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 4
15 | 9:00 10:30
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 15 2016

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 1
15 | 11:00-12:00
AULA

Understanding the forgetful, apathetic brain

Masud Husain1, 2
1
Department of Experimental Psychology &
2
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
Forgetfulness and apathy are pervasive. They afflict all of us from time to time. In this talk I
shall discuss recent studies on short-term memory and motivation which provide important
insights into underlying cognitive mechanisms. Then I consider how these processes can fail
in healthy individuals and people with brain disorders.
Mechanisms underlying rapid forgetting are extremely controversial. New methods to
measure the precision of recall using continuous responses (rather than binary yes/no reports) provide a sensitive probe [1,2]. They have revealed that visual short-term memory
might not be limited in capacity to a discrete number of objects but is better described by a
resource model, in which the amount of resource deployed to an item can be flexibly adjusted
[3]. Using these techniques to examine rapid forgetting in healthy people we show that both
temporal decay and interference modulate recall. Then we apply these methods to individuals
with medial temporal lobe lesions and Alzheimers disease to show how their memories are
corrupted by interference from other items held in short-term memory.
In the second part of the talk, Ill discuss how studies of effort-based decision making have
begun to reveal cognitive mechanisms underlying apathy or lack of motivation [4]. Using
novel tasks that manipulate reward and effort independently, we investigated whether hypersensitivity to effort or insensitivity to reward might underlie the apathetic state. People with
apathy accepted significantly fewer offers than non-apathetic individuals when they had to
make an effort. This was associated with differences in frontostriatal activation. In apathetic
patients, such behaviour was driven mainly by insensitivity to rewards. Further investigation
revealed reward insensitivity was associated with blunted autonomic (pupillary) responses to
incentives which, in some individuals, could be reversed with dopaminergic therapy.
Overall, these studies show how it might be possible to obtain a deeper understanding of
cognitive mechanisms underlying forgetting and lack of motivation, in health and disease.
[1] Bays PM, Husain M. Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science 2008;
321:8514.
[2] Bays PM, Catalao RFG, Husain M. The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared
resource. J Vision 2009; 9:7.111.
[3] Ma WJ, Husain M, Bays PM. Changing concepts of working memory. Nature Neuroscience 2014; 17:347
56.
[4] Bonnelle V, Manohar S, Behrens T, Husain M. Individual Differences in Premotor Brain Systems Underlie
Behavioral Apathy. Cerebral Cortex 2016; 26:80719.

21

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AULA

INTERTWINED COGNITION: THE PUZZLE OF A DEDICATED BRAIN

In Memory of Prof. Glyn W. Humphreys (1954-2016)
Chair: Marietta Remoundou
ICPS College, Athens- Affiliated to the University of Central Lancashire
Intertwined cognition is the riddle inside the brains black
box. Being who we are is a tick-tock moment to moment neural activity of dedicated memory, attentional,
perceptual systems that a lapse in time might have detrimental effects upon recovery. Cognitive psychologists set
off to a challenging mission to translate activity in the dedicated neural paths rendering consciousness less mystical
than sixty years ago.
Deciphering the workings of cognition entails from researchers inspiration, faith, insight, commitment, cooperativeness to their goal.
This session is a tribute to Prof. Glyn W. Humphreys
who died unexpectedly on Jan 14th. The topics discussed
are in recognition of his valuable contributions to the field
of cognitive neuropsychology.

Inhibitory processes of attention: Converging evidence from brain-damaged

patients and neuroimaging
Ana B. Vivas
Psychology department, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Greece
Inhibition of return (IOR; Posner & Cohen, 1984) refers to the slowing of response times to
targets presented at previously inspected locations relative to new locations, when spatial
cues are non-informative regarding the location of the target, and the time between the cue
and the target is above 250ms. It has been proposed that this attentional bias towards novelty
has the adaptive value of facilitating visual search in crowded environments (Klein, 2000).
Initially it was thought that this effect was a purely automatic, low-level, sensory effect;
however research conducted with brain-damaged patients and healthy participants showed
that this effect is rather complex, and that it involves cortical structures. Currently there is
an ongoing debate about the mechanism accounting for this effect. Earlier theories proposed
that this effect results from the inhibition of attention to return to an already explored
(irrelevant) location; whereas more recent alternative theories have proposed habituation
(Dukewich, 2009) and object-file integration processes (Lupiaez, 2010). In the present talk
I will present the work conducted with brain-damaged patients in collaboration with Glyn
W. Humphreys to show that IOR is a complex phenomenon, which involves cortical brain
structures. In addition, I will present more recent work with neuroimaging techniques (fMRI
and EEG) to shed light on the mechanisms underlying IOR.

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 15 2016

The not so obvious aspects of the neglect syndrome

Masud Husain1, 2
1
Department of Experimental Psychology
2
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
Perhaps the most beguiling and seductive aspect of the neglect syndrome is the fact that
patients with the condition appear to neglect one side of space. Hence many researchers often refer to the condition as hemispatial or spatial neglect. In their seminal studies, Glyn
Humphreys and Jane Riddoch showed that attention could be cued towards locations on the
supposedly neglected, contralesional side of space [1], suggesting that it isnt one sector of
space that is neglected. Instead, they favoured the term unilateral neglect, consistent with a
directional attentional bias towards the ipsilesional side of space.
Humphreys work on biased competition in attention led to the emergence of the view that
it might be possible to have non-spatial attentional biases, e.g. following bilateral lesions of
the parietal lobe in patients with simultanagnosia [2]. These findings ultimately led to the
development of a series of studies which showed two non-obvious aspects of neglect. First,
patients with unilateral neglect have non-spatial deficits in attention with protracted recovery from attentional engagement as indexed by the attentional blink paradigm [3] as well as
impairments of sustained attention [4], even when stimuli are presented centrally. Second,
they can show deficits in spatial working memory on the supposedly good (ipsilesional) side
of space which contributes to their neglect of contralesional space [5].
Glyn Humphreys research led to some radically new perspectives on neglect by examining
the not so obvious aspects of the condition.
1. Riddoch MJ, Humphreys GW. The effect of cueing on unilateral neglect. europsychologia. 1983; 21: 58999.
2. Humphreys GW, Romani C, Olson A, Riddoch MJ, Duncan J. Non-spatial extinction following lesions of the
parietal lobes in humans. Nature. 1994; 372: 3579.
3. Husain M, Shapiro K, Martin J, Kennard C. Abnormal temporal dynamics of visual attention in spatial neglect
patients. Nature. 1997 Jan 9; 385(6612): 1546.
4. Malhotra P, Coulthard EJ, Husain M. Role of right posterior parietal cortex in maintaining attention to spatial
locations over time. Brain. 2009 Mar; 132(Pt 3): 64560.
5. Malhotra P, Jager HR, Parton A, Greenwood R, Playford ED, Brown MM, et al. Spatial working memory capacity in unilateral neglect. Brain. 2005; 128(2): 42435.

Birmingham Cognitive Oxford Screen (BCOS): A cognitive neuropsychological

assessment screen for stroke patients.
Marietta Remoundou
ICPS College, Athens, Affiliated to the University of Central Lancashire
Birmingham Cognitive Oxford Screen (BCoS; Humphreys, Bickerton, Samson, & Riddoch,
2012) is a well-established cognitive profile assessment screen that predicts long term functional and cognitive outcomes after a stroke. Initially the aim was to develop a time efficient
standardised screen of multiple cognitive processes in an acute stroke and to identify possible
patterns of cognitive impairment in different patient groups. A second aim was to provide an
exhausting clinical profile of what a patient could/could not do to facilitate rehabilitation
and mostly offer a predictive value for the patients later recovery.
BCOS covers the following major cognitive domains a) attention and executive function b)
language c) memory d) number skills e) praxis and action. These domains are assessed with
multiple subtasks (i.e. 24 in the whole screen) that through its unique reporting system the

23

 15 2016
neuropsychologist can safely report on the patients cognitive deficits at a glance.
There are 4 main aspects that BCOS philosophy was built upon and rendered its validity
and reliability as a battery, those are (a) inclusion of all types of patients by allowing distinct
testing of cognitive domains uncontaminated by deficiency in another domain (i.e. aphasia
and neglect friendly) ; (b) sensitivity of tasks to allow for minor deficiencies to be recognized (Bickerton et al., 2012) (c) informative to the nature of the cognitive deficiency in
relation to theoretical cognitive models and (d) time-efficient to avoid fatigue with tasks
that where possible, several measures can be assessed by a single task (Bickerton, Samson,
Williamson, & Humphreys, 2011).
The screen is now standardized to a number of languages (e.g. Chinese; Pan et al., 2015)
including translation in Greek with standardization in progress (Remoundou M., and Stratakou
G., 2014).
Bickerton, W.-L., Demeyere, N., Francis, D., Kumar, V., Remoundou, M., Balani, A., Harris, L., Williamson,
J., Lau, J. K., Samson, D., Riddoch, M. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (2014, December 29). The BCoS Cognitive
Profile Screen: Utility and Predictive Value for Stroke. Neuropsychology. Advance online publication. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000160
Bickerton, W.-L., Riddoch, M. J., Samson, D., Balani, A. B., Mistry, B., & Humphreys, G. W. (2012). Systematic
assessment of apraxia and functional predictions from the Birmingham Cognitive Screen. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 83, 513521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300968
Bickerton, W.-L., Samson, D., Williamson, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (2011). Separating forms of neglect using the
Apples Test: Validation and functional prediction in chronic and acute stroke. Neuropsychology, 25, 567580.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023501
Xiaoping Pan,,* Haobo Chen, Wai-Ling Bickerton, Johnny King Lam Lau, Anthony Pak Hin Kong, Pia Rotshtein,
Aihua Guo, Jianxi Hu, Glyn W Humphreys (2015). Preliminary findings on the reliability and validity of the
Cantonese Birmingham Cognitive Screen in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatric Disease and
Treatment. Volume 2015: 11, 23772390.
BCOS website: www.cognitionmatters.org.uk

24

 4
15 | 12:15-13:45
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8. Childrens representations of social groups: Generic language,

essentialist beliefs, and stereotypes
Eleni Lipourli1 and Antonis Gardikiotis2
1
University of the Aegean, 2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Two studies examined the relationship between the use of generic (vs. nongeneric) language
and essentialist beliefs about social groups, and how these beliefs are related to stereotype

39

 15 2016
content, especially the two fundamental dimensions of warmth and competence. In the
first correlational study, students of the final two classes of elementary school completed
a questionnaire measuring essentialist beliefs of known social groups, such as rich, poor,
scientists, teachers, elderly, immigrants, and refugees. The beliefs were assessed in terms of
their immutability, discreteness, informativeness, and biological basis. Perceptions of warmth
(perceived intent, e.g. friendliness) and competence (perceived ability, e.g. efficacy) were
measured immediately after. Finally, children were asked to provide a title (from a list of
generic and nongeneric sentences) to pictures depicting various social groups. In the second
experimental study, where generic language was manipulated, students read a number of
passages describing two social groups (poor and refugees). The first passage used generic
and the second nongeneric language for each social group. Students later completed the same
scales of essentialist beliefs and stereotype content as in the first study. This study examined
the effect of generic (vs. nongeneric) language on essentialist beliefs and stereotype content
of the two social groups.

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40

 6
16 | 9:00-10:30
AULA

BILINGUALISM AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING THROUGH THE LIFE-SPAN:

EVIDENCE FROM BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES AND EVENT-RELATED
BRAIN POTENTIALS
: Elisavet Chrysochoou
The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College

: Prof. Manuel Carreiras

Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language

A bilingual advantage in executive functioning has frequently been reported in studies with
children and adults. The control mechanisms used for effective switching between languages
on a daily basis are assumed to also be deployed in experimental tasks requiring the flexible
control of attention, shifting, updating, as well as information storage and manipulation in
working memory. It has been suggested, however, that the locus of the observed differences
between bilinguals and monolinguals might lie in uncontrolled factors influencing cognitive
performance (such as SES, task demands, etc.). The homogeneity of the populations investigated (e.g. participants ages, the language pairs involved, etc.) has also received significant
criticism. The studies presented in this symposium aim at discussing the so-called bilingual
advantage, based on data collected from Greek-Albanian bilinguals (homogeneous samples of
low SES) and matched Greek-speaking monolinguals of different ages, in the context of both
behavioural and ERP measures of executive functioning. It should be noted that evidence
regarding the specific bilingual group is already indicative of null differences on cognitive
tasks (see Ladas et al., 2014), whereas relevant ERP evidence is scarce. Involving the specific
population in studies of different executive control operations, conducted with different age
groups, is expected to provide a clearer insight into this controversial research area; an area
that has received great interest lately, due to significant recent increases in the bilingual population at an international level.

Executive control operations and working metacognition

in Greek-Albanian bilingual children
Zoe Bablekou1, Smaragda Kazi2, Elisavet Chrysochoou3, & Elvira Masoura1
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences,
The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College

1
3

The study reports data from a Thales research funding program, Investing in knowledge
society through the European Social Fund- 2012-2015, co-financed by the European Social
Fund and Greek national funds, through the Operational Program Education and Lifelong
Learning. The regular use of two languages by bilingual individuals and, specifically, the
need for switching between the languages and inhibiting one, while the other one is being
used, has been shown to benefit the efficiency of executive control operations in bilinguals.
Our aim was to investigate whether there exists a bilingual advantage in that domain, as
well as in working metacognition, when factors that influence cognitive performance, such
as SES, are controlled for. We were also interested in examining the effect of educational
context on the demonstration of the bilingual benefit. Participants were 8-12 year-old chil-

41

 16 2016
dren, belonging to three different groups: (a) a monoliterate bilingual group (early bilinguals,
exposed to the mother tongue Albanian within the family/community setting only), (b) a
biliterate bilingual group (early bilinguals, receiving formal education in both languages),
and (c) a monolingual group speaking Greek. Children were strictly matched on age, gender,
nonverbal intelligence, and SES (participants were of low status). Several executive control
tasks were administered, including measures of inhibition, switching, updating, and concurrent processing and maintenance of information in working memory. Our findings seem to
indicate that the bilingual cognitive advantage greatly depends on the investigation context:
on the linguistic, socio-economic, educational factors involved, as well as on the type of tasks
employed in different studies.

Attentional processes in Albanian-Greek bilinguals:

Does the level of bilingual experience matter?
Elisavet Chrysochoou, Aristea I. Ladas, Vassiliki Salvari, & Ana Belen Vivas
The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Psychology Department

Evidence shows that in order to communicate efficiently, bilinguals engage daily in language
control to suppress intrusions from the irrelevant language. This form of cognitive training
is assumed to generalize to non-linguistic tasks of executive control of attention. However,
findings on such a bilingual advantage are often difficult to replicate. The present study
explored the three attentional functions in a sample of 46 young adults Albanian-Greek bilinguals, who were carefully matched with Greek monolinguals on age, gender, non-verbal
intelligence, and SES. Participants were given the Attentional Network Test providing measures of executive attention, alerting, and orienting. In order to investigate the modulation
of the bilingual advantage effect by the bilingual experience level, bilinguals were also given
a language switching task. Results showed that bilinguals had a smaller vocabulary in Greek,
and slower overall response times than monolinguals. However, we failed to replicate the
bilingual advantage: the groups did not differ in any of the attention measures. Furthermore,
the amount of bilingual experience, as measured by the absolute language switching cost,
did not correlate with the attention network scores. The lack of a bilingual advantage in our
sample is in agreement with findings in our lab with children and older adults (Ladas, Caroll
& Vivas, 2015), as well as with other recent studies (Duabeita et al., 2014). It seems that
when bilinguals and monolinguals are carefully matched on variables that influence cognitive
performance, such as SES, the bilingual advantage is attenuated (Ladas et al., 2010) or, as in
the present study, completely eliminated.

Disentangling the effect of bilingualism in attention from socioeconomic influences

in older ages
Aristea I. Ladas1,2 & Ana Belen Vivas2
South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki
The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Psychology Department

1
2

The bilingual advantage phenomenon, which has received significant attention in the last
decades, refers to a better performance of bilingual relative to monolingual participants in
executive function tasks. It has also been proposed that this bilingual advantage can function
as a buffer for aging, hence bilingual older adults appear to show smaller decline in cognitive function as compared to monolingual older adults. However in the last years there have
been an increasing number of studies that failed to replicate these effects. These failures to

42

 16 2016
replicate the bilingual advantage seem to be in part accounted for in terms of confounding
factors (e.g., socioeconomic status) that have not been well controlled for in previous positive studies. In addition, there is need for more objective measures to assess the level of
bilingual proficiency. Thus, in the present study we investigated the bilingual advantage in a
sample of older adults, Albanian-Greek bilinguals, who were carefully matched on SES and
other nonlinguistic factors to the monolingual group. To assess cognitive performance, we
employed a version of the Simon task which manipulated the WM load (low and high), and
the Attentional Networks Task. In addition, a language-switching task was used as an objective measure of bilingual proficiency. The results will be discussed in relation to the so-called
bilingual advantage, aging and the further characteristics of the present sample.

The effects of bilingualism on conflict resolution: Evidence from an ERP study with
Greek-Albanian bilinguals
Elisavet Chrysochoou1, Yan Jing Wu2, & Ana Belen Vivas1
The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Psychology Department
University of Sheffield, Psychology Department

1
2

A bilingual advantage in non-linguistic cognitive control tasks has frequently been reported
in adults. This benefit has been explained by suggesting that the control mechanisms used
for effective switching between languages are also deployed in tasks requiring the flexible
control of attention. Several researchers, however, have questioned the bilingual advantage,
suggesting it might lie in uncontrolled factors that can influence cognitive performance (e.g.
SES), or it might be subject to the characteristics of the samples and tasks employed in each
study. This project aimed at providing a clearer insight into this controversial area, by exploring the brain mechanisms underlying the suggested conflict resolution advantage in a group
of Greek-Albanian bilinguals of lower SES level, and a matched control group of
Greek-speaking monolinguals. In particular, we looked at the N2 component while participants performed different cognitive interference tasks: a coloured Eriksen flanker task, a
numerical Stroop task, and a Simon task, in which working memory demands were manipulated. The N2 component peaks 200-350ms following a stimulus and it is assumed to be involved in conflict monitoring; that is, an increase in conflict monitoring should be associated
with larger N2 amplitude. The findings are discussed in relation to the suggested bilingual
advantage in cognitive control, taking, however, into account the characteristics of the sample and the different tasks employed in the present study.
* This project was supported by a Coeus Summer Scholar Application, a competitive grant scheme for staff at the University
of Sheffield and SEERC/CITY College, Thessaloniki.

43

 7
16 | 9:00-10:30
204

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44

 16 2016

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45

 16 2016


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& University of New England, Australia
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46

 6
16 | 9:00-10:30
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47

 16 2016
,
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The Effect Emotional Words, Depression and Alexithymia Have

on the Tip-of-the-Tongue Experience in English Native Speakers
and Greek-English Bilinguals.
& Cristina Izura
Swansea University
This paper provides exploratory evidence for the multidimensional aspect of the occurrence
of Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) phenomena. Using stringent stimuli selection criteria of the stimuli, bilingualism, depression and alexithymia were then introduced as variables to consider
their effect on the frequency of TOTs. Word definitions were used for the first time to induce
TOTs and proficiency was used to inform the comparisons of TOT rates in bilinguals. Emotional words were predicted to produce more TOTs, while those scoring highly on depression
and alexithymia were predicted to have more TOTs for emotional stimuli. Bilinguals were
expected to experience fewer emotionally driven TOTs and more TOTs overall. Predictions
were explored using an online word definition task containing 35 emotional and 35 neutral

48

 16 2016
words. The TAS-20 and HADS questionnaires measured alexithymia and depression and the
LexTALE evaluated bilinguals English proficiency. Emotional stimuli drove more TOTs, although ANOVA results were not significant. Both high and low proficiency bilinguals experienced significantly more TOTs overall. Participants scoring highly on depression and alexithymia had more TOTs for emotional words. Pearsons correlations revealed a significant
relationship between alexithymia and TOTs for emotional words. Post hoc tests also revealed
a significant negative correlation between imageability of stimuli and TOT rates, suggesting
numerous areas for future research.

49

 3
16 | 11:00-12:00
AULA

The bilingual brain: Plasticity and processing from cradle to grave

Manuel Carreiras
BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastin, Spain
IKERBASQUE. Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
Most people either learn more than one language from birth or invest quite a lot of time and
effort learning a second language. Bilingualism and second language learning is an interesting
case for investigating cognitive and brain plasticity. In this talk (1) I will challenge the
bilingual advantage and (2) will describe behavioral and neuroimaging evidence on the
cognitive and brain mechanisms that adults and infants (monolinguals, bilinguals and second
language learners) use for processing languages. In particular I will address whether proficient
second language learners use similar or different brain mechanisms during processing and
what are the neural consequences (structural and functional) of dealing with two languages.

50

 8
16 | 12:15-13:45
AULA

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51

 16 2016
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52

 16 2016

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53

 9
16 | 12:15-13:45
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54

 16 2016

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55

 16 2016
.
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(knowledge telling & knowledge transforming), Virginia Berninger
(1991),
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56

 7
16 | 12:15-13:45
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57

 16 2016
,
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58

 16 2016

. 30
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59

 10
16 | 15:00-16:30
AULA

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60

 16 2016
(4 , 6 , 8 10 ).
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2002), (iv) , (v) , (vi)
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 11
16 | 15:00-16:30
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62

 16 2016

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63

 16 2016
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64

 8
16 | 15:00-16:30
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1 & Noel Entwistle2
1
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65

 16 2016

, &
Deree, The American College of Greece
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66

 16 2016
(.. = 4,73, .. = 0,66),
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, F(1,56) = 0,04, p = 0,84.
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67

 9
16 | 17:00-18:30
AULA

M
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1, 2, 3
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 16 2016
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2008, Malcolm, 2009).
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Strategies Inventory, Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002, 2004) (N=250)
(N=277).

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69

 16 2016
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70

 10
16 | 17:00-18:30
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71

 16 2016
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72

 11
16 | 17:00-18:30
313

:
,

From Implicit Timing to Event Timing in Scribbling: Anticipatory Control

and Deliberate Attentive Control
Despoina Stamatopoulou
University of Crete
The notion of co-articulation might be a useful tool in approaching the emergence of
scribbling patterns that entail visual anticipation. As such, it can be traced back as early as
the first year of childrens lives, when their movements can be decomposed into a sequence
of stereotyped movements, each resembling basic movements of adults (Sosnik, Hauptmann,
Karni, & Flash, 2004). This mechanism, described in research on kinematics of continuous
drawing trajectories, suggests that with experience/learning, the sequential representation of
motor experience (motor planning) will undergo a profound hierarchical change that reflects
the transformation of the motor-sequential/ dynamic temporal into the spatial (i.e., the
replacement of two sequential movements by a single new stroke/figurethe core). Thus,
drawing movement planning entails motor co-articulation, which leads to a qualitative
transition from syntax-dependent performance to the evolution of a unitary, geometrically
defined, figural primitive that is context dependent and medium sensitive, while maintaining
position in the extrinsic space. The attributes of this new figural unit seem to be dictated solely
by the figural by implying a transition from the 3D dynamic/temporal, primary space to the
2D figurative/pictorial space. This transition from emergent (timing) control to event-based
control push experience to shift on conscious control (i.e., from continuous to discontinuous
circles that require focused and sustained attention conductive to deliberate and explicit
event-related representations) and may invite attribution to some kind of content, providing
relevant indicators of the nature of infants emerging representational insights in drawing
(Stamatopoulou, 2011).

:

1 & 2
1
,
2
& ,

. . ,
:
, .
. , ,

73

 16 2016
, .
(
) 1200, 2400, 3600, 4200 . ,
enter
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, 1200 2400 ,
(3600, 4200) .
,
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, , .

Exploring the Impact of Masked Emotional Stimuli on Saccades during a Selective

Attention Task: An Eye-Tracking Study on Motivated Attention
Dimitris Vlastos, Markos Kyritsis & Afroditi Papaioannou-Spiroulia
City Unity College
Consistent with the notion that unpleasant threat-relevant stimuli affect perceptual and
attention processes more than neutral or positive information, a number of studies have
provided evidence to support the existence of complex circuits that facilitate interaction
between motivation or emotional processing centres, such as the Amygdala (AMG) and areas
related to cognition, such as the frontoparietal networks of attention (Dominguez Borras &
Vuilleumier, 2013; Friston, 2012; Pourtois, et al., 2013). Whether activation of these circuits
requires conscious awareness and attention, or whether unattended unconscious processing
of stimuli can still activate the AMG has been a matter of debate for some time (hman
et al., 2007; Pessoa et al., 2002). One factor that seems to be of particular importance
is exposure time to these masked fearful stimuli, with several studies reporting that some
people can detect fearful faces as early as 18ms (Szczepanowski et al. 2007). Furthermore,
little is known about the impact of potentially accessible but unattended fearful stimuli on the
process of selective attention in particular (i.e., interference with selection and recognition).
The aim of our study, therefore, is to investigate how long a masked fearful face must stay
on screen before it elicits a response (as measured by saccadic changes during a selective
attention task), if at all. This temporal variability which will span from 6 to 18ms, will also
be investigated and, if possible modelled statistically. Additionally, eye tracking will be used
to investigate any potential interference on saccadic delays, antisaccades, and pupil size.

74

10.

,


Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics &
(fMRI) 1) - ,2)
3) , , (normals),
. , ,
.
,

. ,
fMRI ,
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normals.
.

. ,
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hV4, V1 .
,
.

11. ;

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.
.
.
, . (motion aftereffect MAE)

. ,
, (nulling technique) MAE. ,
75

 16 2016
,
(, , ). , . ,
, ,
.

.

12. :
1, 1, 2 1
1
, 2University of Cambridge
, . ,
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,
. 60 60 8 12 .
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13. 

1, 2 1, 3
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3

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(.. :
: long night) (.. , ).

76

 16 2016
, , -

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(STEM).


.

.
British Ability Scale (BAS III) (Pattern
Construction). (4:00-4:11 & 6:00-6:11) = 66.
.

AA15.
1, 2 1, 3
1
2

3


, . T
(). Cravo . (2011)
,

77

 16 2016
,
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Cravo .
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16. Sensitive indicators of executive dysfunction in script generation

Anna Emmanouel1, Danielle Boelen2, Roy Kessels1 and Luciano Fasotti1
1
Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Netherlands
2
Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, Netherlands
Introduction: Difficulties in performing multistep everyday activities after brain damage have
been related to executive impairments in two components of script generation (activation of
script actions from memory and generation of these actions in correct sequence). Deficits
in both script components were predominantly attributed to frontal lobe pathology (FLP)
(Grafman, 2002). However, recent studies have shown inconsistent relations between deficits
in script actions and FLP (Boelen et al, 2011). Therefore, our first goal was to investigate
which difficulties in script generation are related to anterior lesions. Secondly, we explored
whether script generation can be predicted by specific executive domains.
Methods: Performances of 30 brain-injured patients with anterior lesions (AL) were
compared to those of 22 posteriorly-lesioned patients (PL) on indices of the Everyday
Description Task: relevant central actions (RCAs); relevant trivial actions (RTAs); relevant and
irrelevant intrusions (RI & IRI); sequencing (SEs) and perseverative (PEs) errors. Additionally,
five z-composite scores were calculated representing planning, response generation, working
memory, inhibition and shifting. Correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were
computed.
Results: AL patients produced significantly reduced RCAs and more PEs and SEs compared
to PL. No differences were found in RTAs, RI and IRI. RCAs were predicted by planning,
response generation and working memory, RI by response generation and working memory,
IRI by inhibition, PEs and SEs by response generation and shifting. None of these executive
processes predicted RTAs.
Conclusions: Difficulties in RCAs, PEs and SEs are sensitive indicators of anterior brain
damage and script generation demands various executive abilities.

78

 16 2016

17.
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() (Cabral et al. 2015). ,
.

(Callahan et al 2015).

.
... .
(
) (
, , ..).
Mini Mental
State Examination.

79

 16 2016
, (Gale et al
2016)
. .

AA19. 
-.
1 2
, 2Bishop Grosseteste University, UK

. 20 /
/ (-), 6 13 15 / , .
/
(=20). / .
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Raven (1986).
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(Go-no-Go test).
. (SOPT)
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.

AA20. A
 erospace Neuropsychology:
Human Risk Factor in Civil Aviation - A Neuropsychological Approach
Spyros Stavrakis Kontostavlos1, 2, Andreas Nidos1, 2 and Petros Roussos1
1
Department of Psychology, University of Athens, 2Pine
Aerospace Neuropsychology is the integration of neuropsychological methodology, theory and
practice in aerospace settings, in order to study and assess individuals in every aspect of the
human machine interaction with an aim to fly. In civil aviation settings, an ongoing challenge
is the mitigation of the human risk factor to the grade this is possible. It cannot be considered
explicitly as a cause of accidents/mishaps, but rather as a symptom that should be assessed
and studied. When arguing about civil aviation safety, exhaustive control of exogenous
factors is usually the rule of thumb, leaving an inadequate assessment framework in terms of
endogenous human variables. The aim of this study is to investigate the current assessment
framework of the human factor in civil aviation pilots and to further refine explanatory
models and assessment methods of human risk factors under a prototype neuropsychological
conceptualization. This approach is directly related to the nature of the Human Risk Factor in
Civil Aviation, which is consisted of cognitive errors and psychological variables coexistence
and interaction.

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