Glycoloysis

Step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Substrate
glucose
glucose 6-phosphate
frutose 6-phosphate
frutose 1,6-bisphosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate

Anaerobic metabolism
1
pyruvate

Enzyme
glucokinase/hexokinase
phosphoglucose isomerase
phosphofrutokinase-1
aldolase
triose phosphate isomerase
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydro
phosphoglycerate kinase
phosphoglycerate mutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase

lactate dehydrogenase

Aerobic metabolism: PDH complex

1
pyruvate
pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)
2
hydroxyl ethyl bound to tyiaminedihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)
3
sulfhydryl form of lipoic acid
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)
Aerobic metabolism
1
acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate
2
citrate
3
isocitrate
4
-ketogluterate
5
succinyl CoA
6
succinate
7
fumarate
8
L-malate
Gluconeogenesis
1
CO2, pyruvate
2
oxaloacetate
3
malate
4
oxaloacetate
5
phosphoenolpyruvate
6
2-phosphoglycerate
7
3-phosphoglycerate
8
2 (1,3, bisphosphoglycerate)
9
glyceraldehyde 3-P
10
frutose 1,6 bis-P
11
frutose 6-P

citrate synthase
aconitase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
-ketogluterate dehydrogenase comp
succinate thiokinase
succinate dehydrogenase
fumarase
malate dehydrogenase

pyruvate carboxylase
malate dehydrogenase
malate dehydrogenase
PEP carboxykinase

frutose bisphosphatase-1

12

glucose 6-P

glucose 6-phosphatase

Product
glucose 6-phosphate
frutose 6-phosphate
frutose 1,6-bisphosphate
1 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 1 dihydoroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
pyruvate

lactate

hydroxyl ethyl bound to tyiamine pyrophosphate (B1)

acetyl CoA
oxidized lipoic acid

citrate
isocitrate
-ketogluterate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
L-malate
oxaloacetate

oxaloacetate
malate
oxaloacetate
phosphoenolpyruvate
2-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
glyceraldehyde 3-P
frutose 1,6 bis-P
frutose 6-phosphate
glucose 6-P

glucose

Inhibitors
Allosteric Activators
Glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), *g *insulin

Glucagon-->cAMP-->PKA-->phosphorylatesfrutose 2,6-bisphosphate, *insulin

etone phosphate

Glucagon-->cAMP-->PKA-->phosphorylatesfrutose
p
1,6-bisphosphate *insulin

ATP, Acetyl CoA, NADH (PDH kinase activatCa2+ (PDH phosphotase activator), Pyruvate (PDH
ATP, Acetyl CoA, NADH (PDH kinase activatCa2+ (PDH phosphotase activator), Pyruvate (PDH
ATP, Acetyl CoA, NADH (PDH kinase activatCa2+ (PDH phosphotase activator), Py

ATP, NADH
NADH, succinyl CoA

ADP, Ca2+
Ca2+

Acetal CoA

frutose 2,6 bisphosphate *insulin

Glucagon-->cAMP-->PKA-->inactivates PKF-2-->de

Energy investment
1 ATP

Energy retrieved

2 ATP (per glucose)

Reversable
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no

2 NAD+ (per glucose)

yes

NADH, H+

no?

1 ATP

2 Pi, 2 NAD+ (per glucose)

2 NADH (per glucose)

tivator), Pyruvate (PDH kinase inhibitor)

tivator), Pyruvate (PDH kinase inhibitor)
FAD, NAD+

2 NADH (per glucose)

2 ATP (per glucose)

no
NAD+
NAD+
GDP, Pi
FAD

NADH, H+
NADH, H+
GTP
FADH2

NAD+

NADH, H+

1 ATP
NADH , H+
NAD+
GTP

NAD+
NADH, H+
GDP

1 ATP
2NADH, 2H+

2NAD+

inactivates PKF-2-->decreases frutose 2,6 bisphosphate

no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes

no
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

no

Notes
aldose-->ketose transformation

pushed forward by mass action (consumption of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

example of substrate-level phosphorylation
moves phosphate to the 2 carbon
pyruvate kinase deficiency is the number 2 cause of hemolytic anemia

used by erythrocytes (and other stuff in low oxygen settings)

the acetal group first attaches to lipoic acid before reacting with CoA (B5)
Includes vitamins B3, and B2

CO2 leaves here, its an important step

Another CO2 leaves here
CoA leaves here
water leaves here

CO2 is added to the prostetic group of biotin (B7) on pyruvate carboxylase, then transferred
oxaloacetate cannot cross mitochondiral membrane but malate can
occurs in cytoplasm

water comes in Pi goes out

water comes in Pi goes out

deficency will cause fasting hypoglycemia

ase, then transferred to pyruvate