Professional Documents
Culture Documents
structure SBSG
2007
ANNEX C
General
1.B
Stability
1.C
Foundations
1.D
Masonry walls
1.E
1.F
contents
domestic
domestic
Annex
1.A
1.A.0
1.A.1
1.A.2
1.A.3
1.A.4
1.A.5
General
Introduction
Scope
Revisions to small buildings guide
New guidance
Explanation of terms
Rules of measurement for storeys, walls , panels and building heights
Contents
domestic
annex
1.A
General
1.A.0 Introduction
The Small Buildings Structural Guidance (SBSG) which is contained within Annexes 1.A-F has been
prepared to provide structural guidance to designers of small domestic buildings on how to meet
Standard 1.1.
The buildings covered by this guidance are restricted in terms of construction type, size and subsoil
conditions to those commonly occurring in Scotland.
This guidance has been written for those with expertise in building design and construction but not
necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters fall outside the
scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the appropriate skills
and experience.
This guidance replaces the Small Buildings Guide Second Edition 1994 and has been prepared in
consultation with ODPM and DFP Northern Ireland so that reasonably uniform solutions might be
adopted towards meeting the requirements of the respective structural regulations and to incorporate
a broader base of experience into the definition of standards.
1.A.1 Scope
This guidance covers the following types of buildingsa. Buildings with masonry walls
domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys without basement storeys
extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings including
garages and outbuildings;
single storey, single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling
b. Buildings with timber frame walls
domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys without basement storeys
extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings
The full description of the types of buildings and restrictions to which this guidance is applicable is set
out within the scope of each of the annexes.
It recommended that prior to using the SBSG for particular works , the scope of the works should be
checked against all of the limitations on its use to ensure that it is appropriate in the circumstances
.and in particular :
Annex 1C: Foundations :
Geotechnical conditions
Annex 1D: Masonry walls
:
Not more than 3 storeys
Maximum building height of 15 m
Maximum 12m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls not more than 3 m in length
Annex 1.E: Timber frame walls
Not more than 2 storeys
Maximum building height of 10 m
Maximum 10m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls totalling not more than 30% of the wall
area
Annex 1F: Timber floor and roof members Floor spans not exceeding 5.4 m
Roof spans not exceeding 6 m
Raised Tie and Collared Roofs only for attic storage
loading
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Design and construction will also have to comply with all other relevant building standards
Annex 1.B gives general rules on stability which should be observed in Annexes 1.E-F whereas
Annexes 1.C and 1.E -F should not be used independently of each other.
1.A.2 Revisions to Small Buildings Guide
The Small Buildings Guide has been revised and updated to Small Buildings Structural Guidance
incorporating changes in construction practice specifically;
Loadings
Wind loading on traditional dwellings
Proposed revision of the simplified roof snow load map for Scotland
Masonry walls
More detailed guidance on openings
More detailed guidance on lateral support
Differences in ground levels either sides of walls
Stainless steel wall ties to be used in all locations
Timber Floor and Roof Members
The timber span tables have been expanded to cover raised tie and collared roofs.
1.A.3 Timber frame construction
Timber frame construction has been a significant form of construction for domestic buildings for over
20 years in Scotland ,rising from 38% of new starts in 1984 in the volume housing market to over 63
% in 2004, and a large proportion of the single build and extension market. Although the guidance in
the Small Buildings Guide was restricted to traditional masonry construction as timber frame
construction has been used and accepted for over 30 years it was considered necessary to extend
the scope of the guidance for small buildings to include timber frame walls.
The timber frame wall guidance has been restricted to masonry clad platform frame construction
which is the most common form of construction.
1.A.4 Explanation of Terms
The following terms are used in the SBSG in addition to the definitions and explanation of terms in
Appendix A of the Technical Handbooks.
Buttressing wall means a wall designed and constructed to afford lateral support to another wall
perpendicular to it, support being provided from the base to the top of the wall.
Cavity width means the horizontal distance between the two leaves of a cavity wall.
Pier means a member which forms an integral part of a wall, in the form of a thickened section at
intervals along the wall so as to afford lateral support to the wall to which it is bonded or securely tied.
Spacing means the distance between the longitudinal centres of any two adjacent timber members of
the same type, measured in the plane of floor, ceiling or roof structure of which the members form a
part.
Span means distance measured along the centre line of a member between the centres of any two
adjacent bearings or supports. Note: The spans given in Annex 1.E for Cripple Studs and Lintels and
in Annex 1.F for floor joists, and roof joists are the clear spans, i.e. spans between the faces of the
supports.
Supported wall means a wall to which lateral support is afforded by a combination of buttressing
walls, piers or chimneys acting in conjunction with floors or roof.
Engineered fill means fill that is selected, placed and compacted to an appropriate specification in
order that it will exhibit the required engineering behaviour .Normally such fill would not have taken
place prior to development of the site allowing the necessary control over the type of fill material and
method of placement to be exercised.
Non-engineered fill means fill that has arisen as a by-product of human activity, usually involving the
disposal of waste materials. Normally such fill would occur on sites where uncontrolled filling has
taken place and therefore no reliance can be placed on the type of fill material and method of
placement and hence its ability to support the buildings.
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1.A.5 Rules of measurement for storeys , walls , panels and building heights
The height of a wall or a storey should be measured in accordance with the following diagram.
line of top of gable
line of lateral
support to gable
wall along roof slope
B1
2.7m max
A1
ground level
base of wall
Top of foundations
top of
wall or
base of
parapet
H1
H2
H3
Panel height
HP
line of base
of gable
2.7m max
underside
of
roof
joist
line of lateral
support to gable
at ceiling level
Panel height
2.7m max
parapet
Floor
deck
thickness
panel height
floor
deck
thickness
2.7m max
floor joist
panel height
Key
(a) Measuring storey heights
A is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended timber floor or a structurally separate
ground floor slab
A1 is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended concrete floor bearing on the external
wall
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Annex
1.B
Stability
1.B.0
1.B.1
1.B.2
Introduction
Stability recommendations
Timber roof bracing
Contents
domestic
annex
1.B
1.B.0 Introduction
Buildings should be stable under the likely combinations of dead , imposed and wind loading
conditions in terms of the individual structural elements , their interaction together and overall stability
as a structure .
This Annex provides guidance on the principles of stability and provisions which should be taken with
respect to all forms of buildings within the scope of the SBSG.
1.B.1 Stability recommendations
The following provisions should be made to ensure the stability of the building :
a. the overall size and proportioning of the building should be limited in accordance with the specific
guidance for each form of construction;
b. a suitable layout of walls (both internal and external) forming a robust three dimensional box
structure in plan should be constructed with restrictions on the maximum size of cells measured in
accordance with the specific guidance for each form of construction;
c. the internal and external walls should be adequately connected by either masonry bonding or by
using mechanical connections;
d. the intermediate floors and roof should be of such construction and interconnection with the walls
that they provide local support to the walls and also act as horizontal diaphragms capable of
transferring the wind forces to buttressing elements of the building.
More detailed guidance is provided in Annexes 1.B-1.E
1.B.2 Timber roof bracing
Trussed rafter roofs should be braced in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5268: Part 3:
1998 .
A traditional cut timber roof (i.e. using rafters, purlins and ceiling joists) generally has sufficient built-in
resistance to instability and wind forces (e.g. from either hipped ends, tiling battens, rigid sarking, or
the like). However, diagonal rafter bracing equivalent to that recommended in BS 5268: Part 3: 1998
or Annex H of BS 8103: Part 3: 1996 for trussed rafter roofs, should be provided particularly for
single-hipped and non-hipped roofs of more than 40 pitch to detached houses.
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Annex
1.C
Foundations
1.C.0
1.C.1
1.C.2
1.C.3
1.C.4
1.C.5
Introduction
Conditions related to the subsoil
Design recommendations
Eccentric foundations
Extensions to existing buildings
Minimum width of strip foundations
Contents
domestic
annex
Foundations
1.C
1.C.0 Introduction
The dead , imposed and live loads are transmitted from the building to the subsoil by means of the
foundations which should be designed taking into account the loadings and the subsoil conditions
without undue settlement .
This Annex provides guidance on suitable subsoil conditions on which buildings within the scope of
the SBSG can be constructed, the precautions to be taken and guidance on simple foundations for
such buildings.
1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil
The subsoil conditions should be adequate where there is no non- engineered fill or wide variation in type of subsoil within the loaded area; or
peat within the loaded area; or
a weaker type of soil within the loaded area at such a depth below the soil on which the foundation
rests as could impair the stability of the building
The minimum depth to the underside of foundations should be determined on the basis of the greatest
of:
the depth to selected bearing stratum;
a depth of 450 mm to the underside of foundations .This should avoid damage from frost action in
normal soil conditions although this depth may have to be increased in areas which are subject to
long periods of frost or in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.
depth of 600 mm to the underside of foundations where clay soils are present although this depth
will commonly need to be increased in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.
The susceptibility of ground to movement, action of frost and changes in water table varies widely and
the advice of a structural engineer should be sought if the conditions are outwith the parameters set
out above. More detailed guidance is provided in BRE Digests 240 and 241.
1.C.2 Design recommendations
The design of foundations should be adequate where all of the following are followed a. the foundations are situated centrally under the wall( except as in clause 1.C.3);
b. the strip foundations have the minimum widths given in the table to 1.C.5;
c. concrete in chemically non-aggressive soils is composed of Portland Cement to BS EN 197-1 & 2:
2000 and fine and coarse aggregate conforms to BS EN 12620:2002 and the mix complies with
one of the following recommendations:
in proportion of 50 kg of Portland cement to not more than 100kg
(0.05m3) of fine aggregate and 200 kg (0.1m3) of coarse aggregate, or
Grade ST2 or Grade GEN I concrete to BS 8500-2
d. in chemically aggressive soils guidance is provided in BS 8500-1: Part 1 and
BRE Special Digest 1.
e. For strip foundations, the foundation width should not be less than the appropriate dimension , WF
in table to 1.C.5
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f.
the minimum thickness, T, of the concrete foundation is 150 mm or the scarcement width, P;
whichever is the greater, where P is derived using the table to 1.C.5 and the diagram below.
Trench fill foundations may be used as an acceptable alternative to strip foundations.
g. footings with regular offsets should have a depth at least 1.33 times the respective projection P1
(see diagram 1.7.2 opposite); with the overall width not less than the sum of , WF from table to
1.C.5 plus offset dimensions A1 and A2 and walls should be central on the foundation
h. for foundations stepped in elevation
height of steps, S, should not be of greater height than the foundation thickness, T
overlap, L, should be the greater of twice the step height ,S, the foundation thickness, T, or 300
mm
P
.
WT
A1
WT
A2
P1
1.33 P1 min
.
WF + A1 + A2
WF
i.
L = greater of 2 x S, T, 300mm
foundations for piers , buttresses and chimneys should project as shown in the diagram below
where X must be not less than P
X
X
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WT
R
T
WF'
WF
domestic
existing
walls
new wall
floor
existing
foundation
new foundation
for extension
existing wall
movement joint
new wall
New Walls
Existing Wall
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Annex
1.D
Masonry walls
1.D.0
Introduction
1.D.1
Wall types
1.D.2
Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.D.3
Maximum floor area
1.D.4
Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
Thickness of walls
1.D.5
General
1.D.6
Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
1.D.7
Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone , flints
etc
1.D.8
Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork
1.D.9
Walls providing vertical support to other walls
1.D.10 Internal load-bearing walls in brickwork or blockwork
1.D.11 Parapet walls
1.D.12 Single leaf external walls
1.D.13 Modular bricks and bricks
1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings
1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall
Construction materials and workmanship
1.D.16 Wall ties
1.D.17 Brick and block construction
1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.19 Declared compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.21 Compressive strength of masonry units in walls
1.D.22 Mortar
1.D.23 Lintels for openings
Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restraint to walls
1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls
1.D.28 Criteria for piers and chimney providing restraint
Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs
1.D.29 General
1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses
1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses
1.D.32 Chases
1.D.33 Overhangs
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and buildings
1.D.35 Gable wall strapping
1.D.36 Interruption of lateral support
1.D.37 Movement in masonry
Small single storey , single skin buildings
1.D.38 General
1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings
1.D.40 Wall thicknesses and piers
1.D.41 Horizontal lateral restraint at roof level
1.D.42 Proportions for masonry chimneys
Contents
domestic
annex
1.D
Masonry walls
1.D.0 Introduction
Small buildings of traditional masonry walls can be designed to take advantage of custom and
practice to provide designs taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions ,
openings and subject to , restraint conditions .
This Annex provides guidance for traditional masonry wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.D.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.D.25;
b. single storey single skin extensions to domestic buildings including garages and outbuildings that
do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2b ; and.
d. single storey , single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling that do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2c
1.D.1 Wall types
This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below and parapet
walls.
a. Domestic buildings of up to 3 storeys
External walls
Internal load bearing walls
Separating walls
b. Extensions to domestic buildings and single storey buildings
External walls
Internal load bearing walls
This annex should be used in conjunction with Annexes 1.B ;and
a. if wall thickness is to be determined according to 1.D.5 to 1.D.13 all appropriate design conditions
given in this Annex should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5628: Part 3: 2001, except as regards
the conditions given in 1.D.2 and 1.D. 3 -4,1.D.14-41;
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to arise
was taken into account.
d. If a requirement of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then adequacy by
calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is subject to the departure
rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon unit compressive strengths of bricks and blocks
being not less than that indicated in the Tables to 1.D.19-20 and diagrams to 1.D.21
f. BS5628 Part 1; 1992 gives design strengths for walls where the suitability for use of masonry
units of other compressive strengths are being considered.
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1.D.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.D.15
a. domestic buildings of not more than three storeys
the maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level
adjoining the building to the highest point of any wall or roof should not be greater than
15 m ;
the height of the building H, should not exceed twice the least width of the building W 1 ,
the height of the wing H 2 should not exceed twice the least width of the wing W 2 when
the projection P exceeds twice the width W 2 .
Minimum width
Maximum height
H
not to
exceed
15m
W1
lowest
ground level
W1
W1 not to be less
than 0.5H
H2
W1
P1
W2
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Domestic
building
domestic
building
4.5m max
3.0 m max
extension
3.0m max
= =
Maximum roof
slope 40
3.0 m max
II
II
3.6 m max
3.0 m max
Maximum roof
slope 40
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Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Loading
distributed load:
Floors
distributed load:
Ceilings
distributed load:
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with
no parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within
1.5m of its perimeter.
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Thickness of walls
1.D.5 General
Wall thickness should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions
are meta. relating to the building of which the wall forms a part in 1.D.2-4 and 1.D.14 (3.4 , 3.15 to 3.17);
and
b. relating to the wall in 1.D.15-41 (3.18 to 3.41).
Wall thicknesses may be affected by adequate bearing for precast concrete units.
Conditions building
a. limitations
on
size
and
Conditions
relating
to
proportions
of
building
and
parts
of
building of which wall
building
(
1.D.2
)
forms part
b. max allowable floor areas (
1.D.3)
c. max imposed and wind loads (
1.D.4 and 1.D.14)
Outside
Annex
1.D scope
Are building
satisfied?
conditions
Yes
Conditions relating to
wall
Outside Annex
1.D scope
Are
wall
satisfied ?
conditions
Yes
wall
Conditions wall
a. max allowable length and
height of wall ( 1.D.15)
b. construction materials and
workmanship ( 1.D.16-23)
c. loading on walls ( 1.D.24-25)
d. end restraints ( 1.D.26-28)
e. openings , recesses ,
overhangs, chases (1.D.2933)
f.
lateral support by floors and
roofs (1.D.34-36)
g. movement in masonry (1.D.37)
h. conditions relating to external
walls of small single storey
buildings and extensions (
1.D.38-41)
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1.D.6 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
Solid walls constructed of coursed brickwork or blockwork should be at least as thick as 1/16 of
the storey height. Further requirements are given in the table below.
Height of wall
Length of wall
Minimum thickness of wall
not exceeding
not exceeding 12m
190mm for the whole of its height
3.5m
exceeding 3.5m
not exceeding 9m
190mm for the whole of its height
but not
exceeding 9m but not
290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
exceeding 9m
exceeding 12m
and 190mm for the rest of its height
exceeding 9m
not exceeding 9m
290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
but not
but not exceeding 12m and 190mm for the rest of its height
exceeding 12m
exceeding 9m but not
290mm from the base for the height of two storeys,
exceeding 12m
and 190mm for the rest of its height.
1.D.7 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone,
flints etc
The thickness of walls constructed in uncoursed stone or bricks or other burnt or vitrified material
should not be less than 1.33 times the thickness required by 1.D.6.
1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork
All cavity walls should have leaves at least 90 mm thick and structural cavities at least 50 mm wide.
The wall ties should have a horizontal spacing of 900mm and a vertical spacing of 450mm, which is
equivalent to 2.5 ties per square metre. Wall ties should also be provided, spaced not more than
300mm apart vertically, within a distance of 225mm from the vertical edges of all openings, movement
joints and roof verges. For selection of wall ties for use in a range of cavity widths refer to Table to
1.D.16. For specification of cavity wall ties refer to paragraph 1.D.16.
For external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in cavity construction, the combined
thickness of the two leaves plus 10 mm should not be less than the thickness required by 1.D.6 for
a solid wall of the same height and length.
1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
Irrespective of the materials used in the construction, a wall should not be less in thickness than
any part of the wall to which it gives vertical support.
1.D.10 Internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork
With the exception of compartment walls or separating walls internal loadbearing walls should have
a thickness not less than :
(specified thickness from 1.D.6) /2 less 5 mm
except for a wall in the lowest storey of a three storey building carrying load from both upper storeys,
which should have a thickness as determined by the above equation or 140 mm, whichever is the
greater.
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parapet
600
height
Thickness(mm)
t1
t2
Hp
860
Solid wall
600
t = 150
760
t = 190
level of junction
of wall and
structural roof
860
t = 215
Note that t must not be more than T
level of junction
of wall and
structural roof
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Read
windspeed
,V from
map above
Topographic
zone
from
above
diagrams
Read
Factor ,T
from
Table 1
Factor
A from
table 2
Wind
direction
Factor
S=
VxTxA
Z2
0.25Lu
Z1
Z2
0.4Lu 0.4 Lu
0.25Lu
Max
allowable
building
height
from
Table 3
Z3
1.2 L u
Lu
Z2
Wind
direction 0.4 L u
0.4 L u
Lu
Z1
Z2
0.4 Ld
0.4 L d
Ld
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Table 1
Factor T
Topographic category and
average slope of whole
hillside,
ridge,
cliff
or
escarpment
Category 1: Nominally flat
terrain, average slope < 1/20
Table 2
Factor A
Site Altitude Factor A
(m)
Factor T
Zone
2
1.0
Zone
3
1.0
1.10
Table 3
Factor
S
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Zone
1
1.0
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
1.15
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.30
1.40
Town Sitesa
<10km
10 to 50km
>50km
<10km
10 to 50km
>50km
15
15
11
8
6
4.5
3.5
3
15
15
14.5
10.5
8.5
6.5
5
4
3.5
3
15
15
15
13
10
8
6
5
4
3.5
3
15
15
15
15
15
13.5
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
15
15
15
15
15
15
13
11
9.5
8.5
7.5
7
6
5.5
4.5
4
3
15
15
15
15
15
15
14.5
12.5
10.5
9.5
8.5
8
7
6
5.5
5
4
3
Notes
a. For sites on the outskirts of towns not sheltered by other buildings use the values for country sites
b. Where a site is nearer than 1 km to an inland area of water which extends more than 1 km in the
wind direction , the distance to the coast should be taken as from the edge of the water.
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(Note 1)
(Note 2)
50 to 75
200
Types 1, 2, 3 or 4 to DD 140-2* and selected on the basis
76 to 90
225
of the design loading and design cavity width
91 to 100
225( Note 3)
*Although DD 140-2 was withdrawn on 1 February 2005,
101 to 125
250
the tie user classes (types) given in Tables 1 and 3 of the
126 to 150
275
latter document can continue to be used after this date.
151 to 175
300
176 to 300
(See Note 2)
Notes
1 Where face insulated blocks are used the cavity width should be measured from the face of the
masonry unit.
2 The embedment depth of the tie should not be less than 50mm in both leaves. For cavities wider
than 180mm calculate the length as the structural cavity width plus 125mm and select the nearest
stock length.
3 Double triangle ties having a strength to satisfy Type 2 of DD 140-2*, are manufactured. Specialist
tie manufacturers should be consulted if 225mm long double triangle format ties are needed for 91 to
100mm cavities.
4
Reference requires to be additionally made to DD 140-2* for the selection of the type (i.e. types
1, 2, 3 or 4) relevant to the performance levels given in DD140-2.
1.D.17 Brick and block construction
Walls should be properly bonded and solidly put together with mortar. Materials should be chosen
from the following list as being suitable for their intended use and for the exposure conditions,
likely to prevail a. clay bricks or blocks to BS 3921: 1985 or BS EN 771-1; or
b. calcium silicate bricks to BS 187: 1978 or BS 6649: 1985; or BS EN 771-2 or
c. concrete bricks or blocks to BS 6073: Part 1: 1981; or BS EN 771-3 or 4 or
d. square dressed natural stone to the appropriate requirements described in BS 5628-3 or BS
EN 771-6 ; or
Manufactured Stone to BS 6457: 1984 or BS EN 771-5.
1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units
The minimum compressive strength requirements for masonry units according to BS Standards and
BS EN Standards are given in the Diagrams in 1.D.21 where the masonry units indicated for
Conditions A, B and C should have declared compressive strengths of not less than the values given
in the Table below. Normalised compressive strengths for block sized clay and calcium silicate
masonry units not complying with brick dimensional format are given in the Table to 1.D.20.
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Group 1
9.0
Group 2
13.0
Block
Group 2 Group 1
13.0
9.0
See clause 1.D.20
Condition C
Brick
Group 1
18.0
Block
Group 2 Group 1
25.0
18.0
See clause 1.D.20
Group 2
25.0
9.0
7.3*
7.3
18.0
7.3*
7.3
Notes
1. This table applies to Group 1 and Group 2 units.
2. For the EN 771 series of standards for masonry units the values of declared compressive
strengths (N/mm2) are mean values.
3. Brick: a masonry unit having work sizes not more than 337.5 mm in length or 112.5 mm in
height.
4. Block: a masonry unit exceeding either of the limiting work sizes of a brick and with a minimum
height of 190mm. For blocks with smaller heights, excluding cuts or make up units, the strength
requirements are as for brick except for solid external walls where the blocks should have a
compressive strength at least equal to that shown for block for an inner leaf of a cavity wall in the
same position.
5. Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%
6. Refer to 1.D.21 for locations of Conditions A, B and C
7. Values marked * are dry strengths to BS EN 772-1
1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units of clay and calcium silicate blocks
complying with BS EN 771 - 1 and 2 (N/mm2)
Standard
Clay masonry units to
BS EN 771-1 Calcium
silicate masonry units
to BS EN 771-2
Condition
5.0
8.0
7.5
11.0
15.0
21.0
Notes:
1 Values in this Table are normalised compressive strengths (N/mm2). Compressive strengths of
masonry units should be derived according to EN 772-1.
2 The Table applies to clay and calcium silicate block masonry units where the work size is more
than 337.5mm in length or 112.5mm in height.
3 Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%.
domestic
underside
of
structural
roof
HS
Top of
structural floor
Underside
of
structural
roof
HS
Hf
Cavity
wall
Internal
wall
Underside
of
structural
floor
Cavity
wall
Where
Hf Less than or equal to 1mCondition A
Where
Hf greater than 1mCondition B
Top of
structural
floor
HS
Underside
of structural
floor
HS
Topside of
structural
floor
Internal
wall
Underside
of
structural
roof
This wall to
be at least
140mm thick
blockwork or
215mm thick
brickwork
Notes
1. If HS is not more than 2.7 m , the compressive strength of bricks or blocks should be used in walls as
indicated by the key
2.If HS is more than 2.7m, the compressive strength of bricks or blocks used in the wall should be at
least Condition B, or as indicated by the key whichever is the greater.
3.If the external wall is solid construction the masonry units should have a compressive strength of at
least that shown for the internal leaf of a cavity wall in the same position.
The guidance in the diagram for walls of two or three storey buildings should only be used to determine
the compressive strength of the masonry units where the roof construction is of timber.
domestic
1.D.22 Mortar
Mortar should be a. Mortar designation (iii) according to BS 5628:Part 3:2001;
b. Strength class M4 according to BS EN 998 - 2 ;
c. 1:1: 5 or 6 CEM 1, lime and fine aggregate measured by volume of dry materials
1.D.23 Lintels for openings
Proprietary steel or concrete lintels suitable for use with masonry cavity wall construction should be
tested by a notified body or justified by calculations
Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wall is 6 m, where the span is measured centre
to centre of bearing as shown on the diagrams below.
Floor member bearing on
Wall
floor
floor
floor span
maximum 6m
floor span
maximum 6m
centre line
of bearing
centre line
of bearing
Loading on walls
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
a. Vertical loading on walls should be distributed. This may be assumed for concrete floor slabs,
precast concrete floors, and timber floors designed in accordance with annex 1.F, and where the
bearing length for lintels is 150 mm or greater. Where a lintel has a clear span of 1200 mm or less
the bearing length may be reduced to 100 mm. Where lintels carry a concrete floor the bearing
length should be at least 150mm or L/10 whichever is the greater, where L is the span of the lintel.
b. Differences in level of ground or other solid construction between one side of the wall and the
other should be less than four times the thickness of the wall and the combined dead and imposed
load should not exceed 70kN/m at base of wall as shown below provided there is a full storey
height of masonry above the upper retained level.
c. Walls should not be subject to lateral load other than from wind, and that covered by 1.D.25 b
domestic
t1
t2
Suspended
ground floor
Void
Retained
height
H should be less
than or equal to
1m and less than
or equal to
4( t1+ t2)
W
To be level for
a distance of not
less than 1.25H
Suspended
ground floor
Retained
height
W
Retained
height
H should be less
than or equal to 1m
and less than
or equal to 4t
H
Retained
height
H should be less
than or equal to 1m
and less than or
equal to 4t
H
Concrete fill
to wall cavity
W
W
Notes
Floor slabs in diagrams b have been omitted for clarity and may be on either side of the walls shown.
Cavity walls should be tied in accordance with Table to clause 1.D.16.
These recommendations apply only to circumstances where there is a full storey height of masonry above
the upper retained level.
End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restraint to walls
The ends of every wall, except single leaf walls less than 2.5 m in height and length in small single
storey non-domestic buildings and extensions should be bonded or otherwise securely tied
throughout their full height to a buttressing wall, pier or chimney. Long walls may be provided with
intermediate support dividing the wall into distinct lengths; each distinct length is a supported wall for
the purposes of this part. The buttressing wall, pier or chimney should provide support from the base
to the full height of the wall.
domestic
LB
Buttressing
Wall
Supported
wall
T2
550mm
5. There may be only one opening or recess not more than 0.1 m2 at any position.
6. The opening height in a buttressed wall should be not more than 0.9 times the floor to ceiling
height and the depth of lintel including any masonry over the opening should be not less than 150
mm.
Refer to diagram to 1.A.5 for the rules for measuring the height of the supported wall.
centre line of
buttressing wall centre line of
pier(alternative
T
arrangement)
centre line
of chimney
Buttressing
wall
Pier
H
Chimney
min
190mm
centre line
of pier
domestic
Opening Opening
W1
W2
P1
P2
P3
Recess
W3
Opening
W4 P5
P4
outer face of
return w all
Notes
1. W1 + W2 + W3 should not exceed 2L/3
2. None of W1 or W2 or W3 should exceed 3m
3. P1 should not be greater than W1/X
4. P2 should not be greater than or equal to W1/X
5. P3 should be greater than or equal to (W2+
W3)/X
6. P4 should be greater than or equal to W3/X
Maximum roof
span (m)
Minimum
thickness of
wall inner
(mm)
Span of floor
is parallel to
wall
Span of
timber floor
into wall
Span of
concrete floor
into wall
Max
4.5m
Max
4.5m
Max
6.0m
Max
6.0m
non applicable
timber
roof
spans into wall
100
90
100
90
domestic
1.D.32 Chases
Chases should not a. if vertical, be deeper than 1/3 of wall thickness or, in cavity walls, 1/3 of leaf thickness ;
b. if horizontal, be deeper than 1/6 of the thickness of the leaf or wall; and
c. be so positioned as to impair the stability of the wall, particularly where hollow blocks are used.
1.D.33 Overhangs
In constructing a corbelled overhang, the amount of any projection should not impair the stability
of the wall.
Minor overhangs may occur at the interfaces between different masonry materials which have minor
differences in thickness provided this does not impair the stability of the wall.
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and floors
The walls in each storey of a building should extend to the full height of that storey, and have
horizontal lateral supports to restrict movement of the wall at right angles to its plane.
Floors and roofs should a. act to transfer lateral forces from walls to buttressing walls, piers or chimneys; and
b. be secured to the supported wall by connections specified in clauses 1.D.34-35 .
The requirements for lateral support of walls at roof and floor levels are given in the table below and
guidance on satisfying the requirements is given in clauses 1.D35 and 1.D.36
Wall Type
Wall Length
any length
any length
Walls should be strapped to floors above ground level, at intervals not more than 2 m by tension
straps as shown below to BS EN 845-1. For corrosion resistance purposes , the tension straps
should be material reference 14 or 16.1 or 16.2 (galvanised steel) or other more resistant
specifications including material references 1 or 3 (austenitic stainless steel). The declared tensile
strength of tensions straps should not be less than 8 kN
domestic
Tension straps need not be provided a. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists are
at not more than 1.2 m centres and have at least 90
mm bearing on the supported walls or 75mm bearing
on a timber wall- plate at each end ,and
b. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists
are carried on the supported wall by joist hangers in
accordance with BS EN 845-1 of the restraint type
described in BS 5628:Part 1 and shown opposite and
are incorporated at not more than 2 m centres;
domestic
Tension straps
at highest point
If H is greater
that will provide a than 16t, provide
secure connection restraint here
at not greater
Tension straps
than 2m centres
at not more than
2 metre centres
X X/2
ss
kne
hic0mm
t
of s + 1
su m
ve
a
=
e
l
t of
X/2
Gable
end
wall
dwang
Strap turned
over uncut
block
pack
strap anchored
to wall and rafter
Strap anchored to
wall and turned
over wall plate
domestic
12 m centres
7.5 m centres
6 m centres
Reference should be made to BS 8103-2, Annex B Code of practice for masonry walls for housing
which provides general guidance for movement joints.
domestic
External walls of small single storey single skin buildings and extensions
1.D.38 General
The guidance given applies in the following circumstances:2
a. The floor area of the building or extension does not exceed 36m
b. The walls are solidly constructed in brickwork or blockwork using materials which comply with
clauses 1.D.16-1.D.23.
2
c. Where the floor area of the building or extension exceeds 10m ,the walls have a mass of not less
2
2
than 130 kg/m . (Note: There is no surface mass limitation recommended for floor areas of 10m or
less.)
d. Access to the roof is only for the purposes of maintenance and repair.
e. The only lateral loads are wind loads.
f. The maximum length or width of the building or extension does not exceed 9m.
g. The height of the building or extension does not exceed the lower value derived from the Diagrams
to clause 1.D.2.
h. The roof is braced at rafter level, horizontally at eaves level and at the base of any gable by roof
decking, rigid sarking or diagonal timber bracing, as appropriate, in accordance with BS 5268: Part 3.
i. Walls are tied to the roof structure vertically and horizontally in accordance with clauses 1.D.34-36
and with horizontal lateral restraint at roof level in accordance with clause 1.D.41.
j. The roof structure of an extension is secured to the structure of the main building at both rafter and
eaves level.
1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings
One or two major openings not more than 2.1m in height are permitted in one wall of the building or
extension only. The width of a single opening or the combined width of two openings should not
exceed 5m.
The only other openings permitted in a building or extension are for windows and a single leaf door.
The size and location of these openings should be in accordance with the diagram below.
Notes
1. Major openings should be restricted to
one wall only. Their aggregate width
should be not more than 5.0m and their
height should not be more than 2.1m
2. There should be no other openings within
2.0m of a wall containing a major opening.
3. The aggregate size of openings in a wall
not containing a major opening should be
not more than 2.4m2.
4. There should not be more than one
opening between piers.
5. Unless there is a corner pier the
distance from a window or a door to a
corner should not be les s than 390 mm.
2.0m
390mm min
390mm min
domestic
3.0m max
AP
AP
90mm min
3.0m max
3.0m max
AP
G
Dotted line
indicates range
of wall positions
BP
AP
G > 2.5m
AP
G
2.5m
BP
BP
AP
CC
domestic
H
W
W
Level of highest
point of
intersection
domestic
Annex
1.E Timber frame walls
1.E.0
Introduction
1.E.1
Wall types
1.E.2
Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.E.3
1.E.4
1.E.5
1.E.6
1.E.7
1.E.8
1.E.9
1.E.10
1.E.11
1.E.12
1.E.13
1.E.14
1.E.15
1.E.16
1.E.17
1.E.18
1.E.19
1.E.20
1.E.21
1.E.22
1.E.23
1.E.24
1.E.25
1.E.26
1.E.27
1.E.28
1.E.29
1.E.30
1.E.31
1.E.32
1.E.33
1.E.34
1.E.35
1.E.36
1.E.37
1.E.38
1.E.39
1.E.40
1.E.41
1.E.42
1.E.43
1.E.44
1.E.45
1.E.46
1.E.47
1.E.48
1.E.49
domestic
annex
1.E
1.E.0 Introduction
Small buildings of masonry clad platform frame construction can be designed to provide designs
taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions , openings and subject to , restraint
conditions .
This structural guidance for timber frame construction for small buildings is intended to be similar to
that for masonry construction restricted to cover a limited range of timber frame wall dimensions,
member sizes and loading conditions which commonly apply in Scotland.
To comply with the philosophy of the Small Buildings Structural Guidance, the guidance for timber
frame construction has been produced for use by those who have expertise in building design and
construction but not necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters
fall outside the scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the
appropriate skills and experience.
This guidance is based on the Platform Frame method of timber frame construction with external
masonry cladding being the most common form of timber frame construction in Scotland It is
restricted to the member sizes and types and sheathing materials which are commonly used in small
buildings in Scotland.
It should be noted that the guidance within this Annex only relates to Section 1 Structure. There are
other factors such as cavity barriers, breather membranes ,thermal insulation, etc which may be
relevant and reference should be made to the appropriate sections in the Technical Handbooks.
Timber frame construction outwith the parameters and materials covered in this guidance should be
designed in accordance with the guidance in BS 5268 Part 6.1 1996.
This Annex provides guidance for timber frame wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.E.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.E.41;
There is guidance in Annex 1.D: Masonry walls which is relevant to this annex with respect to
masonry cladding to timber frame walls.
1.E.1 Wall types
This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below.
a. Domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys
External walls
Internal load bearing walls
Compartment walls
Separating walls
This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annexe 1.B ; and
a. if a timber wall structure is designed in accordance with the guidance in Annex 1.E, all
appropriate design conditions should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant recommendations of BS 5268: Part 6.1: 1996, except as
regards the conditions given in 1.E.2,1.E.3-4 and 1.E.8-49
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to
arise was taken into account.
d. If a recommendation of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then
adequacy by calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is
subject to the departure rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon the material strengths of timber , sheathing ,
plasterboard and masonry being not less than that indicated in 1.E.27-39
f. roof construction should be :
duo or mono pitch trussed rafters with 15-45o pitch and dead weight not more than 1.036
kN/m2 on the slope
domestic
or flat ,raised tie or collared roofs in accordance with guidance in Annex 1.F.
g. floor dead load should be not more than 0.5 kN/m2
h. Internal , party and external wall dead loads should be not more than 1.5 kN/m excluding
masonry cladding
i. panel heights should be not more than 2.7 m
j. timber frame walls act should compositely with the masonry cladding ,sheathing and inner
plasterboard lining all contributing to the racking resistance of the timber frame walls.
This guidance does not cover hipped ends to roofs with girder trusses which impose point loads on to
the walls or other situations where point loads occur.
Wall sheathing which provides the racking resistance to wind loading generally is the limiting factor
and this aspect should be checked prior to carrying the remainder of the design. It is unlikely that this
guidance could be used with walls with openings more than 30 % of the total wall area or for front
gable buildings where there are large percentage openings in the shorter length walls.
1.E.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.E.26
The maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level adjoining
the building to the highest point of any wall or roof must not be greater than:
Minimum width
H
not to
exceed
10m
lowest
ground level
W1
W1
W1 not to be less
than 0.5H
H2
W1
P1
W2
domestic
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
2
exceeding 70 m
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Area not
exceeding
36 m2
Loading
Roof
distributed load:
Floors
distributed load:
Ceilings
distributed load:
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with no
parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within 1.5m
of its perimeter.
domestic
Wall structure
1.E.5 General
Wall structure should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions are
meta.
relating to the building of which the wall forms a part (1.E.2); and
b. relating to the wall 1.E.3-49
Conditions relating to
building of which wall
is part
Outside
Annex 1.E
scope
No
Are
building
conditions satisfied ?
Yes
Outside
Annex 1.E
scope
Conditions building
d. limitations on size and proportions of
building and parts of building ( 1.E.2, )
e. max allowable floor areas ( 1.E.3)
f.
max imposed and wind loads (
1.E.12.)
No
Are wall conditions
satisfied?
Yes
Conditions wall
i.
max allowable length and height of
wall ( 1.E.26)
j.
construction materials and
workmanship ( 1.E.27-39)
k. loading on walls ( 1.E.40 and 1.E.41)
l.
end restraints ( 1.E.42)
m. openings, notching and drilling
(1.E.43-47)
n. lateral support by floors and roofs
(1.E.48)
o. Differential movement (1.E.49)
domestic
domestic
domestic
Building dimensions
1.E.10 Building Data stage 1
Assess the following dimensions for the
building :
Overall outside plan width , A
Overall outside plan length, B
Height from ground level to eaves ,H
Overall Building Height from ground
level to ridge
Number of storeys
Roof shape :- duopitch , monopitch or
flat
Duo pitch roof
Spans of roof and floors
Key
A : Building Width (smaller dimension of
the building cross-section (plan)
B : Building Length (larger dimension of the
building cross-section (plan)
: Length/ Width Ratio of the building
plan
= B/A.
RA
A
B
RB
Flat roof
Plan
domestic
Zone
A
B
Inverness
domestic
Side
Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1
A
R3
R3 R3 R4 R4
R5 R5 R5
R6 R8 R9 R11
B
R3
R3 R3 R3 R4
R4 R5 R7
R8 R9 R11 R11
1.5
A
R6
R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11
B
R2
R2 R2 R3 R3
R3 R3
2
A
R8
R9 R11 R11 R11
B
R1
R1 R2 R2 R2
2.5
A
R11 R11 R11
B
R1
R1 R1
3
A
R11 R11
B
R1
R1
3.5
A
R11
B
R1
4
A
B
-
domestic
Side
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1
A
R2
R2 R3 R3 R3
R4 R4
B
R2
R2 R2 R3 R3
R3 R4
1.5
A
R5
R5 R6 R6 R7
R8 R9
B
R1
R2 R2 R2 R2
R2 R3
2
A
R7
R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11
B
R1
R1 R1 R1 R2
R2 R2
2.5
A
R8
R9 R11 R11 R11 B
R1
R1 R1 R1 R1
3
A
R9
R11 R11 R11 B
R1
R1 R1 R1 3.5
A
R11 R11 R11 B
R1
R1 R1 4
A
R11 R11 B
R1
R1 -
10m Height
Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
R4
R5 R6 R7 R9
R11 R6
R6 R7 R8 R9
R11 R11 R11 R4
R5 -
AD AD AD AD
AD AD
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
A
R2
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
B
R2
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
1.5 A
R4
R4
R5
R5
R6
R7
B
R1
R1
R1
R2
R2
R2
2
A
R5
R6
R7
R7
R8
R9
B
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
2.5 A
R7
R7
R8
R9
R11 R11
B
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
3
A
R8
R8
R9
R11 R11 R11
B
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
3.5 A
R8
R9
R11 R11 R11 B
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
4
A
R9
R11 R11 R11 B
R1
R1
R1
R1
-
10m Height
Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
AD AD AD AD AD AD
1
2
3
4
5
6
R4
R4
R5
R6
R7
R9
R5
R5
R6
R7
R7
R8
R11 R11 R11 R3
R4
R4
-
AD
7
R3
R3
R7
R2
R11
R2
R11
R1
-
AD
7
R11
R9
-
domestic
AD7
R3
R2
R6
R2
R8
R1
R11
R1
R11
R1
R11
R1
-
10m Height
Altitude/Distance Category (AD)
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6
R3
R3 R4
R5 R6 R7
R4
R4 R5
R5 R6 R7
R8
R9 R9
R11 R11 R3
R3 R3
R4 R4 R11 R11 R2
R2 -
AD7
R9
R8
-
AD7
R8
R4
-
AD1
R3
R1
R5
R1
R7
R1
R9
R1
R11R1
R11
R1
R11
R1
AD2
R3
R1
R6
R1
R8
R1
R9
R1
R11
R1
R11
R1
-
AD3
R3
R2
R6
R1
R9
R1
R
R1
R11
R1
-
AD4
R4
R2
R7
R1
R
R1
R11
R1
-
AD5
R4
R2
R8
R1
R11
R1
-
AD6
R5
R2
R9
R2
R11
R1
-
AD7
R5
R3
R
R2
-
domestic
AD7
R6
R6
R11
R4
-
AD7
R5
R5
R9
R4
-
domestic
H2
H1
H2
A3
A2
A1
H1
P1
W1
P2
W2
P3
W3
P4
L = Length of wall
Type 2
For masonry walls with
buttresses or returns at one
end of wall not less than
550mm length with the other
end without buttresses or
returns less than 550mm
length and wall length not
more than 4.5m
Type 3
For masonry walls without
buttresses or returns or with
buttresses or returns of less than
550mm length.
domestic
c.
d.
Charts 1-3 Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for given racking banding
70
A llo
w ab
le
per
cen
tag
e
ope
ning
in
pan
el
%.
60
50
40
S ingle sheathed w ith 150m m nail centres
30
20
10
0
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R 10
R 11
R acking band
Chart 1 Wall Type 1 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding
domestic
70
60
50
40
Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
30
20
10
0
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
Racking band
Chart 2 Wall Type 2 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding
70
60
50
40
Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
30
20
10
0
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
Racking band
Chart 3
Wall Type 3 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings
for given racking banding
domestic
C1
RA
C2
B
C3
RB
Internal racking walls parallel to the length of the building (i.e. B) should be ignored in the calculation
of . However they can be used to enhance racking resistance in that direction to allow for an
increased percentage of openings as follows:
The Effective internal racking wall area, AIN, should be split equally between each of the external
racking wall areas, AEX, which are parallel to that internal wall allowing the allowable percentage of
opening calculated from clause 1.E.15 may be increased using the following equation:
AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) %Op
Where:
Area of allowable opening
AOP
AEX
Effective external racking wall area
AIN
Effective internal racking wall area
%Op Allowable percentage of openings per storey from charts 1-3 .
domestic
<10m
Building
height
<5.5m
<10m
Wind
speed
(m/s)
23
25
27
30
23
25
27
30
Wind
speed
(m/s)
23
25
27
30
23
25
27
30
<10
H1
H1
H1
H2
H1
H1
H2
H2
<100
H1
H2
H2
H3
H2
H3
H3
H4
<100
H2
H3
H3
H4
H3
H3
H4
H6
>100
H1
H2
H3
H3
H2
H3
H4
H5
The Imposed Loads (Snow ) in kN/m2 is read from the table below
Zone
A
B
0.75
1.00
domestic
b.
Read the Vertical ( Snow) Load Category (V1-V18) from the table below
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7.5
1.0 kN/m2
0.75 kN/m2
Roof or
floor
Roof +
1 storey
V1
V4
V6
V8
V10
V10
V11
V11
V3
V7
V10
V12
V13
V14
V16
V17
Roof or
floor
V1
V4
V6
V8
V10
V11
V11
V13
Roof +
1 storey
V3
V7
V10
V12
V14
V15
V16
V17
1.5 kN/m2
Roof or
floor
V2
V5
V7
V9
V11
V11
V12
V13
Roof +
1 storey
V3
V7
V11
V13
V14
V15
V17
V18
domestic
domestic
38x89
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2475
38x114
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
38x140
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
--
2475
38x114
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
-------
2
3
3
3
3
3
38x89
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
38x140
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
domestic
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V14
V15
V16
V17
V18
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
44x240
44x2200
44x190
44x140
38x190
2
2
2475
38x140
44x240
44x2200
44x190
44x140
38x190
38x140
44x240
44x2200
44x190
44x140
38x190
Vert
load
38x140
3
3
3
-----
3
-----
---
---
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
V9
V10
V11
V12
V13
V14
V15
V16
V17
V18
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
44x240
2
2
2
2
3
3
44x2200
2
2
44x190
2
2
2
2
2
38x190
2
2
2
2
2475
38x140
44x240
44x2200
44x190
44x140
38x190
38x140
44x240
44x2200
44x190
44x140
38x190
Vertical
load
category
38x140
44x140
domestic
2
3
3
--
-3
----
--
----
domestic
1.E.24 Example
7.5
7.6
5.5
2
7.5
Duo
2.4
D2 = 1.4m
C 1 = 3.3m
C 2 = 2.5m
C3 = 2.5m
D3 = 1.9m
m
m
m
No
m
B = 7.6m
D1 = 2.7m
m/s
15
150
A
23.5
A = 7.5m
km
m
B = 7.6m
C 5 = 2.4m
D5 = 4.1m
C6 = 2.4m
D4 = 4.1m
7.5m
A = 7.5m
5.5m
2.4m
C4 = 2.4m
2.4m
7.5m
Site Data
Distance from sea
Altitude ,a
Snow zone
Windspeed
Building Data
Width, A
Length, B
Height to Eaves
Storeys
Building Height, H
Roof Shape
Panel Height, Hp
Racking
Wall Type: 1
Number of storeys: 2
From Table to clause 1.E.13, Altitude-Distance Category = AD3
For Ground Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 8.3m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D1 + D2 + D3 = 6.0m
For First Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C4 + C5 + C6 = 7.2m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D4 + D5 + = 8.2m
Adopt lesser values giving :
C = 7.2m.
D = 6.0m
Length/width ratio = B/ (A + 0.5 C) = 7.6/ (7.5 + 3.6) = 0.68. < 1.0 . Therefore adopt = 1.0
From Table 4 for = 1.0 ,AD3 category and wind speed of 23 m/s , Racking bands are :
For Side A = R4 and for Side B = R5)
From the above parameters the initial wall options are as shown in the table below (before allowing
for the effect of internal racking walls)
Side
Racking Wall Options
Allowable %
Band
opening/ level per
side
Side A R4
From Chart 1 to clause 1.E.17:
1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
19
2. Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
14
Side B R5
3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
15
4. Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
10
In accordance with clause 1.E.18 ,% openings in the external walls may be increased:
domestic
Width Walls:
Effective area of external racking wall, AEX
= 7.5m 2.4m = 18m2
Effective area of internal racking walls, AIN
= 7.2m 2.4m = 17.28m2
Area of allowable opening per level,
AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) %Op
For example consider Side A, Option 1: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
AOP = (18+ (17.28/2)) 19%
AOP = 5.1m2
Therefore
%Op = (5.1 / 18) 100 = 28%
Length Walls:
= 7.6m x 2.4m = 18.24m2
Effective area of external racking wall, AEX
Effective area of internal racking walls, AIN
= 6m x 2.4m = 14.4m2
Area of allowable opening,
AOP = (AEX + (AIN / 2)) %Op
For example consider Side B, Option 5: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
AOP = (18.24m2 + (14.4m2/2)) 15%
AOP = 3.82m2
Therefore
%Op = (3.82m2 / 18.24 m2) 100 = 21%
The table can therefore be revised as follows allowing for internal racking walls effect
Side
Rackin Wall Options
Approximate
g Band
allowable
%
opening
per
level per side
Side A
R4
1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
2. Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
28
21
Side B
R5
3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
21
4. Single sheathed with 150mm nail centres
14
Wall studs
From table to 1.E.19 , horizontal load category is H1
From table 1.E.20 , imposed load =1.00 kN/m2 leading to vertical load category = V17
From table 1 to 1.E.21 select 38x 140, grade wall stud at 600mm spacing
Cripple studs
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 1 to 1.E.22 gives 1 no 38 x 140 cripple studs grade C16
each side of opening
Lintels
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 2 ,to 1.E.23 gives 3 no 44x220, grade C24 lintels
domestic
pa
ne
th
ng
e
l
l
Panel height
Sheathing
domestic
Vented cavity
Masonry cladding
Finished ground level
Inner leaf of
brickwork or
concrete block
domestic
Type OSB 3: Load bearing boards for use in humid conditions to BS EN 300 Oriented Strand Board
Plasterboard used as wall linings and contributing to the structure of timber frame walls should be
12.5 mm minimum thickness for stud centres not more than 600 mm to BS 1230-1 .
1.E.35 Fasteners
All structural fasteners should be corrosion resistant and checked for compatibility with preservative,
treatments used and any other metalwork with which they are in contact.
Nails should be manufactured from mild or stainless steel and be of round head or D head
configuration to the diameter and length stated.
1.E.36 Fabrication
Timber frame walls should be fabricated, assembled and erected in accordance with section 6 of BS
5268-6.1.
Timber members in wall panels should be not less than 38 mm 72 mm rectangular section with
linings fixed to the narrower face, with ends cut square.
Masonry cladding should be constructed on to the building foundation and tied back to the timber
frame structure with a nominal cavity width of 50 mm between the inside face of the masonry cladding
and the outer face of the timber frame wall.
1.E.37 Composite Action
To ensure that timber frame walls act in a composite manner they must be constructed in accordance
with 1.E.36 and 1.E.38 ensuring that sheathings and linings are nailed to all perimeter and
intermediate timber members as on the diagram below.
Sheathing edges should be backed by, and nailed to timber framing at all edges and where sheathing
is nailed to studs; the nails should be not less than 7 mm from the edge of the board or the face of the
stud.
For plasterboard linings nails should be not less than 10 mm from formed board edges and not less
than 13 mm from ends of the board at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm.
Internal walls which are lined with plasterboard should be connected to the wall studs at the same
perimeter nail spacing as the external sheathing material.
Perimeter Nailing Diagram
domestic
1. Tops and bottoms of individual wall panels are linked by a head binder and sole plate respectively
that are continuous across panel joints including at junctions of the same dimensions as the top
and bottom rails by means of 3.75 mm nails of length 75 mm nails at 600 mm centres.
2. The sole plates should be secured to either the concrete floor slab or the header joists in the case
of a timber ground floor or the header joists of the intermediate floor
3. The header plates should be secured to the header joists of the intermediate floor or the roof
trusses.
4. The faces of end studs of contiguous panels are fixed such that any vertical shear is transferred.
In the absence of more specific information, this should be by 3.35mm nails of length 75mm at
300mm centres.
5. All edges including to openings for windows, doors etc other than the bases of door openings and
small openings should be supported by members having a thickness not less than the thickness of
the studs.
6. The wall diaphragm details derived by following this guidance assume that the walls under
consideration are adequately fixed to ensure resistance to sliding and overturning.
7. Where a secondary board is fixed on the same side of a wall as the primary sheathing then the
nail lengths given in the table should be increased to take account of the additional thickness
A means should be provided of transferring horizontal forces in the plane of the panel above and
below openings. Where no such provision is made, the wall lengths on either side of the opening
should be designed as separate parts.
1.E.39 Nailing and fixing schedule
Item
Proposed
Foundations
Sole plate to underbuilding
4.7 kN shear resistance fixings at 600 mm centres
Holding Down Straps
Stainless steel strap 30 mm x 2.5 mm attached to stud by 6
no 65x3.35 ring shank nails at 2400 centres L shaped end of
strap under masonry cladding
Wall Panels
Top rail of Panels to head binders
Tops of individual wall panel members linked by member
continuous across panel joints secured with 90x4.00mm
galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud centres
Sole plate to ring beam/ joist
90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres.
Bottom rail to sole plate
90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres..
Wall Panel stud to wall panel stud
90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, at 600mm centres each
side staggered.
Header plate to Intermediate floor
90x4.00mm Galvanised wire nails at 300mm centres
maximum. Nails skewed externally through rimboard into
headbinder, and internally, skewed through the headbinder
into the joists.
Perimeter Studs to sheathing
3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 100 or 150 mm c/c as calculated
Intermediate studs to sheathing
3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 2x perimeter spacing as
calculated
Studs to plasterboard
2.65 mm x 40mm Smooth shanked galvanised flat round
headed nails min , max 150 mm c/c
Top and bottom rails to studs
2 no 90 mm nails end fixed
domestic
3. Holding down straps should be provided at 2.4m centres, at every opening and at the end studs
of a wall attached to the studs in a manner to provide at least 3.5kN of resistance. This is
normally achieved by using 6 no 65x35mm ring shank nails or equivalent attaching the strap to
the stud and placing the L-shaped end of the strap under the masonry cladding creating the
holding down resistance.
Loadings on walls
1.E.40 Maximum span of floors
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wall
should be 6.0 m, where the span is measured centre to
centre of bearing as opposite.
Floor
deck
Head binder
Masonry
domestic
cripple
studs
domestic
0.25H
0.4H
holes on centreline
only. Hole diameter
not greater than 0.25D
and not closer than 300mm
0.25H
0.4H
max 0.25 D
allowance at eaves
and verge
domestic
Annex
1.F
Timber floor and roof members
1.F.0 Introduction
1.F.1 The use of this Annex
1.F.2
Common timber species/grade combinations
1.F.3 Notches and holes
1.F.4 Strutting to Joists
Loadings
1.F.5 Dead loads
1.F.6 Imposed roof loads including snow
Spans, sizes and spacings for timber members
1.F.7 General
1.F.8 Floor joist tables
1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs tables for maintenance or repair purposes
1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs tables not limited to maintenance or repair
purposes
1.F.11 Raised tie roofs
1.F.12 Collared roofs
1.F.13 Connections for raised tie and collared roofs
contents
domestic
annex
1.F
1.F.0 Introduction
This Section applies only to domestic buildings with the exception of flats and maisonettes of not
more than three storeys.
Where trussed rafters are used reference should be made to BS 5268: Part 3: 1998 for design and
bracing recommendations.
1.F.1 The use of this Annex
This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annex 1.B
The guidance given in this Annex assumes that a. the dead and imposed loads to be sustained by the floor, ceiling, or roof of which the member
forms part, do not exceed the values given in the notes to the appropriate diagrams and tables;
b. the species and grade of timber for the strength class to which the table to 1.F.2 relates is
either:
as in 1.F.2 for more common species, or
as in the more comprehensive tables of BS 5268: Part 2: 2002; and
c. that floorboarding complying with BS 1297: 1987 or moisture resistant wood chipboard type P5
complying with BS EN 312 is used.
d. the strength classes, species, grades and species combinations are as defined in BS 5268: Part
2: 2002.
e. the cross sectional dimensions are :
CLS or ALS sizes in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .5, tolerance class 2;
equivalent timbers to dimensions in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .4 ,tolerance
class 2 but not lesser dimensions to those above
The tables do not apply where these dimensions have been reduced, in the case of tables to 1.F.8 by
planing and in the case of tables to 1.F.9 by planing or regularising. For timber of North American
origin the tables only apply as indicated to surfaced sizes unless the timber has been resawn to BS
EN 336 requirements.
Bearing areas and workmanship should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5268: Part 2:
2002. Refer also to clauses 1.D.34-36 or clauses 1.E.48 respectively for masonry and timber frame
walls.
domestic
1.F.2
Canada
BS 4978
Canada
NLGA
Canada
MSR
USA
BS 4978
USA
NGRDL
Hem-Fir
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Sitka spruce
Douglas Fir-Larch
Hem-Fir
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Douglas Fir-Larch
Hem-Fir
Southern Pine
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Western
Whitewoods
Douglas Fir-Larch
SS
SS
GS
SS
GS
GS
SS
Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Structural L.F. No 1 & 2
Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Structural L.F. No 1 & 2
Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Structural L.F. No 1 & 2
Joist & plank select
Structural L.F
1450f-1.3E
1450f-1.3E
1450f-1.3E
GS
GS
GS
GS
SS
SS
SS
Joist & plank select
Structural L.F select
Joist & plank select
Structural L.F select
Joist & plank select
Structural L.F select
1800f-1.6E
1800f-1.6E
1800f-1.6E
SS
SS
SS
SS
-
domestic
0.25L min
0.07L min
0.4L min
0.07L min
Number of rows
of strutting
none
2.5 to 4.5
Loading
1.F.5 Dead floor and roof loads
Construction
Position
at mid span
at one third span
Dead load
( kN/m2 )
Floors
Floor boards , 13 mm plasterboard
0.22
Floor boards , 19 mm plasterboard
0.27
Floor boards , ash deadening, lath &plaster
1.18
Flat roofs
3 layer felt , 16 mm decking , 100mm mineral wool , vapour layer , 13 mm 0.32
plasterboard
13 mm chippings ,50 mm rigid insulation , vapour layer, 19 mm decking , 13 0.6
mm plasterboard
13 mm chippings , 19 mm mastic asphalt , decking , 100 mm mineral wool 0.90
,vapour layer, 13 mm plasterboard
Note that the above is based on 600 mm joist spacing and excludes the weight of the joists and any
partitioning
domestic
1.F.6
Zone
Altitudes below 100m
A
0.75
1.00
Zone
A
B
Inverness
domestic
C24
joists
1.F.8
1.F.8
joists
joists
All
All
1.F.9
1.F.10
1.F.11
1.F.12
1.F.9
1.F.10
1.F.11
1.F.12
domestic
domestic
domestic
1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat
roof joists designed for access only for maintenance
which will support the dead loads given in the Tables and
an imposed load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m2 or an
imposed concentrated load of 0.9KN.
o
an
Sp
Roof
joist
fr
sts
joi
f
oo
support
Roof joist
spacing
Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
Timber of strength class C16.
Dead load kN/m2
Size of joist
mm mm
Not more than 0.5
More than 0.5 but not
More than 0.75 but not
more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists (mm)
400
450
600
400
450
600
400
450
600
Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
1.738 1.719 1.666 1.666 1.642 1.578 1.605 1.578 1.507
38 97
2.368 2.336 2.250 2.250 2.212 2.113 2.155 2.113 2.005
38 122
3.020 2.974 2.851 2.851 2.797 2.659 2.717 2.659 2.511
38 147
3.631 3.571 3.368 3.412 3.342 3.166 3.239 3.166 2.980
38 170
4.303 4.226 3.855 4.025 3.939 3.629 3.810 3.719 3.446
38 195
4.943 4.762 4.340 4.641 4.491 4.087 4.383 4.274 3.881
38 220
1.272 1.260 1.229 1.229 1.214 1.175 1.192 1.175 1.130
47 72
1.919 1.896 1.835 1.835 1.808 1.735 1.765 1.735 1.654
47 97
2.602 2.565 2.468 2.468 2.425 2.313 2.360 2.313 2.192
47 122
3.304 3.252 3.115 3.115 3.055 2.900 2.964 2.900 2.736
47 147
3.960 3.892 3.612 3.716 3.639 3.402 3.525 3.444 3.232
47 170
4.677 4.530 4.132 4.372 4.277 3.893 4.136 4.037 3.700
47 195
5.282 5.093 4.649 4.991 4.808 4.383 4.747 4.577 4.166
47 220
2.190 2.162 2.088 2.088 2.055 1.968 2.005 1.968 1.873
63 97
2.948 2.905 2.790 2.790 2.740 2.609 2.664 2.609 2.469
63 122
3.722 3.662 3.444 3.503 3.434 3.246 3.330 3.256 3.069
63 147
4.439 4.345 3.969 4.161 4.074 3.744 3.945 3.853 3.561
63 170
5.141 4.961 4.537 4.864 4.689 4.282 4.612 4.468 4.074
63 195
5.771 5.572 5.101 5.464 5.270 4.816 5.212 5.024 4.585
63 220
75 122
3.168 3.121 2.995 2.995 2.940 2.797 2.857 2.797 2.645
75 147
3.984 3.919 3.640 3.747 3.672 3.435 3.561 3.481 3.268
75 170
4.736 4.583 4.194 4.439 4.334 3.959 4.208 4.110 3.768
75 195
5.415 5.229 4.791 5.129 4.949 4.526 4.894 4.719 4.310
75 220
6.000 5.869 5.383 5.758 5.558 5.088 5.497 5.303 4.847
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
1.543 1.528 1.484 1.484 1.464 1.410 1.433 1.410 1.350
38 140
2.836 2.794 2.682 2.682 2.633 2.505 2.559 2.505 2.369
38 184
4.007 3.937 3.641 3.755 3.676 3.427 3.559 3.476 3.254
38 235
5.271 5.078 4.630 4.975 4.790 4.360 4.726 4.556 4.142
domestic
Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
Timber of strength class C24.
Dead load
Size of joist
kN/m2
mm mm
Not more than 0.5
More than 0.5 but not
More than 0.75 but not
more
more than 1.00
than 0.75
Spacing of joists
mm
400
450
600
400
450
600
400
450
600
Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
1.837 1.816 1.759 1.759 1.733 1.664 1.693 1.664 1.588
38 97
2.496 2.462 2.370 2.370 2.329 2.223 2.267 2.223 2.108
38 122
3.177 3.128 2.997 2.997 2.939 2.792 2.853 2.792 2.635
38 147
3.814 3.750 3.503 3.580 3.507 3.298 3.398 3.320 3.123
38 170
4.512 4.399 4.009 4.218 4.127 3.775 3.991 3.895 3.586
38 195
5.134 4.947 4.512 4.847 4.668 4.251 4.586 4.441 4.039
38 220
1.347 1.334 1.300 1.300 1.284 1.241 1.259 1.241 1.192
47 72
2.025 2.001 1.935 1.935 1.905 1.826 1.860 1.826 1.740
47 97
2.739 2.700 2.596 2.596 2.549 2.430 2.480 2.430 2.301
47 122
3.472 3.416 3.256 3.269 3.205 3.041 3.110 3.041 2.868
47 147
4.153 4.081 3.755 3.894 3.813 3.538 3.693 3.607 3.363
47 170
4.879 4.704 4.294 4.575 4.441 4.048 4.327 4.223 3.849
47 195
5.482 5.287 4.831 5.182 4.995 4.556 4.938 4.756 4.333
47 220
2.307 2.277 2.198 2.198 2.162 2.069 2.108 2.069 1.968
63 97
3.098 3.052 2.929 2.929 2.876 2.736 2.795 2.736 2.588
63 122
3.903 3.838 3.578 3.670 3.597 3.375 3.487 3.409 3.212
63 147
4.645 4.509 4.123 4.353 4.261 3.891 4.125 4.029 3.702
63 170
5.332 5.147 4.712 5.047 4.868 4.449 4.816 4.640 4.235
63 195
5.983 5.779 5.296 5.668 5.470 5.003 5.409 5.216 4.764
63 220
3.325 3.274 3.141 3.141 3.082 2.931 2.994 2.931 2.770
75 122
4.172 4.103 3.781 3.921 3.842 3.569 3.725 3.641 3.397
75 147
4.924 4.754 4.354 4.638 4.498 4.113 4.396 4.289 3.916
75 170
5.612 5.422 4.973 5.319 5.135 4.700 5.078 4.899 4.477
75 195
6.000 6.000 5.585 5.969 5.765 5.283 5.703 5.503 5.035
75 220
CLS/ALS sizes
1.633 1.615 1.568 1.568 1.546 1.488 1.513 1.488 1.424
38 89
2.985 2.940 2.820 2.820 2.768 2.632 2.689 2.632 2.487
38 140
4.205 4.131 3.787 3.937 3.854 3.566 3.730 3.642 3.387
38 184
5.473 5.275 4.813 5.169 4.979 4.535 4.921 4.737 4.310
38 235
domestic
1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat
roof joists designed for access not limited to maintenance or
ts
ois
j
repair purposes which will support the dead loads given in
f
oo
the Tables and an imposed load not exceeding 1.5 kN/m2
fr
o
an
or an imposed concentrated load of 1.8 kN.
Sp
Roof
joist
support
Roof joist
spacing
Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
Timber of strength class C16.
Dead load kN/m2
Not more than 0.5
More than 0.5 but not
More than 0.75 but not
more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists (mm)
400
450
600
400
450
600
400
450
600
Size of joist
Maximum clear span of joist
mm mm
m
BS EN 336 sizes
1.090
1.130
1.145
1.130
1.164
1.176
1.176
1.202
1.211
38 97
1.573
1.647
1.675
1.647
1.712
1.736
1.736
1.785
1.798
38 122
2.088
2.177
2.207
2.177
2.246
2.272
2.272
2.327
2.347
38 147
2.533
2.641
2.681
2.641
2.736
2.771
2.771
2.848
2.876
38 170
3.017
3.156
3.210
3.156
3.282
3.329
3.293
3.432
3.470
38 195
3.430
3.680
3.747
3.564
3.838
3.897
4.030 3.710
4.078
38 220
0.802
0.825
0.833
0.825
0.844
0.850
0.850
0.864
0.869
47 72
1.210
1.362
1.375
1.362
1.363
1.404
1.404
1.428
1.436
47 97
1.809
1.871
1.894
1.871
1.925
1.944
1.944
1.986
2.000
47 122
2.311
2.403
2.438
2.403
2.484
2.513
2.513
2.578
2.601
47 147
2.784
2.907
2.953
2.907
3.015
3.056
3.056
3.144
3.176
47 170
3.282
3.463
3.524
3.401
3.605
3.659
3.539
3.777
3.820
47 195
3.697
4.027
4.102
3.831
4.204
4.271
3.986
4.383
4.477
47 220
1.625
1.655
1.666
63 97
1.526
1.572
1.589
1.572
1.611
1.625
2.236
2.287
2.306
63 122
2.070
2.146
2.174
2.146
2.212
2.236
2.874
2.953
2.981
63 147
2.631
2.741
2.783
2.741
2.838
2.874
3.585
3.624
63 170
3.157
3.301
3.356
3.277
3.430
3.478
3.408
4.286
4.338
63 195
3.623
3.917
3.987
3.752
4.084
4.146
3.900
4.816
4.999
63 220
4.079
4.483
4.624
4.224
4.639
4.821
4.390
2.237
2.322
2.354
2.322
2.396
2.423
2.423
2.482
2.503
75 122
2.835
2.957
3.003
2.957
3.065
3.105
3.105
3.193
3.225
75 147
3.353
3.551
3.611
3.472
3.694
3.747
3.609
3.865
3.908
75 170
3.838
4.203
4.280
3.973
4.360
4.454
4.128
4.526
4.663
75 195
4.321
4.742
4.923
4.472
4.904
5.088
4.645
5.088
5.278
75 220
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
1.038
1.032
1.012
1.012
1.003
0.977
0.988
0.977
0.946
38 140
2.190
2.173
2.123
2.123
2.101
2.038
2.065
2.038
1.942
38 184
3.206
3.173
3.082
3.082
3.040
2.929
2.976
2.929
2.803
38 235
4.449
4.360
3.960
4.242
4.175
3.804
4.072
3.996
3.647
domestic
Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
Timber of strength class C24.
Dead load
Size of joist
kN/m2
mm mm
Not more than 0.5
More than 0.5 but not
More than 0.75 but not
more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists
mm
400
450
600
400
450
600
400
450
600
Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 size
1.367 1.359 1.337 1.337 1.327 1.298 1.311 1.298 1.263
38 97
1.908 1.895 1.856 1.856 1.838 1.788 1.809 1.788 1.729
38 122
2.486 2.464 2.404 2.404 2.377 2.301 2.333 2.301 2.214
38 147
3.041 3.011 2.928 2.928 2.889 2.787 2.831 2.787 2.671
38 170
3.663 3.622 3.429 3.511 3.460 3.294 3.383 3.326 3.176
38 195
4.299 4.247 3.862 4.104 4.041 3.711 3.943 3.872 3.580
38 220
0.982 0.978 0.966 0.966 0.960 0.944 0.951 0.944 0.924
47 72
1.526 1.517 1.490 1.490 1.478 1.444 1.459 1.444 1.403
47 97
2.120 2.104 2.058 2.058 2.037 1.979 2.004 1.979 1.911
47 122
2.751 2.725 2.656 2.656 2.623 2.536 2.573 2.536 2.437
47 147
3.354 3.319 3.216 3.223 3.179 3.062 3.112 3.062 2.931
47 170
4.026 3.980 3.682 3.853 3.795 3.540 3.708 3.643 3.417
47 195
4.711 4.556 4.147 4.491 4.385 3.987 4.310 4.230 3.849
47 220
1.766 1.754 1.722 1.722 1.706 1.663 1.682 1.663 1.613
63 97
2.439 2.418 2.362 2.362 2.336 2.265 2.295 2.265 2.183
63 122
3.146 3.116 3.030 3.030 2.992 2.887 2.931 2.887 2.769
63 147
3.818 3.776 3.544 3.661 3.609 3.409 3.529 3.471 3.292
63 170
4.561 4.449 4.055 4.357 4.289 3.902 4.187 4.112 3.769
63 195
5.191 5.003 4.564 5.003 4.820 4.393 4.839 4.660 4.243
63 220
75 122
2.644 2.261 2.557 2.557 2.528 2.448 2.482 2.448 2.356
75 147
3.399 3.364 3.253 3.269 3.226 3.110 3.160 3.110 2.980
75 170
4.111 4.065 3.751 3.938 3.881 3.611 3.794 3.729 3.488
75 195
4.785 4.700 4.291 4.673 4.529 4.131 4.489 4.380 3.991
75 220
5.477 5.283 4.827 5.283 5.093 4.648 5.113 4.927 4.493
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
1.203 1.197 1.180 1.180 1.171 1.148 1.158 1.148 1.119
38 140
2.321 2.302 2.248 2.248 2.223 2.155 2.185 2.155 2.077
38 184
3.387 3.351 3.238 3.253 3.208 3.088 3.139 3.088 2.953
38 235
4.686 4.535 4.122 4.464 4.362 3.961 4.282 4.202 3.822
domestic
Tie Joist
30 - 55
h (max)
mm
575
450
325
Span (max)
mm
5,000
5,000
5,000
h (max)
mm
575
450
325
Span (max)
mm
5,000
5,000
5,000
domestic
Ridge
Sarking
Rafters
Collars
H/2
Hangers
Ceiling tie
Ceiling Tie
mmmm
47147
47195
47220
Collar Size
mmmm
4797
47122
47147
Hanger Size
mmmm
4797
47122
47147
Ceiling Tie
mmmm
47147
47147
47195
Collar Size
mmmm
4797
47122
47147
Hanger Size
mmmm
4797
47122
47147
domestic
Double sided
toothed connector
a. Up to 450mm rafter centres: 38mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M10, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.
b. Up to 600mm rafter centres: 51mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M12, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.