUv fimvi fve axi axi gbi KvY RM DVZ _vK|
5B mî : iweevi 1971

GKUv KwVb welq wmv bevi evcvi MZ `yw`b _K kixd Avi Avwg Lye wav fyMwQ| igxK
wK Ki ei Ki Avbv hvq, Zv wbq kixdi ezeve bvbviKg wPvfvebv KiQ| Gi ga euvKv
Avi dwKii gZ njv : h Kvb cKvi igxK Dvii Pv KiZ ne| euvKv Avi dwKi gb
KiQ kixdK w`q igxi cvYwfv Pq GKUv gvwm wcwUkb Kwiq Z`wei Kij igx nqZv
Qvov cq hZI cvi|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
117
igxi kvK Avwg c_g PvU ZvB Kiv nvK ejwQjvg| wK kixd ivwR nZ cviQ bv| h
mvgwiK Rvvi wei igx gywhy hvM w`qQ, mB miKvii KvQ gvwm wcwUkb Kij igx
mUv gvUI cQ` Kie bv Ges igx Zvnj Avgvì Kvbvw`bI gv KiZ cvie bv| euvKv I
dwKi AbKfve kixdK eywSqQ Qji cvYUv AvM| igxi gZv Ggb AmvaviY gavex
Qji cvY euvPj `kiI gj| wK kixd Zey gZ w`Z cviQ bv| Lybx miKvii KvQ igxi
cvYwfv Pq `qvwfv Kiv gvbB igxi Av`kK Acgvb Kiv, igxi DuPz gv_v nuU Kiv| MZ `yivZ
kixd Nygvq wb, Avwg GKevi ejwQ, Zvgvi K_vB wVK| H Lybx miKvii KvQ gvwm wcwUkb Kiv
hvq bv| Avevi LvwbK ci Ku` AvKzj nq ejwQ, bv, gvwm wcwUkb Ki|
GBfve wav KUQ `yw`b `yivZ| kl ch kixd wmv wbqQ bv, gvwm wcwUkb m Kie
bv| PvLi Rj fvmZ fvmZ AvwgI kixdi gZK mg_b KiwQ| igxK Abfve ei Ki
Avbvi hZiKg Pv AvQ, me Kiv ne; wK gvwm wcwUkb Ki bq|
11B Avei : mvgevi 1971

kixd ejj, mB h gvm LvbK AvM KvMR cowQjvg dvBU jdUbvU gwZqyi ingvbi K_v,
Zvi m^ AvR b Gjvg|
Kx b Gj ? Kv_vq bj ?
Wvt ivwei KvQ| ivwe RvbvZv, Avgvì myRvi fv|
kixdi GK Bwwbqvi ez myRv mvne, Zuvi fv Wvt dRj ivwe|
kixd ejj, AvR dwKii Awdm MwQjvg, ILvb ivwei m `Lv| Ii gyLB bjvg gwZqyi
ingvbi dvwgwj 29 mî KivwP _K XvKv GmQ| gwZqyi ingvbi ki jkvbi GK
evwoZ _vKb| mBLvb 30 ZvwiL gwZqyii Pwjkv nqQ| ivwe wMqwQj Pwjkvq| wgmm gwZqyi
bvwK evsjv wefvMi gwbivgvbi kvjx|
Avgvì mvi gwbivgvbi ? Zvi gvb Wwji evb ? ùvovI, ùvovI GB evbK Zv `LwQ
Wwjì evmvq wgwj Gi bvg|
Wwji K_v gb co gbUv Lvic nq Mj| Wwj, gwbivgvb mvi, Iì Kvbv LuvRB Rvwb bv|
`yUv evPv wbq Kv_vq h fm fm eovQ K Rvb| IcviI hvq wb, Mj eZvi wbq
Mjv bZ cZvg| ^vaxb evsjv eZvi e cwiwPZRbi Mjv wb, Zviv Qbvg eenvi Ki, wK
Mjv b wPbZ cvwi| c_g hw`b ^vaxb evsjv eZvi mvjn Avngì K Lei wb, Lye PbvPbv jMwQj, `y GKw`b ciB wPbwQjvg m K nvmvb Bgvgi| BsiwR Lei I fvl cPvi Ki
hviv, mB Avey gvnv` Avjx I Avng` Payix njv Avjx hvKi Avi AvjgMxi Kwei| MvqKì
Mjv Zv mnRB Pbv hvq-i_x`bv_ ivq, Ave`yj Revi, AwRZ ivq, B`gvnb ivReskx, nijvj
ivq| Kw_Kvq mq` Avjx Avnmvb, Kvgij nvmvb, dqR Avng` cvq mKjiB Mjv b eySZ
cvwi| bvUK ivRy Avng`, gvayix Pvcvavq Gì mevi MjvB GK jngvq eyS hvB|
16 wWmî : enwZevi 1971

AvR mKvj bUv ch h AvKvkhy weiwZi K_v wQj, mUv weKj wZbU ch evovbv nqQ|
`ycyi _K mviv kni fxlY Pvj I DRbv| cvwKvwb Avwg bvwK mvivi Kie weKj| mKvj
_K Kwjg, `v, jyjy hvivB Gjv mevi gyLB GK K_v| `j `j jvK Rq evsjv awb Zzj ivvq
ewiq coQ KviwdD Dcv Ki| cvwKvwb mbviv, wenvwiiv mevB bvwK cvjvQ| cvjvZ
118
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cvjvZ c_NvU Gjvcv_vwo wj Ki e evOvwjK Lyb-RLg Ki hvQ| gyi Gjb Zuvi `yB
gqK wbq, Mvwoi fZi evsjv`ki cZvKv wewQq| wZwbI H GK K_vB ejjb| ev`kv Gm
ejj, GwjdvU ivWi AvwRR gvUimi gwjK Lvb Rxc Ki cvjvevi mgq ecivqv wj Pvwjq
ivvi e jvK RLg KiQ|
gyi hvevi mgq cvZvKvUv AvgvK w`q Mjb| ejjb, AvR hw` mvivi nq, Kvj mKvj Gm
cvZvKvUv Zzje|
AvR kixdi KzjLvwb| Avgvi evmvq huviv AvQb, ZuvivB mKvj _K `vqv ì` Kzj coQb|
cvovi mevBK ejv nqQ ev` gvMie wgjv` AvmZ| G.K.Lvb, mvby, gy, LyKz mevB weKj
_KB Gm Kzj coQ|
Rbvij wbqvRx beB nvRvi cvwKvwb mb wbq AvZmgcY KiQ AvR weKj wZbUi mgq|
hy Zvnj kl ? Zvnj Avi Kvì Rb me im` Rwgq ivLe ?
Avwg Migi Zvjv Lyj Pvj, wPwb, wN, Mig gmjv ei Kijvg KzjLvwbi R`v euvaevi Rb| gv,
jvjy, Abvb evwoi MwnYxiv mevB wgj R`v iuvaZ emjb|
ivZi ivbvi RbI Pvj, Wvj, Avjy, cuqvR BZvw` GLvb _KB w`jvg| AvMvgxKvj mKvji
bvkZvi RbI gq`v, wN, mywR, wPwb, Mig gmjv GLvb _KB ei Ki ivLjvg|
kv_ I UxKv : Rvgx jwLKvi QvU Qj; weivb Rbgvbenxb, cwiZ, duvKv; Lyiwc gvwU
Luvovi Rb eenZ GKcKvi QvU L; kixd jwLKvi ^vgx, iygx Rvgxi evev; Aeiy wbwqZv
iy ev AvUK Aevq Kgnxb; K~UKkj PZziZv, `yeyw; eqbU e`yKi mwb, GLvb
e`yKi AMfvM jvMvbv GKcKvi welv I avivj Qviv evSvbv nqQ; wZ nZevK, wewZ;
Mvqejm (1897-1945) Rvgvwb esk~Z wnUjvii mnhvMx, ivRbxwZZ cwZwnsmv I wg_v
iUbvi ceZb; Kw_Kv wbw` I z` cwimi eYbvZK iPbv; Pigc gZzi c~emgq wjwLZ
Dc`k, klevii gZv mZK Ki Ìqvi Rb cwiZ c, 1971 mvji gyw&KZhy gywhvv I
`kevmxK AbyciYv Ìqvi Rb ^vaxbevsjv eZviK` _K nvbv`vi evwnbxi AcKwZ I
gywhvvì mvdj wbq nvmimvZK Kw_Kv cPvwiZ nZv| GB Kw_Kvjv Pigc bvg LvZ;
AvjwUgUvg mgq wbaviY; MvRywiqv gvBi MRvwi KvVi gZv k I fvix KvVi jvwV w`q gvi
Ìqv; gvwm wcwUkb kvw _K AevnwZ Pq Ave`b; jngvq gyn~Z|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg iwPZ GKvii w`bwj kxlK w`bcwi AvvKi iwPZ gywhy wbq
wZPviYg~jK iPbv _K cvVfz AskUzKz MnxZ nqQ| kwn` Rbbx Rvnvbviv Bgvg gywhy Zuvi
mvb igxK nvwiqQb| GB iPbvq Mfxi e`bvi m Avfvm-BwZ wZwb Zuvi `qi iiYi
hYv e KiQb| cwg cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi AZwKZ nvgjvq c_gB XvKvi bMi-Rxeb
wekLjv nq cowQj| wk-wKkviiv zj hve bv| wK nvbv`vi evwnbx Rvi Ki zj-KjR
Lvjv ivLe; weLvZ ewì wbq Rvi Ki iwWI-wUwfZ weewZ c`vb Kive; Avi nZv-jybAwM mshvM Zv AvQbGB wQj mB `ytmgq XvKvi Aev| mB `ywemn Aevi gg` weeiY
cvIqvi GB wZPviY| wekl Ki MfRvZ mvb igxK euvPvbvi Rb nvbv`vi evwnbxi KvQ
Kvbv gv cv_bv bv Ki h AvZghv`v I ^vaxKvi PZbvi cwiPq Ìqv nqQ Zv ZzjbviwnZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
119
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1| gywhyi mgq g gvmi Kvb ZvwiL gvawgK zj Lvjvi K_v ejv nqwQj ?
K. AvU ZvwiL
L. bq ZvwiL
M. `k ZvwiL
N. GMviv ZvwiL
2| wbj wg_vfvlY fiv weewZ ejZ Kx eyS ?
K. weewZ Ìqvbvi KzUKkj L. eqbUi gyL Ìqv weewZ
M. Mvqejm Gi gZ weewZ
N. eywRxex I wkxi Ìqv weewZ
DxcKwU co Ges ckjv Di `vI :
gvqyb Avngì Avbi cikgwb Dcbvm ew` gywhvv Kgvvi| ew` XvKvK gy Kivi
Rb Mwijv evwnbxK msMwVZ Ki| `k wech ej mvaviY cwievii m`miv cwieviK
Rvwbq wKsev bv Rvwbq gywhy hvq| gywhvvì cZvkv Ges Zvì cwievii cZvkv
wQj `k hb ZvovZvwo kgy nq|
3| DxcKi Abyfe GKvii w`bwji Kvb w`KwUK DbvwPZ KiQ ?
i
iwgi hy hvIqv
ii
iwgi evevi DrKv
iii iwgi gvqi DrKv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. iii
4| DxcKi AbyfewU GKvii w`bwji Kvb DwZi m mv`kc~Y|
K. iwgK Abfve ei Ki Avbvi Pv Kiv ne; wK gvwm wcwUkb Ki bq|
L. h Kvbv cKvi iwgK Dvii Pv KiZ ne|
M. Lybx miKvii KvQ iwgi cvY wfv Pq `qv wfv Kiv gvbB iwgi Av`kK Acgvb
Kiv|
N. iwgi gZv Ggb AmvaviY gavex Qji cvY euvPj `kiI gj|
mRbkxj ck
^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` gywhvvì DxweZ KiZ bc_ f~wgKv iLwQj| ZviK gvmy` gywi
Mvb cgvYwP `wLqQb wkxiv wewfb gywhyi Kv wMq gywhvvì DxweZ KiQb|
hy Kej gywhvviv Kiwb| G hy wkx, KjvKzkjx I k mwbKi f~wgKvI wQj|
K. hyi mgq Rvgx Kvb kwYi Qv wQj ?
L. wbqvRxi AvZmgcY Avbì wK kixdi KzjLvwb e`bvi Kb ? eywSq jL|
M. DxcKi fvebv GKvii w`bwji Kvb w`KK DbvwPZ KiQ ? evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi Abyfe GKvii w`bwji mgM AbyfeK aviY Ki wK ? g~jvqb Ki|
120
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv

ggZvRD`&&`xb Avng`
[jLK cwiwPwZ : ggZvR D``xb Avng` 18B Rvbyqvwi 1935 mvj cwgei gvj`n RbMnY
Kib| Zuvi wcZv Kwjg D``xb Avng` Ges gvZv mwLbv LvZzb| wZwb 1951 mvj fvjvnvU ivgkix
Bb&BwUDkb _K cewkKv cixvq DxY nb| ci ivRkvnx KjR _K DP gvawgK Ges
ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq we.G (Abvm) I Gg.G wWwM jvf Kib| KgRxeb wZwb wewfb
miKvwi KjR Aavcbvi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wKQz mgq wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi bvUKjv I mxZ
wefvM LKvjxb AavcK wQjb| wZwb g~jZ bvUKvi I AwfbZv wnme LvwZgvb| evsjv`ki
bvUwk Av`vjbi wZwb cyivav cyiyl| Zuvi iwPZ DjLhvM bvUK : ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv, ivRv
Aby^vii cvjv, eKzjcyii ^vaxbZv, Zvm NvUi KvbvKwo; MelYv I ce : evsjv`ki bvUKi
BwZe, evsjv`ki w_qUvii BwZe, cm evsjv`k, cm eez BZvw`| evsjv mvwnZ
Ae`vbi Rb evsjv GKvWgx cyiyvi, wk GKvWgx mvwnZ cyiyvi, GKzk c`Kmn AmsL cyiyvi
I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb|]
Pwi cwiwPwZ
b~i gvnv` `vivMv (eqm 45)
`wjjyi ingvb cywjki wmcvnx (eqm 25)
Avyj eviK gj -HjvK (eqm 35)
[`k cwiKbv : evsjv`ki GKwU QvU Mi b`xi dwiNvU| ivZ bqUv| Kci AKvi| wUc
wUc ew nQ]
`wjj : GKUv cvvii KvMR GBUvi eyK muvUe ?
eviK : QvUeveyK ewj| mvi GKUv cvvi GB wcucUvZ jvwMq w`B|
`wjj : gvwSgvjv Avi NvUi ivnxì bRi coe|
b~i
: wKQz `LQ, fvjv Ki `vL| e`gvqkUvi cvqi `vM| KuvPv gvwUZ `M`M KiQ|
`wjj : dwiNvU Zv mvi| w`bivZ kq kq ivnx cvivcvi KiQ| Avmvwgi cvqi Qvc bvI
nZ cvi|
b~i
: Zzwg GKUv eKze| Aviv `kiKg cvqi `vM _vKZ Avwg GB GKUvKB cqU Kijvg
Kb ? GUv mvaviYfve cv dj nuvUv bq, mveavbi m nuvUv| `vLv, GB jvBb ai
bRi `vI| wK `LQ ? KvbUvZ mvgbi Avyj We AvQ, Avi KvbUvZ Mvovwj|
Avmvwg mvRv c_ NvU w`q bvgwb| nvivwgUv Avevi GB c_ w`qB NvU Avme|
eviK : bvI Zv wdiZ cvi mvi !
b~i
: nuv, bvI Zv wdiZ cvi, Avevi wdiZI cvi| Avgvì KvR njv m`n njB _gK
ùvovI, KzKzii bvK w`q uK `vL hw` Kvb m~ cvI| Avgvi m`n nq, Kzvi evPv
GBLvb w`qB b`xi Icvi hve| hZ ne| NvU bvgvi gZ Avi wKbvi bvB| Avmvwgi
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`wjj :
b~i
:
`wjj
b~i
`wjj
b~i
:
:
:
:
eviK :
b~i
:
`wjj
b~i
eviK
b~i
:
:
:
:
jvK
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
:
:
:
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:
:
:
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:
jvK :
b~i
121
w`ji `viv mgq gZ GB wKbvi ai wWwO ej Avi bKvB ej wbq Nyi Nyi Kie Avi
Bkviv cjB NvU wWwO jvMve Avi dzm Ki cvi nq hve| G Zvgvi gZ AvnK jvK
bq| wfb wKwmgi gvj| gMRi cvo cvo eyw| G RvqMvUv Qvov hve bv n|
Avgvì GKUv cvvi GB Kivwmb Zji wcucUvi eyK jvwMq è mvi|
Kv_vq ? nuv jvMvI| AvQvm jB w`q KuvPv ii gZ muU `vI| `ki gvbyl
`LyK|
`ynvRvi UvKv cyivi, Kg nqQ mvi|
Kb ?
`k wek nvRvi UvKvi jvfI H jvKUvK KD awiq wè bv| `ki GZ eo GKUv wecex|
Ime fvebv GLb evwZj Ki KvR gRvR `vI| GBLvb Avwg _vKjvg wWDwUZ| `wL
Zvgvì bqbi Puv` wecexi evPv wK Ki AvR ivZ wWwOZ IV|
Avcwb GKjvB _vKeb ?
Avjer| GKvB _vKe| Pwek eQi cywjki PvKzix KiwQ, AvgvK duvwK Ìqv mnR bq|
Zvgvi H wecex `yjvfvB GKUv gvQ-gviv Rvjyqvi Qek ai Avme| Nvo Rvj, nvZ
K&Kv| kvjv, Avq, ZzB _vwKm MvQi Wvj Avi Avwg _vwK Zvi gMWvj|
jvKUv Lye awoevR| AvgivI Avcbvi m _vwK|
bv|
Avgvì wK mew`KB wec`|
gj, Zvgvi K_vZ e` M XyKQ| eyK mvnm iL Cgvbi m KvR Ki| Avgiv
njvg Kzgi Unj`vi| AvBb-Av`vjZi ndvRwZ cywjki Cgvbi KvQ|
[eviK Ges `wjj cvvi I AvVv wbq Pj Mj]
K ? K hvq ? GB kvjv|
[GKRb jvK j^v Pzj| gyL `vwo| Mvg M G RvZi jvK cyuw_ wKm&mvi Mvb Mvq,
KZve wew Ki]
gvwjK, NvU hve, bxi Icvi nvgvi evwo|
Avi GK cv djwe bv| wj w`q VvO byjv Ki wè|
Bqv Avjv ! nvwg gi hve h ! nvgvi Rb Kuv`bi KD bvB msmvi|
GB Kuvw`m bv| K ZzB ?
dwKi Mixeyjvn nvgvi bvg|
GB dwKii evPv, NvU bvwgm bv| Mi w`K wdi hv|
NvU bvwgwb gvwjK| GB cvo em GKUv Mvb aie, imi Mvb| imi Mvb b gvwSiv
hw` `yUv GKUv KZve wKb jq, fvZ LvIqvi cqmv nq Mj| ZLb aib h GK
kvqvZ ivZ fvi Ki w`by|
Avwg MvbUvb fvjvevwm bv|
bv bj fvjvevmeb Kgb Ki Ryi| eMvewMi Mvb gvb h KjR cvwb Kiv Mvb;
[MvBb MvBQ : eMv dv` cBov ewM Kuvì]
GB kvjv eMvi fvwZRv| GB Zvi Mvb ? MvbUvi Rvb KeR Ki w`wj| hv fvM, wdi
hv| GLvb Avgvi Riwi KvR AvQ| Zvi m e`v K_v ejevi mgq bvB| AvQv
jvKUv `LZ Kgb ?
122
jvK
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
:
:
:
:
:
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
:
:
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:
jvK :
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
:
:
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:
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jvK
b~i
jvK
:
:
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:
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jvK :
b~i
:
`wLwb Ryi|
ejwe bv ?
Bqv Avjv, gi hve h gvwjK| ejwQ, nvgvì Muvq `LwQ|
`LZ Rvqvb ?
nuv, ZvMov Rvqvb, nvwbdv cvjvqvbi gZvb wmbv| evNi gZvb jvj Nvjv PvLi
gwY| jvwV, Qviv, e`yK me PvjvZ Rvb| Avi nvZi Kw (wcucZ Nywl gi) GB
iKg jvnvi gZb k| GKevi hw` nvZ Zzj
nvivwgi nvZ Avwg wj gi fO wè|
Lei`vi gvwjK, Lei`vi| I KvR fyj KiI KiZ hveb bv Ryi| GKevi GKUv wRw
cywjk WvKvZUvK aiZ wMqwQj, ivBdj Zzj gviZ hve, evm bvB| GK _vo
cywjki GB Mvji nvW&wW Szi Szi Szi Szi Ki co Mj|
Zvici ?
Zvici Avi wK nq| cywjki ivBdj nvZB _vKj, GKvj Gm Mj|
`vivMv mvneI GKvj !
bv bv gvwjK| KZY Kvievwbi KvUv Miyi gZvb QUdU QUdU Kij, cv `yUv Uvb Kij
Zvici gvb h hcvwZ e| GLb gvb h GK Avcwb wK ejeb gvwjK LZg,
ivRwKqvgZ ?
Pzc Ki| GB kvjv nvivwgUv euP _vKj `ki Avgjv cywjki Rvb euvPe wK Ki ?
euvPe bv gvwjK| GB jvK _vKj Rvvi wK gvj`vii eski Avi Mvi gvgevw
Rje bv| Ryi, Avcwb Zv NvUi GB Wvwnb w`K bRi iLQb jvKUv Gc_ Avme
ejB
Kb ?
bv gvb h, Wvwnb w`K ZvKvj hw` euvw`K w`q Avm|
ZLb euvw`K Nyi ZvKve !
ZZY wK mgq cveb gvwjK| Lv`v bv Lvv, hw` AvmB, evNi gZvb jvwdq Avgvi
gvwjKi Nvo
ZLb Kx ne Mixeyjvn ?
Kx Avi ne gvwjK| Avcwb gvb h q cojb KZY ew`kv nq co _vKjb,
evc`v`vi bvg gb Kijb, `Ljb h Avmgvb Rwgb|
fvjv ejQ Mixeyjvn|
gvwjK
Avjvi ingZ hw` aiZ cvwi, miKvwi eLwkki fvM `vwe Kie ?
bv gvwjK| nvwg GKUv mvgvb Rxe| `ki nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl nvgvi Mvb b Lywk gb
`yPvi Avbv cqmv `q, IZB nvgvi w`b Pj hvq| nvwg miKvii cyivi wjq wK
Kie|
Zzwg GKUv fvjv gvbyli cq`v n Mixeyjvn| Cgvb wVK iL euP _vK| Zvgvì gZ
jvK `LZ cvB bv| Pvi-WvKvZ `L `L cywjki iy cP MQ|
gvwjK, nvwg GKUv wewo LvB| Lye bkv aiQ, Avcwb Lveb GKUv ?
bv i fvB| Afvm bvB| evR LiPi ga hZ cvwi bv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
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:
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123
gvwjKi Dcwi Avq Uvq nq bv wKQz ?

nq, wK wbB bv| Avgvi evci Kmg AvQ| gvS ga gbUv wLuPo IV, Kx ne giv
evci K_vi g~j w`q| wK eyKUv aK&& aK&& Ki| Gme Kwi bv ejB Zv Pwek eQi
PvKwiZ cgvkb njv bv|
jvKUvK aiZ cvij `ynvRvi UvKv cyivi cveb| eo gqi weqv w`Z cvieb|
aiZ cvij Zv| Zzwg hmme K_v ejQ| jvKUv eyKfiv GZ mvnm Avi kw Kv_vq
cvq| Zzwg kvjv evwbq evwbq AvgvK auvKv w`Q bv Zv ?
gvwjK nvwg Mvb evbvB wVKB, wK gvbyl evbve Kvb mvnm| gvbyl Zv evbvq `ywbqvi
myiZ
[Mvb : GKzj fvO IKzj Mo
GB Zv b`xi Ljv]
Mixeyjvn, G Zzwg Kvb Mvb aij| eyKUv Ki DV| evsjvi ev`kv cvwjq hvQ,
evsjv civaxb, MvI fvB MvI|
[ Mvb PjQ ]
evsjv fvMvKvk AvR `yhvMi NbNUv, K ZvK Avkv wè, K ZvK fimv wè, Kgb
myì K_v, hZevi wb gb nq eyKi ga ai ivwL|
gvwjK, nvgvì `k Zv b`xi `k, meyR avbi `k| ZeyI nvgiv GZ `ytLx Kb
gvwjK?
me ZKwìi Ljv i fvB| Kcvj `ytL _vKj myL Zv cve bv|
nvwg Avi Kx eje| Avcbvi `ytL KD eySj bv, nvgvi Rvjv KD eySZ Pvq bv| nvgvì
gMRi ga w`bivZ wKme AvjZzdvjZz fq XzwKq w`q nvgvì kw Ko wbQ,
nvgvì mvnmK Mvi w`Q| Avi GB myhvM hZ me Rvjg Avjvi bvg fvwOq
nvgvì kixj _K kuv kuv Ki i l wjq we`k cvPvi KiQ gvwjK| Avcbviv
Gme iyLZ cvib bv Kb ?
Zzwg kvjv GKUv DReyK| weovj nq evNi gyL _vc&&co w`Z PvI|
nvgvi evcRvb ejZ, Mixeyjvn, eUv AbvnK hviv Zvj VzK, Zviv Lye eo wKwmgi Mvqb
bq| K_vUv wVK bv ewVK GKevi ciL Kieb gvwjK| nvgvì GB fvOv dzUv kixj
wbq Zvgvg gvbyl hw` GK RvqMvZ nvwRi nZ cviZvg, GKevi hw` Rvjgi jvfi
KwZ ùvZ emvZ cviZvg, ii bkvZ MRivZ cviZvg, ZLb eySv hZ Kviv
wejvB Avi Kviv evN| hyB Zv nq bv gvwjK, giY evuPvi jovB| nvgiv GB b`xi `ki
gvbyl GKUv hy PvB gvwjK, ^vaxbZvi Rb hy|
Mixeyjvn Zvgvi Kcvj Xi `ytL AvQ, Gme K_v ejv bv|
mB `ytLB Zv nvwg Pvwn gvwjK| `ytLi b`xZ Avi KZKvj Ggb Ki fvme, Zvi Pq
DVzK bv Kb Avmgvb Ryo Kvjv gvN, D_vj cv_vj XD, Avi cjq evZvm
[ Mvb : Lievqy eq eM
Pvwiw`K Qvq gN
IMv bq bvILvwb evBqv]
GB Mixeyjvn, Zzwg G Mvb cj Kv_vq ? G Zv Zvgvi zj-KjRi Mvb| wKQz
covjLv wkLQ bvwK ?
124
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvK :
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
:
:
:
:
b~i
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
:
jvK :
b~i
jvK :
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:
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nvgvi Muvqi GKUv Qv kni co, Zvi gyL bwQ gvwjK| mB Qv GLb RjLvbvZ
e`x|
wKmi Avmvwg
H Avcbvi jvUmvnei wgwUs h njv, Zvi h MMvj, ZviB ga wQj|
eKzei gZvb Gme Zi ga hvq Kb ?
I Qj gvb h Avb w`q Zwi, Abvq K_v mn KiZ cvi bv| ejj ej, Mvi`
dvUK GKw`b me Lvb Lvb Ki fO dje| gvwjK, Avcwb Zv wewUk Avgji Qv|
`ki ^vaxbZvi Rb Avcbvi gbUvZ nvnvKvi KiZv bv|
KiZv bv wK Mixeyjvn, BsiRK Zvovevi Rb KZ Kx KiZvg| jvwV PvjvZvg, ii
ga Avb ai hvq Ggb me Mvb wkLZvg| GKevi we`vq ` gv Nyi Avwm, Avwg nvwm
nvwm cie duvwm `Le RMZevmx, Zzwg Rvb bvwK MvbUv ?
(Mvb) Kji evgv Zix Ki, ùvwoq wQjvg jvBbi avi, jvU mvneK gvie ej,
gvijvg ^`kevmx|
mvevm Mixeyjvn, Avevi MvI|
Avwg nvwm nvwm cie duvwm, `Le RMZevmx|
HLvb MvI, wPbZ hw` bv cvwim gv, `Lwe Mjvq duvwm|
[ `yRb GK m Mvb MvBQ ]
Gme eZ cyivZb K_v Mixeyjvn, GLb hyM Rvgvbvi wfb ^v`| `ki ga bvbvb iKg
K_vevZv iy nqQ& KLb h wK nq| GB PvKwi Kij wK ne, eywS Mixeyjvn, wKQz wKQz
eywS| wK Avgvì nvZ-cv h e`x i fvB|
gvwjK, GKUv K_v fvewQ Avi gb gb nvmwQ| h jvKUvK aievi Rb Avcwb GB
Avjv-Auvavwii ivZ NvU cvnviv w`Qb, aib h mB jvKUv mwZ mwZ Avcbvi KvQ
nvwRi njv| Avcwb ZvK `LQb, mI AvcbvK `LQ| `LZ `LZ Avcbvi gbi
ga ck nQK GB jvK ? GK Zv Avwg wPwb, Avgvi m zj coZ, Avgvi ez|
m jvKUv AvcbvK ejQwK i b~i gvnv`, Kgb AvwQm ? Avwg gvqvg nvmb,
AvgvK aievi Rb MvQ MvQ wevcb SzwjqwQm| AvgvK aijB wK Avb wbf hve
? ^vaxbZvi Avb KLbv wbf bv|
gvwjK, Avcwb hLb Qv wQjb ZLb `ki Rb Avcbvì gb Kuv`Z|
GLbv Kuv`| hwb euvPe `ki Rb Kuvè| `kK fvjvevmv Zv cvc bq| hviv
^vaxbZv, Zvgvi Avgvi ^vaxbZvi Rb KvR KiQ ZvìK AvwgI fvjevwm Mixeyjvn|
Zvnj Avcwb Avcbvi ezK Qo wèb bv Kb gvwjK ?
Zzwg Avevi H GKB K_v ejj n| ejwQ Zv Avgvi nvZ-cv me e`x| Avwg cvnviv`vi,
Avwg GKUv eZ w`bi cyivZb h|
gvwjK, nvgiv hw` mB hUvK fvOZ ewj|
cvie bv, Ame|
Kb Ame ?
Pzc Ki| GKUv wWwO AvmQ| Avwg RvbZvg AvmZB ne| AvR Avgvi fvM cixv|
Rxebi m jovB| wecexK aiZ cvij `ynvRvi UvKv cyivi| Avgvi eo gqi
aygavg Ki weq wè|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvK
b~i
jvK
b~i
:
:
:
:
b~i
jvK
b~i
jvK
b~i
:
:
:
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jvK :
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125
(Mvb) Avgvi fvBGi i ivOvbv GKzk deyqvwi .......

GB Mixeyjvn, Zvgvi Mvb e Ki|
(Mvb) Qj nviv kZ gvqi Aky .......
kvjv dwKii evPv, Mvb e Ki| Zvgvi Mjv wUc Mvbi P cyiylK RevB Kie
Mixeyjvn|
[ b`xi eyK _K GB Mvbi myi wkm AvmQ, b~i gvnv` Mixeyjvni Mjv Qo w`qQ ]
K wkm w`j ?
[ Mixeyjvn b`xi NvU bvgQ ]
GB kvjv NvU bvwgm bv| Nyi ùvov, wj Kie|
[ Mixeyjvn Nyi ùvovj ]
K Zzwg ? wVKgZ cwiPq `vI| K Zzwg ?
dwKi Mixeyjvn gvwjK| kv`yjv Mvqbi evUv|
SzU| wg_v K_v ejv bv| Zzwg AbjvK|
Ab Kvb&& jvK ? K nZ cvwi ejyb Zv|
Zzwg ! Avcwb wK mB jvKUv, Avmvwg wecex|
[ jvKwU ciPzjv, `vwo Avi Uzwc Lyjj ]
wgjQ| Pvcv gyL, Kvjv PvL, gv_vi Pzj QvU, j^v mvo cuvP dzU| `y nvRvi UvKvi
cyivi| wWwOZ Avgvi eziv wkl w`qQ wVK mgq| H h Kci Puv` DVQ| GLb
Avwg hve `vivMv mvne, hZB ne, Avgvì Riywi eVK AvQ|
Avcwb hveb ?
nuv|
Avgvi ZKwì| Avcbvi Zv hvIqv ne bv|
Avcwb Avgvi ez| hZ w`b|
bv, b~i gvnv` `vivMv ZvgvK Qvoe bv|
[ jvKwU wcj ei KiQ| b~i gvnvì nvZI wcj| gyLvgywL ùvwoqQ ]
^vaxbZvi Avb KLbv wbf bv|
KvQ Gmv bv Mixeyjvn|
hwb euvPe `ki Rb Kuvè| hviv ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZvi Rb KvR KiQ ZvìK
AvwgI fvjvevwm|
Mixeyjvn, bv| Avi GwMq Gm bv|
[ GwMq AvmQ| b~i gvnv` wcQvQ : Mvb aiQ ]
b`xi GKzj fvO IKzj Mo GB Zv b`xi Ljv
ZvgvK Avwg Qvoe bv Mixeyjvn, wWDwU BR wWDwU|
[ cywjk `yRb AvmQ, Zvì K_v kvbv hvQ ]
Avwg HUvi wcQb em _vKe|
Kb ?
cvjve bv|
Avn&& !
[ jvKwU wcucUvi wcQb jyKvj| cywjk `yRb GmQ ]
126
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`wjjyi ingvb, Avyj eviK gj| me KvR kl KiQ ?

eviK : fvjv Ki muU w`qwQ mvi|
b~i
: mvevm| wecex Avi cvjvZ cvie bv| `wjj, nvwiKbUv wbwfq `vI|
`wjj : RjyK mvi| H wcucZ iL w`B|
b~i
: Avn| ìKvi ne bv| AvKvk Puv` DVQ|
`wjj : G Puv` Avjv bvB mvi|
b~i
: GLb bvB, gvSivZ ne| _vbvq wdi hvI Zvgiv|
eviK : wdi hve ? wK Avmvwg ?
b~i
: Avwg GKjvB gvKvwejv Kie|
eviK : mvi, Avmvwg Lye RuvnvevR|
b~i
: nvK| GvUbkb, GvevDU Uvb|
[ cywjk `yRb hvwK wbqg Pj Mj,
nvwiKbUv RjQ| jvKwU DV Gj ]
jvK : `vivMv mvne
b~i
: [nvwiKbUv Zzj wbqQ] Agb Ki Kx `LQb ?
jvK : Avgvi ciPzjv Avi UzwcUv| AbK `~i hZ ne|
b~i
: wVKgZ ci wbb|
[ jvKwU ciPzjv Avi `vwo jvMvQ ]
Lye mveavb| Avcbvi Pviw`K `ykgb| c` c` wec`|
jvK : Ni Ni Avgvì ez|
b~i
: Avevi KLb `Lv ne|
jvK : GKw`b mKvj, hLb AvKvk Ryo cKv jvj m~h DVe, A_ev GK ivwZ, hLb AvKvk
fi c~Y Puv` nvme|
[ `yRb AvwiK DZvq Kig`b Kij ]
b~i
: Avmyb|
jvK : nvgvi bvg dwKi Mixeyjvn|
b~i
: Zzwg wecex gvqvg nvmb, ^vaxbZvi mwbK|
[jvKwU b`xi NvU bvgQ]
[ b`xi eyK _K mwwjZ K Mvb DPvwiZ nQ
Avgvi mvbvi evsjv
Avwg Zvgvq fvjevwm
b~i gvnv`, Avyj eviK bxie ùvwoq AvQ]
kv_ I UxKv : M eemv evwYRi vb, nvU; Kc Pv`gvmi h c Pì q nq; ivnx
c_vPvix, cw_K; bRi `wZ; Keye eqvKze, evKv; wfb wKwmgi gvj wfb ev Ab
iKgi gvbyl; Zji wcuc Zji Wvg; Rvjyqv Rj, axei; v Kuvmv wcZj `v ev gvwU
A_ev bviKj Lvj cZ bwjKvhy GK cKvi h hv ZvgvK LZ ev a~gcvb KiZ eenZ nq;
aywoevR dwèvR, cZviK; Unj`vi h Unj `q, cnix; byjv week, weKj; e`v Ab_K,
evR; ivRwKqvgZ gZzi ci cybiyvbi w`b, kl wePvii w`b; Lvv b, cxwoZ, weKZ;
ew`kv w`Kv, w`knviv; iy AvZv, Ai; ZKwì fvM, A`, Kcvj; bvnK Ah_v,
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
127
LvgLv, Ab_K; Zvgvg mgM, mg, mgy`q; Rvjg RyjygKvix, AZvPvix; MRivZ Avvk ev
fq Pvcv MRb Kiv; Z Mvjgvj, nvvgv; Rvgvbv mgq, Kvj, hyM; RuvnvevR `y`v, `vj;
GvUbkb mveavb nI; GvevDU Uvb Nyi `vuovI|
cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKvWgx _K cKvwkZ kZeli bvUK bvgK M _K ^vaxbZv Avgvi
^vaxbZv bvwUKvwU msKwjZ I mvw`Z nqQ| bvUKvi GLvb Avgvì `ki cywjk m`mì
gvbweKZveva Ges `kvZeva AZ cvj fvlvq cKvk KiQb| `vivMv b~i gvnv` cyivi
NvwlZ ^`kx Av`vjbi AvmvwgK nvZi bvMvji ga cqI ZvK Qo w`qQb|
A_cyivii gvnK AwZg Ki wZwb `ki ^vaxbZvi Rb KvR Ki hvIqv wecex PZbvi m
GKvZ nq MQb| GKRb `vivMv, `yBRb cywjk m`m Ges GKRb wecexK wbq iwPZ G bvUKi
cwZwU PwiB Avcb gwngvq Dj nq DVQ|
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1|
b~i gvnv` KvK eKze ejwQjb ?

K.
M.
eviKK
MixeyjvnK
L.
N.
`wjjK
gvqvg nvmbK
2| wj Kivi Kzg _vKj `LZ KZ jvk evwbq w`Zvg cywjk Awdmvii G ee Kx cKvk
cvq ?
K.
M.
miKvii cwZ AvbyMZ

KVvi kvmKi gbvfve
L.
N.
Mfxi `kcg
`vwqZkxj AvPiY

^vaxbZv hy i nj zj gvvi Mwb wgqv Mvgi gvbylì Dy Kib gywhy hvIqvi Rb|
evqvbvi ivfvlv Av`vjbi K_v iY Kwiq w`q mvaviY RbZvK HKe Kivi Pv
Kib| Qek _K wbR mgM welq cheY Kib|
3| DxcKi Mwb wgqv ^vaxbZv, Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvi h Pwii cwZwbwaZ Ki Zv njv
i
ii
iii
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eviK
jvKwUi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i
iii
L.
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ii
i, ii I iii
128
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
4| Mwb wgqvi mv_ Zvi mv`ki KviY Kx ?

K.
M.
mZZv
mvnm
L.
N.
`kcg
bZZ
mRbkxj ck
gvvi `v m~hmb ewUk kvmbi wei iL ùvovb| G `ki MYgvbylK RvwMq ZzjZ bvbvfve
Pv Kib| ZuviB wb`k PMvgi cvnvoZwji BDivwcqvb Kve mdj nvgjvi ci ewUk kvmKì
UbK bo| ZvK awiq `qvi Rb 10,000/- UvKv cyivi NvlYv Ki| A_i jvf RbK ew
Zvi AeAb Rvwbq w`j wZwb aiv cob| AZci ZuvK wbgkfve nZv Kiv nq|
K.
L.
M.
N.
b~i gvnv` KvK MvRvi ejwQjb ?

Avgvì mew`KB wec` eviK Kb GK_v ejwQj ?
DxcKi m~hmbi gvS ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvi mv`kc~Y PwiwU evLv Ki|
cwiYwZ GK bv njI m~hmb I ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvi wecex ew hb GKm~
Muv_v hywmn cgvY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
129
euva
Rwni ivqnvb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Rwni ivqnvb 1935 mvji 19k AvM dbx Rjvi gRyciy Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
Avmj bvg gvnv` Rwniyjvn| 1958 mvj wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq vZK (mvb) wWwM jvf
Kib| GKRb QvUMKvi I JcbvwmK wnme Rwni ivqnvb LvwZ ARb Kib| wZwb g~jZ gawe
Rxebi iycKvi| Pvicvki gvbyli myL-`ytL I Avb`-e`bvi wP Zuvi iPbvK mg KiQ| mgvRi bvbv
elg I AmwZi weiyI Zuvi K wQj ewj| nvRvi eQi ai, eid Mjv b`x, kl weKji gq, AviK
dvyb BZvw` Zuvi DjLhvM Dcbvm| evsjv`ki GKRb LvwZgvb PjwPKvi wnmeI Rwni ivqnvbi
cwiwPwZ iqQ| ^vaxbZvhy evsjv`ki weRq jvfi AKvj ciB 1972 mvji 30k Rvbyqvwi wZwb
wbLuvR I kwn` nb|]
Avi wKQz bq, MdiMuv _vBKv cxi mvnei wbqv Avm Zvgiv| AbK fe wP ejjb iwng m`vi|
ZvB Kib Ryi, ZvB Kib! GKevK mvq w`j Pvlxiv| MdiMuv _K Rei` cxi gbvqvi
nvRxKB wbq Avme Iiv| `kRvov bvg gbvqvi nvRxi| AjwKK gZv mb ew wZwb| gygl~
ivMxKI GK duyq fvjv KiQb Ggb `vI AvQ|
mevi KwigM hLb Ijvwewe Gm NiK Ni DRvi Ki w`wQj ZLb GB gbvqvi nvRxB iv
KiwQjb MuvUvK| mva wK Ijvwewei gbvqvi nvRxi duyqi mvgb ùvovq| w`b `yqKi ga
ZwjZjv wUq cvwjq Mj Ijvwewe, `y`k Muv Qo| Ggb gZv ivLb gbvqvi nvRx|
Muvqi jvK Lywk nq ARm UvKv cqmv Avi ARm wRwbmc fU w`qwQj ZuvK|
KD w`qwQj evMvbi kvK-mx| KD w`qwQj cyKzii gvQ| KD gviM nuvm| Avevi KD
w`qwQj bM` UvKv|
`yai MiI bvwK KqKUv cqwQjb wZwb| GZ fU cqwQjb h, mjv evox wbZ bvwK wZb
wZbwU Mii Mvox jMwQj Zuvi|
mB mfvMevb cxi gbvqvi nvRx! ZuvKB Avbe ej wVK Kij Muvqi gvZeiiv, Pvlx Avi Z
gRyiiv| ejj, Puv`v w`gy? wKmi jvBMv w`gy? IB jvKWvi wcQ eq Kievi jvBMv?
gwZ gvvii K_v ùvZ wRf KvUjv Rwgi gyw|
ZIev, ZIev, Knb wK gvvi mve| Lv`vf cxi, Avjvi Ijx gvbyl| `k Muvq hvi gvb, Zvi bvg
GZ eo Kzrmv! fvjv KvR Kijv bv gvvi, fvjv KvR Kijv bv| Nb Nb gv_v bvojb Rwgi evcvix|
cxii e` `vqvq QvB ABqv hvBev! K_v b mk nm DVj gwZ gvvi| wK h KI PvPv,
ZvgvMv K_v bj nvwm cvq|
nvwm cvBev bv, jLvcov wkLv Zv Gnb eo gvbyl ABqv MQ| gyL fswPq ejjb Rwgi evcvix|
Puv`v w`j wèv bv w`j bvB, GZ evnvix K_v Kvb?
wK, evnvix K_v Aviv GKRbi KvQ _K bZ nj Zvì| kvbvjv `jZ KvRxi gR Qj
iwk`| kni _K KjR co| QzwUZ evoxZ GmQ eovZ| Puv`v Zvjvi BwZe b m ejj,
cvMj Avi wK, cxi AvBbv ebv iLev! G GKUv K_v ABjv?
K_v bq nvivgRv`v! Rwgi gyw Kvb Reve èvi AvMB MwR DVjb `jZ KvRx wbR| Avjvni
Iwj, cxi ìek; BQv Kij me wKQz KiZ cvi| me wKQz KiZ cvi Zuviv| GB ej b~n bex
Avi gnvcvebi BwZK_vUv QjK wbq w`jb wZwb|
130
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
LeiUv iwng m`vii Kvb hZ ìx nj bv| `y-`k Muvqi gvZei iwng b`vi| cvk weN Lvm
Avev`x Rwgi gvwjK| GKevi ivLj, m ivM mnR co bv Zuvi| Rwgi gywi KvQ _K K_vUv b
ivM _i_i Ki Kuc DVjb wZwb, Guv! Lv`vi cxii Vvv Zvgvmv| AvQv, gwZ gvvii gvvwi
Avwg `BLv wbgy| `BLv wbgy gBZv G Mivg Kgb KBiv _vn| AZ iL MjI GKevi nuyk
nvivbwb iwng m`vi| KvRxi Qj iwkì bvgUv AwZ mcY Gwoq Mjb wZwb| KvRx evwo KzUz^
evwo, eqvB eqvB mK, ZvB|
cxi mvnei b~ivbx myiZ `L Muvq Qj eyoviv AevK nj| Avnv! Ggb hvi myiZ, YZvi KZ eo,
K Rvb! fw mnKvi cxi mvnei cvqi a~jv wbj mevB| Mixe gvbyl Ryi! gBiv Mjvg, euvPvb|
Ryii cv Rwoq ai Ki Ku` DVjb Rwgi evcvix|
Rwgi evcvix evKv bb| evSb me| Lv`vi gb UjvZ nj AvM c~i mvnei gb MjvZ ne|
cxi mvnei gb Mjj G nZfvMvì Rb Lv`vi KvQ cv_bv Kieb wZwb| ZviciB bv Lv`v
gyL Zzj ZvKveb Iì w`K|
cxi mvne Gm cuQjb mKvj| Avi NUv Ki ew bvgj weKj|
ew, ew Avi ew| mvivUv weKj ew nj| mviv ivZ Pjjv Zvi GKUvbv ScSc SbSb k| mKvjI
Zvi weivg bB| cwZ eQi G mgq kveY gvmi Wvi| KD KD ej eyov eywoi Wvi| GB
Wvii Avqyvj cbi w`b| GB cbi w`b GKUvbv Si ew ne| Rvi evZvm eBe| evZvm hw` ewk
_vK Avi Agvemv wK cywYgvi Rvqvii hw` bvMvj cvq Zvnj mebvk! wbNvZ ebv!
Lv`v, iv Ki! iv Ki Lv`v! ing Ki GB Aagjvi Ici! Kvbvq fO cojb Rwgi evcvix|
gb gb gvbZ Kijb| hw` dmj b bv nq Zvnj nvji Mi Rviv cxi mvneK fU èb wZwb|
Mxi cxi mvne Xzj Xzj ZQwe cob Avi Lv`vi gwngv eYbv Kib mevi KvQ| Lv`vi gwngv
eYbv kl nj cxi mvnei gwngv eYbv cm AmsL AvRwe NUbvi AeZviYv Kib Zuvi
mvKiìv|
gb Avkv RvM Pvlxì| Avb` PK&PK& Ki IV KvUi XvKv PvLjv| fxoi gvS _K Mwb
gvjv wdmwdwmq ejjb, KB bvB gbvi cv? GB cxi hB mB cxi bq Lv`vi Lvm cxi!
hviv bQ Zviv gv_v bo mvq w`j, nuv, K_vUv mwZ| Avi hviv kvbwb ZvivI mB gyZ wekvm
Kijv K_vUv| cxi mvne me cvib wZwb| wK, _vgvQb bv cqvRbeva _vgveb ZvB|
wK, gwZ gvvi wekvm Kijv bv K_vUv| nm Dwoq w`j| ejjv, So _vgve IB eyovwU? gi
co So _vgve?
nuv, _vgve| AvjeZ _vgve| AvKvkf`x sKvi Qvojb Mwb gvjv| PvL ivwOq dZvqv w`jb|
GB bvdigvb e`xbjv Muvq AvQ `BLvB Zv Muvqi GB `yiev|
nuv, wVK KBQ gvjvi cv| ZuvK mg_b Kijb eyov wZbRx wgTv| GB Kvdijvi Muv _vBKv bv
ZvovBj Muvqi kvw bvB|
wK Muvqi kvw ivi PvBZ Xj ivLvUvB GLb eo ck| cKwZ Dv` nq coQ| z evZvm
evievi mveavb KiQ| Xj nBev Xj| cvwb fiv PvL AvKvki w`K ZvwKq _vKb wZbRx wgTv|
i w`q evbv mvbvi dmj|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
131
nvqi dmj!
nVvr cvMji gZ wPrKvi Ki IVb wZwb, Lv`v!
gmwR` AvRvb coQ| cxi mvne WvKQb mevBK| Gm wgjv` coZ Gm| Gm gji Rb Gm|
UzwcUvK gv_vq Pwoq ewi fZi wfR wfRB gmwRì w`K QzU w`jb Rwgi evcvix| hvevi
mgq Nii e-wSì iY Kwiq w`q Mjb, G ivZ NygvBevi ivZ bq| eySj? ARy KBiv eBmv
Lv`vi WvK|
ARyUv mi DV ùvovZB Kvi GKUv nvZ Gm cojv QKz gywi Kuvai Ici| Rwgi gywi Qj QKz
gyw| MuvvMvv Rvqvb gvbyl| c_gUvq fq AvuZK DV wRm Kijv, K? fq bvB Avwg gwZ
gvvi|
evcvi wK? G ivwi ejv? AevK nq wRm Kij QKz| gwZ gvvi ejjv, hvI Kbnvb?
hvB gmwR`| QKz Reve w`j| Kvb Zvgiv hvBev bv?
bv| ^ _g gwZ gvvi ejjv| GK KvR Ki QKz| gmwR` hvIqv Gnb ivL| Ni _vBKv Kv`vj
wbqv evBi ABqv Avq| hv Rjw` Ki| Kv`vj w`qv wK ABev? ixwZgZ Nveo Mj QKz gyw hv QKv|
Kv`vj Avb| cQb _K ejjv g kL|
GZY cyiv `jUvi w`K PvL cojv QKz gywi| GKRb `yRb bq, AbK| AZ:Rb cvkK
ne| mevi nvZ Kv`vj Avi Szwo|
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Wv. G.wU.G.Gg. gvqvg, gvZv mq`v LvZzb| 1951 mvj XvKvi wcqbvk nvBzj _K wZwb cewkKv
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_K mvbmn mvZK I mvZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| eZgvb wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi GgwiUvm AavcK
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136
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jvKmvwnZI wk mvwnZi f` AvQ|

evsjvi mswZZ AbK mswZ-cevni `vb Gm wgkQ
evsjvi cKwZ I fMwjK Aevb Avgvì mswZK ^vZ w`qQ|
DPeMi mswZi m wbeMi mswZi cf` AvQ|
mRbkxj ck :
evOvwj msKi RvwZ| ivRbwZK, mvswZK I agxq KviY G`ki gvbyl GKw`K mnbkxj
Abw`K we`vnx| G `ki gvbyl bvbv mU gvKvejv Ki ag I mswZK AwfhvwRZ KiQ|
GB AwfhvRb cwqvq hy _KQ bvbv AvqvRb| kvmbkwi icvi, agvi cwqv GLb
BnRvMwZK I Amv`vwqK PZbvK wejxb Ki wb|
K.
L.
M.
N.
gbmvgj Kvei De Kv_vq ?

DPeMi mswZ ejZ Kx eyS ?
DxcKi fvewU Avgvì mswZ cei Kvb&& w`KK cwZdwjZ Ki ? eYbv Ki|
mvwnZ I mswZi me B kl ch agxq ei Pq eo nq DVQ gvbweKZv
jLKi GB AwfgZ DxcK KZUv cwZdwjZ nqQ g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
139
mvwnZi ic I ixwZ
nvqvr gvgy`
[jLK cwiwPwZ : nvqvr gvgy` 2iv RyjvB 1939 wLv cwgei Mjx Rjvi gov bvgK Mvg RbMn Y Kib|
eZgvb wZwb XvKv Mvwiqv Aji vqx evwm`v| Zuvi wcZv gyn` kgmi Avjx Ges gvZv Avwgbv LvZzb| nvqvr
gvgy` XvKvi mUMMwiR nvBzj _K 1956 mvj cewkKv cixvq DxY nb| 1958 mvj ZrKvjxb KvqÀvRg KjR (eZgvb miKvwi nvmb knx` mvnIqv`x KjR) _K DP gvawgK Ges XvKv wekwe`vjq _K
evsjv welq mvbmn vZK I vZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| ci wZwb KjKvZvi hvècyi wekwe`vjq _K
wcGBPwW wWwM ARb Kib| KgRxeb wZwb PMvg wekwe`vjq I RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq Aavcbv kl Aemi
Rxeb hvcb KiQb| KweZv I M jLA w`q Zuvi mvwnZ Rxeb i njI cieZxZ MelYv I ce mvwnZ
LvwZ jvf Kib| wZwb cvq Aa-kZvwaK Mi iPwqZv| Zuvi DjLhvM Mjv njv : ^MZ msjvc, cg Acg
wbq euP AvwQ (KveM) , iex`bv_ : wKkvi Rxebx, bRij Bmjvg : wKkvi Rxebx, cwZfvi Ljv bRij,
evOvwj ewjqv jv bvB, evsjv jLvi wbqgKvbyb, wKkvi evsjv Awfavb BZvw`| mvwnZ ZvrchcY~ Ae`vbi
Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi f~wlZ nb|]
mvwnZ wekvj cwiwai GKwU welq| Avgiv mvgwMKfve mvwnZ ewj eU, wK wePvii mgq M`,
c` wKsev M Dcbvm KweZv bvUK BZvw` ^Zfve evLv-weklY Ki `qg Kwi| mvweKfve
mvwnZi ic ejZ Avgiv mvwnZi wewfb kvLv eyS _vwK, hgbKweZv, gnvKve, bvUK,
KvebvU, QvUM, Dcbvm, igiPbv BZvw`| Avi ixwZ njv H kvLvjv Kxfve wbwgZ nqQ
m welq cheY I AvjvPbv|
KweZv
Q`ve fvlvq, A_vr c`, hv wjwLZ nq ZvKB Avgiv KweZv ej _vwK| KweZvi cavb `ywU
icf` njvgnvKve I MxwZKweZv| evsjv fvlvq gnvKvei P~ov mdj ic cKvk KiQb
gvBKj gaym~`b ` Zuvi gNbv`-ea Kve| gnvKve iwPZ nq hyweMni Kvbv Kvwnbx Aej^b
Ki| fviZel Dcgnv`ki mecvPxb `ywU Kvwnbxi GKwU njv ivgvqY Avi AbwU gnvfviZ|
gnvfviZ mK ejv nq _vK-hv bB fviZ Zv bB fviZ, Gi A_ : gnvfviZ M hv bB
Zv fviZelI bB A_vr fviZel NU wb ev NUZ cvi bv| gnvfviZ AvqZb wekvj| ivgvqY
Zvi Zzjbvq z`; Kvwnbx njv : cZx mxZvK wbq hyeivR ivgPì ebevm, Zuvì AbyMvgx nq
KwY vZv jY; ebevm _vKvi mgq jv xci ivRv iveY Zvi evb k~cbLvi mvb ivi Rb
mxZvK niY Ki i_ Pwoq AvKvkc_ Dwoq wbq wMq jvq Zvi evMvb evwoZ e`x Ki ivL|
mxZvK Dvii Rb ivg I iveYi ga h hy nq mwUB ivgvqY-K_v| A_vr GKK_v, gnvKve
njv AwZkq `xN Kvwnbx-KweZv| gnvKvei g~j j M ejv, Ze ZvK M` bv wjL c`
wjLZ nq| Gi evBi AvQ msw AvKvii KweZv, hv MxwZKweZv wnme cwiwPZ| JcbvwmK
ewgP` wKQz Mvb I KweZv iPbv KijI Zv Zuvi cavb mwKg bq| wZwb ejwQjb : evi
fvevQvmi cwi~Ub gv hvnvi Dk, mB KveB MxwZKve| GB ge mevsk mZ|
MxwZKweZv Kwei Abyf~wZi cKvk nIqvq mvaviYZ `xNKvq nq bv| wK wekl hw` `xNI nq
ZvZI Amywea bB, hw` Kwei gbi c~Y Awfew mLvb cKvwkZ nq _vK| evsjv mvwnZ
MxwZKweZvi Avw` wb`kb ee KweZvewj|
140
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
hw` MxwZKweZvK kwYwefvRbi AMZ KiZB nq, Zvnj G iKg kwYwefvM Kiv hywhy ej
gb nq : fwg~jK (hgb- iex`bv_, AZzjcmv`, ivgcmv`, iRbxKvi iPbv), ^`kcxwZg~jK
(hgb- ewgPì e` gvZig, iex`bv_i AmsL KweZv-Mvb), cgg~jK, cKwZwelqK wP
vg~jK ev `kbvkqx KweZv| kvK-Mv_v ev kvK Avkq Ki wjwLZ KweZvI Gi mgchvqfz|
evsjv KweZvq wekl `ywU avivi RbK KvRx bRij Bmjvg I Rmxg D`&&`xb| c_g Rb Avgvì mvwnZ
we`vnx Kwe I wZxq Rb cwjKwe wnme vqx Avmb jvf KiQb| bRiji KweZvq h Dx Kî
I ` fvei `Lv gj Zv c~e evsjv Kve wQj bv| Rmxg D`&&`xbi bKkxKuv_vi gvV I mRbevw`qvi
NvU RvZxq Kvbv Kve c~e KD iPbv Kib wb Ges G Zuvi AbymvixI KD bB|
bvUK
wekmvwnZ bvUK mevcv cvPxb| Ze gb ivLv ìKvi, bvUK mKvj cyKvKvi gyw`Z nq
(ZLb Zv QvcvLvbv wQj bv) Ni Ni cwVZ nZ bv, bvUK AwfbxZ nZv| bvUKi j cvVK bq,
bvUKi j meKvjB `kKmgvR| Zvi KviY mvwnZi mKj kvLvi wfZi bvUKB GKgv hv
mivmwi mgvRK I cvVKMvxK cfvweZ KiZ Pvq Ges mgI nq|
msZ AvjvwiKe` bvUmvwnZK KvemvwnZi ga MY KiQb| cvPxbKvj m iKgB c_v
wQj| hgb, kcxqiI Zuvi mKj bvUK KweZvq iPbv KiQb| msZ AvjvwiKì gZ Kve
`yB aibi : `kKve I kveKve| bvUK cavbZ `kKve, mnZz bvUKi Awfbq gvbylRbK `kb
Kivbv meci bv nj bvUiPbvi g~j DkB e_ nq|
bvUK mPivPi cuvP A wef _vK : 1. cvi, 2. cevn (A_vr Kvwnbxi AMMwZ), 3. DrKl ev
Climax, 4. MwgvPb (A_vr cwiYwZi w`K DiY), 5. Dcmsnvi|
Kvwnbxi welqe I cwiYwZi w`K _K wePvi Kij bvUKK cavbZ UvRwW (Tragedy ev
weqvMv bvUK), KgwW (Comedy ev wgjbv bvUK) Ges cnmb (Force)- GB wZbwU wefvM
wef Kiv hvq| Gì ga UvRwWKB mek MY Kiv nq| UvRwWi wfZi `yBwU Ask
wqvkxj _vK : cU (Plot ev bvUKi AvLvbfvM), Pwimw, msjvc, wPv ev Rxeb`kbi
cwi~Ub, gvqb, mg wKQzi mg^q myimwZ| wMK `vkwbK I mvwnZev AvwivUj ejZ
PqQb, ig bvqK ev bvwqKvi RxebKvwnbxi `kciiv Dcvcbi gvag h bvUK `kKi
`qi fq I KiYv ckwgZ Ki Zvi gb KiY imi Avb` mw Ki, ZvB njv UvRwW|
KgwW welq AvwiUji ee G iKg : gvbePwii h KZzKc` wK KvDK cxob Ki bv, e_v
`q bv, nvmim mw Ki, Zv-B KgwWi DcRxe| GB KZzKi Rb BQvi m eve Aevi,
AvKvvi m cvwhvMi, Dki m Dcvqi ev K_vi m KvRi AmwZi ga| KgwW
Avgvì gvbemyjf wUwePzwZ I wbeywZvi cwiYvg c`kb Ki Akvfb `yejZvi nvZ _K gyw
w`q AvgvìK my I ^vfvweK Ki Zvj|
kwYwebvmi weePbvq bvUKK e kwYZ wef Kiv me| hgbac`x (ev KvwmKvj) bvUK,
ivgvwUK bvUK| A_ev aiv hvK- Kveagx bvUK, mvgvwRK bvUK, Pvg~jK bvUK, HwZnvwmK
bvUK, civwYK bvUK, cnmb| Gme ewZiKI nZ cvi MxwZbvU, bZbvU, PwiZbvUK,
Dcbvmi bvUic, mvwZK bvUK, mgmvcavb bvUK, GKvwKv BZvw`| UvRwW I KgwW-gvUv
`vM GB `yBwU wefvRb Zv iqQB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
141
evsjv bvUKi c_g hyMvKvix cwZfv gvBKj gaym~`b ` Ges `xbez wg| gvBKji
jLbxZB mec_g UvRwW, KgwW I cnmb evsjv fvlvq mw nq| Zvici `xbez Avwef~Z nb
mvgvwRK bvUK wbq| Zuvi bxj`cY bvUK Gi k D`vniY| cieZx mgq wMwikP` Nvl (18431911) GKBm bvUKvi I AwfbZv wQjb| wZwb civwYK bvUK (Rbv, eyè) HwZnvwmK
bvUK (Kvjvcvnvo), mvgvwRK bvUK (cdzj) BZvw` iPbv KiQb|
Gici wR`jvj ivqi (1863-1913) HwZnvwmK bvUK P` I kvRvnvb evOvwj `kKì
`q Rq Ki bq| Zuvi mgmvgwqKMYi ga AgZjvj emy, xiv`cmv` we`vwebv` DjLhvM|
Avi Zvi ciB Avwefve Kwe iex`bv_i, whwb evsjv bvUKiI gvo Nywiq `b bvbv w`K :
iKiex, WvKNi, AiciZb cZxKagx bvUK wnme evsjv mvwnZ KvjRqx nq iqQ|
QvUM :
iex`bv_ Zuvi GKwU KweZvq hv ejwQjb m-K_vwU QvUMi cKwZ mK GLbI cgvY evLv
wnme MY nq AvmQ| wZwb wjLwQjb :
QvU cvY, QvU e_v
QvU QvU `ytL K_v
wbZvB mnR mij
mn wewZ ivwk
cZn hZQ fvwm
Zvwi `yPvwiwU AkRj|
bvwn eYbvi QUv
NUbvi NbNUv
bvwn Z bvwn Dc`k
Ai AZw ie
mv Kwi gb ne
kl nq nBj bv kl|
kl nq nBj bv kl-K_vwU LyeB iZc~Y| G-K_vi wfZiB ej Ìqv njv h, QvUM
KLbvB Kvwnbxi wfZi NUbvi i _K kl ch ej `q bv- hgbUv NU Dcbvmi |
evsjv mvwnZ QvUM kwU eeZ nQ Pwjk-cvk ermii ewk bq| Zvi c~e ay M ejv
nZ| eov AvKvii M nj DcbvwmKv K_v Pj wQj, A_vr QvU Dcbvm| mvwnZi hZ kvLv
AvQ, hgb Kve gnvKve bvUK Dcbvm BZvw`, m-mei ga QvUMB nQ eqm meKwY|
QvUMI _vK Dcbvmi gZvB Kvbv-bv-Kvbv Kvwnbxi eYbv, Ze Zv i _K kl ch bq,
Kvwnbxi wfZi _KB eQ bIqv Kvbv Ask _vK gv|
BsiwR mvwnZi D`vniY AbymiY Ki evsjvq hgb Dcbvm wjwLZ nqQ, QvUMiI AbyciYv
GmQ cvvZ mvwnZ _KB| QvUM ejZ Kvb aibi Kvwnbx evSve m welq wekweLvZ
gvwKb QvUMKvi GWMvi Avjvb cv (1809-1849) gb KiZb Ava Nv _K `y-GK Nvi
ga co IVv hvq Ggb KvwnbxB QvUM| BsiR jLK GBP.wR.Iqj&&m& ejZb h QvUMi
AvqZb Ggb nIqv mZ hb 10 _K 50 wgwbUi wfZi cov kl nq| BsiwR fvlvq cv-K
QvUMi RbK wnme weePbv Kiv nq| wZwb wjLQb : In the whole composition there
should be no word written of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one
pre-established design. ..... undue brevity is just as exceptional here as in the poem,
but undue length is yet more to be avoided.
ejvB evj, Dcbvm hgb wevwiZfve Kvwnbx eYbv _vK, QvUMi cwiwa z` nIqvi KviY NUbvi
cyLvbycyL Dcvcb mLvb me bq Ges AcqvRbxqI eU| mvwnZ MelK kxkP` `vk h_v_B
142
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ejQb : Avmj K_v GB h, QvUM AvKvi QvU nBe ewjqv BnvZ Rxebi c~Yv eqe AvjvPbv
_vwKZ cvi bv, Rxebi LvskK jLK hLb im-wbweo Kwiqv dzUvBZ cvib, ZLbB Bnvi mv_KZv|
Rxebi Kvbv GKwU wekl gyn~Z Kvbv wekl cwieki ga Kgb fve jLKi KvQ cZ
nBqvQ, Bnv ZvnviB icvqY| AvKvi QvU ewjqv GLvb e NUbv-mgvek ev e cvcvxi wfo
meci bn| QvUMi Avi I Dcmsnvi bvUKxq nIqv PvB| mZ K_v ewjZ wK, Kv_vq Avi
KwiZ nBe Ges Kv_vq mgvwi iLv UvwbZ nBe, GB wk`w hvnvi bvB Zvnvi c QvUM jLv
jvbv eB wKQzB bn| evsjv fvlvq mv_K QvUMKvii Abb `v iex`bv_|
PvwiwK ewk Abymvi QvUM ecKvi nZ cvi| mvaviYZ kwYwefvM wnme GjvK DjL
Kiv hvq : 1. cgwelqK, 2. mvgvwRK, 3. cKwZ I gvbyl mK, 4. AwZcvKZ Kvwnbx, 5.
nvmimvZK, 6. DU Kbvkqx, 7. mvwZK ev cZxKagx, 8. HwZnvwmK, 9. wevbwfwK, 10.
Mvn welqK, 11. gbvwK, 12. gbylZi cvwYRMr, 13. evewb, 14. Mvq`vKvwnbx ev
wWUKwUf M, 15. we`wk cUf~wgKvq iwPZ M|
Avgvì Rb Mei welq GUvB h, evsjv fvlvq Dciv me KwU kwYi MB evOvwj MjLKe`
wjL MQb I GLbv wjLQb|
Dcbvm
mvwnZi kvLv ckvLvi ga Dcbvm AbZg| ay ZvB bq, cvVK mgvR DcbvmB mevwaK ej
cwVZ I RbwcqZvi kxl| Dcbvm Kvbv GKwU Kvwnbx ewYZ nq _vK Ges KvwnbxwU M` wjwLZ
nq| wK c~e Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb Kvwnbx c` jLv nZ; ZLb Aek ZvK Dcbvm ejv nZ
bv| hgb evsjv mvwnZi gahyM me aibi gjKveB Q` iwPZ Ges ZvZ M ev KvwnbxB
cKvwkZ nqQ, Zey ZvK Dcbvm bv ej KveB ejv nZ hnZz KweZvi bvq Zv Q` iwPZ
nqQ| Dcbvm iwPZ nq M`fvlvq, GB Z_ AZ cqvRbxq| Q`ve iPbvi AbK ci hnZz
Mì Avwefve ZvB AcvKZ AvaywbK KvjB M` Kvwnbx jLv nqQ, hgb- M ev QvUM,
Dcbvm, igKvwnbx BZvw`| Dcbvmi cavb DcRxe njv cU (Plot)| H cU ev AvLvbfvM Zwi
nq IV M I Zvi wfZi DcwZ wewfb Pwii mg^q|
evsjv fvlvq c_g mv_K I KvjRqx (Ges AbKi gZ GLb ch k) JcbvwmK ewgP`
Pvcvavq| Dwbk kZKi c~e evsjvq Kvbv Dcbvm iwPZ nqwb| BsiwR Dcbvm cvV Ki
AbycvwYZ nq ewg Dcbvm iPbvq nvZ `b| Zuvi KcvjKzjv, wele, P`kLi BZvw` KvjRqx
K_vmvwnZ| ewgPì ci gnr JcbvwmK ejZ Avgiv cavbZ iex`bv_ VvKzi I kirP`
PvcvavqK eywS| GKwU cwimsLvb `Lv MQ, cw_exZ hLvb hZ evOvwj iqQ Zvì wfZi
kirP`B GLb ch mePq ewk cwVZ I Rbwcq|
evsjv mvwnZi AvaywbK hyM Aek Zvivki e`vcvavq, ebdzj, mgek emy, knx`yjv Kvqmvi,
Avey BmnvK, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK cgyL wewfb MvKvi I JcbvwmK LvwZ ARb KiQb|
Dcbvm e iKgi nZ cvi| hgb- HwZnvwmK Dcbvm, mvgvwRK Dcbvm, Kveagx Dcbvm,
wWUKwUf Dcbvm, gbvweklYagx Dcbvm BZvw`|
ewgPì mgKvj HwZnvwmK Dcbvm Lye Rbwcq wQj| Zuvi mgmvgwqK igkP` ` ZuviB gZv
e BwZnvm-AvwkZ Dcbvm iPbv KiwQjb hgb gvaex-KY, ivRcyZ-Rxebmv, gnvivRxebcfvZ BZvw`|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
143
Ze Zuvi mgmvgwqK kirP` Pvcvavq hfve evOvwj cvVKmgvRK ggy Ki Rq Ki bb,

Zvi mgK Avi KvDK `Lv hvq bv|
ce
Avgiv mKjB Afve SzwK ce KvK ej ev Kx iKg| M` wjwLZ Ggb iPbv hvi Dk
cvVKi vbZvK cwiZ Kiv| Kvbv m`n bB, G RvZxq jLvq Z_i cvavb _vKe hvi
dj AvZ Z_vw` cvVK RvbZ cvie| aiv hvK, msev`ci hveZxq LeivLei-`ki, we`ki,
gnvKvki BZvw`| meB M` fvlvq iwPZ Ges hvi j cvVKi ARvbv welq cvVKK Rvbvbv|
M`mvwnZi AMZ njI Z_ej iPbv njB ZvK cemvwnZi D`vniYic MY Kiv Pje
bv, hw`-bv jLvwU mvwnZ cèvP nq| mvwnZi cavb jY mRbkxjZv| jLKi mRbxkwi
Kvbv cwiPq hw` cwi~wUZ bv nq, Zv Zgb Kvbv jLvK cemvwnZi jYhy ejv hve bv|
G-KviY Leii KvMR cKvwkZ mg jLvB M` iwPZ njI ZvìK cemvwnZi bgybv
wnme weePbv Kiv mZ bq| Zvnj Zv vbwevb msv mKj iPbvB cemvwnZ ej MY
nZ cviZ| Zv bv nIqvi KviY H mRbkxjZvi Afve|
gb ivLv cqvRb : mvwnZi hv wPib Dk m`hmw I Avb``vb, cei mB GKB
Dk| mvaviYZ Kbvkw I eywewK Avkq Ki jLK Kvbv welqe mK h AvZmPZb
bvwZ`xN mvwnZ-ic mw Kib ZvKB ce bvg AwfwnZ Kiv nq| cei fvlv I `N bvbv
iKg nZ cvi wVKB, Ze Zv M` I bvwZ`xN AvKvi wjwLZ nq|
cei `ywU gyL kwYwefvM AvQ : Zbq (objective) ce I gbq (subjective) ce| welqei
cvavb ^xKvi Ki h-mKj ewb ce wjwLZ nq mjvK Zbq ev ewb ce ej| G
aibi ce Kvbv mywbw` mywPwZ Pnw ev mxgviLvi ga Avw`, ga I A-mgw^Z wPvcavb
mw| G RvZxq iPbvq jLKi cvwZ, eyw I vbi cwiPqB gyL nq `Lv `q|
AviK kwYi iPbvI me hLvb jLKi gavkw Acv ew`qB cavb nq IV| GìK
gbq ce ej| iex`bv_i AwaKvsk ce GB chvqi| divwk fvlvq ej&& jri&& (belle letre)
ej GKwU k AvQ, BsiwRZI ej&& jri&&B ej| Gi evsjv bB| evsjvq ejv hZ cvi
PviK_b| ej&& ki A_-myì, PgrKvi| Avi jri&& A_-letter, Ai| ej&& jri&& gbq cei
DrK D`vniY| iex`bv_i wewP ce eBwUi mKj iPbvB G RvZxq gbq cei chvqfz|
AbK G aibi jLvK ewMZ ce ejviI ccvZx| ig iPbv bvg GKUv K_v AbK w`b
hveZ ewMZ ce evSvZ ig iPbv eenvi Kiv wVK bq| KviY ig iPbv kqi ig
ki wfZi Ggb BwZ iq hvq h, jLvwU wmwiqvm ev iMxi welq wbq bq, A_P igiPbvi
welq LyeB iMxi nZ cvi, wK cKvkfw I fvlv iMxi nj Pje bv|
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ ce mvwnZ AvqZb wekvj Ges YMZ gvb AwZ Dg| ivRv ivggvnb ivq
_K i Ki A`vewa Zvi cengvYZv KLbv evnZ ev evavcv nq wb|
kv_ I UxKv : gNbv_-ea Kwe I bvUKvi gvBKj gaym~`b ` iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv gnvKve;
ivgvqb cvPxb fviZel iwPZ gnvKve; gnvfviZ cvPxb fviZel iwPZ gnvKve; jv xc
wmsnj xc, eZgvb bvg kxjv; AZzjcmv` mb (1871-1934) Rb XvKvq 1871 Gi 2 k
Avei Ges gZz jL&b kni 1934 mvji 26k AvM| evb wQjb| evwivwi cvm Ki
144
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
^vaxbfve IKvjwZ eemv i Kib| msMxZ iPbvi Rb evOvwji mswZRMZ wPiiYxq nq

AvQb| Zuvi fwMxwZ I `kvZevaK Mvb A`vewa Rbwcq; Ai~ciZb iex`bv_i mvsKwZK
bvUK; GBP.wR.Iqj&&m& (1866-1946) : BsiwR JcbvwmK, mvsevw`K I HwZnvwmK, evwbK
KKvwnbxi v BsiwR fvlvq; GKvwKv GK Ai bvUKK ejv nq; GW&&Mvi&& Avjvb cv
(1809-49) : AvgwiKvi Kwe, MKvi I mgvjvPK; GwivU&j& (wLc~e 384-322 A) : wMK
`vkwbK, wevbx I mvwnZ mgvjvPK, `vkwbK cUvi wkl wQjb; KcvjKzjv Ebwesk kZvwi
AbZg k JcbvwmK ewgP` Pvcvavqi GKwU Dcbvm, Dcbvmi bvgKiY nqQ bvwqKvi
bvg; Kvjvcvnvo GKwU HwZnvwmK Pwi| wn`yagwelx GK mbvcwZ, `yal I wbzi cKwZi
wQjb; wMwikP` Nvl (1844-1912) : evsjv bvUKi hyMi cyil| bvUiPbvi cvkvcvwk AwfbqI
KiZb| AwfbZv wnmeI Af~Zc~e mybvg ARb KiwQjb; P` cvPxb fviZeli GK
weLvZ bcwZ, ivRZKvj 320 _K 330 wLv, Kwe I bvUKvi wR`jvj ivqi (1863-1913)
weLvZ bvUK P` 1911 mvj cKvwkZ nq; P`kLi ewgP` Pvcvavqi GKwU bvUK;
Rbv civwYK bvUK; WvKNi iex`bv_ VvKzi iwPZ bvUK; Zvivki e`vcvavq (18981971) : AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi weLvZ JcbvwmK I MvKvi; wR`jvj ivq (1863-1913) :
Kwe, bvUKvi I msMxZ iPwqZv, Zuvi kvRvnvb I P` AZ Rbwcq bvUK; `xbez wg
(1830-73): evsjv bvUmvwnZi hyMv jLK, bxj`cY Zuvi mevwaK LvZ bvUK, 1860 mvj
cKvwkZ nq, maevi GKv`kx Zuvi weLvZ cnmb; iRbxKv mb (1865-1910) wmivRMi
fvOvevwo Mvg RbMnY Kib| îwPZ Mvbi myK MvqK wQjb| Zuvi `kvZevaK Mvb wecyj
RbwcqZv ARb Ki; igkP` ` (1848-1909) KjKvZvh RbMnY Kib| c_g evOvwj
Kwgkbv| LvZbvgv JcbvwmK| eweRZv, gvaexKb, Rxeb-cfvZ, Rxeb-mv, msmvi, mgvR
Zuvi DjLhvM Dcbvm, ivRcyZ Rxebmv igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; ivRv
ivggvnb ivq (1772-18334) cwgei MjxZ wZwb RbMnY Kib| mgvR-msvii,
agmsviK I e fvlvwe` cwZ| evsjv Mì cwZcei wkx| e`bvM, e`vmvi, Moxq
evKiY Zuvi DjLhvM M; mgik emy (1924-1988) AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi ^bvgab
JcbvwmK; `kKve cvPxb AjsKvikv bvUK `kKve ejv nq _vK; bKkxKuv_vi gvV
cwjKwe Rmxg D`&&`xb iwPZ AvLvb Kve; bxj`cY `xbez wgi bvUK, `ki ZrKvjxb
kvmbKZv wewUkì Kzg evaZvg~jK bxjPvl Kivbvi mgvjvPbv Ki GB bvUK iwPZ nqwQj;
civwYK bvUK fvielxq cyivYi Kvbv Kvwnbx Aej^b iwPZ bvUK; cdzj bvUKvi I
AwfbZv wMwikP` Nvli jLv bvUK; cnmb Dcbvm bv bvUKi iPbvkjx Aej^b
nvmimvZK iPbv; cU M &Dcbvm bvUKi Kvwnbx AskK cU ejv nq; ebdzj MKvi I
JcbvwmK ejvBPuv` gyLvcvavqi Qbvg ev jLK bvg; e` gvZig GB `y ki A_ RbbxK
A_vr gvK e`bv Kwi, ewgP` Zuvi Avb`gV Dcbvm îwPZ GB MvbwU hy KiQb; wewP
ce iex`bv_ iwPZ GKwU ce msKjbM; wele ewgP` Pvcvavq iwPZ Dcbvm;
eyè civwYK bvUK; ee KweZv cvPxb evsjv`k cPwjZ MxwZKweZv I Mvb; gjKve
evsjv mvwnZi gahyM iwPZ GK aibi Kvwnbx-Kve; gnvfviZ cvPxb fviZel `ywU gnvKvei
GKwU, AbwU ivgvqY, g~j iPbv msZ fvlvq wjwLZ nqwQj, KqKkZ ermi ci evsjvq Ab~w`Z
nq; gnviv RxebcfwZ Dbk kZKi JcbvwmK igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; gvaex
KY igkP` ` iwPZ Dcbvm; gNbvèa Kve Kwe I bvUKvi gvBKj gaym~`b `
(1824-73) iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv gnvKve; iKiex iex`bv_ iwPZ mvsKwZK bvUK; ivRcyZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
145
Rxebmv igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; ivgcmv` mb (Avby: 1723-81) Kwc I

msMxZ iPwqZv, fwMxwZ iPbvi Rb weLvZ, Gui MvbK ivgcmv`x AvLv Ìqv nq; knx`yjv
Kvqmvi (1927-71) 1971 mvj gywhyi mgq kwn` nb; kvRvnvb bvUKvi I Kwe
wR`jvj ivq iwPZ bvUK; k~cbLv ivgvqY gnvKvei KvwnbxZ jvi ivRv ivebi evb;
kcxqi BsiwR Kwe I bvUKvi; kveKve h Kve cov I kvbvi Rb iwPZ, Gi wecixZ
iqQ `kKve; kxkP` `vm mvwnZ m`kb Mi iPwqZv, eBwU mvwnZ wewfb kvLv (hgb M
KweZv Dcbvm BZvw`) mK wevwiZ AvjvPbv M; msZ AjvwiKe` cvPxb msZ mvwnZ
welq cyibv Avgj huviv AvjvPbv KiQb, eBc wjLQb; mxZv civwYK Pwi, ivgPì x,
jvi ivRv iveY AcniY Ki wbq hvq| Zvi dj iveYi wei ivg hyhvv KiwQjb|
wR`jvj ivqi bvUK mxZv 1908 mvj cKvwkZ nq; mvRbevw`qv NvU cwjKwe Rmxg D`&&`xb
iwPZ KvwnbxKve; nvmvb AvwRRyj nK Rb 1939 mvj, evsjv`ki weLvZ K_vwkx|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mvwnZ bvbv aibi| AbK iKg Dw` wbq hgb evMvb Zgwb wewfb iKg mwKg
wbq mvwnZ| mvwnZi i~c I ixwZ ce AwZ msc wewP mvwnZixwZi cwiPq AvQ| KweZv,
bvUK, M, Dcbvm, ce BZvw` wbq mvwnZi RMr| Avevi cZKwUi wKQz kvLv-ckvLv AvQ|
mvwnZi i~c I ixwZ ce mvwnZi GB me ixwZi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| KweZv, bvUK, QvUM,
Dcbvm, ce BZvw` Dc-wkivbvg jLK cZKwU ixwZi îc Pvwi Zzj aiQb|
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1|
hv bB fviZ Zv bB fviZ gewU KvbwU mK ?

K.
M.
MxwZKweZv
gnvKve
L.
N.
QvUM
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2| cvVK mgvR Dcbvm mvwnZ ej cwVZ I Rbwcq| KviY Dcbvm

i
ii
iii
mnR-mij-cvj
cvVK wbRK LyuR cvq
GLvb mgvR-`k I RvwZi cwZdjb NU|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i I ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
i I iii
i, ii I iii
3| McvV kl KiI cvVK Kvwnbxi mgvw LyuR eewU aviY Ki h cOw

i
ii
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NUbvi NbNUv
kl nq nBj bv kl
Ai AZw ie
146
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K.
M.
i I ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
i I iii
i, ii I iii
4| Rxebi c~Yveqe bq, LvskK jLK im-wbweo Ki dzwUq Zvjb| Rxebi Kvb GKwU
wekl gyn~Z Kvb wekl cwieki ga^msLK Pwii gvag Gi cwiYwZ NU|
DxcK mvwnZi Kvb kvLvi cwiPq dzU DVQ ?
K.
M.
KweZv
Dcbvm
L.
N.
QvUM
bvUK
mRbkxj ck :
Kvwnbxi Drm civwYK ev HwZnvwmK Kvb NUbv, AvqZb wekvj| Kvwnbx wewfb mM ev ce wef
_vK, mvaviYZ c` iwPZ nq Ze MÌ nZ cvi| Gi bvqK ne exi, cfvekvjx, Avcvlnxb
`pPZv| Kvwnbxi Dvb-cZb _vKe|
K.
L.
M.
N.
mvwnZi cavb jY KvbwU ?

bvUKK `k Kve I keKve ejv nq Kb ?
DxcKi ee mvwnZ ic I ixwZ iPbvi mvwnZi Kvb kvLvi ewk we`gvb
evLv Ki|
DxcK ewYZ w`KwUB mvwnZi GKgv w`K bq eis Gi kvLv-ckvLv weZ| gewU
weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
147
evOjv k
gvqyb AvRv`
[jLK cwiwPwZ : evsjv`ki wewk M`wkx, fvlvwevbx, JcbvwmK I Kwe gvqyb AvR` 1947
wLvi 28 k Gwcj gyxM Rjvi wegcyii AMZ ivwoLvj Mvg RbMnY Kib| AZ
gavex gvqyb AvRv` `xNw`b XvKv wekwe`vjqi evsjv wefvM Aavcbv KiQb| Zuvi DjLhvM
M njv : Kve AjwKK Bwgvi, Rjv wPZvevN, me wKQz bì AwaKvi hve, Kvdb
gvov Akwe`y; Dcbvm Qvcvb nvRvi eMgvBj, me wKQz fO co, M hv`yKii gZz ,
ce wbweo bxwjgv, evOjv fvlvi kwg, evKZ, jvj bxj `xcvewj, KZv b`x mivei
BZvw`| wZwb evsjv GKWgx cyivimn Abvb AbK cyivi jvf KiQb| gvqyb AvRv` 2004
wLvi 12B AvM gZzeiY Kib|]
evOjv fvlvi GK iKg kK ejv nq Ze k| AviK iKg kK ejv Zrmg k| Ges
AviK iKg kK ejv nq AaZrmg k| G-wZb iKg k wgj Mo DVQ evOjv fvlvi kixi|
Zrmg, Ze cvwifvwlK kjv Pvjy KiwQjb cvKZ fvlvi evKiY iPwqZviv| Zuviv Zr A_vr
Zv ejZ evSvZb msZ (GLb ewj cvPxb fviZxq Avh) fvlvK| Avi fe ki A_ RvZ,
Drcb| ZvB Ze ki A_ njv msZ _K Rb bqv, Avi Zrmg ki A_ nQ msZi
mgvb A_vr msZ| evOjv fvlvi ki kZKiv evqvbwU k Zrfe I AaZrmg| kZKiv
PzqvwjkwU Zrmg| ZvB evOjv fvlvi kZKiv wQqvbeBwUB gwjK ev evOjv k|
cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlvi wecyj cwigvY k ek wbqgKvbyb gb i~c e`jvq gafviZxq Avhfvlvq
A_vr cvKZ| cwiYZ nq cvKZ k| kjv Mv fvwmq w`qwQjv cwieZbi vZ| cvKZ
Avmvi ci Avevi ek wbqgKvbyb gb Zviv e`j hvq| cwiYZ nq evOjv k| GjvB Ze k|
G-cwieZbi mvZ fvmv kB Dj evOjv fvlv| Ze Ze kjv msZ ev cvPxb fviZxq
Avhfvlv _KB ay Avm wb| GmQ Aviv wKQz fvlv _K| Ze cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv _KB
GmQ ewk msLK k|
Puv`, gvQ, Gqv, `ya euvwk| Gjv cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv _K wbqg gb cvKZi fZi
w`q GmQ evOjvq| Puv` wQjv msZ P`, cvKZ wQjv P`| evOjvq Puv`| gvQ wQjv
grm msZ, cvKZ nq gQ| evOjvq gvQ| Gqv wQjv msZ Aweaev| cvKZ nq
Awenev| evOjvq Gqv| `ya wQjv msZ `y; cvKZ nq `y| evOjvq nq `ya| euvwk
wQjv eskx msZ| cvKZ nq esmx| evOjvq euvwk| ek wbqg gb, AbK kZK c_ nuU
GmQ G-Zx_hvxiv| Avgvì mePq wcqiv|
Aviv AvQ wKQz Zx_hvx, hviv c_ nuUQ Aviv ewk| Zviv Ab fvlvi| Zviv c_g XzKQ
msZ, Zvici cvKZ| Zvici GmQ evOjvq| GivI Ze k| wgk AvQ evOjv fvlvq|
Lvj Avi Nov| Lye wbKU k Avgvì| Lvj kwU Zvwgj fvlvi Kvj _K GmQ| Kvj
msZ nq L| cvKZ nq Lj| evOjvq Lvj| Zvwgj-gjqvwj fvlvq GKwU k wQjv KzUg|
msZ mwU nq NU| cvKZ nq No| evOjvq Nov|
148
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`vg Avi myo| cwZw`bi k Avgvì| `vg kwU GmQ wMK fvlvi `vL&g (GKiKg gy`v, UvKv)
_K| `vL&&g msZ nq `g| cvKZ `| evOjvq `vg| wMK fvlvq GKwU k wQjv mywisK&&m&|
kwU msZ XzK nq hvq mi/myiy| cvKZI GfveB _vK| evOjvq nq hvq myo|
VvKzi| evOjvq k Kwei bvgi Ask| kwU wQj ZzwK fvlvq wZwMi| msZ I cvKZ nq hvq
Vzi| evOjvq VvKzi|
cvPxb fviZxq Avh ev msZ fvlvi ek wKQz k ek AUj AwePj| Zviv e`jvZ Pvq bv| kZKi
ci kZK Zviv Aq nq _vK| Ggb e k, Aq Awebki k, GmQ evOjvq| GjvK ejv
nq Zrmg k| evOjv fvlvq Ggb k AbK| Ze G-kjv h GKevi e`jvq wb, ZvI bq|
Gì AbK cwiewZZ nqwQjv, wK Avgiv m-cwiewZZ i~cjvK ev` w`q Avevi LyuR GbwQ
LuvwU msZ i~c|
Rj, evqy, AvKvk, gvbyl, Mn, K, Ab, `kb, `w, eskx, P` Ggb k| Gì ga eskx I
Pì Ze i~cI AvQ evOjvq| euvwk Avi Puv`| cyivbv evOjvq mmni wQjv, iGwY wQjv|
GLb bB| GLb AvQ msZ k kkai Avi iRbx| evOjv fvlvi Rbi KvjB cejfve
evOjvq XzKZ _vK Zrmg k| w`b w`b Zv Aviv cej nq IV| Dwbk kZK Zrmg k evOjv
fvlvK cwiYZ Ki Zvi ivR|
wKQz k ek iyMfve GmQ evOjvq| cvPxb fviZxq Avh ev msZi wKQz k wKQzUv i~c e`j
XzKwQjv cvKZ| Zvici Avi Zvì e`j NU wb| cvKZ i~c wbqB AweKwkZfve mjv GmQ
evOjvq| GjvKB ejv nq AaZrmZ| K I ivw weKj nq RbQ K I ivwi|
kjv weKjv| gvwRZ cwiek mvaviYZ AaZrmg k eenvi Kiv nq bv|
Aviv wKQz k AvQ, hjvi g~j wbYq KiZ cvib wb fvlvZvwKiv| Ze gb Kiv nq h evOjv
fvlvi Dei AvM h me fvlv wQjv Avgvì `k, m-me fvlv _K GmQ IB kjv| Ggb
kK ejv nq `wk k| GjvK KD KD we`wk ev wfb fvlvi ki gZvB wePvi Kib|
wK GjvKI MnY Kiv DwPZ evOjv fvlvi wbR^ k wnkeB| Wve, wWw, Xvj, Wvv, Svj,
wSv, XD Ggb k| GjvK Kx Ki we`wk ewj ?
kv_ I UxKv : Ze k Zv _K Drcb, cvKZ evsjv k, GB kjv cvPxbfviZxq Avhfvlv
_K wewfb ii gvag g cwiewZZ nq i~cvi jvf KiQ; Zrmg k Zrm`k, Z`c,
msZ ki Abyi~c evsjv k; AaZrmg k AaK Zvi mgvb, Zrmg ki AvswkK cwiewZZ
i~c; cvKZ cKwZRvZ, ^vfvweK, cvPxbfviZxq Avhfvlvi i~cvi wekl; G-Zx_hvxiv GLvb
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ kfvviK evSvbv nqQ; Avgvì mePq wcqiv evsjvfvlvq AvMZ
kmg~n Avgvì evsjvfvlvK mg KiQ| G KviY AvMZ kmg~nK jLK mePq wcq ej
weklvwqZ KiQb; AweKwkZfve weKwkZ bq, Ggb; weKjv Anxb, Uxhy|
cvV cwiwPwZ : gvqyb AvRvì KZv b`x mivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx bvgK M _K evsjv k
cewU msKwjZ nqQ| evsjv fvlvi kmviK h cPwjZ cuvPwU fvM Kiv nqQ Zvi Zrmg,
AaZrmg, Ze Ges `wk k wbqB cewUZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| wKfve Abvb fvlv _K
kmg~n evsjv fvlvq Gm evsjvfvlvi kfvviK mg KiQ Zv AZ mvejxj fvlvq jLK
GLvb Zzj aiQb|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
149
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck :
1|
evOjv fvlvi kZKiv KZwU k gwjK ev evOjv k ?

K.
M.
52wU
96wU
L.
N.
44wU
98wU
2| K I iwOb G k `yUvK weKjv ejv nq Kb ?

K.
M.
G `yUv msZ k
G `yUv Ze k ej
L.
N.
G `yUv cvKZi AweKwkZ ic

G `yUvi Drm AvZ ej
3| P` kwUi mv_ wbPi mv`kc~Y k nj

K.
M.
L
`g
L.
N.
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Nov
L.
N.
GwU Zrmg k
GwU AaZrmg k

K.
M.
GwU evsjv k
GwU Ze k
mRbkxj ck :
gbvwjmv `kg kwYi Qvx| GKw`b evsjv evKiYi fvlvi wewfb ewk covi mgq GKwU
ewki cwZ Zvi bRi Kvo| ewkwU nj fvlv hZB KwVb k w`q i nvK bv Kb gv^q
eenvii dj Zv mnR I mij nq IV| hgb : f > f > fvZ, KR > K > KvR BZvw`|
K.
L.
M.
N.
evsjv fvlvi g~j KvVvgvq Kq aibi k iqQ ?

cwieZbi mvZ fvlv kB Dj evOjv fvlv jLK GK_v ejQb Kb ?
DxcKi gbvwjmvi fvebvq evOjv fvlvi ki weeZbi h w`KwU cwZfvZ Zv evOjv
k cei AvjvK evLv Ki|
evsjv fvlvi kfvviK mg Kivi DxcK DwjwLZ w`KwUB GKgv w`K ?
evOjv k cei AvjvK welqwUi mZZv hvPvB Ki|
150
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
i fRv GKzk
mwjbv nvmb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : mwjbv nvmb 14B Ryb 1947 mvj ivRkvnxZ RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv G.
K. gvkviid nvmb, gvZv gwiqgbmv eKzj| 1962 mvj wZwb ivRkvnxi wc.Gb. Mvjm nvBzj
_K gvawgK Ges 1964 mvj ivRkvnx gwnjv KjR _K DP gvawgK cvm Kib| ivRkvnx
wekwe`vjq _K wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ welq vZK mvb I vZKvi jvf Kib|
KgRxeb wZwb evsjv GKvWgxi cwiPvjKi c` _K Aemi MnY Kib| mwjbv nvmb LvwZgvb
K_v mvwnwZK| Amv`vwqK Rxebeva, gywhyi PZbv, bvixgyw Zuvi K_vmvwnZi g~jMZ
AvLvb| Zuvi iwPZ Dcbvmmg~ni ga DjLhvM : nvOi b`x MbW, gM PZb wkm, hvwcZ
Rxeb, Puvèb, cvKvgvKoi NiemwZ, Mvqw mv, `xcvw^Zv BZvw`; MM : Drm _K wbii,
LvjKiZvj, gywhyi M BZvw`; wk-wKkvi DchvM iPbv : mvMi, evsjv GKvWgx M
eYgvjv, eYgvjvi M, Rvrmvi iO AuvKv Qwe, Puvì eywoi cvv Bwjk BZvw`| mvwnZ
AmvaviY Ae`vbi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, AvjvIj mvwnZ cyivi I wdwjcm mvwnZ
cyivimn AbK cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nqQb|]
me`jxq ivfvlv Kgcwilì Avnvb ivfvlv evsjvi `vweZ XvKv knii mKj wkv cwZvbi
Qv-Qvxiv wgwQj Ki wekwe`vjq cvY mgeZ nq| wekvj mfv ne| gwWKj KjRi KvwUb
Rbk~b| gvjKi KvQ ewj Awn I gUzI GmQ eZv bZ|
zji Qjì m wgwQj Ki c`x GmQ| I `viyY DwRZ| knii GZme NUbv IK
cwZw`b AbiKg KiQ| evwoZ evev IK bvbv wKQz eywSq `q| Avjx Avng` wbRI Qvì wbq
mfv Kib| Iì bvbv cki Reve `q| c`x mme K_vI kvb|
`~i _K AwnK `L I wPrKvi Ki WvK| Awn IK nvZ Bkvivq KvQ AvmZ ej| Zvici wZb
Rb RvqMv wbq em hvq| zji Qjì Pq Awni m ewk wcq gb nq c`xi| gvN gvmi
gvSvgvwS| kxZi iv` Iì ek Avivg jvM| wcV iv` w`q emQ| KvwUb em hviv Pv Lvq
Zvì AbK eZv KiQ| Kx AveM, Kx MgMg K| Awni `q Qzuq hvq| A_P KqK w`b
AvM cb LvRv bvwRgyxbi kvbv eZvUv Ii kixi Rvjv awiq w`wQjv| wei jvMwQjv Ii|
AvR Ii Avb` nQ|
bj Kgb gb fi hvq, bv c`x ?
nuv|
c`x cejfve gv_v bvo| gz Av Ki ej, Avgiv Zv ivvi Qj, AvgvìK Kx Gme
gvbvq?
GKkv evi gvbvq| c`x Rvii m ej|
mfv kl GK wekvj wgwQj wevf c`kb KiZ KiZ kni c`wY Ki| wgwQj Iiv nvZ ai
ivL, cvQ wewQb nq hvq| GK duvK Awn ej, Rvwbm hLb ivfvlv evsjv PvB ewj ZLb `g
GKUzI dzivq bv| gb nq GKbvMvo nvRvi evi ejZ cvwi|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
151
c`x ej, wVK ejQb Awn fvB|

nuvUZ nuvUZ Avgvi cv e_v nq Mjv| Pj KU cwo|
ayZ, Avq Zv|
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Lye ewk eo bv njI Awni mvgvb Zv nqQB, HUzKz nZ ciB Ii Avb` nQ| Iiv eoì
m mgvb Zvj nuvUZ cviQ| c`xi gb nq Ii Pviw`K Lvjv| hw`K Lywk mw`KB GZ
cvi| GLb Ii ay wVK Kiv h I Kvbw`K hve|
weKj Kgcwilì D`vM GK Rbmfv AbywZ nq| mfvq eviv gymwjg jxM miKvii
wekvmNvZKZvi Zxe wb`v Ki Ges evsjv fvlvi `vwe cwZwZ bv nIqv ch msMvg Pvjvevi wmv
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Ab eziv Ii LuvR GmwQjv, wK Awn IK hZ `qwb| Awn GLb IK ewk fvjvevm|
mvivw`b Iiv Zgb mgq cvq bv| Awni AvMn ewk, ZvB gUz wbR ewk KvR Ki IK hvevi myhvM
Ki `q| Awn hb Ii gvqi cUi fvB| Kgb cvYi Uvb Abyfe Ki|
GKzk ZvwiLi agNU mdj Kivi Rb Qvì hgb, mvaviY gvbyliI Zgwb Drmvni A bB|
c~Y D`g PjQ cwZ| GMvi I Zi deyqvwi cZvKv wèm cvwjZ nq| ivfvlv evsjv PvB `vwe
m^wjZ evR wew Ki GKzk ZvwiL ivfvlv wèm cvjbi Rb A_ msMn Kiv nq|
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cwZwZ ne ? Avav Nyg Avav RvMiY KU hvq mvivivZ|
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152
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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ci mfv iy njv| 144 aviv fvOv ne wK bv GB wbq weZK PjQ| Awni Awi jvMQ| Ii eyjy
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nqB Mjv ?
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nq MdZvi eiYi cvjv| `kRb Ki ei nq Avi ivvq AcgvY cywjk mevBK MdZvi Ki
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Avwg Zv ZvKB LyuRwQ c`x|
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Avgiv GLb Kx Kie Awn fvB|
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Awni eyK Kuvc _i_i Ki| `LZ `LZ AmsL QvK MdZvi Ki UvK Pj hvq jvjevM
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fzj hvq mUzKz| GB hYv Ges DRbvq Qviv Aviv w nq IV|
ejv evo| m~h gv_vi Ici Lvov| kxZi `ycyi ej SuvSvjv iv` bq| `yUv ch Pj
MdZvieiYi cvjv| Gi gvS Qv Ges mvaviY gvbyl Gm Rov nZ _vK gwWKj KjR
nvj, gwWKj KjR I Bwwbqvwis KjR MU| Iiv wbRiv eySZ cvi bv wKfve GLvb
Gjv| Iiv GLb gwWKji nvji mvgb ùvwoq| gUz Iì `LZ cq QzU Avm|
Awn ? Kv_vq wQwj GZY ? gvMv Zvi Kx h mvnm| Avwg Z fqB euvwP bv|
Awn Ii Kvua nvZ ivL|
fq wK gUz ? Avq|
bv, Avwg hve bv| Avwg Gw`KB _vwK|
gUz fZii w`K Pj hvq|
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`je nq vMvb w`q ivvq eivjB Zvov Ki cywjk| ejv mvqv wZbUvi w`K Gg.Gj.G I
gxiv gwWKj KjRi mvgb w`q cwil` feb AvmZ _vK| cwil` febi KvY Pivvq
gwkbMvb cvZv nqQ| Zix nqQ KuvUvZvii evwiKW|
Dvj nq IV RbZvi vMvb| KDB Avi Kvbv evav gvbZ Pvq bv| wgwQj GwMq AvmZ
PvBjB ecivqv nq IV cywjk| Kuv`vb Mvm Qzuo Zvov KiZ KiZ XzK co gwWKj KjR
nvj| iy nq L hy| gvbyl BUcvUKj QzuoZ _vK| Kv`vb Mvm I jvwVPvR `gvZ bv ci
cywjk wj Pvjvq| co hvq iwdKDxb| eyjU Do hvIqv Lywj _K auvqv eivq; MwjZ gMR
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
153
ewiq co| AvnZ nq eiKZ| IK aivawi Ki nvmcvZvji BgvRwZ wbq hvq Qjiv| mn
KiZ bv ci wPrKvi Ki Qjiv Kuv`| gwWKj KjRi Qjiv Gv^yj Ki AvnZì Zzj
wbq hvq|
ZLb dzjvi ivW wbnZ AwnK Rwoq ai wPrKvi Ki Kuv` c`x Avi gUz| i jM hvq gUzi
kixiI| Awni eyK dzuo wj ewiq MQ| GB c_g gUz GKRbi Rb eyK DRvo Ki Kuv`Q|
evev hLb gviv MQb I Zv evSwb| gvqi Ab jvKi m weq nqQ mRbI Kvu`wb| ivvq
hZw`b NyiQ ZLb Kviv Rb Kuv`vi gZv AevB nqwb| AvR Awn Ii eyK DRvo Ki w`qQ|
c`x weg~p nq MQ| I KLvbv gZz `Lwb| wevwiZ PvL ay AwnKB `L| wb_i nq MQ
Awn| Ii kixiUv ZLbv Mig| I eySZ cvi Kvbv Kx ? QvUvejv _K KLbv IK Ggb Ki
Kuv`Z nqwb| Iì Kuv`vi ik Kg Avmvi AvMB eyUi jvw_Z wQUK co Iiv| `L `yRb
cywjk Awni jvkUv UvK DwVq Pj hvQ| wK c`x `LZ cvq bv gwdRyjK| wj gwdRyji
cU dzuo ewiq MQ| ivvi Ici gyL _yeo co AvQ I| eyUi jvw_ Lq D co hvIqv
c`xK nvZ ai Ub IVvq gUz| c`xi gv_v NyiQ| Avkcvk KvbvwKQz `Lvi gZv Aev Ii
bB| ZZY Avi GKwU cywjk fvb Gm DwVq wbq hvq gwdRyji jvk| I iL hvq ivvi Ici
RgvU i| cywjki Mvwo `L gUz fq cq c`xK Ub MvQi Avovj Pj hvq| I xY K
ej, gUz cvwb? gUz Pviw`K ZvKvq, Kv_vq cvwb ? Aemb K ej, hy _vgyK| Zvici cvwb
èv|
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wekl Abymvbi ci Rvbvb hvq h, evjKwU gwWKj KjR I cwilì ga dzjvi ivW
wjZ wbnZ nq Ges Zvnvi jvk ZrYvr AcmvwiZ nq|
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gwdRyji Kvbv Lei bB| Avjx Avng` bZzb Ki wKQz fveZ cvi bv| KvMR LeiUv co
PuwPq IV c`x, evev G h Avgvì Awn, AwnDjvn|
Pzc, Av| bZ cvi|
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c`x Pzc Ki _vK|
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154
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nuv Awn-B Zv ? GK`g Awn| Kvbv fzj bB| eyjy WzKi Ku` IV| Zvici Ii cvqi cvZvq nvZ
ivL| Pc em hvq ZvZ| M AvmQ Zxe| KvbvwKQzB eva bB Ii| eyjy wei nq ùvwoq
_vK| evBi _K nW Rgv`vi wPrKvi Ki Kx hb ejQ, eyjyi Kvb Zv XvK bv| I Dey nq
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hvq| nVvr Ii gb nq Awni wbtkvm eBQ, eyKi cuvRi IVvbvgv KiQ| eyjy`v nuvUzZ gyL MvuR|
Ii mvgb gMi QvUv NiUv w`M-mgvb nq hvq|
eyjy`v, Avwg Awn ?
eyjyi VvuU Kvuc| AwnK eyK Zzj bq|
Zzwg AvgvK Kv_vq wbq hvQv eyjy`v ?
gvqi KvQ| Ni| GKwU Ni bq| GKRb gv bq| AbK gv|
Avgvi gv Kgb AvQ eyjy`v ?
Zvi Avi GLb Kvbv gv bB| ZzB GLb me gvqi Qj|
eyjy `vmi PvL Rj bB| I eyK fi kvm UvbZB Abyfe Ki Awni kixi _K Zxe RyuB dzji
M AvmQ| mB M QzU AvmQ nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl| gyn~Z Awni kixi j j gvbyli nvZ
nvZ Kv_vq Pj hvq eyjy `vm nw`m KiZ cvi bv| I weg~p nq _vK| GZ jvK AwnK
fvjvevm ? GZ fvjvevmv Awni Rb ? Me-AnsKvi eyjyi eyK fi hvq| Ii KejB gb nq Awn
gvbyli `q cuQ MQ| Awn giwb|
kv_ : Kgcwil`-evsjvK ivfvlv wnme cwZwZ Kivi Rb MwVZ QvRvU, evR-wb`kK wP,
Rbv-Kbv-Avjvc-AvjvPbv, mgvjvPbv, Avvk-va, ivl, nvmcvZvji BgvRw-nvmcvZvji
Riwi wPwKrmvK`, Re-iUbv, Rbie Qovbv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv`ki wewk K_vmvwnwZK mwjbv nvmbi Mvqw mv (1994)Dcbvmi
Askwekl i fRv GKzk| Avgvì gnvb fvlv Av`vjbi HwZnvwmK cvcU G Kvwnbx
iwPZ| fvlv Av`vjbi Qv-RbZvi wgwQj cZ AskMnYKvix Qv I c_wki Awfew
cKvwkZ nqQ G M| Av`vjb mvwgj nq c_wk Awn kwn` nqQ Ges mKj gvqi mvb
wnme bw`Z I c~wRZ nqQ|
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155
2| Awni eyK Kuvc _i_i Ki Kb ?

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L. wjelY `L
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Zvgvi Qj Avmj wdi
nvRvi Qq nq,
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gZv Kuv` bv;
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K. Awn
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i.
AvZZvM gwnqvb
ii. AmnvqZi ewj
iii. exiZc~Y AvZcwiPq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i
M. i I ii
L.
N.
ii
i I iii
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emjvg| ei nq cojvg hy| cP Mvjvwj| wgwnii eyK wj jMQ| Avwg Zvi w`K `L
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QzUwQ|
K. Dvj nq IV Kx ?
L. c`xi gv_v NyiQ Kb Zv eywSq ej|
M. DxcKi wgwni Pwii mv_ i fRv GKzk Mi h Pwii mv_ mv`kc~Y Zv GKwU
ewk evLv Ki|
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weklY Ki|
156
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbqwZ
gvq~b Avng`
[jLK cwiwPwZ : gvqyb Avng` 13B bfî 1948 mvj bKvYvi gvnbM RbMnY Kib| Zuvi evev
dqRvi ingvb Avng` Ges gvqi bvg- Avqkv dqR| gvqyb Avng` 1965 mvj eov Rjv zj _K
gvawgK I 1967 mvj XvKv KjR _K DP gvawgK cvm Kib| 1970 I 1972 mvj wZwb XvKv
wekwe`vjq _K imvqb welq mvZK (mvb) I mvZKvi wWwM ARb Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjqi
wkKZv w`q Zuvi KgRxeb iy nq| wK mvwnZ PPvi Rb Aavcbv _K ^Qvq Aemi MnY Kib| wZwb
K_v mvwnwZK, bvUKvi, PjwP wbgvZv wnme wecyj LvwZ ARb Kib| wZwb cvq `yB kZvwaK M iPbv
Kib| Zuvi iwPZ DjLhvM Dcbvm : bxj AcivwRZv, wcqZgly, RqRqx, kLbxj KvivMvi, Aqvgqv,
Gjej BZvw`| Zuvi wbwgZ DjLhvM PjwP : kLbxj KvivMvi, Avbi cikgwY, kvgj Qvqv, kveY
gNi w`b, NUzcy Kgjv BZvw`| wZwb GKzk cyivimn AmsL cyivi jvf Kib| Kvb Kvvi Avv
nq 1912 mvji ................. ZvwiL GB bw`Z jLK gZzeiY Kib|]
Avgvi kkei AzZ ^cgq wKQzw`b KUQ RM`j| RM`ji w`b Avb`gq nevi AbKjv
KviYi cavb KviY zji hYv _K gyw| mLvb Kvbv zj bB| KvRB covkvbvi hYv
bB| gyw gnvb`|
Avgiv _vwK GK gnvivRvi emZevwoZ, h-evwoi gvwjK A wKQzw`b AvMB `k Qo BwqvZ
Pj MQb| evwo Pj GmQ cvwKvb miKvii nvZ| gnvivRvi wekvj Ges cvPxb evwoi
GKZjvq Avgvì _vKvi eev| `yZjvUv Zvjve| ay `yZjv bq, KqKUv Ni Qvov evwK meUv
Zvjve KviY gnvivRv wRwbmc wKQzB wbq hvbwb| Hme Ni Zuvi wRwbmc ivLv|
H gnvivRvi bvg Avgvi Rvbv bB| gvK wRm KiwQjvg, wZwbI ejZ cvijb bv| Ze wZwb h
AZ gZvkvjx wQjb Zvi AmsL cgvY GB evwoZ Qovbv| Rji fZi evwo| mB evwoZ
BjKwUwmwUi eev Kivi Rb Zuvi wQj wbR^ RbviUi| `vIqvZi wPwV Qc cvVvbvi Rb wgwb
mvBRi GKUv QvcvLvbv|
evevK AmsLevi ejZ bwQgnvivRvi iwP `L gy nZ nq| Avnv, KZ eB ! KZ wewP
aibi eB|
weKjwjI Kg ivgvKi wQj bv| cwZw`bB evev Kuva wjfiv e`yK wbq ejZbPj eb
eovZ hvB| Kuva e`yK bqvi KviY nQ cvqB evN ei nq| wekl Ki wPZvevN|
evevi m mv ch eb NyiZvg| Kv nq wdiZvg ivZ| fvZ LvIqvi AvMB Nyg PvL Rwoq
AvmZ| KZ wewP k AvmZ eb _K| Avb` Ges AvZ wkDi wkDi DVZvg|
GKw`b Kuvcywb w`q Avgvi Gjv Ri| evev-gv `yRbiB gyL wKq MjjY fvjv bq| wbq
gvjwiqv| mB mgq GB Aj gvjwiqv KzLvZ wQj| GKevi KvDK aij Zvi Rxebxkw
cyivcywi wbtkl Ki w`Z| gvjwiqvq gZz wQj bwgwK evcvi| Avgiv cwZlaK wnme
evqvKwgK Ilya QvovI cwZ iweevi cuvP Mb Ki KzBbvBb LvwQ| Zvi ciI gvjwiqv aie
Kb?
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
157
evev GB fqsKi RvqMv _K e`wji Rb Pv-Z`wei KiZ jvMjb| b Avgvi gb fO Mj|

GZ myì RvqMv, Ggb PgrKvi RxebGme Qo Kv_vq hve ? gvjwiqvq giZ njI GLvbB
gie| ZvQvov gvjwiqv AmyLUv Avgvi ek cQ` nj| hLb Ri Avm ZLb Kx cP kxZB-bv jvM!
kxZi RbB evanq kixi GK aibi Avek mw nq| Ri hLb evoZ _vK ZLb PvLi
mvgbi cwZwU wRwbm AvKwZZ QvU nZ _vK| `LZ eo AzZ jvM| GK mgq wbRK wekvj
`Zi gZv gb nq| Kx Avh Abyf~wZ !
ay Avwg GKv bB, cvjv Ki Avgiv me fvBevb Ri coZ jvMjvg|
GKRb Ri _K DVZB AbRb Ri co| Ri AvmI Lye wbqwgZ| Avgiv mevB Rvwb KLb Ri
Avme| mB mgq jc-Kuv_v Mvq Rwoq AvMfvMB weQvbvq q cwo|
cwZw`b fvi wZb fvBevb ivRevwoi gwìi PvZvj em iv` Mvq gvwL| GB mgq Avgvì m
`q ej UvBMvi| ej UvBMvi nQ Avgvì KzKzii bvg| bv, Avgvì KzKzi bq, gnvivRvi
KzKzi| Zuvi bvwK AbKjv KzKzi wQj| wZwb meKUvK wbq hvb, wK GB KzKziwUK wbZ
cvibwb| mB wKQzZB ivRevwo Qo hZ ivwR nqwb|
gv ZvK `yejv Lvevi `b| gvwUZ Lvevi Xj w`j m Lvq bv| _vjvq Ki w`Z nq| ay Zv-B
bv, Lvevi èvi ci ZvK gyL ejZ nq LvI|
Lvb`vwb KzKzi| Avè-Kvq`v Lye fvjv| Ze eqmi fvi m Kvey| mvivw`b evwoi mvgb q
_vK| nvB Zvj, wSgyZ wSgyZ gZzi Rb Acv Ki|
GK fviejvi K_v| Avgvi Kuvcywb w`q Ri AvmQ| Avwg K^j Mvq w`q gwìi PvZvj em AvwQ|
Avgvi m kdz Ges BKevj| gv Gm Avgvì gvSLvb kvnxbK (Avgvi QvU fvB) ewmq w`q Mjb|
Avgvì `vwqZ nQ Zvi w`K bRi ivLv, m hb nvgvwo w`q PvZvj _K co bv hvq|
gv Pj hvevi ciciB wnmwnm k cQb wdi ZvKvjvg| h-`k `Ljvg m-`k `Lvi Rb
gvbwmK cwZ Avgvi wQj bv| gwìi e ìRvi duvK w`q cKv GKUv KDU mvc ei nq
AvmQ| gvwU Qzuq Qzuq Avm| dYv Zzj Gw`K-Iw`K `LQ, Avevi gvwU Qzuq Qzuq AvmQ, Avei dYv
Zvj| Avgiv wZb fvBevb wQUK mi Mjvg| kvnxb GKv em iBj, mvc `L Zvi Avbì mxgv
bB| m Pv KiQ mvcwUi w`K GwMq hZ| Avi ZLbB ej UvBMvi Suvwcq coj mvcwUi
Ici| NUbv GZ `Z NUj h Avgiv KqK gyn~Z eySZB cvijvg bv Kx nQ| GKmgq ay `Ljvg
KzKziUv mvci dYv Kvgo wQuo djQ| ej UvBMvi wdi hvQ wbRi RvqMvq| hb wKQzB
nqwb| wbRi ^vfvweK KgKv m kl Kij|
mvc KzKziwUK Kvgovevi myhvM cqwQj wK bv Rvwb bv| meZ Kvgovqwb| KviY KzKziwU euP
iBj, Ze bovPov cyivcywi e Ki w`j|
wZxq w`b Zvi Pvgov Lm coj Ges `M`M Nv `Lv w`j| GB _K gb nq mvc meZ
KvgoQ| mvci wel KzKzii nqZv Zgb fqven bq|
AviI `yw`b KvUj| KzKziwU PvLi mvgb cPMj hvQ| Zvi KvZiawb mn Kiv gykwKj| Mv
_K MwjZ gvsmi `yM AvmQ|
evev gvK WK ejjb, Avwg Gi K mn KiZ cviwQ bv| Zzwg e`yK ei Ki AvgvK `vI|
158
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
evev Avgvì PLi mvgb cici `ywU wj Ki KzKziwUK gvijb| Avwg `LZ cjvg evev
`ytL e`bvq KzuKo DVQb| Zey kv Mjvq ejjb, h Avgvi Qji Rxeb iv KiQ ZvK
Avwg wj Ki gvijvg| GK ewj wbqwZ|
wK Avgvi KvQ evevK cw_exi wbziZg gvbylì GKRb ej gb nj| wbRK wKQzZB evSvZ
cviwQjvg bv Ggb GKwU KvR wZwb Kx Ki KiZ cvijb| ivM, `ytL I Awfgvb ivZ fvZ bv
Lq q cowQ| evev AvgvK WK wbq eviv`vq emvjb|
`yRb PzcPvc em AvwQ| Pviw`K Nb AKvi| ZK WvKQ| evwoi Pvicvki Avgi eb nvIqv
jM wewP k DVQ|
evev wKQzB ejjb bv| nqZv AbK wKQzB Zuvi gb wQj| gbi fve cKvk KiZ cvijb bv|
GKmgq ejjb, hvI Nywgq cov| Avwg mw`b eySZ cvwiwb eve Kb KzKziwUK Gfve gi
djQb !
KzKziwU Avgvi gb Mfxi Qvc djwQj|
kv_ I UxKv : AzZ PgrKvi, AmvaviY; gnvb` Mfxi Avb`, AbK Avb`; Avek
fveveM, AbyivM, GLvb GK aibi cwZwqv evSvbv nqQ; PvZvj DVvb, kvb euvavbv emvi
RvqMv; ZK GK aibi AZ welai mvc|
cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv`ki mvwZKKvji bw`Z K_v mvwnwZK nygvq~b Avngì wZPviYg~jK
M Avgvi Qjejv _K wbqwZ bvgK MwU msKwjZ nqQ| jLKi QvUejvq evevi
PvKwim~ RM`ji GKwU cwiZ Rwg`vi evwoZ AeAbKvjxb wZ Ges Zvi Abyfw~ Z AZ`
n`qMvnx Ki GLvb eYbv Kiv nqQ| Rwg`vievwoi KzKziwU jLKi QvU fvBK KDK mvci
Qvej _K iv Ki| mvcwUK gi djjI KzKziwUI mvci Kvgo Lvq| mvci Kvgoi
welwqvq Avv KzKziwUi cieZx hYv mn KiZ bv ci Zvi evev KzKziwUZ jx Ki gi
djb| KzKzii GB wbqwZ Zvi evjK wP e`bvi mvi Ki|
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1|
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K.
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gwìi PvZvj
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Nii eviv`vq
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2| ej UvBMviK Lvb`vwb ejv nqwQj Kb ?

K.
M.
Avè-Kvq`vi Rb
myì Pnvivi Rb
L.
N.
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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DxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

Kvgvji wcq KeyZi ivRv wdi Gj m Avb` UMeM KiZ _vK| ivRvi Rb b~cyi wKb
Avbe, myì evmv Zwi KieG K_v fveZ fveZ m ivZ Nywgq hvq| wPrKvi PPvgwPZ
Nyg fvOj ò wMq `L DVvb Qvc Qvc i Avi cvjK| Zvi ivRv Kv_vI bB| welY
`wZ ZvwKq _vK m w`K|
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i
ii
iii
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ej UvBMvi
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K.
M.
i
i I iii
L.
N.
ii
ii I iii
4| cwZwbwaZi KviY njv

K.
L.
M.
N.
cvwYi cwZ ggZeva

gwbei cwZ fvjvevmv
Avcb cwieki cwZ ì`
KZKgi Rb AbykvPbv|
mRbkxj ck
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Kivi AvMn AbKiB| Avevm GK`v `yjwKK wbq wkKvi hvq Mfxi eb| G myhvM `myiv ZvK
Pviw`K w`q wNi dj| gZz wbwZ RbI m ò Avm `yjwKi KvQ| gwbei Rxeb euvPvZ
`yjwK ZvK wbq RxebcY ò i Ki| `myivI Zvi cQb cQb QzU| MR IV Zvì ezK|
gwbeK wbq wbivc` wdi GjI wjwe `yjwK Aekl gZzi Kvj Xj co|
K.
L.
M.
N.
Kvb RvqMvq jLKi kkei AzZ ^cgq w`bwj KUQ ?

evev GB fqsKi RvqMv _K e`wji Rb Pv KiQb| RvqMvwUK fqsKi ejvi KviY
Kx?
DxcKi `yjwK Ges wbqwZ Mi ej UvBMvi Gi gaKvi mv`ki w`KwU Zzj ai|
cvwYi cwZ ggZeva _vKjI DxcKi Avjx Avevm I wbqwZ Mi jLKi evevi
`wfw wfb| gewU weklY Ki|
160
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Z_ chyw
gyn` Rvdi BKevj
[jLK cwiwPwZ : gyn` Rvdi BKevji Rb 1952 mvj wmjU kni| Zuvi Mvgi evwo bKvbv Rjvq|
wZwb XvKv wekw`vjq c`v_ wevb covkvbv KiQb| hyiv `xN AvVviv eQi _K wZwb `k wdi
kvnRvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbhvwis wefvM hvM `b| wZwb wk
wKkviì Rb jLvjwL Kib| wevb welqK jLvi Rb ZvK 2004 mvj evsjv GKvWgx mvwnZ
cyivi Ìqv nq| Zuvi iwPZ Mi ga Avwg Zcy, ewi wVKvbv, cvR beyjv, wbtm MnPvix wbZz
I Zvi eziv, wgqvg AiY I `xcy bî Uz DjLhvM|]
eZgvb cw_exUv nQ Z_ chywi cw_ex| K_vUv h mwZ mUv Lye mnRB cgvY cvIqv hvq| AvR
_K GK hyM AvM Kviv Kvbv Z_i cqvRb nj gvbyliv eB Lyj `LZv- GLb Avi KD
mUv Ki bv| hLb Kviv Z_i cqvRb nq m KwDUvii mvgb em, Kx-evW `yB GKwU UvKv
`q, gvDm KqKevi KxK Ki| mv_ mv_ Z_ PvLi cjK Zvi KvQ Pj Avm-Z_wU cvki
ivv _K GmQ bvwK cw_exi Ab cvk _K GmQ mUv AvRKvj KD RvbZI Pvq bv| Rvbvi
cqvRbI bB| KviY cyiv cw_exUv GLb mevi nvZi gyVvq Pj GmQ| GB AvmvaviY evcviwU
NUv me nqQ Z_ chywi GKUv wecei KviY|
Z_ chyw bvg mviv cw_exZ h wecewU NUQ Zvi wcQb h hwU KvR KiQ Zvi bvg wWwRUvj
KwDUvi| KwDUvii fZiKvi BjKUwbK cwqv Kivi Rb mve me wmMbvj eevni bv
Ki mywbw` wKQz wmMbvj ev wWwRUvj wmMbvj eenvi Kiv nq ej Gi bvg wWwRUvj KwDUvi|
Avgvì eZgvb cw_ex Ggb GKUv chvq cuQQ h, GLb Lye Kg jvKB LyuR cvIqv hve hvi
RxebK Kvbv bv Kvbv fve KwDUvi k Kiwb| wnme wbKk KiZ KwDUvii ìKvi
nq, eemvcvwZZ KwDUvi ìKvi nq, Ggb wK wk mvwnZ ev webv`b KiZI AvRKvj
KwDUvii ìKvi nq| 1977 mvj fqRvi 1 Avi 2 bvg `yUv gnvKvkhvb mi RMZ Zvì
hvv i KiwQj| miRMr cvwo èvi mgq gnvKvkhvb `yUv Mnjvi cvk w`q wMqQ Ges
hvevi mgq mB Mnjv mK bvbv Z_ cw_exZ cvwVqQ| QvU GKwU h nqI cw_exi
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PgKc` KwZZUzKzi wcQb wQj GKUv KwDUvi, hwU fqRvi gnvKvkRvbK miRMZ fZi
w`q Dwoq wbq MQ, Z_ msMn KiQ Ges wbLyuZfve mB Z_ cw_exZ cvwVqQ| KD hb
gb bv Ki h, fqRvi gnvKvkhvbi KwDUvi eywS wQj AmvaviY Kvbv KwDUvi| eZ
mjv wQjv LyeB mvaviY KwDUvi| mwZ K_v ejZ wK Avgiv GLb h KwDUvi eenvi Kwi
Zvi Zzjbvq 1977 mvji mB KwDUvi wQj cvq GKUv Ljbvi gZv| ZviciI mwU Amva
mvab KiwQj, KviY wevbxiv cw_exZ em hLb hfve cqvRb ZLb mfve cvMvg Ki
KwDUviwUZ cvVvZb| KwDUviwUI ZvB hLb hiKg cqvRb mfve Zvi `vwqZ cvjb KiZ|
Ab h-Kvbv h _K m KviY KwDUvi Avjv`v Ges GUvB KwDUvii mePq eo kw|
GKUv KwDUviK Kvb KvR eenvi Kiv ne mUv wbfi Ki gvbyli Ici| GKRb gvbyl hZ
mRbkxj ne KwDUvii KvRKg ne ZZ PgKc`|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
161
KwDUvi eenvi Ki h AmsL KvR Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU nQ KwDUvi bUIqvK, hLvb
KwDUviK GKmv_ Ryo Ìqv nq| KD hb gb bv Ki, GZ ay GKUv Nii KqUv
KwDUvi wKsev GKUv cwZvbi KqKUv KwDUvi Ryo `qv nq| Avmj mviv cw_exi j j
KwDUviK GKmv_ Ryo w`q wekvj GKUv bUIqvK Zwi Kiv nqQ| mUv wVKfve Kivi
Rb Z_ wewbgq ev Z_ hvMvhvMi bZzb bZzb chyw Mo DVQ| Zvi GKwU nQ dvBevi
AcwU, hLvb Pzji gZv my GKUv KvPi Zi fZi w`q Z_ cvVvbv hvq| mePq PgKc`
evcvi nQ Z_Uv e`ywZK msKZ wnme hvq bv, mUv hvq Avjv wnme| mB Avjv wK
`kgvb Avjv bq, mwU Aejvj Avjv, Avgiv ZvB PvL mUv `LZI cvB bv| dvBevi AcwUK
chwy i mv_ eenvi Kivi Rb iKgvwi chwy Mo DVQ Ges me wKQz wgwjq GLb iqQ cw_ex
Rvov wekvj KwDUvi bUIqvK|
mviv cw_exi j j KwDUvi GKmv_ Ryo Ìqvi ci mUv w`q AbK wKQzB Kiv me| wKQz
Kiv nqQ, wKQz Kiv nQ Ges fwelZ Kx Kiv hve mUv wbq cw_exi mRbkxj gvbyliv memgq
wPv KiQ| cw_exRvov wekvj bUIqvKi GKUv eenvii K_v Avgiv gvUvgywU mevB bwQ- mwU
nQ BUvbU| mvaviY Z_i Rb GLb BUvibUi Kvbv weK bB| gvbyl Zvi `bw`b
Rxebi me LeivLei BUvibU _K bq| ay m evm Ub ev cbi mgqm~wP BUvibU cvIqv
hvq Zv bq, mjvi wUKUI BUvbU Kbv hvq| cw_exi ewki fvM gvbyl GLb mwZKvii Leii
KvMR bv co BUvibU Lei co| MelYvi Rvbvj GLb BUvbU cKvk Kiv nq| KbvKvUvi
mePq eocwZ GLb BUvibU| wRwblc wbjvg wew KiZ nj GLb BUvibUi PvBZ fvjv
Kvbv Dcvq bB| iwWI Uwjwfkb BUvibU Pj GmQ, ezZ ev bvbviKg mvgvwRK KgKv
GLb BUvibU wNi Mo DVQ| wevcb ev wbevPwb cPviYvi Rb GLb BUvbUi PvBZ fvjv
Kvbv Dcvq bB| A_vr GK K_vq ejv hvq- mij wKsev RwUj, mnR wKsev KwVb, iZc~Y wKsev
ZzQ me KvRB GLb BUvibU eenvi Ki Kiv nQ| hZ w`b hvQ Gi eenvi ew cvQ Ges
gvUvgywU wbwZfve ejv hvq, hviv BUvbU _K wewQb, Zviv Rvi K`g QzU ejv cw_exi mv_
Zvj wgwjq PjZ cvie bv, `LZ `LZ Zviv wcwQq coe|
cw_ex Rvov j j KwDUvii bUIqvKi Ici wbfi Ki ay h BUvibU Z_ wewbgq Mo
DVQ Zv bq, wevbxi Ges MwYZ weìv mUvK MelYvi KvRI eenvi Kib| GKUv QvU
KwDUvi QvU GKUv KvR KiZ cvi wK j j KwDUviK hw` GKmv_ Kiv nh Zvnj
Zviv wekvj KvR Ki djZ cvi| cw_exi mePq eo cvBg msLv Gfve LyuR ei Kiv nqQ|
KwDUvi hLb eenvi Kiv nq bv ZLb Ajm nq em bv _K wevbx wKsev MwYZwe`ì eo eo
mgmv mgvavbi KvR jM hZ cvi| GwU nQ gv GKwU D`vniY- Aviv AbK D`vniY AvQ
Ges mePq eo K_v fwelZ Aviv myì Aviv PgKc` D`vniY Avme m evcvi we`ygv
m`n bB|
KwDUvi K_vwU ejv njB Avgvì PvLi mvgb KwDUvii h QwewU fm IV Zv njvUwjwfkbi gZv gwbUi, Kx evW, gvDm Ges PKvbv evi gZv wm.wc.BD| wK mUvB
KwDUvii GKgv ic bq| AvR Kvj evUvwi PvwjZ jvcUc Pj GmQ, mUv evM wbq
Pjvdiv Kiv hvq| Avevi wekvj AvKvii mycvi KwDUvi iqQ hUvK kxZj ivLvi RbB
ixwZgZv `hi AvqvRb KiZ nq| hiKg eo KwDUvi iqQ wVK miKg QvU
162
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KwDUviI iqQ hjv gvevBj Uwjdvb, Kvgiv, dxR, Ifb wKsev wjdUi gZv `wbw`b
eenvwi wRwbli gvS emvbv AvQ| Avgiv Avjv`vfve KwDUviK `wL bv, wK mUv Avgvì
PvLi Avovj AmsLv hcvwZK mPj Ki ivLQ| GKmgq Uwjdvb wQj GKUv eywnxb K_v ejv
Ges kvbvi h| GLb Avi Zv bq- gvevBj Uwjdvb ixwZgZv eywgvb h| Ggb AbK gvevBj
Uwjdvb AvQ mUv GKB mv_ Uwjdvb, iwWI, Uwjwfkb, Kvgiv, Uc iKWvi, KvjKzjUi,
wRwcGm Ges QvULvUv GKUv KwDUvi| Avgiv GUv nvZ wbq hLvb Lywk hZ cvwi, h-Kvbv
iKg Z_ msMn KiZ cvwi, Z_ msiY KiZ cvwi Ges Z_ wewbgq KiZ cvwi| wKQzw`b AvMI
mUv Kwevbi gZv wQj, GLb cyivcywi eve|
hviv BwZnvm coQ Zviv Rvb, AvR _K cvq `yBk ermi AvM cw_exZ wkwece nqwQj| hviv
mB wkwece Ask wbqwQj Zviv cw_exUvK kvmb KiQ- AbK mgq kvlY KiQ| G gyn~Z
wkwecei gZv iZc~Y GKUv wece nQ hUvK Avgiv ejwQ Z_ chywi wece| ejvi Acv
ivL bv, hviv GB Z_ chywi wece Ask be Zviv cieZx cw_exK kvmb Kie|
Avgiv wkwece Ask wbZ cvwiwb ej evBii `k Avgvì kvmb-kvlY KiQ| Avgiv Avevi
mUv nZ w`Z cvwi bv| GB bZzb Z_ chywi wece Avgvì Ask wbZB ne| mB `vwqZUv
cvjb KiZ ne bZzb cRbK, hviv bZzb evsjv`ki bZZ è vb-wevb Ges chywZ|
Zviv wVKfve jLvcov Kie, Ab me welqi mv_ mv_ MwYZ Ges BsiwRZI mgvb ` nq
DVe, KwDUvii mv_ cwiwPZ ne| hLb KwDUvi eenvii myhvM cve ZLb mUvK
webv`bi GKUv gvag wnme eenvi bv Ki kLvi GKUv gvag wnme eenvi Kie, wbRì
mRbkxj gvbyl wnme Mo Zzje| Zviv evsjv`ki fwelZ wevbx Ges chywwe` wnme Mo
DV Avgvì wcq gvZf~wgK cw_exi eyK gv_v DuPz Ki ZzjZ mvnvh Kie|
kv_ I UxKv
wWwRUvj (Digital)
t- KwDUvi BjKwUwbK KvRKg Kivi Rb h e`ywZK msKZ eenvi Kiv

nq Zvi wbw` gvb iqQ| mywbw` GB gvbi GKwUK O Abw`K| Abw`K
I weePbv Ki evBbvwi msLv wnme KwDUvii fZi mKj wnme-wbKk
Kiv nq| mve me gvb eenvi bv Ki mywbw` `ywU gvb `ywU AsK (Digit) Gi
Rb eenvi Kivi cwqvwUK mvaviYfve wWwRUvj ejv nq|
cvMvg-
KwDUviK GKwU wb`k Ìqv nj mwU mB wb`k Abyhvqx KvR Ki|

GiKg AmsL wb`kK cvkvcvwk mvwRq KwDUvi cvMvg jLv nq Ges
KwDUvi cvMvg wjL KwDUvi w`q AbK RwUj KvR Kivbv me nq|
Aejvj-
Avjv GKwU Zi| GB Zi`N GKwU wbw` gvb _K Kg nj Avgiv

`LZ cvB bv| Avevi Zi`N hw` AviKwU wbw` gvb _ eo nq Ze
mUvI Avgiv `LZ cvB bv| `kgvb Avjvi Zi`N _K eo nIqvi
KviY h AvjvK Avgiv `LZ cvB bv mUvK Aejvj ej|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wRwcGm-
163
(GPS) Global Positioning System w`q cw_exi h Kvbv RvqMvi

Aevb mywbwève ei Kiv hvq| gnvKvk AbKjv Kwg DcMn
iqQ| GB DcMn _K cvVvbv msKZ eenvi Ki wRwcGmi gvag
Kvbv wKQzi Aevb mywbw`fve ei Kiv nq|
cvV cwiwPwZ : eZgvb cw_ex nQ Z_ chywi hyM- A_vr Z_ msMn, Z_ msiY Avi Z_
wewbgqi mviv cw_exZ GKUv hyMvKvix cwieZb GmQ| Z_ chywi GB wecei wcQb
mePq eo f~wgKv ivLQ KwDUvi bvgi hwU| GwU gvbyli wb`k KvR Ki, ZvB GKRb
gvbyl hZUzKz mRbkxj Zvi KwDUvii KvR Kivi gZvI wVK ZZUzKz PgKc`| `yB k eQi AvM
cw_exZ GKUv wkwece nqwQj, mB wece hviv Ask wbqwQj cieZx mgq ZvivB cw_exK
kvmb KiwQj| wVK GB gyZ wkwecei gZvB iZc~Y Z_ chywi wece NUQ- hviv GB
wece Ask be ZvivB bZzb cw_exi bZZ è| evsjv`kK cw_exi mvgb gv_v DuPz Ki ùvo
Kivbvi Rb bZzb cRb Z_ chywZ wbRì ` Ki Zzje mwU meviB cZvkv|
Abykxjbx
ewbevPwb ck
1|
dvBevi AcwUK Kxmi fZi w`q Z_ cvVvb nq ?

K.
M.
Zvgvi Zvii
KuvPi Zi
L.
N.
we`yr P^Kxq Zi
Kvebi Zi
2| Z_ chywi wece bZZ wbZ nj Kxm ` I cwiwPZ nIqv cqvRb ?

i.
MwYZ
ii. BsiwR
iii. KwDUvi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i
M. i I iii
L.
N.
ii
i, ii I iii
DxcK co Ges cki Di `vI :

wWwRUvj evsjv`ki ^c wbq GwMq PjQ GKwU jvcUc, GKwU gWg I GKwU cRi wbq
cvIqvi cqU cvMvgi gvag wWwRUvj Kvm bqvi Kvhg| wkì BsiwR eYgvjv
kLvbvi Rb Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw msv kjv vb cvQ| wkv_xiv B-gBj,
BUvibU mK RvbZ cviQ| gvbyli mRbkxj KvRK mnvqZv c`vb, msiY Kiv, Z_
Av`vb-c`vbi cavbZg f~wgKv cvjb KiQ KwDUvi| ivk` Abyfe Kijv Z_i
gnvmoK hvMZg mx nIqvB RvZxq KZe|
164
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
3| Z_ chyw cei h w`KwU DxcK DvwmZ nqQ Zv njv

K.
M.
KwDUvi bUIqvK vcb

Z_chyw wece hvM`vb
L.
N.
chywi DrKl mvab

KwDUvi ` nIqv
4| DxcKi Abyfe Z_ chyw cei Kvb DwZi m mv`kc~Y ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
eZgvb cw_exUv nQ Z_ chywi cw_ex

AvM KwDUvii KvR wQj Kwevbi gZv
Z_chywi wecei wcQb iqQ wWwRUvj KwDUvi
BUvibUi gvag Z_ wewbgq eev Mo DVQ|
mRbkxj ck :
mvwbqv AvgwiKvi Gg. AvB. Gm. wU-Z fwZ nevi Rb cwZ wbQ| wekwe`vjq fwZ nevi
hveZxq Z_ m BUvibUi gvag hvMvo Kijv| mLvb AaqbiZ wkv_xi` B-gBj wVKvbv
Rb mvwbqv Zvì mv_I hvMvhvM vb Kijv| BUvibUi gvag fwZ nevi me Z_ Rb
mvwbqvi gb njv Z_ chywZ mg njB G`k mg nZ cvie|
K.
L.
M.
N.
wR.wc.Gm. Kx ?
gvevBj Uwjdvb eywgvb h Kb ?
DxcKwUZ Z_ chyw cei Kvb w`KwU cwZdwjZ nqQ Zv evLv Ki|
DxcK Z_ chyw cei g~j fvebv DbvwPZ nqwb g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
165
myLi jvwMqv
vb`vm
Kwe cwiwPwZ : vb`vm 16k kZvxi c_gvai Kwe| mxZ I bZzb KxZb cwZi DveK wnme wZwb mybvgi
AwaKvix wQjb| eagvbi Kuvòv Mvg Zuvi Rb| meZ Mvwe``vm KweivR, ejivg `vm cgy Li m wZwb LZzivi
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myLi jvwMqv
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DPj DP; APj ceZ; jwQgx jx, epj wNi aij; wcqvm wccvmv, Zv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Avng` kixd mvw`Z gahyMi evsjv MxwZKweZv M _K myLi jvwMqv kxlK
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nq bv| Kwe GB KweZvq AbK Zzjbv w`qQb : hgb, AgZi mvMi mvb KijI me Miji gZv
gb nq; wm Puvì AvjvZ cwZdwjZ nq Liiì ZxeZv; gvwYKi Avkvq mvMi bvgjI m
gvwbK nMZ nq bv| Kwe ejQb, G meB Kg`vl| Kvby A_vr K fw `pZi bv nj G aibi
AvqvRb wbj nIqv ^vfvweK| cigvZvi m wgwjZ nevi AvKvv gvbyli wPib| Kwe vb`vm
ejQb, GB AvKvv evevwqZ bv nj Zv giYi PqI AwaK gb nq|
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166
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ewbevPwb ck
1| Kwe Kv_vq wmbvb Kivi K_v ejQb?

K. b`xZ
L. mvMi
M. wej
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G ee Kwei Kvb RvZxq gbvfve cKvk cqQ ?
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L. nZvkv
M. cxwZ
N. gbvK
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KiZ Mj èZviv Ki kiYvcb nb| ZLb K MvK Zvi PiY _K mwiq `b|
3| DxcKi Mvi cwiYwZi cwZwbwaZ Ki h cO&w Zv njv
G Ni evwaby
i. myLi jvwMqv
Avbj cywoqv Mj
mvMi euvwajvg
ii. bMi emvjvg
gvwYK cvevi Avk
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K. i. I ii
L. ii
M. i. I iii
N. iii
4| Gic cwZwbwaZi KviY Kx?
K. e_Zv
L. cwZK~jZv
M. `yfvM
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2q Ask :
K.
L.
M.
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bMi emvjvg
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Kvbyi wcixwZ giY AwaK kj- G K_v viv Kwe Kx eywSqQb?
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cvcU wfb njI DxcK I myLi jvwMqv KweZvi g~jfve hb GKm~ Muv_v|hywmn cgvY Ki|
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fviZP` ivqYvKi
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Zuvi wcZv fziU ciMbvi Rwg`vi wQjb| gv Kzwo eQi eqmi ga wZwb msZ
I dvwm fvlvq eyrcw
jvf Kib| wZwb bexci ivRv KP` ivqi mfv-Kwe wQjb| mZcxii cuvPvjx, imgix, Ab`vgj,
bvMvK, MvK, PxbvUK cfwZ Kve I wewea KweZvewj wZwb iPbv Kib| fviZP` gj Kveavivi
AbZg k Kwe Ges Ab`vgj Zuvi k KveM| k, Q`, Ajvi eenvi I DPgvbi Kve wbgvY
Zuvi bvMwiK eì cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb 1760 mvj gZzeiY Kib|]
Abc~Yv Dwijv Mvwbxi Zxi|

cvi Ki ewjqv WvwKjv cvUzbxi \
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cwiPq bv w`j KwiZ bvwi cvi|
fq Kwi wK Rvwb K wè didvi \
Ckixi cwiPq Knb Ckix|
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weklY mwekl Kwnevi cvwi|
Rvbn ^vgxi bvg bvwn ai bvix \
cvUzbx ewjQ gvMv b wbe`b|
muDZx Dci ivL I ivv PiY \
cvUzbxi evK gvZv nvwmqv Ai|
ivwLjv `yLvwb c` muDZx Dci \
muDZxZ c` èx ivwLZ ivwLZ|
muDZx nBj mvbv `wLZ `wLZ \
mvbvi muDZx `wL cvUzbxi fq|
G Z gq gq bq èZv wbq \
Zxi Dwij Zwi Zviv Dwijv|
c~egyL myL MRMgb Pwjjv \
muDZx jBqv e Pwjjv cvUzbx|
wcQ `wL Zvi èx wdwiqv Avcwb \
mfq cvUzbx Kn P en Rj|
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ni `L muDZxZ _yqwQjv c`|
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168
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
BnvZ eywSby Zzwg èZv wbq|

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h `qv Kwij gvi G fvM D`q|
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KwnqvwQ mZ K_v eySn fvweqv \
Avwg èx Abc~Yv cKvk KvkxZ|
P gvm gvi c~Rv K AgxZ \
KZ w`b wQby nwinvoi wbevm|
Qvwojvg Zvi evwo K`ji vm \
fevb` gRy`vi wbevm iwne|
ei gvM gbvbxZ hvnv Pvn wè \
cYwgqv cvUzbx KwnQ Rvo nvZ|
Avgvi mvb hb _vK `ya fvZ \
Z_v ewjqv èx w`jv ei`vb|
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kv_ : Dwijv DcwZ njb; Mvwbxi b`xi; cvUzbx LqvNvUi gvwS; Zivq ZvovZvwo, `yZ;
evgvî xK, gqì Kî; eU ej; didvi QjvKjv, NvicuvP; muDZx bKvi cvwb
mPevi Rb eeZ cv; MRMgb nxi bvq axi I MyiyMxi Pjb; ni `L, _yqwQjv
iLwQj; Avc` mvbv, ^Y; ei`vb Avkxev`|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Avyj nvB I Avbvqvi cvkv mvw`Z gvbwmsn I fevb` DcvLvbi Ab`vi
fevb` feb hvv KweZvi mvw`Z Ask Avgvi mvb kxlK KweZv| G KweZvq Abc~Yv
Mnea~i Qek aviY Ki Ckix cvUbxi Lqvq b`x cvi nZ Gj Ckix cvUbx Zuvi cKZ cwiPq
RvbZ Pvq| mvgvwRK KviYB GKv Avmv Kvbv Kzjea~K m b`x cvi KiZ cvi bv| Qek
aviYKvix Abc~Yv ejb, mvgvwRK c_v AbymviB ^vgxi bvg Kvbv bvix gyL bq bv, ZvB m ^vgxi
bvg gyL AvbZ cvie bv| Aekl Abc~Yvi c`k hLb bKvi wekl vb mvbv nq hvq ZLb
Ckix cvUbx wbwZ nq h GB ea~wU Qekavix èZv wbq| Ckix cvUbxi KvQ cwiPq jyKvZ bv
ci Abc~Yv wbRB wbRi c~Y cwiPq I Kgi weeiY c`vb Kib Ges Zvi Ici m nq ejb :
ei cv_bv Ki| Ckix cvUbx wbRi ^v_wPv bv Ki mvbi ^v_ I mgwi K_v fve Ges ej :
Zvi mvb hb `yafvZ _vK| GB cv_bvi ga evOvwji wbR^v_ Dcv Ki mvbi
KjvYKvgbvi wPib gvbwmKZvB gyL nq IV|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
169
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
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ewbevPwb ck
1|
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K.
M.
cvUzbxi
mnhvxi
L.
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cwZekxi
2| ei`vb ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

K.
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èZvi AbyMnxZ ew
L.
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èZvi Awfk ew

Cì QzwUZ iZb gvqi mv_ j Po ewikvj hvwQjb| nVvr j hvwK ywU `Lv w`j|
ji cvk w`q hvIqv bKvq GKRbK `qv me Rb iZbK Zvi gv euvPvjb wK wbRi
Rxeb iv KiZ cvijb bv|
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K. Abc~Yv
L. nwinvo
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4| Gic mv`ki KviY njv
i. mvb evrmj
ii. CkiZzw
iii. AvZZvM
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
L. ii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj
mKvj Bw` esk GKRb aej ivMx wQjb| cixvi Rb aej ivMxi wbKU div
Avmjb| wZwb ivMxK ejjb, Zzwg Kx mePq fvjvevm ? wZwb ejjb, Avgvi Mvqi is
hw` fvjv nZ Zvnj mKj Avi AvgvK NYv KiZ bv| div ivMxi Mvq nvZ eywjq w`j
wZwb my nq Mjb|
K.
L.
M.
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muDZx ki A_ Kx ?
G Z gq gq bq G K_vwU Kb ejv nqQ ?
mvi KvQ PvIqvi aej ivMxi I Avgvi mvb KweZvi cvUbxi cv_KUzKz
wbYq Ki|
DxcKwU Avgvi mvb KweZvi g~jfveK cKvk Ki bv gewU wePvi Ki|
170
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
mgq Mj mvab ne bv
jvjb kvn
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : jvjb kvn Kzwqv Rjvi KzgviLvwj _vbvi AMZ fuvoviv Mvg gZvi wSbvB`vn Rjvi
nwikcyi Mvg 1772 wLv RbMnY Kib| wZwb mvaK wmivR muvB ev wmivR kvni wklZ MnY Kivi ci
jvjb muvB ev jvjb kvn bvg cwiwPwZ ARb Kib| wZwb cvwZvwbK we`vjvf bv KijI wn`y-gymjgvb kv
mK wekl vb I eyrcw jvf Kib| evDj mvaK I mxZ iPwqZvì ga jvjb kvn mePq ewk
DrKli cwiPq `b| Zuvi mxZ AavZfve, gigx imebv I wkY wekl mg| jvjb mnmvwaK Mvb
iPbv Kib| iex`bv_B wkwZ evOvwj wer mgvRi KvQ jvjbK cwiwPZ Kib| iex`bv_i AbK Mvb
jvjbi cfve j Kiv hvq| jvjbi LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL, evwoi KvQ Avikx bMi, Avgvi NiLvbvq
K weivR Ki BZvw` Mvb evsjv Z-mvwnZi Ag~j m`|]
mgq Mj mvab ne bv|

w`b _vKZ w`bi mvab Kb Kij bv \
Rvb bv gb Lvj wej
gxb _vK bv Rj Kvj
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Amgq Kwl Ki
wgQvwgwQ LU gi
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kv_ I UxKv : gxbgvQ; gvnbvb`xi h Ask mgy` coQ|
cvV cwiwPwZ : AavcK Aveyj Avnmvb Payix mvw`Z jvjbmgM bvgK M _K mgq Mj
mvab ne bv KweZvwU mv`bv Ki msKwjZ nqQ| mgqi KvR mgqgZv KiZ nq| b`xi cvwb
wKq Mj hgb mLvb gvQ _vK bv, wVK mgq gvV Pvl bv KijI Zgwb dmj nq bv| jvjb
ejb, h_vmgq h_v KgwU Kij h gnr kwi m~Pbv nq ZvZ AbK AmeB me nZ cvi|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| kwY wkKi DcwwZZ jvjb kvni Rxeb I Kgi Ici AvjvPbv Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1| gxb K_vi A_ Kx ?
K.
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
171
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L.
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nZvkvi myi

mgqi GK duvo, Amgqi bq duvo|
3| DxcKi G eei mv_ fveMZ mv`k iqQ wbPi h cO&wZ Zv njv
i. mgq Mj mvab ne bv
ii. Amgq Kwl Ki, wgQvwgwQ LU gi
iii. gxb _vK bv Rj Kvj
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4| D Aev _K gyw cZ KiYxq Kx ?
K.
M.
AwaKvi mPZb nIqv

`w cmvwiZ Kiv
L.
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msKxYZv cwinvi Kiv
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kke m`yc`k hvnvi bv ivP
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P gvm Pvl w`qv bv evb ekvL
Ke m ngwK avb cq _vK?
dj Pvn, mI AwZ wbeva Aag|
LqvZix Pj Mj, em _vK ZxiwKm cvi ne Zix bv Avwmj wdi|
K. gxb K_vi A_ Kx?
L. mgq Mj mvab ne bv Kwe GK_v Kb ejQb?
M. DxcK Kvh mv`bi Rb h wekl w`Ki cwZ BswMZ Kiv nqQ Zv mgq Mj
mvab ne bv KweZvq Kxfve dzU DVQ evLv Ki|
N. LqvZix Pj Mj, em _vK Zxi
wKm cvi ne Zix bv Avwmj wdi G evK mgq Mj mvab ne bv KweZvi
g~jfvei KZUzKz aviY Ki? hywmn jL|
172
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KcvZv b`
gvBKj gaym~`b `
[Kwe-cwiwPwZ : gaym~`b ` 1824 wLvi 2iv Rvbyqvwi hkvi Rjvi mvMiùvwo Mvg RbMnY Kib|
zjRxebi kl wZwb KjKvZvi wn`y KjR fwZ nb| GB KjR AaqbKvj BsiwR mvwnZi cwZ Zuvi
Zxe AbyivM Rb| 1842 wLv wZwb wLag `xwZ nb| ZLb Zuvi bvgi c_g hvM nq gvBKj|
cvvZ Rxebhvcbi cwZ cej BQv Ges BsiwR fvlvq mvwnZmvabvq Zxe AveM ZuvK BsiwR fvlvq
mvwnZ iPbvq Dy Ki| cieZxKvj Rxebi wewP KKi AwfZvq Zuvi GB fzj fOwQj| evsjv fvlvq
Kve iPbvi ga w`q Zuvi KwecwZfvi h_v_ ~wZ NU| Zuvi Agi KxwZ gNbvèa Kve| Zuvi Abvb
KveM : wZjvgvme Kve, exivbv Kve, eRvbv Kve I PZz`kc`x KweZvewj| Zuvi bvUK :
KKygvix, kwgv, cveZx; Ges cnmb : GKB wK ej mfZv I eyo mvwjKi Nvo iuv| evsjv Kve
Awgvi Q` Ges mbU ceZb Ki wZwb hvM KiQb bZzb gvv| 1873 wLvi 29 k Ryb Kwe
cijvKMgb Kib|]
mZZ, n b`, Zzwg co gvi gb !

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kvb gvqv-gawb) Ze KjKj
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e `k `wLqvwQ e b`-`j,
wK G mni Zv wgU Kvi Rj?
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Avi wK n ne `Lv? hZ w`b hve,
cRvi~c ivRi~c mvMii w`Z
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eR Rbi Kvb, mL, mLv-ixZ
bvg Zvi, G cevm gwR cg-fve
jBQ h Ze bvg ei msMxZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
173
kv_ I UxKv : mZZme`v| weij-GKv wbwiwewjZ| wbkv-ivw| vw-fzj| evwi-i~cKi-cRv

hgb ivRvK Ki ev ivR^ `q, Zgwb KcvZv bÌ mvMiK Rji~c Ki ev ivR^ w`Q|
PZz`kc`x KweZv BsiwRZ Sonnet, evsjvq PZz`kc`x KweZv| P-PiY-mgw^Z fvemsnZ
mywbw`| PZz`kc`x KweZvi c_g AvU PiYi eKK AK (Octave) Ges cieZx Qq PiYi
eKK lK (Sestet) ej| AK g~jZ fvei ceZbv Ges lK fvei cwiYwZ _vK| PZz`kc`x
KweZvq KqK cKvi Awgj cPwjZ AvQ| hgb, c_g AvU PiY : KLLK KLLK| kl Qq PiY :
NOP NOP| A_ev c_g AvU PiY : KLLM KLLM, kl Qq PiY : NONO PP| KcvZv b` GKwU
PZz`kc`x KweZv| GLvb wgjwebvm : KLKLKLLK MNMNMN|
cvV cwiwPwZ : KcvZv b` KweZvwU Kwei PZz`kc`x KweZvewj _K MnxZ nqQ| GB KweZvq
Kwei wZKvZiZvi AveiY Zuvi AZzj `kcg cKvwkZ nqQ| Kwe hkvi Rjvi KcvZv
bì Zxi mvMiùvwo Mvg RbMnY Kib| kke gaym~`b GB bì Zxi cvKwZK cwiek eo
nqQb| hLb wZwb dv emevm Kib, ZLb Rbf~wgi kke, Kkvii e`bv-weayi wZ Zuvi gb
RvwMqQ KvZiZv| `~i emI wZwb hb KcvZv bì KjKj awb bZ cvb| KZ `k KZ
b`-b`x wZwb `LQb, wK Rbf~wgi GB b` hb gvqi mnWvi ZuvK euaQ, wKQzZB wZwb
ZvK fzjZ cvib bv| Kwei gb m`n RvM, Avi wK wZwb GB bì `Lv cveb ! bì KvQ
Zuvi mwebq wgbwZezfve ZvK wZwb mnvì hgb iY Kib, KcvZvI hb GKB cgfve
ZuvK mmn iY Ki| KcvZv b` hb Zvi ^`ki Rb n`qi KvZiZv eevmxì wbKU
e Kibwhwb cevmRxebI Mvb, KweZvq kke-Kkvii wZweRwoZ b`xi K_v wjLQb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| Zvgvi wbKUeZx b`x ev Lvj mK 200 ki ga GKwU iPbv jL|
ewbevPwb ck
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K.
M.
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BZvwjZ
L.
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i. ggZv
ii. AbyivM
iii. vw
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
M. i I iii
L.
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ii
i, ii I iii
174
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
AbyQ`wU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

cevm Rxeb dvdzWi `vKvb
KZ Lvevi LqwQ Avwg Rxeb|
gvqi nvZi wcVvi K_v
fzwj Avwg Kgb ?
3| KcvZv b` KweZvi Kvb welqwU AbyQ`wUZ cKvk cqQ ?
K.
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KKi wZi KvZiZv
L.
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mnvìi KvZiZv
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K.
L.
M.
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mZZ Zvgvi K_v fvwe G weij|

RyovB G Kvb Avwg vwi Qjb|
G mni Zv wgU Kvi Rj ?
Avi wK n ne `Lv|
mRbkxj
QvUKvj wQjvg evOvwjì evjyPi,
muvZivq b`x cvwo w`Zvg evievi Gcvi nZ Icvi,
wWwf jUvwi myhvM Ki w`j QzU Pj hvq AvgwiKvq
wK AvR gb ay QUdUvq Avi kqb ^cb evwo w`q hvq,
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ayjvi gvwi Kwiqv w`j Kv`v!
Avevi me WvwKj civgk,
ewmj cybt hZK Ye
Nywiqv gv_v nwij PvL ml,
ayjvi nvq bvwnK cvq A|
Kwnj, gnx gv`yi w`q XvKv,
divk cvwZ Kwie ayjv e|
Kwnj Kn, ivRvi Ni ivLv,
Kv_vI hb _vK bv Kvbv i !
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
185
ayjvi gvS bv hw` `b cv

Zv nj cvq ayjv Zv jvM bv|
Kwnj ivRv, m K_v eov LuvwU
wK gvi nZQ gb m,
gvwUi fq ivR ne gvwU
wèmivwZ iwnj Avwg e|
Kwnj me, Pvgvi Ze WvwK
Pg w`qv gywoqv `vI c_x|
aywji gnx Szwji gvS XvwK
gnxcwZi iwne gnvKxwZ|
Kwnj me, ne m Aenj,
hvMgZv Pvgvi hw` gj|
ivRvi Pi avBj n_v nv_v,
QzwUj me Qvwoqv me Kg|
hvMgZv Pvgvi bvwn Kv_v,
bv wgj GZ DwPZ-gZv Pg|
ZLb axi Pvgvi-KzjcwZ
Kwnj Gm Clr nm e,
ewjZ cvwi Kwij AbygwZ,
mnR hvn gvbm ne wm|
wbRi `ywU PiY XvKv, Ze
aiYx Avi XvwKZ bvwn ne|
Kwnj ivRv, GZ wK ne wma !
fvweqv gj mKj `kmy!
gx Kn, eUvi k~j weua
Kvivi gvS Kwiqv ivLv iy|
ivRvi c` Pg-AveiY
XvwKj eyov ewmqv c`vcv|
gx Kn, Avgviv wQj gb
Kgb eUv ciQ mUv RvbZ|
mw`b nZ Pwjj RyZv civ
euvwPj Mvey, iv cj aiv|
kv_ I UxKv : PiY cv; cwZKvi cwZweavb, mgvavb; gvwnbv cvwikwgK, eZb; cywlby cvlY
Kwi, jvjb-cvjb Kwi; wcc XvK ev Xvji AvKwZwewk KvVi Zwi cv; wfw cvwb enbi
Rb Pvgovi Zwi GK cKvi _wj; cuvK Kv`v, K`g; wKw bKv ev RvnvR, Rjhvb; Ye
186
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Yevb, Yx; gnx cw_ex, aiYx; divk gS ev Zcvl weQvbvi Rb KvcU ev weQvbv, gv`yi;
i wQ`, dzUv; Pvgvi PgKvi, gywP; hvMgZv Dchy; KyjcwZ eski cavb, Kzjk|
cvV cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzii Kbv KveM _K RyZv Avwevi KweZvwU msKjb Kiv nqQ|
ayjvevwj _K ivRvi cvK gy ivLvi bvbv cmB KweZvwUi g~j DcRxe| ivRv Zuvi gxì ivR
_K ayjvevwj `~i Kivi wb`k `b| gxMY ivRi ayjvevwj Svo Ìqvi wmv bb Ges GZ
ivR ayjvq cwic~Y nq hvq| ivRvi Av`k gvbZ wMq ivRi mfvm` Kvbv Dcvq hb LyuR Avi
cvb bv| Aekl ivRiB GK eq PgKvi wbR eywZ ivRvi c`hyMj Pvgov w`q XK `q|
Gfve ivRvi cv ayjv k _K gyw cvq|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| z` cvYxI gvbyli gnr DcKvi KiZ cvi G cm GKwU Kvwnbx jL|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
iex`bv_ VvKzi KZ mvj bvej cyivi jvf Kib ?

K.
M.
1861
1914
L.
N.
1913
1941
L.
N.
KiYxq LyuR bv cvIqv

gxi Av`k b
2| cwZi gyL Pzb nqwQj Kb ?

K.
M.
gZzi fq fxZ nIqv

`vwqZ Aenjv Kivq
wbPi AbyQ`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

iwng wgqvi GKgv cyK KzKzi Kvgovj fZ b~iy Gm ZvK G Lei Rvbvq| mB mv_
AviI ej h, ZvK BbRKkb w`Z ne| iwng wgqv G K_vq Kvbv iyZ `qwb| Kw`b ci
Qj Amy nq coj ZvK Wvvii KvQ wbq hvq| cixv kl Wvvi ejb, QjwU
RjvZv ivM Avv nqQ|
3| DxcKi b~iyi mv_ RyZv-Avwevi KweZvi h Pwii mv`k iqQ mB Pwi njv
i. neyi
ii. Meyi
iii. Pvgvi-KzjcwZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K.
M.
i
iii
L.
N.
ii
i, ii I iii.
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
187

K.
M.
mrcivgk
mPZbZv
L.
N.
eywgv
civcKvi
mRbkxj ck
we`vjqi Pvj dzUv nq Ni ewi cvwb coQ| Rjv evWi GKRb EaZb KgKZv
cwi`kb Gj cavb wkK welqwU Zuvi bRi Avbb| wZwb welqwU iZi mv_ b ejb,
AwPiB G evcvi Dci wjLeb| Abygv`b cj evRU Ki cvwVq wèb| ZvB ZvK
AvMvgx evRU bv Avmv ch Acv KiZ ejb| RjvevW KgKZvi cwZkywZi welqwU
GjvKvq AvjvwPZ nj eKvi-feNyi hyeK mvnjK welqwU fvweq Zvj| m Zvi ezì
mv_ welqwU AvjvPbv Ki `yZ zj Nii mgmvi mgvavbi c_ LyuR ei Ki|
K.
L.
M.
N.
ivRv ney aywj `~i Kivi wb`k w`qwQjb KvK ?

Rji Rxe Rj webv gij Kb ?
Rjv evWi KgKZvi mv_ RyZv Avwevi KweZvi Mveyivqi mv`kMZ w`KwU
evLv Ki|
mgvRi DcwZì gvagI AbK iyZc~Y mgmvi ZvrwYK mgvavb me
welqwU DxcK I RyZv Avwevi KweZvi AvjvK weklY Ki|
188
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Aea~
hZx`gvnb evMPx
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : hZx`gvnb evMPxi Rb 1878 wLvi 27 bfî b`xqv Rjvi Rvgkicyi Mvg| cjxcxwZ hZx`gvnb evMPxi Kwegvbmi GKUv cavb ewk| c_i cuvPvjxi wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavq I Kwe
Rxebvb` `vki gZv Zuvi Kvee wbmM-m`h wPicgq| Mvg-evsjvi kvgj wm ic DbvPb wZwb
cqvmx nqQb| Mvg-Rxebi AwZ mvaviY welq I myL-`ytL wZwb mnR mij fvlvq m`qZvi m
ZvrchgwZ Ki cKvk KiQb| Zuvi KveMmg~ni ga AvQ : jLv, iLv, AcivwRZv, bvMKki, ezi
`vb, RvMiYx, bxnvwiKv I gnvfviZx| 1jv deyqvwi 1948 wLv wZwb gZzeiY Kib|]
cvqi Zjvq big VKj Kx!

Av GKUz Pj bv VvKziwS
Igv, G h Siv-eKzj! bq?
ZvBZv ewj, em `vii cvk,
ivwi Kvj gaygwì evm
AvKvk-cvZvj KZB gb nq|
R AvmZ K-w`b `wi fvB
Avgi Mvq eiY `Lv hvq?
AbK `wi? Kgb Ki ne!
KvwKj-WvKv bwQ mB Ke,
`wLb nvIqv e Ke fvB;
`xwNi NvU bZzb wmuwo RvM
kvIjv-wcQj Ggwb kv jvM,
cv-wcQwjq Zwjq hw` hvB!
g` bnvZ nq bv wK Zvq
A PvLi PzK hvq!
`ytL bvBKv mwZ K_v kvb,
A Mj Kx Avi ne evb?
euvPwe Zviv `v`v Zv Zvi AvM?
GB AvlvpB Avevi weq ne,
evwo Avmvi c_ LyuR bv cve
`Lwe ZLb cevm Kgb jvM?
PvL Mj IB PuwPq njv mviv|
AvQv w`w`, Kx Kie fvB Zviv
Rb jvwM wMqQ hvi PvL!
Kuv`vi myL h eviY Zvnvi QvB!
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
189
Kuv`Z cj euvPZ m h fvB,

KZK Zey KgZ h Zvi kvK|
PvL Mj Zvi fimv Zey AvQ
Pznxbvi Kx K_v Kvi KvQ!
Uvwbm Kb? wKmi ZvovZvwo
mB Zv wdi hve Avevi evwo,
GKjv-_vKv- mB Zv MnKvY
Zvi Pq GB wm kxZj Rj
`yUv hb cvYi K_v ej
ì`-fiv `yLi Avjvcb;
cik Zvnvi gvqi mni gZv
fzjvq LvwbK gbi e_v hZ!
kv_ I UxKv : VvKziwS bb`, ^vgxi evb, kiKbv; gaygwì evm gayi M gvngq; AvKvkcvZvj bvbv welq, bvbvb fvebv-Abyfvebv A_ eeZ; R AvmZ K-w`b `wi fvB ....
GKRb `wcwZex gvbyli Abyfei AmvaviY GK RMr AvjvP Ask e nqQ| cKwZi wewP
iOi aviYv I Abyfe GB Aea~ mg| mB vb I Abyfe _K m Rb wbZ Pvq FZzi weeZb;
A PvLi PzK hvK Aea~ AbyfeF gvbyl| AvZghv`v evaI m mg| wK m A| GB
AZi K m Mfxifve Abyfe Ki| `xwNi NvU hLb kIjv cov wcQj wmuwo RvM ZLb m
wcQj Lq Rj co Wze givi Avkv cKvk Ki| Avi GI Abyfe KiZ h, Wze gij AZi
Awfkvc NyPZ| wK KweZvwUi PZbv _K gb nq, Aea~ bivkev`x gvbyl bq| Rxebi cwZ Zvi
Mfxi ggZeva AvQ; PvL Mj cvwL wekl| GB cvwLi WvK PvL Mj ki gZv gb nq;
Kuv`vi myL gvbyl `ytL Kvu`, kvK Kuv`| wK Kvbvi ga w`q Zvi `ytL-kvKi jvNe NU|
ZvB Kvbvi gaI myL Abyfe Kiv hvq|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mgvR `wnxbì Aev Ki| `wnxbiv wbRivI wbRì Amnvq fve| wK
Bw`qmPZbZv w`q GB cwZeKZv `~i Kiv me| cvqi wbP big ei AwZ, KvwKji WvK
b bZzb FZzi AvMgb Abygvb Kiv, kvIjvq cv iL bZzb wmuwo RM IVvi K_v evSv `wnxb
nqI meci| ZvB `wnxb njB wbRK Amnvq bv fe, ayB Nii ga Ave bv _K Avcb
A`wK cmvwiZ Kiv cqvRb| ea~wU PvL `LZ cvq bv| wK Abyfe m RMZi icimM
mK vb ivL|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| Zvgvi Rvbv Kvbv `wnxb gvbyli weeiY `vI|

2| wekl Pvwn`vmb gvbyli cwZ Avgvì AvPiY Kgb nIqv DwPZ ej Zzwg gb Ki?G welq
Zvgvi gZvgZ jL|
190
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ewbevPwb ck
1|
Aea~ KweZvq Kvb cvwLi PuwPq mviv nIqvi K_v DjL AvQ ?
K. KvK
L. PvL Mj
M. KvwKj
N. kvwjK
2| g` bnvZ nq bv wK Zvq cO&w viv Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
i. cyKzi Zwjq hvIqv
ii. gZzeiY Kiv
iii. cv wcQj hvIqv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
wbPi DxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :
bvmixbi ^vgx PvKwii myev` cevmRxeb hvcb KiQb| `xN mgq ai ^vgxi LuvR-Lei bB,
Zuvi mi hviv we`k _vKb Zviv gvS gvS Avmb-hvb| Kej Zvi ^vgxB hb mevi
_K Avjv`v| bvmixb ^vgxi Rb w`bi ci w`b Acvi w`b Mvb|
3| DxcKi ee Aea~ KweZvi ea~i Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ ?
i. wein KvZiZv
ii. evKzjZv
iii. Awfgvb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4| bvmixbi ^vgxi mv_ Aea~ KweZvi h Pwii cwiPq AvQ mwU njv
K. VvKzi wS
L. Aea~
M. VvKzi wSi fvB
N. cvovi gvbyl
mRbkxj
gvbyli Rxeb Yvqx| Rxebi GB ^ mgqi mgM wnmve PzwKq, me mK wQb Ki
cicvi Pj hZ nq| Mnea~ my`xcv gvS gvS `ytL Ki ejb, myì GB cw_ex, wSu wSu
WvKv mv, Rvrmv fiv ivZ me Qo AvgvìK we`vq wbZ ne|
K. Aea~ KweZvq `xwNi NvUi wmuwowU Kgb ?
L. KvwKj WvKv bwQ mB Ke cO&wwU viv cKwZi Kvb i~ci BwZ cvIqv hvq?
M. DxcKi ee Aea~ KweZvi h wekl w`KwUK AvjvKcvZ KiQ Zv evLv Ki|
N. DxcKi ee Aea~ KweZvi mgM fvei cwZdjb NUwb weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
191
SYvi Mvb
mZ`bv_ `
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : 1882 wLv KjKvZvi KvQvKvwQ wbgZv Mvg Kwe mZ`bv_ ` RbMnY Kib|
Zevwabx cwKvi mv`K I Dwbk kZKi wewk cvewK AqKzgvi ` wQjb Zuvi wcZvgn|
mZ`bv_ we.G. kwY ch covkvbv Kib| QvRxeb _KB wZwb KvePPv KiZb| `kb, wevb,
BwZnvm, fvlv, ag BZvw` wewP welqi wZwb AbyivMx wQjb| cvZwnK Rxeb cPzi mgq wZwb Aaqb I
Kvevbykxjb eq KiZb| mweZv, mwY, eYy I exYv, nvgwkLv, Kz I KKv, A-Avexi, ejvkli
Mvb, we`vq AviZx cfwZ Zuvi gwjK Kve| Zuvi Abyev`-Kvejvi ga iqQ : Zx_iYy, Zx_-mwjj I
dzji dmj cfwZ| wewea Dcwbl`, Kwei, bvbK cgyLi iPbv Ges Aviwe, dvwm, Pxbv, Rvcvwb, BsiwR,
divwm fvlvi AbK DrK KweZv I M` iPbv wZwb evsjvq Abyev` Kib| Q` wbgvY wZwb AmvaviY
bcyYi cwiPq w`qQb| GRb wZwb Qì ivRv ej cwiwPZ nb| 1922 wLv gv Pwjk eQi eqm
wZwb cijvKMgb Kib|]
Pcj cvq Kej avB,

Kej MvB cixi Mvb,
cyjK gvi mKj Mvq,
wefvj gvi mKj cvY|
wkw_j me wkjvi ci
PiY _yB `v`yj gb,
`ycyi-fvi wSuwSui WvK,
wSgvq c_, Nygvq eb|
weRb `k, K~Rb bvB
wbRi cvq evRvB Zvj,
GKjv MvB, GKjv avB,
wèm ivZ, muvS mKvj|
SzuwKq Nvo Szg-cvnvo
fq `vLvq, PvL cvKvq;
kv bvB, mgvb hvB,
UMi-dzj-b~cyi cvq,
Kvb wMwii wng jjvU
Nvgj gvi De,
Kvb cixi UzUzj nvi
Kvb bvPi Drme|
Lqvj bvB-bvB i fvB
cvB wb Zvi msev`B,
avB jxjvq,wLjwLjvB
eyjeywji evj mvwa|
eb-SvDqi Svcjvq
192
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Kvjmvii `j Pi,
wks wkjvq-wkjvi Mvq,
WvjwPwbi is ai|
Suvwcq hvB, jvwdq avB,
`ywjq hvB APj-VuvU,
bvwoq hvB, evwoq hvB
wUjvi Mvq Wvwjg-dvU|
kvwjK K eyjvq gyL
_j-SuvwSi gLgj,
Rwii Rvj AvsivLvq
A gvi Sjgj|
wbg avB, bZ cvB
dwUK Rj| nuvKQ K,
KvZB Zv hvi
wbK bv mB cuvK QuK|
MiR hvi Rj muvPvi
cvZKzqvq hvK bv mB,
myìi Zv hvi
Avgiv avB Zvi AvkB|
Zvi LuvRB weivg bB
wejvB ZvbZij kvK,
PKvi Pvq P`gvq,
Avgiv PvB gy-PvL|
Pcj cvq Kej avB
Dcj-Nvq w`B wSwjK,
`yj `vjvB gb fvjvB,
wSjwgjvB w`wMw`K|
kv_ I UxKv : wefvj APZb, wefvi, week, wenej; weRb wbRb, Rbk~b, wbfZ; KzRb
Kjie, wPrKvi, PuPvgwP; Szg-cvnvo bxie cvnvo, wbRb cvnvo; wng Zzlvi, eid, K wUq
cvwL; _j j; SuvwS GK cKvi RjR j, ew`b ai Rgv kIjv; gLgj Kvgj I wgwn
Kvco; AvsivLv j^v I wXjv cvkvK wekl; dwUK Rj PvZK cvwL| GB cvwL WvKj dwUK
Rj ki gZv kvbv hvq; wejvB weZiY Kwi, cwiekb Kwi (wejvbv _K); Zvb myi; Zij
kvK jNy ev nvjKv Pvji KweZv; PKvi cvwL wekl| Kwe-Kbv Abyhvqx GB cvwL Puvì Avjv
cvb Ki; P`gv Puvì Avjv; Dcj-Nvq cv_ii AvNvZ|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Pj cv cyjwKZ MwZgq; cv_ii eyK Avbì c`wP| wbRb `ycyi cvwLi
WvKI kvbv hvq bv| cvnvo hb `Zi gZv Nvo Nywiq fq `Lvq! GZv wKQyi gaI Kwei Pj
I Avb`gq càwbZ ceZ _K bg Avm mv`v Rjivwki aviv| PgrKvi Gi awbgvayh I
eYefe| GB Rjavivi h m`h Ges Awgq ^v` Zv ZzjbviwnZ| wMwi _K cwZZ GB A^yivwk
cv_ii eyK AvNvZ nb PZzw`K Qwoq co h Ac~e m`hi mw Ki Zv mwZ gbvni|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
193
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| KweZvwUZ cKwZi hme Dcv`vb I cvYxi bvg ejv nqQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|
ewbevPwb
1| `yci-fvi SYv Kvi Mvb bZ cvq ?

K. wSuwSui
L. cixi
M. eyjeywji
N. kvwjKi
2| GKjv MvB GKjv avB
wèm ivZ, muvR mKvj| G ee SYvi Kvb icwU dzU IV?
K. cKwZ PZbv
L. m`hcxwZ
M. QyU Pjv
N. kvnxb wP
bvwi`vi ecgx ejivg `v Mo Zvjb nvRvi iKgi ei mgvivn GKUv D`vb hv ejav
MvWb bvg cwiwPZ| wbQK Avb` DcfvMi RbB Zuvi G D`vM| AbKB mLvb flR
Jlai DcKiY LyuRQb|
3| DxcKi ejivg `vi mv_ SYvi Mvb KweZvq mv`k iqQ
i. PvZKi
ii. SYvi
iii. eb-SvDqi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. ii
M. i I ii
N. ii I iii
4| Gic mv`ki KviY Kx?
K. civcKvi
M. QyU Pjv
L.
N.
cwiek msiY
m`h mw
mRbkxj
wbmMK nvZi gyVvq cyi `qvi ZvwM` _K wkx Mo Zvjb GK igYxq D`vb| wexY Lvjv
gvVK mycwiKwZfve wZwb Mo Zvjb| cyKzi, `xwN, nuvm, MvQcvjv, dzj, cvwLi wewP mgvivn
m`h wccvmy gvbyl gvKB AvK Ki| Awb` myì GB cKwZK wkx wZjvgv Ki
mvwRqQb ayB wbRi Lqvj| ewwekl ev Kvbv MvxK Avb` `vb bq, m`hB gyL| eix
cKwZ, mvgvwRK cwZeKZv Dcv Ki wZwb myL QyU PjQb| mwi Avb`B ZuvK GwMq
wbqQ GZUv c_|
K. SYv Kgb cvq QyU Pj?
L. wkw_j me wkjvi ci ejZ Kwe Kx evSvZ PqQb?
M. DxcKi mv_ SYvi Mvb KweZvi mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki|
N. DxcKwU SYvi Mvb KweZvi g~j eeK KZUzKz aviY Ki? hywmn evLv Ki|
194
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
QvqvevwR
myKzgvi ivq
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : wk-wKkvi cvVKì KvQ myKzgvi ivq GKwU wcq bvg| Zuvi Avevj-Zvevj, n-h-e-ij I Abvb AZzjbxq jLvi Rb wZwb wPiiYxq nq _vKeb| myKzgvi ivq weLvZ wk-mvwnwZK
Dc`wKkvi ivq Payixi cy Ges weLvZ PjwPKvi I wk mvwnwZK mZwRr ivqi wcZv| myKzgvi
ivqi Rb gqgbwmsn Rjvi gvqv Mvg 1887 mvji 30k Avei| myKzgvi wQjb egyLx cwZfvi
AwaKvix| wZwb GKw`K wevb, dUvMvwd I gy`Y cKkj DPwkv wbqwQjb, Abw`K Qov iPbv I
Qwe AuvKvq gwjK cwZfv I Dvebx kwi cwiPq w`qwQjb| iex`bv_ I Aebx`bv_i m Mvovq
Mj` bvUK AwfbqI KiwQjb wZwb| cwmWw KjR covi mgq wZwb cwZv KiwQjb GK AzZ
Kve| bvg bbm Kve| GB Kvei cwKvi bvg wQj mvo ewk fvRv| Avi Zuvi iPbvjvI AyZ I
gRv`vi| nuvmRvi, eKQc, wmsnwiY, nvwZwg BZvw` KvwbK cvYxi bvg ZuviB mw| weLvZ m`k
cwKvwU ek KqKevi mv`bv KiQb myKzgvi ivq| Avi GK K` KiB H mgq myKzgvi ivqi mvwnZ
cwZfv c~Y weKwkZ nqwQj| myKzgvi ivq evOjv mvwnZ Agi nq AvQb cavbZ Lqvj imi KweZv,
nvwmi M, bvUK BZvw` wkZvl iPbvi Rb| Qjeyov mevB Zuvi jLv co Avb` cvq| myKzgvi ivqi
gZz nq 1923 mvji 9B mî|]
AvRwe bq, AvRwe bq, mwZKvii K_v

Qvqvi mv_ Kzw Ki Mv njv e_v !
Qvqv aivi eemv Kwi ZvI Rvbv bv eywS ?
ivì Qvqv, Puvì Qvqv, niK iKg cyuwR|
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Kib| `wbK evsjv cwKvi mvwnZ mv`K _vKvKvj 1985 mvji 10B RyjvB Zuvi Rxebvemvb NU|]
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wbwkivBZ wbkx_ ivwi MvgxY K_ic (Mfxi ivZ evSvZ); AfvMZ Mn GmQ Ggb ew,
AvMK, wbgwZ AwZw_; avbi gyix gyix njv gyKzj ev wkl, avbi gyix njv avbi wkl ev
gyKzj; wbwk`v MvgxY GK aibi MvQ; Rwgjvi gvi ... me wPwb Mixe, Afvex kwYi cwZwbwa
Rwgjvi gv| Zvì ivbvNi k~bB _vK mvaviYZ| KviY ivbv Kivi Lv` Dcv`vb Zvì bB|
hnZz ivbv Kiv nq bv, LveviI LvIqv nq IV bv| ZvB _vjv-evmbI Kbv _vK| KweI mB
Aevi K_v Rvbb; wm gvwUi myevm gvwUi weklY wm myevmi bq| A_vr gvqvex I AvKlYxq
Mvgevsjv; `y cvk avbi Z ... Avgvi AwZ Muv_v Kwe MvgxY RxebB eo DVQb| Mvgi
gvV-NvU c_-cvii gZv i mi c_, Zvi cvk avbi mgvivn Ges GKUz GwMq Mj wekvj
b`xi wKbvi Kwei gbi fZi, Aw-gvq Mw_Z nq AvQ| Giv mevB Kwei LyeB Pbv-Rvbv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Rbf~wgi m gvbyli AvRxebi mK| Gi mewKQzB Zvi gb nq KZ Pbv, KZ

Rvbv| Rbf~wgi ga wkKo Mo _KB gvbyl ZvB mgM `kK Avcb Ki cvq| GB Abyf~wZ
Zzjbvnxb| `k gvb Zv ay Pvicvki cKwZ bq, GK Avcb mvq Abyfe Kiv| Avi `kK
Abyfe KijB `ki gvbylKI Avcb gb ne Avgvì| GB KweZvq mB AbyfeB AvwiK
ggZvq myìfve Zzj aiQb Kwe| wZwb DPviY KiQb, wZwb G Kvbv AvMK bb| wZwb hgb
IB Avmgvb, Rwgbi dzj, RvbvwK, cyKzi, gvQivOvK Pbb, Zgwb ZvivI ZvK Pb| cvwL,
KvwZKi avb wKsev ay wkwki bq, wZwb GB Rbcì gvbylKI fvjvfve Pbb| wZwb K`g Avjx,
Rwgjvi gvi gZv gvbyli wPiPbv ^Rb| Kwe Abyfe Kib, h-jvOj RwgZ dmj djvq, mB
jvOj Avi gvwUi M jM AvQ Zvi nvZ, kixi| avbZ Avi ay ay b`xi wKbvi, A_vr GB MvgxY
Rbcì mB Zvi Rxeb euvav| GB nQ Zuvi AwZ| GB nQ gvbeRxeb, Rbf~wgi m h-gvbyl
Mfxifve mwKZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
221
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| cKwZi m Zvgvi mKi cwiPq `vI|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
Avnmvb nvexe Kvi wPiPbv ^Rb ?

K. cvwLi
L. K`g Avjxi
M. RvbvwKi
N. Rwgjvi gvi
2| Kwe eVvq jvOj nvZ ivLZ ejQb Kb ?
K. kc_ bqvi Rb
L. cik Abyfe Kivi Rb
M. KweK LyuR cvevi Rb
N. AwZ cgvY Kivi Rb
wicfvb DBsKj `xN wek eQi ci Zvi Muvq wdi Gj ZvK KD wPbZ cvi wb| mevB Zvi
w`K DrmyK `wZ ZvwKq _vK| Aekl Zvi ^Rb Ug Gj me ksKvi Aemvb NU|
3| DxcKi Ugi mv_ Avwg Kvbv AvMK bB KweZvi mv`k iqQ
i. Rwgjvi gvi
ii. K`g Avjxi
iii. Aeva evjKi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
M. i I ii
K. evaK
M. cwiwPZ
L.
N.
ii
ii I iii
L.
N.
wPiPbv
^vRvZeva
mRbkxj
K.
L.
M.
N.
Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjv b`x gvV LZ fvjvem

Rjvxi XDq fRv evsjvi G meyR KiY WvOvq;
nqZv `wLe Pq my`kb DwoqQ mvi evZvm;
nqZv wbe GK jxcuPv WvwKZQ wkgyji Wvj;
nqZv LBqi avb QovZQ wk GK DVvbi Nvm;
i~cmvi Nvjv Rj nqZv wKkvi GK mv`v Quov cvj
wWOv evq; ivOv gN muvZivq AKvi AvwmZQ bxo
`wLe aej eK; AvgviB cve Zzwg Bnvì wfo|
wei RvbvwK Kv_vq `Lv hvq ?
Avwg Kvbv AvMK bB Kwe GK_v ejQb Kb ?
DxcK dzU IVv wPi mv_ Avwg Kvbv AvMK bB KweZvi mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki|
DxcKi mv_ Avwg Kvbv AvMK bB KweZvi PZbvMZ emv`kB ewk hywmn
weklY Ki|
222
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cvvi
Aveyj nvmb
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Aveyj nvmb 15B AvM 1922 wLv Lyjbv Rjvi dwKinvU _vbvi AvoWvv Mvg
RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Gm.Gg. BmgvBj nvmb| Aveyj nvmb KjKvZv cwmWw KjR _K
A_bxwZ welq we.G. mvb I Gg.G. wWwM jvf Kib| wZwb evsjv`k miKvii hyMmwPe c` _K Aemi
MnY Ki XvKvq emevm KiQb| Zuvi KweZvq `ki cwZ Mfxi ggZevai ^Q` cKvk NUQ| wPgqZv
I ki cqvMKzkjZv Zuvi KweZvK wewkZv `vb KiQ| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM nQ : beem, weim
msjvc, nvIqv Zvgvi Kx `ytmvnm, `yt^c _K `yt^c BZvw`| BKevji KweZv, wewfb fvlvi KweZv, Ab
Zi dmj BZvw` Zuvi Abyev` KveM| Aveyj nvmb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, GKzk c`K, c`vejx
cyivimn cPzi cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nqQb|]
RbwQ mZ e w`b gb gb
gywi c_ wgk MQ RbMY,
hLvb j jvKi i nvZ
mwi gvS wbqvwRZ w`bivZ,
hLvb gvbyl `bw`b KvR
cvYcvZ Ki `yt^ci gvS,
gvwUZ wkKo Mo hviv euP AvQ,
Avagiv nq cvlvYi im euvP,
mB RbZvi `x wgwQj ai
behyM Avm i w`bi fvi|
kv_ I UxKv : RbwQ mZ .... MQ RbMY RbwQ mZ njv GK aibi wekvm hv ew`b ai gbi
gvS Kwe enb Ki PjQb| Avi m wekvmwU njv gvbyli gywi c_ RbMYi gvSB wgk AvQ| RbMY
ejZ mvaviY LU LvIqv, kwgK I gnbwZ gvbylK evSvbv nqQ| mB RbMYi fZi _KB gywi
mvcvb ewiq Avme|
Avagiv nq cvlvYi im euvP mgvRi LU LvIqv gvbyl, hvì KghB GB cw_ex GZ myì mB
gvbyliv mgvR `yejv LZ cvq bv, Zvì Rxeb Kvbv im bB, ewP bB, hb cvlvYi gZv ev
cv_ii gZv wbim Zvì Rxeb|
mB RbZvi `x ... i w`bi Wvi LU LvIqv gvbyl, RbZv wbRì fvMK wbRì nvZ e`jvbvi
Rb GKw`b mvPvi nq IV, wez nq IV, ivRc_ bg Avm, wgwQj Ki Gfve GK ecweK
Aevi mw Ki ZLbB bZzb hyMi mw nq; mKj AZvPvi wbhvZb `~i nq|
cvV cwiwPwZ : GB mfZv Mo DVQ kgRxex I gnbwZ gvbyli cwikgi KviY| hLvb j nvZ
GKwZ nq mLvbB kw `pZi nq; mLvbB mwi bZzb c_ nq iwPZ| h gvbyl `yt^ci gaI
w`bivZ KvR Ki, hviv kZ evavK Dcv Ki gv I gvwUi Uvb `ki wnZv_ wbqvwRZ, hviv
Aavnvi-AbvnviI `kZvM Ki Ab wPiw`bi gZv Pj hvq bv ZvivB cKZ `kcwgK| mB
kgRxex, gnbwZ mvaviY gvbyli KvZvi wgk MjB Rxebi cKZ Avb` cvIqv me| Kwe gb
Kib, GUvB gywi gj mZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
223
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| mfZv weKvk LU LvIqv gvbyli Ae`vbi avivevwnK weeiY `vI|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
gywi c_ Kv_vq wgj MQ ?

K. c_
L.
M. RbMY
N.
wgwQj
mjb
2| gvbyl Kb myt^ci gvS _vK ?

K.
M.
mgmvi Rb
Dcvi Rb
L.
N.
mRbi Rb
`bw`b KvRi Rb

cw_exi AwaKvi ewZ h wfzKi `j
Rxebi ebveM Zvnvì Kviv wePj
AmZ Abvq hZ Wze hvK, mZi cmv`
wMq jf AgZi ^v`|
3| DxcK cvvi KweZvq Kvb w`K DbvwPZ nqQ ?
i. ebv
ii. AwaKvinxbZv
iii. bZzb w`bi mvebv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
M. iii
L.
N.
ii
i I iii
4| DxcKi fvebvi m cvvi KweZvi mv`kc~Y cO&w KvbwU ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
mRbkxj
K.
L.
M.
N.
gywi c_ wgk MQ RbMY,

`bw`b KvR, cvYcvZ Ki `yt^ci gvS,
behyM Avm i w`bi fvi
Avagiv nq cvlvYi im euvP|
wZwgi ivw gvZgx mvxiv mveavb !

hyM-hyMv mwZ e_v NvwlqvQ Awfhvb !
dbvBqv IV ewZ eyK cywZ Awfgvb,
Bnvì c_ wbZ ne mv_, w`Z ne AwaKvi|
Kviv w`bivZ mwi gvS wbqvwRZ ?
Kviv Avagiv nq euP AvQ ? eywSq jL|
DxcK cvvi KweZvi Kvb w`K cwZdwjZ nqQ evLv Ki|
DxcK cvvi KweZvi g~jfve cwic~Yfve aviY Kiwb g~jvqb Ki|
224
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ivbvi
myKv fvPvh
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : myKv fvPvh 30k kveY 1333 ev KjKvZvi KvjxNvU RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cZK
wbevm MvcvjMi KvUvwjcvovq| Zuvi wcZv wbeviYP` fvPvh Ges gvZv mybxwZ èx| myKv ejNvUv
`kez zj _K gvwUK cixvq AskMnY Ki AKZKvh nb| wZxq gnvhy wekevcx asm I gZzi
Zvejxjv wKkvi myKvK `viyYfve k Ki| GQvov mvgvwRK bvbv AbvPvi I elg ZuvK cejfve
AvjvwoZ Ki| Zuvi KweZvq GB AbvPvi I elgi weiy awbZ cej cwZev` Avgvì mPwKZ Ki|
wbcxwoZ MYgvbyli cwZ Mfxi ggZvi cKvk NUQ Zuvi KweZvq| Zuvi KveM : Qvoc, Nyg bB,
c~evfvm, Awfhvb, niZvj BZvw`| 29k ekvL 1354 mvj gv GKzk eQi eqm Kwe gZzeiY Kib|]
ivbvi QzUQ ZvB Szg&Szg& Nv evRQ ivZ

ivbvi PjQ Leii evSv nvZ,
ivbvi PjQ, ivbvi!
ivwi c_ c_ Pj Kvbv wbla Rvb bv gvbvi|
w`M _K w`M QvU ivbvi
KvR wbqQ m bZzb Lei Avbvi|
ivbvi ! ivbvi !
Rvbv-ARvbvi
evSv AvR Zvi Kuva,
evSvB RvnvR ivbvi PjQ wPwV Avi msev`;
ivbvi PjQ, eywS fvi nq nq,
Aviv Rvi, Aviv Rvi, G ivbvi `yevi `yRq|
Zvi Rxebi ^ci gZv wcQ mi hvq eb,
Aviv c_, Aviv c_ eywS nq jvj I c~e KvY|
AevK ivZi Zviviv, AvKvk wgU&&wgU&& Ki Pvq;
Kgb Ki G ivbvi meM nwiYi gZv hvq !
KZ Mvg KZ c_ hvq mi mi
kni ivbvi hveB cuQ fvi;
nvZ jb Ki Vb&Vb&&, RvbvwKiv `q Avjv
gvft ivbvi ! GLbv ivZi Kvjv|
Ggwb KiB Rxebi e eQiK wcQz dj,
cw_exi evSv zwaZ ivbvi cuQ w`qQ gj|
Kvkvm QzuqQ AvKvk, gvwU wfR MQ Nvg
Rxebi me ivwK Iiv wKbQ A `vg|
AbK `ytL, e e`bvq, Awfgvb, AbyivM,
Ni Zvi wcqv GKv khvq wewb` ivZ RvM|
ivbvi ! ivbvi !
G evSv Uvbvi w`b Ke kl ne ?
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
225
ivZ kl nq m~h DVe Ke ?

NiZ Afve; cw_exUv ZvB gb nq Kvjv auvqv,
wcVZ UvKvi evSv, Zey GB UvKvK hve bv Quvqv,
ivZ wbRb, c_ KZ fq, ZeyI ivbvi QvU,
`myi fq, Zviv Pq fq KLb m~h IV|
KZ wPwV jL jvK
KZ myL, cg, AveM, wZZ, KZ `ytL I kvK|
Gi `ytLi wPwV coe bv Rvwb KD Kvbv w`bI,
Gi Rxebi `ytL Kej Rvbe c_i ZY,
Gi `ytLi K_v Rvbe bv KD kni I Mvg,
Gi K_v XvKv co _vKeB Kvjv ivwi Lvg|
ì` Zvivi PvL Kuvc wgwUwgwU,
G-K h fvii AvKvk cvVve mnvbyf~wZi wPwV
ivbvi ! ivbvi ! Kx ne G evSv eq ?
Kx ne zavi KvwZ q q ?
ivbvi ! ivbvi ! fvi Zv nqQ AvKvk nqQ jvj
Avjvi k Ke KU hve GB `ytLi Kvj ?
ivbvi ! Mvgi ivbvi !
mgq nqQ bZzb Lei Avbvi;
kc_i wPwV wbq Pjv AvR
fxiyZv wcQb dj
cuQ `vI G bZzb Lei,
AMMwZi gj,
`Lv è eywS cfvZ GLywb
bB, `wi bB Avi,
QzU Pjv, QzU Pjv, Aviv eM
`y`g, n ivbvi \
kv_ I UxKv : ivbvi BsiwR k runner-Gi AvwfavwbK A_ whwb òvb| GLvb WvK niKiv
A_ eeZ| bZzb Lei Avbvi WvK niKivi evM gvbyli myL-`ytLi AbK ARvbv msev` _vK|
wPwV wewj nj m msev` gvbyl RvbZ cvi| ZvB WvK niKivK bZzb Leii evnK ejv nqQ|
`yevi hvK wbeviY Kiv hvq bv| nwiYi gZv hvq GwU GKwU Dcgv| nwiY hgb wbtk wK
AwZ `Z òvq, ivbviI Zgwb| jb nvwiKb ev Zj w`q PvwjZ Avjvi Avavi| fvi Zv
nqQ AvKvk nqQ jvj GwU cZxK| evPv_ ivwi AKvi kl nq AvKvk m~h DVQ| wK
cZxKx A_ Ki Kvwjgv `~ixf~Z nq myLi mvbvwj Avjv `Lv w`Q|
cvV cwiwPwZ : KweZvwU kgRxex gvbyl ivbviì wbq jLv| Zvì KvR nQ MvnKì KvQ
ewMZ I cqvRbi wPwV cuQ Ìqv| ivbviiv GZUvB `vwqZkxj h Kvbv wKQzB Zvì KvRi
evav nq IV bv| ivZ nvK, `yMg c_ nvK, `yhvMc~Y AvenvIqv nvK wbii Zvì GB KvR
Ki hZ nq| wPwV gvbB myL-Avb`, `ytL-kvK fiv msev`| GB msevì RbB Acvq
226
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
_vK wcqRbiv| wcqRbì KvQ h_vmgq GB Lei cuQ Ìqv AZ Riwi| ivbviì ZvB
Kvw bB, Aemi bIqvi AeKvk bB| Zviv QzUQb Zv QzUQbB| GB gnvb ckvq hviv wbqvwRZ
iqQb Zviv h gvbyl wnme KZUv gnr, KweZvwUZ GB fvebviB cwZdjb j Kiv hvq|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| kgRxex gvbyl h me cY Drcv`b Ki Zviv m cY eenvi KiZ cvi bv wkivbvg

GKwU iPbv cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
ivbvii KvQ cw_exUv Kvjv auvqv gb nq Kb ?

K. gNvQb _vKvq
L. Afvei Zvobvq
M. m~h bv IVvq
N. KjKviLvbvi KviY
2| `myi fqi PqI ivbvi m~h IVvK ewk fq cvq Kb ?
K. PvKwi nvivbv Rb
L. WvK bv cvIqvi fq
M. evwo divi Zvov _vKvq
N. `vwqZevai KviY
mygb ek ^QvPvix| me KvRB `vqmviv MvQ kl Ki| BQvgZ Awdm hvZvqvZ Ki| GKw`b
Riwi mfv Dcj KgKZv Awdm Gm `Lb MU e| dj mg AvqvRb c nq hvq|
3| DxcKi mygb I ivbvi KweZvi ivbvi mv`ki w`KwU njv Zviv DfqB
i. PvKwiRxex
ii. `vwqZ mPZb
iii. mev`vbKvix
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4| Kvb `wKvY _K ivbvi DxcK mygb _K wfb ?
K. Pjvi MwZ
L. bvqeva
M. kvfw
N. mgqwbv
mRbkxj
mvgv` mvne evsK Kvwkqvi wnme 30 eQi hver KgiZ AvQb| mevi AvM Awdm Avmb Ges
mekl Awdm ZvM Kib| GKw`b fvBqi gZz msev` cq Acivn wZwb evwo hvb| ciw`b h_vmgq
wZwb cybivq wdi Avmb| Zvi KviY Kviv GZUzKz K hvZ bv nq m evcvi wZwb ek mPZb|
K. ivbvi fvi Kv_vq cuQ hve ?
L. ivZ wbRb, c_ KZ fq, ZeyI ivbvi QvU| ivbvi Kb QvU ?
M. DxcKi mvgv` mvnei gvS ivbvi KweZvi ivbvi Pwii mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki|
N. mvgv` mvne ivbvi Pwii wekl w`KK aviY KijI ivbvi ^Z gewUi h_v_Zv
hvPvB Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
227
ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv
kvgmyi ivngvb
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : kvgmyi ivngvb 1929 mvji 24k Avei XvKv kni RbMn Y Kib| Zuvi cZK wbevm biwms`x
Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi cvovZjx Mvg| Zuvi wcZv gvLjmyi ingvb Payix I gvZv Avgbv LvZzb| wZwb 1945 mvj
XvKvi cvMvR zj _K gvwUK, XvKv KjR _K 1947 mvj BUviwgwWqU cvk Kib| wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq
_K mvZK wWwM jvf Kib| Zuvi ckv wQj mvsevw`KZv| wZwb GKwbfve Kve mvabvq wbqvwRZ wQjb| wekl
Ki gawe bvMwiK Rxebi cZvkv, nZvkv, wewQbZv, eivM I msMvg Zuvi KweZvq mv_Kfve weaZ| Zuvi KweZvq
AwZ AvaywbK Kveavivi ewk mv_Kfve cKvk cqQ| Dcgv I wPK wZwb cKw Zwbfi Ges welq I Dcv`vb
kniKw`K| Zuvi cavb KveM : c_g Mvb wZxq gZzi AvM, i` KivwUZ, wea bxwjgv, wbivjvK wèi_,
wbR evmf~g, e`x wkwei _K, `ytmgqi gyLvgywL, wdwiq bvI NvZK KuvUv, GK aibi AnsKvi, Avw`M bM
càwb, Avwg Abvnvix, evsjv`k ^c `vL, `k`vnx nZ BQ Ki, eyK Zvi evsjv`ki `q, Mnhyi AvM,
`q Avgvi cw_exi Avjv, nwiYi nvo, gvbe `q be` mvRvB BZvw`| GQvov Zuvi wKQz Abyev`-KweZv I
wkZvl KweZv iqQ| kvgmyi ivngvb Zuvi Abb mvaviY Kwe-KxwZi Rb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi GKzk c`Kmn
AmsL cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb| wZwb 17B AvM, 2006 mvj gZz eiY Kib|]
ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv

ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb
Avi KZevi fvmZ ne iMvq ?
Avi KZevi `LZ ne Lve`vnb ?
Zzwg Avme ej, n ^vaxbZv,
mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvOj,
wmuw_i wmu`yi gyQ Mj nwi`vmxi|
knii eyK RjcvB iOi Uv Gjv
`vbei gZv wPrKvi KiZ KiZ
Qvvevm, ew DRvo njv| wiKqjjm ivBdj
Avi gwkbMvb LB dvUvj hZ|
Zzwg Avme ej QvB njv Mvgi ci Mvg|
Zzwg Avme ej wea cvovq cfzi evwfUvi
fM~c ùvwoq GKUvbv AvZbv` Kij GKUv KzKzi|
AeyS wk nvgvwo w`j wcZv-gvZvi jvki Dci|
ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv, ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb
Avi KZevi fvmZ ne iMvq ?
Avi KZevi `LZ ne Lve`vnb ?
^vaxbZv, Zvgvi Rb _yyo GK eyov
D`vm `vIqvq em AvQb Zuvi PvLi wbP Acivni
`yej Avjvi wSwjK, evZvm boQ Pzj|
228
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
^vaxbZv, Zvgvi Rb
gvjvevwoi GK weaev ùvwoq AvQ
boeo LyuwU ai ` Nii|
^vaxbZv, Zvgvi Rb
nvwmvi GK Abv_ wKkvix k~b _vjv nvZ
em AvQ c_i avi|
Zvgvi Rb,
mMxi Avjx, kvnevRcyii mB Rvqvb KlK,
K `vm, Rjcvovi mePq mvnmx jvKUv,
gZje wgqv, gNbv b`xi ` gvwS,
MvRx MvRx ej h bKv Pvjvq Dvg So,
iyg kL, XvKvi wiKkvIqvjv, hvi dzmdzm
GLb cvKvi `Lj
Avi ivBdj Kuva eb Rj Nyi-eovbv
mB ZwR ZiY hvi c`fvi
GKwU bZzb cw_exi Rb nZ PjQ
mevB Aaxi cZxv KiQ Zvgvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv|
cw_exi GK cv _K Ab cv Rj
NvlYvi awb-cwZawb Zzj,
bZzb wbkvb Dwoq, `vgvgv evwRq w`wMw`K
GB evsjvq
ZvgvK AvmZB ne, n ^vaxbZv|
kv_ I UxKv : wmuw_i wmu`yi gyQ Mj nwi`vmxi- nwi`vmx weaev njv| mbvZb agi gqì weqi ci
wmuw_Z wmu`yi cwiq Ìqv nq| Zvi ^vgx gviv Mj mB wmu`yi gyQ djv nq| ^vaxbZv hy Avgvì
`ki Ggb AbK nwi`vmxi ^vgx gywhy KiZ wMq kwn` nqQb| nwi`vmxi ^vgxI kwn` nqQb G
welqwU evSvbvi Rb evKwU eeZ nqQ; hZ hLvb mLvb, me RvqMvq; Zzwg Avme ej ...
Qvvevm, ew DRvo njv ^vaxbZv hyi iZ cvwKvwb mbvevwnbx evOvwjì Ici exfrm I fqsKi
AvgY Pvjvq| Zviv Mvgi ci Mvg Avb cywoq `q| Zvì mB AvgY _K Qvì Qvvevm, Mixe
gvbyli _vKvi RvqMv, ewI iv cvqwb| cvwKvwb mbviv Qvvevm I ewZI AvgY Ki, Ges
mLvbKvi gvbylK wbwePvi nZv Ki Ges cywoq wbw Ki `q; _yyo GK eyov eqmi fvi wea
jvK, hvi eqm AbK nqQ Ges PjvPj KiZ hvi K nq; ig kL ... GLb cvKvi `Lj ig
kL bvgi GK wiK&kvIqvjv whwb hy kwn` nqQb| gZ Aev evSvbvi Rb ejv nqQ hvi myL`yL
GLb cvKvi `Lj|
cvV cwiwPwZ : ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv kxlK KweZvwU kvgmyi ivngvbi k KweZv kxlK KveM
_K bIqv nqQ| KweZvwU Kwei e`x wkwei _K bvgK KveMi Af
y | ^vaxbZv ay kgv bq, GwU
Ggb GK AwaKvi I Abyfe hv gvbyli RbMZ| wK cvwKvwbiv evOvwjì ^vaxbZv niY KiwQj| GB ^vaxbZv
ARbi Rb 1971 mvj Avcvgi evOvwj gywhy Suvwcq co| hyPjvKvj evOvwji i iMv eBq `q
cvwKvwb hyevRiv| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi Rb msMvg mwKbv wewei gZv MvgxY bvixi mnvq-m^j-mg
wemwRZ nqQ, nwi`vmx nqQ ^vgxnviv, beRvZK nvwiqQ gv-evevK| cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbx evOvwjì
Qvvevm AvgY Ki Qvì nZv Ki, knii eyK AvMqv wbq MYnZv Pvjvq, cywoq `q Mvg I knii
jvKvjq| Gi cvKwZK cwZev` IV ci KI| AvZbv` Ki KzKziI| gywhy kwgK, KlK, Rj,
wiK&kvIqvjv cgyL mvaviY gvbyl AvZZvM Ki| ` nIqv jvKvjq cexY evOvwji AvjvwKZ PvL Pq _vK|
mBm bexb i cvY`b I Avkv RM _vKZ `L Kwe gywhy PjvKvj `pZvi m DPviY Kib
GZ AvZZvM hvi Dk mB ^vaxbZvK evOvwj GKw`b wQwbq AvbeB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
229
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| KweZvwUZ ^vaxbZvi Rb hme kwY ckv I gvbyli Ae`vbi K_v DjL Kiv nqQ Zvi
ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
`vbei gZv wPrKvi KiZ KiZ Kx GmwQj ?

K. cvKmbv
L. Uv
M. nwi`vmx
N. ^vaxbZv
2| Zzwg Avme ej n ^vaxbZv
Qvvevm ew DRvo njv Qvvevm ew DRvi njv G cO&wZ wKmi wP AvQ?
K. ^vaxbZvi myi
L. asmi wP
M. MY-Av`vjbi i~c
N. gywhyi cUf~wg
wPbZ bvwK mvbvi Qj
zwìvgK wPbZ ?
ikvm cvY w`j h
gy&KZ evZvm wKbZ ?
3| DxcKi zwìvg ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv KweZvq Kvì cwZwbwaZ Ki
i. gywhvvì
ii. Avcvgi RbmvaviYi
iii. AvZZvMx gvbylì
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4| Gi~c cwZwbwaZi KviY Kx?
K. HKPZbv
L. ^vRvZeva
M. `kcg
N. mvnwmKZv
mRbkxj
cvwKvb ivi RbjM _KB kvmKMvx i Ki bvbv elgbxwZ| Zviv cvwKvbi

msLvMwi gvbyli fvlvK ev` w`q D`yK ivfvlv Kivi lo&h Ki| wK G`ki QvwkKmn Avcvgi RbZv Gi wei Zxe wevf dU co, wemRb `q eyKi ZvRv i|
K. Kvi wmuw_i wmu`yi gyQ Mj?
L. RjcvB iOi UvsKK Kwe `vbe ejQb Kb?
M. DxcKi h fvewU ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv KweZvq cvIqv hvq Zv evLv Ki|
N. ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv KweZvq ewYZ w`Kjvi GKwUgv w`K DxcK
dzU DVQ| gewUi h_v_Zv weklY Ki|
230
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
AevK m~hv`q
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 14B Ryb 1932 wLv Rvgvjcyi Rjvi KzjKvw` Mvg RbMnY
Kib| Zuvi wcZv Ave`yi ingvb wQjb zj wkK| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 1946 wLv XvKv KjwRqU
zj _K gvwUK Ges 1948 mvj XvKv KjR _K AvBG cvm Kib| 1951 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq
_K weG Ges 1955 mvj evsjvq GgG wWwM jvf Kib| wZwb wQjb fvlv Av`vjbi GKRb AmvaviY
msMVK| 1953 mvj Zuvi mvw`Z GKzk deqvwi MwU weqKi Avjvob mw Ki| KgRxeb wZwb
wewfb cwKvq mvsevw`KZvmn Aavcbvi KvR wbqvwRZ wQjb| gywhy wZwb wQjb AKzZfq GK
mwbK| ^vaxbZv-Di Kvj wZwb miKvii wewfb msvq iZc~Y `vwqZ wbqvwRZ wQjb| 1977 mvj
MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvii Z_ gYvjqi gywhyi BwZnvm cKGi wZwb wQjb cavb| Zuvi
mv`bvq lvj L evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvhy : `wjjc cKvwkZ nq| wZwb Kwe, mgvjvPK I MKvi
wnme LvwZgvb| wefvM Di c~eevsjvi AvaywbK Kve Av`vjbi wZwb wQjb GKRb AbZg cwZ| Zuvi
DjLhvM KveM : wegyL cvi, AvZkvewj, Awg kii gZv, D`Z mxb, kvKvZ Zievwi, Avgvi
fZii evN BZvw`| ceM : AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv, mvwnZ cm, MM : Aviv `ywU gZz BZvw`|
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb jLK msN cyivi, Av`gRx cyivi, evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, GKzk cyivimn
AmsL cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb| 1983 mvji 1jv Gwcj wZwb gZzeiY Kib|]
wKkvi Zvgvi `yB

nvZi ZvjyZ AvKzj m~hv`q
ifxlY gyLgj PgKvq eivfq|
eyKi Aaxi wdbwKi ziavi
kwnì Lyb jM
wKkvi Zvgvi `yB nvZ `yB
m~h DVQ RM|
gvbyli nvZ AevK m~hv`q,
hvq cyo hvq gZi Agvwbkv
kvi mskq|
wKkvi Zvgvi nvZ `yUv DuPz ivLv
cej AnsKvi m~hi mv_
Awfb `L AwgZ AhyZ jvL|
mviv knii gyL
Zvgvi nvZi w`K
fqnviv KvwU AcjK PvL GKvKvi njv
m~hi AwbwgL|
jvwjZ cvci Avg~j imbv i AwMZ XvK|
ii LiZvb
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
231
RvMvI cveK cvY

K dvUvI wbziZg Mvb
hvK cyo hvK Avcvgi c
gbylZi waK Acgvb
Kznjx cvovbv wgwQji Zvkb
jvL AhyZK WvK|
wKkvi Zvgvi `yB
ikvwfZ gyLgj PgKvK eivfq|
kv_ I UxKv : AvKzj m~hv`q bZzb w`b Avmvi eM evmbv; eivfq Avkxev` ev Avkvmm~PK
Kifw ev nvZi gy`vwekl; Lyb i; gZi Agvwbkv cw_exi `yw`b ev cw_exi AKvi; AwgZ
AcivRq; AhyZ `k nvRvi, AcjK cjKnxb; AwbwgL GK `wZ cjKnxbfve; jvwjZ
KwZ, Av`vwjZ; LiZvb KKk myi; cvevK Avb; Avcvgi me mvaviY; Kznjx Kzqvkv;
ikvwfZ i viv iwZ|
cvV cwiwPwZ : wKkvi eqmwU nQ `yRq mvnm Avi mwkxjZvi mgq| KweZvwU GB wKkvi e`bviB Mv_v|
PgrKvi wKQz Qwe, fvebv Avi cZxKi ga w`q Kwe GLvb wKkviì RqMvb KiQb| Kwe gb Kib,
wKkviivB nQ mB fqnxb mvi AwaKvix, kwnì Lyb hvì `yB nvZ m~hv`q nq RM IV| GB m~hi
AvjvZB KU hvq cw_exi AKvi| wKkvi Zvi `yB nvZK m~hi gZvB AnsKvi DuPz Ki ivLyK, GUvB
Kwei Kvgbv| DvwjZ GB nvZB, Kwe gb Kib, gvbylK eivfq nZ kLve| XK hve mg cvc|
cyo hve cZ| AhyZ gvbylK wgwQj Rvbve Avnvb| m~h Avi DvwjZ nvZi cZxK KkviK
mvnwmKZv Avi eivfqK GfveB eYbv KiQb Kwe|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| wKkvi eqmi ewkjv jL|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
Kvi Lyb jM m~h RM DVQ ?

K.
M.
2|
wKkvii
evOvwji
L.
N.
kwnì
gvbyli
Kznwj cvovbv wgwQji Zvkb

jvL AhyZK WvK|
jvL AhyZK WvK ejZ evSvbv nqQ
K.
M.
gywKvgx RbZv
wgwQji mnhvv
L.
N.
gnbwZ gvbyl
mvaviY kwgK
232
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

Zzwg AvR RvMv Zzwg AvR RvMv GKzk deqvwi
AvRv Rvwjgi KvivMvi gi exi Qj exi bvix|
3| DxcK AevK m~hv`q KweZvi h w`KwU cwZdwjZ nqQ Zv njv
i. civaxbZv _K gywi Avnvb
ii. gbylZi AcgvbKvixì asm Kvgbv
iii. HKe nq ` kc_i AxKvi|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. ii
L. iii
M. i I ii
N. ii I iii
4| DxcK cwZdwjZ Abyfe wbPi Kvb PiY dzU DVQ ?
K.
L.
M.
N.
wKkvi Zvgvi `yB nvZ `yB

m~h DVQ RM
K dvUvI wbziZg Mvb
hvK cyo hvK Avcvgi c
mviv knii gyL
Zvgvi nvZi w`K
ikvwfZ gyLgj PgKvq eivfq
mRbkxj
K.
L.
M.
N.
kfzK cèemvqx fxiy eR cye me

GB gnvKvei Kvbb LuvR
bZzb weq| Kjgi mv_ AvR
Kwei `yRq nvZ wbfyj bMvb K_v ej|
KweZvq Avi bZzb Kx wjLe ?
hLb eyKi i
wjLwQ GKwU bvg
evsjv`k|
Kvi nvZ AevK m~hv`q ?
gbylZi waK Acgvb ejZ Kwe Kx eywSqQb ?
DxcKi cwZdwjZ w`Ki m AevK m~hv`q KweZvi mv`k Kxm ? evLv
Ki|
cwZdwjZ w`KwUB AevK m~hv`q KweZvi GKgv welqe bq gewUi
h_v_Zv wbi~cY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
233
muvKvUv `yjQ
mybxj Mvcvavq
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : mybxj Mvcvavq 7B mî 1934 wLv dwi`cyi Rjvq RbMnY Kib| eZgvb wZwb
KjKvZvq vqxfve emevm KiQb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Kvjxc` Mvcvavq Ges gvZv gxiv Mvcvavq| 1954
wLv mybxj Mvcvavq KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq GgG wWwM jvf Kib| ckvMZ w`K _K g~jZ
GKRb mvsevw`K| wekl Ki 1953 mvj _K Zuvi mv`bvq cKvwkZ KxwZevm cwKvi gvag wZwb bZzb
cRbi wbixvceY Kweì weKvk AmvaviY f~wgKv iL AvmQb| wZwb mvwnZ mvabvi GK wbijm Kgx| KweZv
I K_vmvwnZ h fzeb wZwb iPbv KiQb mLvb Avgvì BwZnvm, HwZn, mswZ I gvbexq cgi GK
Amvgvb RMr Zwi nqQ| wZwb cvq `yB kZvwaK mvwnZKgi mv| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : GK Ges
KqKRb, Avgvi ^c, RvMiY ngeY, ùvovI myì, gb fvjv bB, ^Mb Mixi Pvwe, wZi kni, nVvr bxivi Rb
BZvw`; Dcbvm : AiYi w`bivw, AvZcKvk, cwZx, mB mgq, c~e-cwg BZvw`| wZwb mvwnZ AvKv`wg
cyivi, ewg cyivi, Avb` cyivimn cPiz cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb|]
gb co mB mycywi MvQi mvwi

Zvi cvk g`y Rvrmv gvLvbv Mvg
gvwUi `qvj Muv_v Avgvì evwo
QvU QvU myL wm gbvg|
cowk b`xwU abyKi gZv euvKv
Di Wvev Rj mvivw`b LybwU
euvki muvKvwU wk wkxi AuvKv
njvbv eUi Wvj `vj Lvq QzwU|
Gcvi Icvi wXj Quyo WvKvWvwK
Iw`Ki Mvg ivyi wKQz ewk
Qvqv VuvU wbq Do hvq KwU cvwL
fiv bKvq Mvb Mvq wfb`wk|
Avgvi ez AvRvbi myi RvM
Avgvi `yPvL ZLbv ^cjZv
fvii Kzmyg Icvi dzUQ AvM
Gcvi wkwki cZbi bxieZv|
Avgvi ez e SMovi mv_x
K_vq K_vq GB fve GB Avwo
gvi KvQ wMq cvkvcvwk nvZ cvwZ
Mve MvQ DV m-nvZB KvovKvwo|
Avgvi ez `ywbqv`vwii ivRv
wg_ K_vq RMr mfvq miv
234
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`vl bv KiI wcV cZ bq mvRv

Avwg `wL Zvi mnvm gyL div|
Avgvì QzwU gb e`ji Ljv
Avgvì QzwU AiY LuvRvLyuwR
Avgvì QzwU nvwmKvbvi ejv
Avgvì QzwU BwZ evSveywS|
ez nvivj `ywbqvUv Luv Luv Ki
fO hvq Mvg, b`xI Kbv ay ay
Ljvi eqm civjI GKv Ni
evi evi `wL eziB gyL ay|
muvKvwUi K_v gb AvQ, Avbvqvi?
GZ wKQz Mj, muvKvwU GLbv AvQ
Gcvi Icvi wZgq GKvKvi
muvKvUv `yjQ, GB Avwg Zvi KvQ|
kv_ I UxKv : gbvg gbi Avkv, AvwiK Kvgbv, evmbv; LybmywU Kwg weev`, KcU ivM, ivMi Qj;
fiv bKvq Mvb Mvq wfb `wk b`xi `ycvoi gvbyl hvì Pb bv Zgb Kviv bKv wbq hvZvqvZ KiZ
`LQ| `LQ ZvìB b`x w`q AbKvbv GjvKvi ev wfb`wk Kvbv gvbyl Zvi fiv bKvq gbi
Avb` Mvb Mq Pj hvQ; K_vq K_vq GB fve GB Avwo mKi Aev evSvbv nqQ| wbKURbi
mv_ bvbv aiYi gbgvwjb nq _vK| K_v ejZ ejZ nqZv `yGKwU K_vq GK Acii gvS gbgvwjb
nq, Awfgvb Ki K_v e ivL, Avevi mK ^vfvweK nq hvqG Aev evSvbv nqQ|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mybxj Mvcvavqi ivwi iu ` fy KveMi muvKvUv `yjQ KweZvwU mybxj
Mvcvavqi k KweZv M _K mv`bv Ki msKjb Kiv nqQ| kkei wZ eoB gayi|
kkei ezì K_vI fzjevi bq| KweiI gb coQ mB kkei K_v, ez Avbvqvii K_v| gb coQ
g`y Rvrmv gvLvbv Mvgi K_v| evwoUv wQj gvwUi `qvji, wK mevB wQj myLx| cvkB b`x, Zvi Rj
ezì mB LybmywU, Ljv| Zvi IciKvi muvKvwU hb wkwkxi AuvKv| GB MvgB eo DVQb Kwe|
Zuvi w`b KUQ ez Avbvqvii m| ezi AvRvbi myi Nyg fvO, Kwei PvL ZLbI Nyg| ezi mB
Zvi GB Avwo GB fve| `yRbB ckq cvq gvqi KvQ| `vl bv KiI ez mvRv fvM Ki, mnvm gyL
evwo di| GfveB w`b hvq| wK GKmgq `kfvM nq| `yRb `yRbi KvQ _K wewQb nq co|
`ytmn, ggvwK mB wZ| eo nq ZvB ezi K_vB gb co| gb nq mB muvKvwU hb GLbI `yjQ| GB
muvKvB hb wgwjq w`Z PvBQ `yB ezK| eve GgbUv bv NUjI GiKgB fveQb Kwe| wewQbZv bq,
gvbyli m gvbyli fvjvevmvi mKB gwjK GUvB nQ KweZvwUi g~j fvev_|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| cvkvcvwk `ywU Mvgi ga hfve mymK Mo IV Zv jL|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
235
ewbevPwb ck
1|
cowk b`xwU Kgb wQj ?

K. mvRv
M. AuvKveuvKv
L.
N.
euvKv
ZxhK
2| muvKvUv `yjQ ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

i. wZ
ii. wZKvZiZv
iii. fvOv muvKv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K.
M.
i
iii
L.
N.
ii
i I iii
wbPi DxcKwU co Ges cki Di `vI :

wknve mbMvg wgWj zj coZv| env`yicyi, gNbv, evMgviv, mbMvg cvkvcvwk Mvg wQj|
Mvgi wn`y-gvmjgvb wkv_x nvwm-Avb` zj hZv| 1947 mvj `kfvM nj wknve
`LZ cj Zvi wn`y mncvVxiv mcwievi fviZ Pj hvQ| èeZi m ezZi wZ
wknve fzjZ cvi bv| zji mvgbi eiB MvQ _K eiB cvovi wZ 70 eQi eqmI wknve
weZ nqwb|
3| DxcK muvKvUv `yjQ KweZvi Kvb w`K dzwUq ZzjQ ?
K.
M.
wZ
`kfvM
L.
N.
ezZ
Ljvayjv
4| DxcK DbvwPZ AbyfewU muvKvUv `yjQ KweZvi Kvb cO&wi m mv`kc~Y ?

K.
L.
M.
N.
cowk b`xwU abyKi gZv euvKv

muvKvwU GLbv AvQ
ez nvivj `ywbqvUv Luv Luv Ki
Gcvi Icvi wZgq GKvKvi|
mRbkxj
FwZK Kzgvi NUK weLvZ PjwPKvi| Zuvi AwaKvsk PjwP `kfvMi hYv cKvk
cqQ| wbRi Rbvb hZ nj cvmcvU I wfmv jvMe GB e`bv Zuvi gZv AbKB
gb wbZ cvibwb| G KviYB wZwb ejZb, evsjvi fvM Kwievi cvwiQ, wK w`jUvi fvM
Kievi cviv bvB|
K. eziv Kxfve GK AbK WvKvWvwK KiZv?
L. ezì ga K_vq K_vq fve I Avwo nZv Kb ? eywSq jL|
M. DxcKwU muvKvwU `yjQ KweZvi Kvb w`KK Zzj aiQ?
N. DxcKwU muvKvwU `yjQ KweZvi g~jfvei cwZwbwaZ KiQ g~jvqb Ki|
236
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Avgvi cwiPq
mq` kvgmyj nK
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : mq` kvgmyj nK 27k wWmî 1935 wLv KzwoMvg kni RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg
Wv. mq` wmwK nymvBb Ges gvZvi bvg mq`v nvwjgv LvZzb| wZwb XvKv KjwRqU zj _K gvwUK, RMbv_
KjR _K BUviwgwWqU I XvKv wekwe`vjq fwZ nq wKQzw`b covkvbv Kib| GKmgq ckvq
mvsevw`KZvK eQ wbjI cieZx mgq wZwb mvewYK mvwnZKg wbgM _K ewPgq mvi evsjv
mvwnZK mg KiQb| wZwb KweZv, M, Dcbvm I bvUK iPbv KiQb| Zuvi wkZvl iPbvI iqQ| evsjv
fvlv I mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb wZwb GKzk c`K, evsjv GKvWgx cyivimn AbK mvwnZ-cyivi jvf
KiQb| Zuvi DjLhvM M : GK`v GK ivR, ekvL iwPZ cO&wgvjv, AwM I Rji KweZv, ivRbwZK
KweZv; M : kxZ weKj, iMvjvc, Avbì gZz , Rjkixi Mjv; Dcbvm: ew I we`vnxMY; bvUK :
cvqi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, b~iyj`xbi mvivRxeb, Clv; wkZvl M : mxgvi wmsnvmb|]
Avwg RbwQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj,

Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`q nvRvi eQi Pwj|
Pwj cwjgvwU Kvgj Avgvi Pjvi wP dj|
ZivkZ b`x avq AvgvK, Kv_v _K Zzwg Gj?
Avwg Zv GmwQ Phvcì Aijv _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ mI`vMii wWOvi eni _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ KeZi we`vnx Mvg _K|
Avwg Z GmwQ cvjhyM bvg wPKjvi _K|
GmwQ evOvwj cvnvocyii ewenvi _K|
GmwQ evOvwj Rvoevsjvi gwì-ew` _K|
GmwQ evOvwj ei`f~g mvbv gmwR` _K|
GmwQ evOvwj AvDj-evDj gvwUi `Dj _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ mvefg eviv f~uBqvi _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ Kgjvi `xwN, gqvi cvjv _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZ _K|
Avwg Zv GmwQ MxZvwj I AwMexYvi _K|
GmwQ evOvwj zwìvg Avi m~h mbi _K|
GmwQ evOvwj Rqbyj Avi Aeb VvKzi _K|
GmwQ evOvwj ivfvlvi jvj ivRc_ _K|
GmwQ evOvwj eez kL gywReyi _K|
Avwg h GmwQ Rqevsjvi eRK _K|
Avwg h GmwQ GKvii gywhy _K|
GmwQ Avgvi cQb nvRvi PiYwP dj|
avI AvgvK GZ`~i Zzwg Kvb ciYvq Gj?
Ze Zzwg eywS evOvwj RvwZi exRgwU kvb bvB
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ, Zvnvi Dci bvB|
GKmv_ AvwQ, GKmv_ euvwP, AvRI GKmv_ _vKeB
me wefì iLv gyQ w`q mvgi Qwe AuvKeB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
237
kv_ I UxKv : Avjc_ Rwgi mxgvbvi c_| GLvb nvRvi eQi ai evOvwj RvwZi c_ Pjvi K_v
ejv nqQ; Phvc` evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ-HwZni c_g wb`kb| nicmv` kvx bcvj _K
Phvcì cvzwjwc Dvi Kib| QqkZ kZvx _K GMvik kZKi ga c`jv iwPZ nqQ|
GB c`jvi ga cvPxb evsjvi AwZ mvaviY gvbyli cvYgq Rxeb wP dzU DVQ; mI`vMii
wWOvi eni gjKve Puv` mI`vMii evwYRi K_v AvQ| Kwe Avgvì eemv-evwYRi HwZn
evSvZ GB jvKKvwnbxi Avkq MnY KiQb| KeZ we`vn AvbygvwbK 100-75 wLv
gnxcvji wei Ab-mvg-P wgwjZ nq h we`vn Kib Zv-B Avgvì BwZnvm KeZ
we`vn bvg LvZ| GB we`vni bZv wQjb KeZ m`vqi jvK| Zuvi bvg wè ev wèvK|
evOvwj RvwZi we`vni HwZn evSvZ GB we`vni DjL Kiv nqQ| cvjhyM 750 wLv
Mvcvji ivR kvmbi ga w`q e cvjhyMi m~Pbv nq| Zvici PvikZ eQi cvj eski ivRZ
wUK wQj| G mgq wk-mvwnZi Amvgvb weKvk mvwaZ nq| wPKjvqI GB mgqi mgw
jhvM| Kwe Avgvì wki mg HwZn evSvZ cvjhyMi wPKjvi DjL KiQb|
cvnvocyii ewenvi eZgvb bIMuv Rjvi e`jMvwQ _vbvq cvnvocyi Mvg GB cvPxb wenvi
AewZ| 1879 mvj mvi Kvwbsnvg GB wekvj KxwZ Avwevi Kib| wZxq cvj ivRv kx
agcvjè (ivRZKvj 777-810 wL.) GB wekvj wenvi Zwi KiwQjb| GK mvgcyi wenviI ejv
nq| cw_exi mePq eo wenvijvi ga GwU AbZg| Kwe Avgvì cZZvwK HwZni cwiPq
w`Z cvnvocyii ewenvii DjL KiQb| ei`f~ g mvbvgmwR` ei`f~ g mvbvgmwR`
ejZ PuvcvB beveM Rjvq AewZ QvU mvbvgmwR`K evSvbv nqQ| eo mvbvgmwR` fviZi
Mo AewZ| nvmb kvni (ivRZKvj 1493-1519 wL.) Avgj GB gmwR`wU wbwgZ nq| AmvaviY
wkm`hgwZ vcZKg wnme mvbvgmwR` AbZg| Kwe Avgvì gymwjg HwZni mygnvb wb`kb
w`q GwU DjL KiQb; `Dj èvjq; mvefg evivf~uBqv evsjvq cvVvb Ki&&ivbx eski
ivRZ `yej nq coj Lyjbv, ewikvj, mvbviMuvI, gqgbwmsn I kxn ^vaxb Rwg`viì Dvb
NU| 1575 mvj gvMj mvU AvKei evsjv Rq Kivi ci GB ^vaxb Rwg`viMY Cmv Luvi bZZ
HKe nq gvMj kwi wei iL ùvovb| BwZnvm GuivB evivf~uBqv bvg cwiwPZ| Guiv njb
Ckv Luv, Puv` ivq, K`vi ivq, cZvcvw`Z, jY gvwYK cgyL; Kgjvi `xwN ggbwmsn MxwZKvi
GKwU cvjv; gqvi cvjv ggbwmsn MxwZKvi GKwU cvjv; wZZzgxi Pwek ciMbv Rjvi
nvqìcyi Mvg 1782 mvj gxi wbmvi Avjx Iid wZZzgxi RbMnY Kib| wZwb AZvPvix BsiRx
I wn`y Rwg`viì wei `xNw`b msMvg KiQb| 1831 mvji 19k bfî BsiR evwnbxi m
jovB Ki wZwb kwn` nb| nvRx kixqZ nvRx kixqZDjvn (1781-1840 wL.) gv`vixcyi Rjvi
wkePi _vbvi mvgvBj Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb `xNKvj gvq Aevb Ki Bmjvg ag welq AMva
cvwZ ARb Kib| wZwb agK Avkq Ki mKj Kzmsvii wei mvPvi nb| Zuvi GB
Av`vjbK divqwR Av`vjb ej| Gici wZwb Ave`yj Inve bvgK GK agmsviKi gZv`k
wekvmx nq Invex Av`vjbi m hy nb| wZwb mvaviY gvbylK agi cKZ i~c I Zvì AwaKvi
mK mPZb Kivi Pv KiQb| GQvov we`wk kvmb-kvlY; Rwg`vi, RvZ`vi I gnvRbì
AZvPvi _K gvbylK gy Kivi Rb Av`vjb Kib| zwìvg zwìvg emy (1889-1908 wL.)
gw`bxcyi Rjvi gewb Mvg RbMnY Kib| kke _KB wewUk weivax Av`vjbi m RwoZ
wQjb| AZvPvix gvwRU wKsmdvWK nZv KiZ wMq fzjekZ `yBRb BsiR gwnjvK nZv
Kib| 1908 mvji 11B AvM GB gnvb wecexi duvwmi Av`k KvhKi nq| m~h mb gvvi `v
m~h mb (1893-1934 wL.) PMvg Rjvi ivDRvb _vbvi bvqvcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib| AvRxeb
238
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wZwb wewUkì wei mk hy wbqvwRZ wQjb| 1930 mvj wZwb PMvgK BsiRgy Ki
^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| wK ewkw`b Zv iv KiZ cvib wb| 1934 mvji 12B Rvbyqvwi Zuvi
duvwm nq| Rqbyj Rqbyj Avew`b (1914-1976 wL.) wKkviMi K`yqv _vbvq RbMnY Kib|
wkvPvh wnme wZwb LvZ| `kR BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi cUf~wgZ Zuvi wecyj wkKg
iwPZ| `ywf ZvwoZ Rxeb I RMZi Qwe GuK wZwb Amvgvb GK Rxeb-Zvi cwiPq w`qQb|
evsjv`k wkKjv Av`vjbi wZwb cw_KZ| Aeb&&VvKzi Aebx`bv_ VvKzi (18711951 wL.)
KjKvZvi RvovmuvKvi VvKzi cwievi RbMnY Kib| wZwb weLvZ wPwkx| Ze wkmvwnwZK
wnmeI wZwb AmvaviY cwZfvi cwiPq w`qQb| ivfvlvi jvj ivRc_ 1952 mvj ivfvlv
evsjvi AwaKvii Rb G`ki gvbyli i iwZ nqQ XvKvi ivRc_| Avi mB ivfvlv
Av`vjbi mvdji c_ aiB m~wPZ nq ^vaxbZv Av`vjb| eez kL gywReyi eez kL
gywReyi ingvb (19201975 wL.) dwi`cyi Rjvi (eZgvb MvcvjM) Uzwcvov Mvg RbMnY
Kib| evOvwj RvwZi wZwb Awemsevw`Z bZv, RvwZi wcZv| Zuvi weqKi cwZfv`x bZZ `xN
msMvgi c_ AwZg Ki 1971 mvj evsjv`k ^vaxbZvhy Rqjvf Ki| wZwb Avgvì
^vaxbZvi cZxK, gywi cZxK, mgwi cZxK| Rqevsjv gywhyi mgq RvZxq vMvb wnme
AmvaviY GK ciYv mvix kgvjv| GB vMvb HK I msnwZi cZxK|
cvV cwiwPwZ : mq` kvgmyj nKi wKkvi KweZv mgM _K Avgvi cwiPq kxlK KweZvwU
mvw`Z AvKvi Pqb Kiv nqQ| evsjv`k AvR ^vaxb mvefg GKwU `k| AvZghv`veva
mb GB ^vaxb mvefg iv I RvwZmv cwZvi cvZ AvQ mg GK BwZnvm| mq` kvgmyj
nK Mfxi ggZi m KweZvi AvwK wPwZ KiQb mg mB BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi
cUf~wg| mnwRqvcx e Kweì m Phvcì ga evOvwj RvwZmvi h Amv`vwqK
Rxebevai cwiPq gyw`Z nq AvQ hyM hyM bvbv Av`vjb, wece-we`vn, Avi gZv`ki weKvk
nZ nZ Avgiv Gm cuQwQ AvRKi evsjvq| mq` kvgmyj nK GB weeZbi wewP euvK I gvo
Zvrchgq Ki ZzjQb| Puv`mI`vMii evwYR hvv, KeZwe`vn, cvjhyMi wPKjv Av`vjb,
ewenvii vbPPv, gymwjg ag I mvwnZ mswZi weKvk, evivf~uBqvì Dvb, gqgbwmsn
MxwZKvi Rxeb, wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZi we`vn, iex`bRiji KvjRqx mw, ewUk-weivax
Av`vjb, fvlv Av`vjb Ges cwikl eezi ^vaxb evsjv`k Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi ga
GB wecyj evsjv`k Abeì~c jvf KiQ|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| Zvgvi `Lv ev Zvgvi GjvKvi Kvbv HwZnvwmK wb`kbi cwiPq `vI|
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1|
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K. 1200
L. 1300
M. 1400
N. 1500
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
239
2| Avwg Zv GmwQ Phvcì Aijv _K GLvb Phvcì Aijv ejZ Kwe Kx

eywSqQb ?
K.
M.
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L.
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Dcgnv`k kvmb eevi gweKvk m^ covZ wMq Rbve gvt Kvgivgvb
avivevwnKfve cvj, mb, gvMj, cvVvb BZvw` kvmKMvxi kvmbKvj I kvmb eev wbq
AvjvPbv Kib| G mgqKvji vcZi wb`kbî~c ekwKQz welqi DjL Kib|
3| DxcKi mv_ Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi mv`k iqQ
i. RvwZMZ cwiPqi
ii. HwZnvwmK cwiPqi
iii. mvswZK weeZb avivi|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
K. mvgwMKZv
L. cUf~wg
M. HKm~
N. HwZn
mRbkxj
BsiR kvmKì KvQ _K Dcgnv`ki gywi Rb gnvZvMvx GK mgq G`ki gvbylK
HKe Kib| bvbvfve Zvì gvS `kcg RvMZ Kivi Pv Kib| GiB avivevwnK dmj
^`kx Av`vjb, Awnsm Av`vjb BZvw`| Kvji weeZb Rb cvwKvb I fviZ bvgK `ywU
c_K ivi Ges cieZxKvj evsjv`ki|
K. ewenvi Kv_vq AewZ ?
L. Avwg Zv GmwQ Kgjvi `xwN, gqvi cvjv _K GK_v viv Kwe Kx evSvZ PqQb ?
M. DxcKwU Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi mv_ hw`K w`q mv`kc~Y Zv evLv Ki|
N. DxcKwU Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi Lvsk gv, c~YwP bq hywmn jL|
240
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evkL
Avj gvngy`
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Avj gvngy` 1936 wLv evYevwoqv Rjvi gvovBj Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cKZ bvg
gxi Ave`ym Kzi Avj gvngy`| wZwb `xNKvj mvsevw`KZv ckvi m RwoZ wQjb| ci wZwb evsjv`k
wkKjv GKvWgxZ hvM`vb Kib Ges cwiPvjKi c` _K Aemi MnY Kib| gywhy ZuvK weklfve
AbycvwYZ Ki| ^vaxbZvi ci wZwb `wbK MYK cwKvi mv`K wbhy nb| Zuvi KweZvq jvKR ki
mywbcyY cqvM hgb jYxq Zgwb iqQ HwZncxwZ| Zuvi cKvwkZ KveM : jvK jvKvi, Kvji
Kjm, mvbvjx Kvweb, gvqvex c`v `yj IVv, Avie iRbxi ivRnuvm, eLwZqvii Nvov BZvw`| K_vmvwnZ :
cvbKwoi i, cvwLi KvQ dzji KvQ Zuvi wkZvl KweZvi eB|]
h evZvm eybvnuvmi SuvK fO hvq

RUi cvLv `ygo kl AvQvo gvi
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wZ nvIqv, wZ gnvcZvckvjx,
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eb cvZvi evmv wQuo UzbUzwbì
D dj `ytLx gvqi fvZi nuvwo
n èZv, ejv Zvgvi Kx Avb`,
Kx gRv cvI eveyB cvwLi Ni Dwoq?
ivgvqY cowQ hvi KxwZMv_v
mB gnvexi nbygvbi wcZv Zzwg?
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ZzwgB bvwK mB `qvjy gNi mv_x?
Ze Ggb wbVzi Kb nj evZvm
Dwoq wbj Mwie Pvwli Nii LyuwU
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
241
nvqi KZv mywePvii M wb,

ZzwgB bvwK evnb ivRv mvjgvbi
hvi Zjvqvi AZvPvixi KvUZv gv_v
AnwgKvi AvwjKv uwoq w`Zv|
Kweì GK gnvb ivRv iex`bv_
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hv cyivbv giv, AìKvwi
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asm hw` Kie Ze, kvbv Zzdvb
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cii kg MoQ hviv g `vjvb
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kv_ I UxKv : eybvnuvm h nvum MncvwjZ bq, eb _vK; RU `ZMwZ mb DovRvnvR;
UwjMvd msKZi mvnvh `~i ee ciYi Rb eeZ h| 1837 wLv AvaywbK GB h
we`yZi mvnvh cwiPvwjZ nq| (GLb G aibi h Avi eenvi nq bv|); wZ wi nI; ivgvqY
cw_exi PviwU RvZ gnvKvei GKwU| iPwqZv evjxwK; gnvexi nbygvb ivgvqY exi nbygvbi
exiZc~Y e Kgi K_v DjL AvQ| ivgvqYv nbygvbK gnvexi nbygvb ejv nq|
Kvwj`vmi gN`~Z msZ fvlvi k Kweì GKRb Kvwj`vm| msZ fvlvq Zuvi Agi iPbv
gN`~Zg& Kve| gN`~Zg&K evsjvq gN`~Z ejv nq; ivRv mvjgvb WwfWi cy Ges BmivBji
ZZxq ivRv| wZwb exi I ` hvv wQjb; iex`bv_ evsjv fvlvi k Kwe| (Zuvi mK we
vwiZ Rvbvi Rb GB M iex`bv_ VvKzi wjwLZ h Kvbv iPbvi jLK-cwiwPwZ è|);
AìKvwi hvi cqvRb bB|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Kwe Avj gvngyì KweZv mgM _K evkL KweZvwU msKjb Kiv nqQ|
evsjv`ki GKwU civgkvjx gvm ekvL| FZzcwigvq evi evi m i` msnviK ic Avwef~Z
nq| ekvLi wbzi Kivj Mvm Ges AvMvmx _vevq KLbI KLbI jf nq hvq GK-GKUv
Rbc`| AwaKvsk B Gi wkKvi nq `ytLx `wi` gvbyl ev Amnvq Kvb cvYx| wQuo hvq Mwie
gvwSi cvji `wo, Do hvq `wi` Pvwli Ni| Qv UzbUzwbi evmvI invB cvq bv| wK abxi
cvmvì Kvb wZ nq bv| Kwe ZvB Avc Ki ejQb, cKwZi hZ wbziZv, wbggZv Kb Zv ay
GB Mwiei weiB NUe? Aekl ekvLi KvQ Zvi Avnvb, asm hw` KiZB nq, Zvnj
uwoq `vI mBme AvwjKv hv Mo DVQ kgRxex mvaviY gvbylK kvlY Ki| GB KweZvq
ekvLi weasmx cZxKi ga w`q AZvPvixi Aemvb Kvgbv KiQb Kwe|
242
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K.
L.
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Dwoq wbj Mwie Pvwli Nii LyuwU
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mKvj _KB wSi wSi Ki ew coQ| `ycyi ew gvv LvwbKUv eo hvq| mvi ci i nq
`gKv nvIqv I Nb ew| ivZ Avevi i njv cej ewi, GB ew cej So icvwiZ njv|
GB So fO cojv, Aea m` Mo IVv evwo| evwoi cvk LoKzUvi evwo, wUbi evwo
wZM nj mvaviY gvbyl BUi evwowU fO covq Lywk njv|
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cebi KvQ Kwe Kx wgbwZ KiQb ? eywSq jL|
DxcKi fvebv evkL KweZvi Kvb w`KK Zzj aiQ evLv Ki|
evowZ Zvì evnv`ywi Myuwoq djv Kwei GB fvebv DxcK cyivcywi
cwZdwjZ nqwb g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
243
Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv
iwdK AvRv`
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : iwdK AvRv` 14B deqvwi 1941 mvj UvvBj Rjvi Rvwn`Mi MyYxMvg RbMnY Kib|
Zuvi wcZv mvwjg Dwb Lvb Ges gvZv iveqv Lvb| wZwb 1959 mvj UvvBji evYkvmb DP we`vjq _K
cewkKv Ges 1962 mvj bKvbv KjR _K DP gvawgK cvm Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjq _K 1966 I
1967 mvj wZwb evsjv mvwnZ mvZK I mvZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| KgRxeb wZwb mvsevw`KZv, Aavcbv I
miKvwi PvKwiZ wbqvwRZ wQjb| cg, `vn I cKwZwbfi KweZvi GK ZvrchcY~ RMr wZwb mw Kib| Zuvi
DjLhvM KveM : Amei cvq, Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv, mk myì, nvZzwoi wbP Rxeb, cwiKxY
cvbkvjvq Avgvi ^`k, Aci AiY, wewiwkwi ce BZvw`| mvwnZ Amvgvb Ae`vbi Rb wZwb AvjvIj
cyivi Ges evsjv GKvWgx cyivimn AbK cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb]|
k KvZiZvgq GB bvg
DPviYgv hb fO hve,
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Pzwbqv Zv fvjvevm kvwm c~wYgvi Puv`,
Pzwbqv cKZ e-^fvei wbwiwewj meyR cKwZ;
Pzwbqv hvRbevcx gbvig Avwèvmx f~wg|
Pzwbqv KLbv Kvbv wnsmZv `vLwb|
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Pzwbqv gvbyl fvjvevm|
eì mvnPh Pzwbqvevmxiv cKZ cve Lye
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Pzwbqv KLbv Rvwb KviKB AvNvZ Ki bv;
Pzwbqv meyR Lye, kvwwcq kvw fvjvevm,
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Pzwbqv wPrKvi Lye AcQ` Ki,
244
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Pzwbqv wji k cQ` Ki bv|

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cii mrcwZekx ne|
kv_ I UxKv : AwnZ wgwjq hvIqv, nvwiq hvIqv; gviYvgq ... ùvove ^vaxbZv hy evsjv`ki
Abvb m`vqi gZvB gb cvY z`-bMvx m`vqI mvweKfve AskMnY KiwQj| Pzwbqv MvgwUI z`bMvx AaywmZ GjvKv| Zviv gywhy hgb Amxg mvnwmKZvi ^vi iLQb, Zgwb Kwe gb KiQb
cw_exi hKvbv gviYvi weiB Zviv iL ùvove; cKZ
e-^fvei gnvgvbe MZgey g~jZ Awnsm
bxwZev`x wQjb| GLvb h m`vqi K_v ejv nqQ ZvivI e-agvej^x, Guiv MZg eyi gZB kvwwcq
I Awnsm gbvfvei gvbyl G evawUK evSvbv nqQ; hvRbevcx hvRb ki A_ AbK ev e|
GLvb kwU vbevPbv_B eeZ nqQ| hvRbevcx njv AbKUv vbevcx; AuvZK PgK, nVvr fq
cq; mvnPvh GKm wgjwgk; `xv Zvb jvf, GK aibi kc_ bqv; Kzi cvPxb fviZi
GKwU HwZnvwmK vb Kzi| hLvb Kie Ges cveì ga hy msNwUZ nqwQj| KvwnbxwU gnvfviZ
ewYZ nqQ; bivkev`x wbivk bq Ggb ew, nZvk bq Ggb ew, AvkveK; wcw`g c`xc, evwZ|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv KweZvwU Kwe iwdK AvRvì Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv
KveM _K msKwjZ nqQ| GwU GKwU cZxKx M` KweZv| Pzwbqv bvgi GKwU Mvgi cZxKi ga
w`q Kwe gvbylK myìfve euvPvi Avnvb RvbvQb| Kwei K_vq, Pzwbqv GKwU Qv Avwèvmx Mvg| kni
_K AbK `~i Gi Aevb| gbvig meyR cKw Zi cUf~wgZ vwcZ ej Pzwbqv KLbv wnsmZv `Lwb|
icvZ `Lwb| Pzwbqv ay Rvb gvbylK fvjvevmZ| gvbemgvR AvR h wnsmv nvbvnvwb icvZ `Lv
hvq, PzwbqvZ Gme bB| mevB GLvb ZvB myL _vK| Kwe gb Kib, cwZwU gvbylB Avmj GiKg|
mfmgvRi AbKB GB aibi wm myì MvgK A_ev Mvgi gZv cwiekK eyKi ga jvjb Ki
_vKb| Pzwbqv wekvm Ki, gvbyl gviYv dj, wnsmv-l fzj cii mr cwZekx ne| Kbbv gvbeZvi
c ùvovbvB nQ gvbemfZvi g~j K_v|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
245
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| Pzwbqv Mvgi ewkjvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
Pzwbqv Kx Lye AcQ` Ki ?

K. dzj
L. nwj
M. mrfve
N. gviYv
2| Pzwbqv bivkev`x bq Kb ?
i. Avkvev`x ej
ii. mfZvi cwZ weic ej
iii. cwieZb cZvkx ej
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i
L. ii
M. iii
N. i I iii
wbPi DxcKwU co Ges cki Di `vI :
gaycyix cwjwU AZ gbvigfve Mo Zvjv nqQ| kni _K AbK `~i AewZ ej
mLvb AgvbweK hvwK Kvjvnj cuQvZ cviwb| cKwZi wbweo mvwba c, cvwL I cvYx
emevm Ki| gvS ga mLvb kywUs njI RvqMvwUi m`h I gwngv nvwiq hvqwb|
3| DxcKwU Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv KweZvi Kvb w`KK cKvk KiQ ?
K. kKvZiZv
L. mg
M. GKwU MvgxY Rxeb
N. cwieZbkxjZv
4| DxcK cwZdwjZ fvewU Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv KweZvi Kvb cO&wZ cKvk cqQ ?
K. Pzwbqv hvRbevcx gbvig Avwèvmx f~wg
L. Pzwbqv GLbv AvQ GB mf mgvRi Kviv Kviv gb
M. GB bvg DPviY gv hb fO hve, AwnZ ne Zvi cKZ
gwngv Pzwbqv GKwU Mvg
mRbkxj
DxcKwU co Ges ckjvi Di `vI :
Rvwb b Zvi abiZb
AvQ wKbv ivwbi gZb
ay Rvwb Avgvi A Ryovq Zvgvi Qvqvq Gm|
K.
L.
M.
N.
Pzwbqvi meyR cKwZ Kgb ?

Pzwbqv GLbv Kb mf mgvRi Kviv Kviv gb AvQ ? eywSq jL|
DxcKwU Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv KweZvi Kvb w`KK cwZdwjZ KiQ evLv Ki|
DxcKwU Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv KweZvi mgM fveK aviY Ki wb g~jvqb Ki|
246
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
^vaxbZv, G kwU Kxfve Avgvì njv

wbgj`y Y
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : wbgj`y Y 1945 mvj bKvbv Rjvi Kvkeb Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv myL`y
cKvk Y Payix Ges gvZv exYvcvwb Y| wbgj`y Y 1962 mvj wmKwc BbwwUDkb, evinvv _K
gvawgK, 1964 mvj bKvbv KjR _K DPgvawgK Ges 1969 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq _K mvZK
cvm Kib| lvUi `kKi m~Pbv _K eZgvb Kvj ch wZwb KweZvq I M` ^Q` mRbkxj njI Kwe
wnmeB wZwb LvZ| Zuvi KweZvq cwZev`x PZbv, mgKvjxb mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK Rxebi Qwe hgb cLi,
KweZv-wbgvY wk-m`hi cwZI Zgwb wZwb mRvM| wbgj`y Y ckvq mvsevw`K| Kve mvwnZ
Ae`vbi Rb wZwb GKzk c`K, evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, Kwe nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb wZ ^Yc`K, RvZxq
KweZv cwil` cyivimn AmsL cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : cgvsi i
PvB, evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj, Pvlvf~lvi Kve, cvk mnm el; QvUM: Avcb `ji gvbyl| QvUì Rb
jLv Dcbvm-KvjvgNi fjv, evev hLb QvU wQjb|]
GKwU KweZv jLv ne Zvi Rb Acvi DRbv wbq

j j Db Aaxi evKzj we`vnx kvZv em AvQ
fvi _K Rbmgyì D`vb mKZ : KLb Avme Kwe?
GB wk cvK mw`b wQj bv,
GB e dzj kvwfZ D`vb mw`b wQj bv,
GB Z`vQb weeY weKj mw`b wQj bv|
Zv nj Kgb wQj wk cvK, e, e, dzji evMvb
XK `qv GB XvKvi n`q gvVLvwb ?
Rvwb, mw`bi me wZ gyQ w`Z nqQ D`Z
Kvjv nvZ| ZvB `wL Kwenxb GB wegyL cvi AvR
Kwei weiy Kwe,
gvVi weiy gvV,
weKji weiy weKj,
D`vbi weiy D`vb,
gvPi weiy gvP...|
n AbvMZ wk, n AvMvgx w`bi Kwe,
wk cvKi iwOb `vjbvq `vj LZ LZ Zzwg
GKw`b me RvbZ cvie; Avwg Zvgvì K_v fe
wjL iL hvwQ mB k weKji M|
mw`b GB D`vbi i~c wQj wfbZi|
bv cvK bv dzji evMvb,Gmei wKQzB wQj bv,
ay GKL AL AvKvk hiKg, miKg w`M cvweZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
247
ay gvV wQj `~ev`j XvKv, meyR meyRgq|

Avgvì ^vaxbZv wcq cvYi meyR Gm wgkwQj
GB ay ay gvVi meyR|
Kcvj KwZ jvjmvjy eua
GB gvV QzU GmwQj KviLvbv _K jvnvi kwgK,
jvOj Rvqvj Kuva GmwQj SuvK eua Dj KlK,
nvZi gyVvq gZz, PvL ^c wbq GmwQj gawe,
wbgwe, KiY Kivwb, bvix, e, feNyi
Avi Zvgvì gZv wk cvZv-Kzovwbiv `j eua|
GB KweZv cov ne, Zvi Rb Kx evKzj
cZxv gvbyli : KLb Avme Kwe ? KLb Avme Kwe?
kZ eQi kZ msMvg kl,
iex`bv_i gZv ` cvq nuU
AZtci Kwe Gm RbZvi g ùvovjb|
ZLb cjK `viY SjK ZixZ DwVj Rj,
n`q jvwMj `vjv, Rbmgy` RvwMj Rvqvi
mKj `yqvi Lvjv| K iva Zuvnvi eRK evYx ?
MYm~hi g Kuvwcq Kwe kvbvjb Zuvi Agi KweZvLvwb :
Gevii msMvg Avgvì gywi msMvg,
Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg|
mB _K ^vaxbZv kwU Avgvì|
kv_ I UxKv : Db `viY DRbvq AveMwenj, w; kvwfZ mwZ, D`vb evMvb;
D`Z ce, cZ; wegyL cvi wei cwieki gvV, cwZK~j cwiek; w`M cvweZ
AvKvk-Quvqv, h gvV w`M Gm wgkQ Ggb wekvj; `~ev`j meyR Nvm; Dj KlK
LvwjMvqi `wi` MvgxY KlK; KiY Kivwb ^ eZb `vwiì ga KiYfve Rxeb-hvcbKvix
mvaviY PvKwiRxex Kivwb; feNyi hvì Kvbv KvRKg bB, eKvi; cvZv-Kzovwbiv hviv
cvZv-Kzwoq Rxeb aviY Ki| `wi` wKkvi-wKkvixi `j; cjK gyn~Zi ga; `viY SjK
cP SjK w`q, cP Avjvi `vjv jvwMq; MYm~hi g RbMYi bZv, huvi ZRxqvb `ywZ
Pviw`K weQzwiZ nwQj wZwb hb GK MYm~h| mB bZv h g ùvwoq mUv Zv MYm~hi g|
ZvQvov mw`b weKj m~hi AvjvZ wQj cLiZv; iva e Ki Ìqv, evav Ìqv; meyR
meyRgq meyR Nvm AveZ; cvYi meyR cvYi mRxeZv I ZviY; gvVi meyR gvVi myì
meyR cwiek; eRK gNvQb AvKvk _K eR ev we`yZi awb cP kwai ki gZv|
GLvb eezi KîK evSvbv nqQ; j j Db Aaxi evKzj we`vnx kvZv 1971
mvji 7B gvP evsjvi gvbyli Awemsevw`Z bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvbi KwbtmZ ee
kvbvi Rb XvKvi imKvm gq`vb Acv KiwQj j j gvbyl| Zviv evKzj nq emwQj
eezi Acvq| imKvmi gvV Gm wZwb Kx wb`k `b, Kx Avkvi evYx kvbvb m Rb mw`b
j cvY nqwQj AvKzj| KviY cvwKvwb kvmKiv mvgwiK kw cqvM Ki evOvwji ^vwaKvi
248
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Av`vjbi weRqK bmvr Kivi mg cwiKbvi QK Zwi Ki emwQj| 1970-Gi mvaviY

wbevPb eezi bZZ evOvwji weRqK Zviv ^xKvi Ki wbZ cviwb| cvwKvwb lohKvixì
mvgwiK cwZf~ Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971-Gi 1jv gvP cvwKvbi RvZxq msmì Awaekb wMZ Ki
`q| eezi Avnvb i nq mgM evOvwj RvwZi HKe AmnhvM Av`vjb| evsjv`k nq IV
MYgvbyli Av`vjb UvjgvUvj| z `ki gvbyl| dU coQ Zvì va| Zviv ZvwKq AvQ
Zvì AKwg ez, cvYi gvbyl, KvwU gvbyli bZv kL gywRei w`K| mg `ki gvbyl hb G
we`vn Suvwcq coQ| mw`b imKvmi gvV eezi eZv kvbvi Rb hviv GmwQj mB j
j gvbyli gb wQj evKzjZv, eez Kx ejeb AvR| cZK kvZvB hb GK GKRb we`vnx|
G we`vn wQj cvwKvwb îkvmK I mvgwiKZi Ges Abvq I lohi wei| Rbmgyì
D`vb mKZ igbv imKvm mgeZ j j gvbyli mgvekK Kwe Kbv KiQb Rbmgyì
evMvbi~c| mB Rbmgyì GKw`K wQj g, Kwei `wZ mwU hb mB Rbmgyì Zxi| GB wk
cvK mw`b wQj bv eZgvb XvKvi mvnivIqv`x D`vb Dicvi GKwU AskRyo iqQ wk
cvK| ZLb G wk cvK wQj bv, ZLb Gi bvg wQj igbv imKvm| GB imKvmi Di cv
wbwgZ weivU ck g _K 7B gvP (1971) eez Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY w`qwQjb| eezi
fvlYi mB wZgq vbwUi Kvbv AwZ GLb Avi LyuR cvIqv hve bv| mLvb GLb bvbv iOeiOi Uzj-ew, LjbvivR, Avi Pviw`K evMvb| Kwe gb Kib, j j gvbyli `q wbsovbv
^vaxbZv msMvgi evYx hLvb _K DPvwiZ nqwQj m wZgq vbwU GfveB myKkj XK
Ìqv nqQ| KLb Avme Kwe? eez kL gywReyi ingvbK Kbv Kiv nqQ Kwei~c| KviY
wZwb evsjv`ki gvbyli ^vaxbZvi ^c I Abyf~wZi i~cKvi| Zuvi evOvwj n`qi AveMceY
cKvkK KwemyjfB gb nq| 1971 mvji 5B Gwcj gvwKb hyivi wbDRDBK cwKvq
cKvwkZ GK wbe eez kL gywReK ivRbxwZi Kwe ej AvLvwqZ Ki jLv nq, wZwb j
j gvbylK AvKlY KiZ cvi mgvek Ges AveMgq evwMZvq Zii ci Zi Zvì
mvwnZ Ki ivLZ cvib| wZwb ivRbxwZi Kwe| myZivs eezK Kwe AwfavwU h_v_fveB
w`qQb GKvji Kwe| Kwei wei Kwe ... gvPi wei gvP Kwe GLvb evSvZ PqQb
eezK wbggfve nZvi ci G`k Afkwi h Dvb NUQ ZvZ me BwZevPK fvebv,
m`h I KjvYK hb mgvwnZ Kivi cqvm PjQ| k weKji M 1971 mvji 7B gvP
imKvm gq`vb h weKjwUZ j j gvbyl Aaxi AvMn Acv KiwQj eezi fvlY kvbvi
Rb, m weKjwU Kwei `wZ wQj evsjvi gvbyli Rb k weKj| KviY Gw`b weKjB wZwb
^vaxbZvi WvK w`qwQjb| kZ eQii kZ msMvg kl cKZc evsjvi ^vaxbZvm~h AwgZ
nq cjvkxi cvi 1757 mvj| 1857 mvj wewUk weivax Av`vjb nqwmcvnx wece| 1930
mvj PMvg ^vaxbZv msMvgx wecex m~h mbi bZZ wewUk weivax mk hy nq Rvjvjvev`
cvnvo| AZtci cvwKvb mwi GK eQi ci _K i nq cvwKvwb kvmKì bvbv lohi
wei msMvg| 1948 mvji fvlv msMvg _K 1952-i fvlv Av`vjb, Zvici 1971 mvj
iqx gywhy| myZivs BwZnvmi e Aavq cvi nq, bvbv msMvg I ZvMi wewbgq Avgiv ARb
KiwQ wcq ^vaxbZv| AZtci Kwe Gm g ùvovjb eez kL gyywReyi ingvb eZvg Gm
ùvovjb j j gvbyli mvgb| ZLb cjK `viY SjK ZixZ DwVj Rj/n`q jvwMj `vjv,
Rbmgy` RvwMj Rvqvi/mKj `yqvi Lvjv, Kwe Zuvi eYbvK AviI myì I A_en Ki Zvjvi
Rb iex`bv_i èZvi Mvm I wez `-i NvomIqvi KweZvi PiY eenvi KiQb Lye
bcyYi m| evsjvi gvbyli wcq bZv eez Zuvi ^vaxbZvi~cx bKvi cvj Zzj hLb WvK w`jb,
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
249
ZLb RbZvi Rvqvii mvZ m bKvq jvMj Dvg nvIqv, QzU Pjj mB ^ci e AvKvwZ
Zix| eRK evYx mnR Dx `ywZgq eezi evYx| Gevii msMvg Avgvì gywi
msMvg/Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg 1971-Gi 7B gvP eez ^vaxbZvi WvK `b, G`ki
gywi WvK `b| Zuvi eei GUvB wQj g~jK_v| Zuvi G Avnvb mgM `kevmx HKe nq gnvb
gywhy Suvwcq co Ges Aekl Avgiv Rqx nB| ^vaxbZv kwU Avgvì ^vaxbZv kwU
GLb Awfavbi GKwU wbQK k bq| G kwU DPviYi m Avgvì msMvg I gywi cm hy|
ZvB 1971 mvji 7B gvP hLb eezi K _K awbZ njv : Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg,
ZLb ^vaxbZv kwU cj bZzb A_ I ebv|
cvV cwiwPwZ : wkv_xì gb eezi HwZnvwmK 7B gvPi fvlY, ^vaxbZv I `kcgi ciYv
RvMZ Kiv KweZvwUi Dk| 1971 mvji 7B gvP eez igbv imKvm gq`vb j j gvbyli
myL eRK cvwKvwb îkvmbi wbMo _K evOvwj RvwZi gyw I ^vaxbZv msMvgi WvK `b|
eezi GB fvlYi gaB mw`b m~wPZ nqwQj Avgvì ^vaxbZvi ^c I gnvb gywhy Suvwcq
covi Avnvb| mw`b KlK-kwgK-gRyi-eywRxex-wk-wKkvi-bvix-cyil-hyeK-e mevB mgeZ
nqwQj evOvwji gnvb bZvi K_v kvbvi Rb| mevi gb wQj AvKzjZv| m AvKzjZv wQj bZvi
KvQ ^ci K_v kvbvi Rb| Zuvi gyL Avkvi evYx kvbvi Rb| igbvi imKvm hLvb mw`bi
g Zwi nqwQj GLb mLvb Zvi Kvbv wP bB| m RvqMvq Mo DVQ wkcvK| Kwe gb
Kib, AbvMZ Kvji wkì KvQ GB K_vwU Rvwbq Ìqv ìKvi h GLb _KB, GB cvKi
g _KB, evOvwji Agi ARi wcq k ^vaxbZv K_vwU DPvwiZ nqwQj| Avcvgi RbZvi mvgb
whwb mw`b Gm ùvwoqwQjb wZwb evOvwji eo wcq gvbyl, evOvwji wkKo _K RM IVv GK
we`vnx bZv| wZwb Kvbv mvaviY ivRbxwZwe` bb, wZwb GKRb Kwe, GKRb ivRbxwZi Kwe| G
`ki gvbyli fvjvevmvq Mov GK gvbyl RvwZi RbK eez kL gywReyi ingvb| wZwb mw`b
(7B gvP 1971) weKji co iv` WvK w`qwQjb
Gevii msMvg Avgvì gywi msMvg,
Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| 1971 mvji 7B gvP eez kL gywReyi ingvbi HwZnvwmK fvlYwU gyL Ki wkKK
kvbvI|
ewbevPwb ck
1|
KiY Kivwb KvìK ejv nqQ ?

K.
M.
AveM KiY
L.
KiYfve RxebhvcbKvix N.
^fve KiY
PvKwiRxex
250
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
2| MYm~hi g ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?

K.
M.
AvjvwPZ g
bZvi g m~hi gZv
L.
N.
Dx g
wecex g

gb Avgvi Sjm IV
GKvii K_v,
cvwLi Wvbvq wjLwQjvg
wcq ^vaxbZv|
3| DxcK ^vaxbZv GB kwU Kxfve Avgvì njv KweZvi Kvb w`KK cwZdwjZ KiQ?
i. ^vaxbZvi K_v
ii. gywi K_v
iii. AvKvvi K_v
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K.
M.
i
iii
L.
N.
ii
i I iii
4| DxcK cwZdwjZ fvebvwU ^vaxbZv GB kwU Kxfve Avgvì njv KweZvi Kvb
cO&wi m mv`kc~Y ?
K.
L.
M.
N.
gvPi wei gvP

Kwei wei Kwe
Avgvì ^vaxbZvwcq cvYi meyR Gm wgkwQj
mB _K ^vaxbZv kwU Avgvì
mRbkxj
`ywjZQ Zwi dzwjZQ Rj, fzwjZQ gvwS c_,
wQuwoqvQ cvj, K awie nvj, AvQ Kvi wnr ?
K AvQ Rvqvb nI Avqvb nuvwKQ fwelr|
K.
L.
M.
N.
me wZ gyQ w`Z Kx D`Z ?

XK `qv GB XvKvi `q gvVLvwb ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
DxcKwU ^vaxbZv GB kwU Kxfve Avgvì njv KweZvi Kvb
w`KK DbvwPZ KiQ evLv Ki|
DxcKwU ^vaxbZv GB kwU Kxfve Avgvì njv KweZvi mgM
fveK aviY Kiwb g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
251
mvnmx Rbbx evsjv

Kvgvj Payix
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Kvgvj Payix 1957 mvji 28k Rvbyqvwi Kzwgjv Rjvi PMvg DcRjvi weRqKiv Mvg
RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Avng` nvmb Payix I gvZv eMg Zvniv nvmb| 1973 mvj wZwb
bvivqYMi Mv`bvBj nvBzj _K GmGmwm Ges 1975 mvj XvKv KjR _K GBPGmwm cvm Kib|
cieZx Kvj wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K mgvRwevb mvbmn mvZK I mvZKvi wWwM jvf Kib|
2006 mvj wZwb Mviv RbMvxi gvZm~xq Avevm c_v wbq MelYv Ki wcGBPwW wWwM ARb Kib|
eZgvb wZwb miKvwi PvKwiZ wbqvwRZ AvQb| Zuvi KweZv evOvwji Avengvb RxebPPv, msMvg I gvbexq
evai DrmviY, mB m wkwZ cKiYi Dj cKvk| k I Q` mPZb Ges wbixvceY G Kwe evsjv
KweZvq cwimyZ avivi AbZg cavb cwZwbwa| DjLhvM KveM : wgwQji mgvb eqmx, Uvbvcvobi
w`b, GB c_ GB Kvjvnj, GmwQ wbRi fvi, a~wj I mvMi `k, n gvwU cw_excy, cvkvjvi Nvov
BZvw`| wKkvi KweZv : Avcb gbi cvVkvjvZ| mvwnZ Zvrchgq Ae`vbi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx
cyivimn AbK cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb|]
Zvì Amyi bZ ... Vv Vv nvwm ... wdwiq w`qwQ

Zvì iv nvZ gyPo w`qwQ bq gvm
wPi KweZvi `k ... fewQwj A gvZ ne
evOvwj Abvh RvwZ, Le`n ... fvZ Lvq, fxZz
wK Kx NUj kl, K `Lvj gnv cwZiva
A Av K L eYgvjv c_ c_ Zcvi Nyi
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g~jvqb Ki|

9-10-06 Bangla Shahitto

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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