Professional Documents
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Frame design
to the Eurocode
SCI Deputy Director David Brown examines the important issues of frame imperfections,
and frame stability. As the opportunity to design to the Eurocodes draws nearer, subsequent
articles will look at other aspects of design.
Whats new?
Despite the immanent arrival of the Eurocodes
(National Annex for BS EN 1993-1-1 is expected
around March) the underlying physics has not
changed, and BS 5950 is a mature Standard. We
would not expect much to change, although it might
be presented in a different way. That is certainly the
case with issues of frame imperfections and frame
stability. The same principles are being applied, and
both Standards are trying to ensure that designers
allow for the inevitable imperfections in real frames,
and to make sure that second order effects are
accounted for, if they are significant.
Frame imperfections.
In BS 5950, we have Notional Horizontal Forces
(NHF) that the Standard says are to allow for the
effects of practical imperfections such as lack of
verticality. They are 0.5% of the factored vertical
load, and applied horizontally at floor and roof
levels. Strangely, BS 5950 says that they need
only to be considered in what is commonly known
as the gravity loadcase, i.e. with dead and
imposed loads. BS 5950 says they should not to
be combined with applied horizontal loads. The
philosophy is interesting, as it could be seen to
imply that frames that are imperfect under vertical
30
Technical
cr
h
200
HEd
H,Ed
, where
( )
HEd
H,Ed
EHF
VEd
Wind
VEd
)( )
h
H,Ed
, which, without
1
200
Wind
VEd
)( )
h
H,Ed
The amplifier is
, where h is the
( )( )
VEd
proportion
( )
1
11/cr
familiar friend.
( )
cr
cr1
, again a
Conclusions
There should be no difficulty in understanding
the general principles of frame imperfections,
since these were covered in BS 5950. The logic of
having the EHF appearing in every combination will
perhaps appeal.
As far as second order effects are concerned, the
update to BS 5950 in 2000 has done us all a good
turn, by introducing us to frame stability. Having
become used to checking this to the UK standard,
it will be straightforward to apply our experience
to Eurocode design. The direction in the Eurocode
to use the actual loading conditions to check frame
stability, rather than a separate loading system (the
NHF alone, in BS 5950) is probably an advantage,
reducing the different analyses to be completed.
In truth, the more significant challenge in both
frame imperfections and frame stability will be to
maintain a good grasp on the loading combinations,
and apply the correct loads (including the
appropriate EHF for that combination) to the
stability systems.