REFERENCE CARDS

KEYWORDS: construction; cost; demonstration project;

design (structural); grouting; installation; joints; panels;
pavement; post-tensioned concrete; precast concrete; pre
stressed concrete; production.
ABSTRACT: In April 2004, the California Department of
Transportation (CALTRANS) completed construction of a
precast concrete pavement demonstration on Interstate 10 in
El Monte, California. This project allowed CALTRANS to
evaluate the viability of precast concrete pavement for rapid
pavement construction and rehabilitation, while also famil
iarizing local contractors with this innovative construction
technique. The majority of construction of the pavement was
completed at night when lane closures were permitted on In
terstate 10. The precast pavement section added 27 ft (8 m)
of traffic lanes and 10 ft (3 m) of shoulder to the existing
lanes on 1-10. The precast panels were pretensioned in the
transverse direction during fabrication, and post-tensioned in
the longitudinal direction after installation, in order to en
hance pavement performance. Although the pavement was
constructed behind a concrete barrier and was not opened to
traffic immediately after construction, this project demon
strated the expediency of precast pavement construction and
has generated considerable interest for further applications.
REFERENCE: Merritt, David K., McCullough, B. Frank,
and Burns, Ned H., Design-Construction of a Precast Pre
stressed Concrete Pavement for Interstate 10, El Monte, Cal
ifornia, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2, March-April 2005,
pp. 18-27.
KEYWORDS: capacity; buildings; connectors; defiections;
deformations; design (structural); diaphragms; double tees;
flexibility; finite element method; floors; precast concrete;
prestressed concrete; pretopped double tees; reinforcement.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to provide de
signers with a practical approach to judge the linear elastic
in-plane flexibility of discretely connected untopped doubletee diaphragms. Based on the results of detailed finite element
model analyses of commonly used untopped diaphragms, a
simplified rational approximation is used to establish equiva
lent beam models. Methods of defining linear elastic stiff
ness parameters of the equivalent beam are derived and can
be directly used in manual calculations or computer analy
sis. Compared to a complex finite element analysis, the pro
posed equivalent beam model can predict the linear elastic
in-plane diaphragm deformation under wind or seismic load
with reasonable accuracy for design. A deflection calculation
example is provided in Appendix B to illustrate the proposed
approach.
REFERENCE: Theng, Wei, and Oliva, Michael G., A
Practical Method to Estimate Elastic Deformation of Precast
Pretopped Double-Tee Diaphragms, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50,
No. 2, March-April 2005, pp. 44-55.
118

KEYWORDS: arched panel; aesthetics; architecture;

churches; construction; design (structural); loadbearing wall
panels; precast concrete; wall panels.
ABSTRACT: In planning new worship facilities to serve
increasing membership, a major issue facing contemporary
churches is the challenge of balancing modern sensibilities
with centuries-old church tradition. A Catholic parish serv
ing the suburban community in Taylors, South Carolina, had
outgrown the original church built in 1965. Lack of adequate
space for the growing congregation eventually forced the
parishioners to move into a gymnasium to celebrate mass.
Approval of a design for a new, larger church was based on
meeting the need of the Prince of Peace faith community for
a structure built both on traditional liturgical practice and
the possibilities of modern architecture. With its production
quality, design flexibility, and dramatic aesthetics, a precast
concrete solution surpassed alternative plans for steel and
cast-in-place concrete structures. An arched and skewed pre
cast concrete wall panel design incorporated both loadbear
ing structural capacity with a magnificent interior finish to
create an inspirational space of worship.
REFERENCE: Geyer, Ronald E., Arrowood, John, Hargett,
Jeffrey J., and Davis, Randall L., Precast Concrete Provides
Function and Inspiration for Prince of Peace Church, Tay
lors, South Carolina, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2, MarchApril 2005, pp. 28-43.
KEYWORDS: bridges; CFRP tendons; inspection; instru
mentation; demonstration project; double-tee beams; load
distribution; load testing.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the major results from a
structural load test performed on Structure B of the Bridge
Street Bridge in Southfield, Michigan. Structure B is the first
prestressed concrete bridge in the United States to be almost
entirely reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The
measured strains and deflections from various bridge span
load configurations were analyzed for evaluating load distri
bution behavior. In addition, data from a laboratory test of a
full-scale prototype double-tee test beam conducted prior to
bridge construction were compared with data obtained from
the field load test of Structure B. Based on the results from
the static load test of Structure B, it is concluded that the
three spans of the bridge exhibit similar load distribution be
havior. As determined from the measured strain response in
the beams, the actual distribution of the applied loads within
each span in general conforms with the provisions contained
in the AASHTO Specifications.
REFERENCE: Grace, Nabil F., Roller, John J., Navarre,
Frederick C., Nacey, Richard B., and Bonus, Wayne, Truck
Load Distribution Behavior of the Bridge Street Bridge,
Southfield, Michigan, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2, March
April 2005, pp. 76-89.
PCI JOURNAL

KEYWORDS: beam-to-column joints; beams; building

codes; buildings; columns; connections; deformations; de
sign (structural); double tees; dual frame-wall system; frames;
joints; parking structures; precast concrete; prestressed con
crete; prototype; reinforcement; research; seismic design;
test structure; walls.

KEYWORDS: analysis; anchorages; axial loads; building

codes; buildings; composite construction; design (structur
al); deflections; durability; flexure; footings; mixing; plac
ing; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; quality control;
reinforcement; seismic design; serviceability; shear; splices;
strength; strut-and-tie models; torsion.

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the results of an ex

perimental study of a half-scale two-story precast concrete
structure built with a dual structural system (combination
of structural walls and frames). A typical feature in some
of the beam-to-column connections in the test structure was
that the beam bottom longitudinal bars in the joint region
were poorly anchored. The test structure was subjected to
simulated seismic loading until the structure reached failure.
This paper emphasizes the observed response of the precast
structural elements and their connections during testing, in
cluding beam-to-column connections, column-to-foundation
connections, and diaphragms. An evaluation of the bond be
tween the topping slab and the precast concrete floor is also
discussed. Seismic design criteria and code implications for
connections and diaphragms in precast concrete buildings
resulting from this research are explored, and recommenda
tions for their design are offered.

ABSTRACT: The PCI Standard Design Practice is intend

ed for identifying provisions in the ACI Building Code Re
quirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) that need
clarification or expansion to support design practices com
monly used with precast, prestressed concrete. This document
appears in the Sixth Edition of the PCI Design Handbook and
incorporates discussion and comments from the membership
and design profession in order to ensure that it represents the
current design practices of the industry. The original docu
ment was published in the January-February 2003 PCI JOUR
NAL with reader discussion and committee closure appearing
in the November-December 2003 PCI JOURNAL. The 24page document, designated TR-7-05, includes provisions re
lated to: General Requirements; Definitions; Materials; Walls;
Footings; Precast Concrete; Durability Requirements; Con
crete Quality, Mixing, and Placing; Details of Reinforcement;
Analysis and Design General Considerations; Strength and
Serviceability Requirements; Flexure and Axial Loads; Shear
and Torsion; Development and Splices of Reinforcement;
Composite Concrete Flexural Members; Prestressed Con
crete; Special Provisions for Seismic Design; Strut-and-Tie
Models; and Anchoring to Concrete.

REFERENCE: Blandn, John J., and Rodriguez, Mario E.,

Behavior of Connections and Floor Diaphragms in SeismicResisting Precast Concrete Buildings, PCI JOURNAL, V.
50, No. 2, March-April 2005, pp. 56-75.
KEYWORDS: anchors; anchorages; building codes; com
posite construction; connections; connectors; design (struc
tural); embedment depth; deformations; headed studs; precast
concrete; pryout capacity; research; shear strength; studs.
ABSTRACT: Pryout is a failure mode for headed studs oc
cuffing when short, stocky studs are used in an anchorage
loaded in shear away from an edge. As part of a PCI research
program, WJE studied a number of tests reported in the lit
erature. Pushoff tests of headed stud connections from the
1960s and early 1970s were reviewed to determine steel ca
pacity of a headed stud anchorage away from all edge effects.
This extensive database was further evaluated to examine the
pryout failure mode. As a result of a careful analysis of this
historic data, a modified pryout formula rooted in a shear type
failure mode is proposed. The database was also found to be
lacking in pryout tests having a variable spacing parallel to
the applied shear load. To further evaluate the effect, eight
laboratory tests were conducted focusing in on this variable.
Six, four-stud and two, six-stud anchorages were tested to
examine individual y-spacing and the overall Y-spacing pro
jection of the anchorage. From these tests and others more
recently reported in the literature, the influence of y-spacing
was evaluated and a modification factor is proposed to the
basic pryout capacity equation.
REFERENCE: Anderson, Neal S., and Meinheit, Donald
F., Pryout Capacity of Cast-in Headed Stud Anchors, PCI
JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2, March-April 2005, pp. 90-112.
March-April 2005

REFERENCE: PCI Committee on Building Code, PCI

Standard Design Practice, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2,
March-April 2005, Special Insert between pp. 16 and 17.
KEYWORDS: buildings; construction; design (structural);
hollow-core panels; loadbearing wall panels; precast con
crete; prestressed concrete; sandwich wall panels; wall pan
els; warehouses.
ABSTRACT: Cold weather restraints, tenant flexibility re
quirements, and a fast-track construction schedule proved
decisive in selecting loadbearing precast, insulated hollowcore wall panels to frame the exterior of a 100,000 sq ft (9300
) warehouse/distribution center in St. Paul, Minnesota.
2
m
REFERENCE: Nasser, George D., Energy Park Corporate
Center, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 2, March-April 2005,
pp. 136-141.

DISCUSSION NOTE
The Editors welcome discussion of reports, arti
cles, and problems and solutions published in the
PCI JOURNAL. The comments must be confined
to the scope of the article being discussed. Please
note that discussion of papers appearing in this
issue must be received at PCI headquarters by Au
gust 1, 2005.
119