2014 Statistical Report Fuels Europe

STATISTICAL REPORT
Editor: Chris Beddoes

Copyright FuelsEurope
Printed in Belgium - Designed by www.morris-chapman.com
STATISTICAL REPORT
FuelsEurope
#FuelsEurope
www.fuelseurope.eu
Statistical Report 2014
Foreword
O
n the 1st June 2014, Europia changed its name to

FuelsEurope.
Selected charts give our readers a broad overview of energy

and environment related data and trends over recent years.
2014 brings a new 5 year cycle of EU institutions with

Parliamentary elections and new Commissioners being
chosen; it is also the 25th anniversary of the formation of
Europia. Our members decided that this is an appropriate time
to refresh its identity and have chosen the name FuelsEurope
to continue development of advocacy for European refining.
FuelsEurope Statistical Report 2014 uses the following colour

coding to help you navigate easily through the document.
Each colour corresponds to a specific oil-related theme
making browsing between subsections user-friendly.
Welcome to the FuelsEuropes Statistical Report 2014

published for the first time as a stand-alone report. While
the statistics were originally included in EUROPIAs Annual
Reports, the 2014 Statistical Report follows the same
structure thus ensuring a consistent historical overview for
our readers.
Oil Products
Oil & Energy
Prices and Margins

Refining
Marketing infrastructures
The Report aims at providing high-quality data on energy

markets in general but also on refining industry specific issues.
Chris Beddoes
Director General
55
FIG.1 W
ORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY FUEL TYPE IN 2012
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013
World
5%
European Union
6%
2%
33%
Note: O
il consumption is measured in
million tonnes; other fuels in million
tonnes of oil equivalent.
30%
WORLD:
12476
Mtoe
5000
4500
24%
4130
4000
3730
Units: Mtoe
3500
2987
3000
6%
8%
2500
2000
19%
1500
38%
EU:
1673 Mtoe
831
1000
500
3%
611
560
400
294
200
74
237
95
26%
Oil
Natural
gas
Coal
Nuclear
energy
Oil, natural gas and coal currently meet the worlds energy
needs (together 86.8%). The overall share for renewables
remains very small (8.5%). The EU, unlike other major
Hydro
electricity
Renewables
economies, has a higher share of nuclear (11.9%) and

renewables (10%) in its energy mix.
FIG.2 W
ORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY REGION IN 2012
OIL
COAL
16%
12%
20%
8%
41%
Units: Mtoe
8%
3%
3%
Total energy:
4130
Total energy:
3730
15%
5%
4%
3%
12%
50%
NATURAL GAS
22%
USA
43%
EU-28
Total energy:
2987
13%
JAPAN
RUSSIA
Whilst the global energy consumption grew by

1.8% in 2012, the EU-27 share of oil (15%),
natural gas (13%) consumption decreased
by 1% whilst remaining at the same level for
coal (8%). Oil (36.5%) and natural gas (23.8%)
remain the main energy consumed in the EU
(60.3%).
Coal represents the main energy consumed
in China and India and together these two
countries use almost 60% of the overall coal
consumption.
CHINA
2%
4%
4%
13%
INDIA
OTHERS
Note: Oil consumption is measured in million

tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil
equivalent.
77
FIG.3 W
ORLDWIDE CRUDE OIL MOVEMENT
IN 2012
286.5
28.8
26.7
59.7
26.4
42.9
16.8
108.0
23.7
Unit: Million tonnes per year
112.2
65.5
146.5
51.4
78.3
22.8
176.1
144.4
26.8
55.4
28.4
98.3
44.8
21.1
49.5
218.0
20.9
34.5
18.4
27.3
51.6
22.7
USA
31.5
CANADA
MEXICO
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
EUROPE & EURASIA
MIDDLE EAST
AFRICA
ASIA PACIFIC
TRADE FLOWS IN 2012
Crude oil is an internationally traded commodity with flows moving all

over the world.
There are two open and transparent markets crude oil and refined
products- within which the European refining industry operates.
The products are freely traded.
FIG.4 W
ORLDWIDE REFINED PRODUCT DEMAND
AVERAGED 89.77 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY
IN 2012, WITH EUROPE ACCOUNTING FOR 17%
OTHER ASIA PACIFIC 12%
26% NORTH AMERICA
EURASIA 1%
JAPAN 5%
INDIA 4%
CHINA 11%
Total:
89 774
AFRICA 4%
MIDDLE EAST 9%
7% SOUTH AND
CENTRAL AMERICA
4% RUSSIA
16.5% EUROPE
of which
EU: 14.4% and
Non EU: 2.1%
Global demand for oil refined products continues to grow from

86.9 million barrels per day in 2011 to 89.77 in 2012. Although
the European market is declining it still remains the second
largest in the world (17%) behind North-America (27%), but with

China, Middle East and Asia catching rapidly.
99
10
FIG.5 W
ORLDWIDE REFINING SUPPLY/MARKET DEMAND
BALANCES IN 2012
Source: Wood Mackenzie
966
1029
747
722
265
131
RUSSIA
473
458
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
367
339
CHINA
MIDDLE
EAST
298
250
157
111
933
818
AFRICA
LATIN
AMERICA
ASIA & OCEANIA
REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS DEMAND

REFINERY THROUGHPUT
The refining supply/market demand balance shows that most of
the regions are dependent on imports to meet market demand.
Russia and at a lesser extent China has a positive trade balance
which provides Russia in particular a key role in supplying
demand from other regions.
Apparently balanced product demand and refinery throughput

in the EU hide a large surplus of EU gasoline production and a
shortage of diesel and jet production.
FIG.6 E
U TOTAL OIL DEMAND AMOUNTED TO
631 MILLION TONNES IN 2013
TOTAL OIL DEMAND

COUNTRY
FI
NO
SE
EE
LV
DK
IE
UK
LT
PL
NL
BE
LU
DE
CZ
SK
FR
AT
CH
SI
HU
RO
HR
IT
BG
Austria
12.301
BE
Belgium
29.794
BG Bulgaria
4.225
HR Croatia
3.531
CY
Cyprus
2.809
CZ
Czech Republic
9.443
DK
Denmark
7.596
EE
Estonia
1.388
FI
Finland
9.427
FR
France
82.075
DE
Germany
EL
Greece
ES
EL
TR
MT
CY
EU
NON EU
EU-27 total oil amounted to 631 MT for 2013, representing a
decrease of 3.4% compared to 2012.
While the bigger Member States such as Germany (-3.3%),
France (-3.7%), UK (-4%) witnessed a decrease close to the
European average, the Member States hit by the Eurozone crisis
recorded a more significant decrease Greece (-6,7%); Portugal
(-9.6%); Italy (-7.1%); Spain (-4.9%).
116.978
15.237
HU Hungary
6.391
IE
6.483
Ireland
IT
Italy
LV
Latvia
1.835
LT
Lithuania
2.633
LU
Luxembourg
MT Malta
PT
Mt/y
AT
64.913
2.895
2.435
NL
Netherlands
48.619
PL
Poland
25.881
PT
Portugal
11.191
RO Romania
9.149
SK
4.136
Slovakia
SI
Slovenia
ES
Spain
2.532
63.275
SE
Sweden
14.166
UK
United Kingdom
70.369
EU total
631.706
NO Norway
10.770
CH Switzerland
12.312
TR
34.500
Turkey
Total NO+CH+TR
TOTAL
57.583
689.289
1111
12
FIG.7 D
EMAND HISTORY OF OIL PRODUCTS
IN THE EU
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Since 2008, we can observe a downward

trend for oil products demand. Over the past 5
years, the overall demand has declined by 13%.
The downward trend is mainly driven by the decrease
in gasoline (-20%) whilst middle distillates, gasoil and
kerosene, only decreased by 7%.
FUEL OIL
GASOLINE
DIESEL/GASOIL
LPG
JET/KEROSENE
OTHER PRODUCTS
NAPHTHA
REFINERY FUEL & LOSS
FIG.8 T
YPICAL REFINERY OUTPUT BY PRODUCT TYPE
IN 2013
Source: OECD
OTHER PRODUCTS 4%
PETROLEUM COKE 1.4%
PARAFFIN WAXES 0.1%
BITUMEN 3.4%
1.3% LUBRICANTS
0.2% WHITE SPIRIT
3.4% REFINERY GAS
2.5% LPG
5.7% NAPHTHA
FUEL OIL 13.0%
19.2% GASOLINE
Total
657198 Mt
DIESEL/GASOIL 39.0%
A wide range of products are produced from crude oil, ranging

from transportation and industrial fuels to chemical feedstock.
EU refineries produce also many specialty products such
as bitumen for road construction and roofing, lubricants for
6.8% KEROSENE
transport and industry, petroleum coke for the metal industry and
waxes, solvents and other specialised products.
Fuels for transport represent the biggest share of the production.
1313
14
FIG.9 R
OAD FUEL DEMAND IN THE EU
IN 2013
250
2
150
1.5
100
1
50
Diesel/Gasoline ratio
2.5
200
0.5
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GASOLINE
DIESEL
RATIO
The tax incentivized dieselisation trend has significantly

contributed to a fundamental change in the EU road fuel demand
structure. The shift from gasoline to diesel began some 25 years
ago and led to major gasoline demand decline as well as a
shortage of diesel production in the EU.
Gasoline demand continue to decline while diesel demand is on

the rise, currently reaching a 2.4 demand ratio in 2013.
FIG.10 ROAD FUEL DEMAND BY COUNTRY

IN 2013
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
Poland
Belgium
Netherlands
Austria
Sweden
Czech Republic
Portugal
Romania
Denmark
Finland
Hungary
Ireland
Greece
Luxembourg
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Cyprus
Malta
Spurred on by favourable excise taxes on

diesel, the shift from gasoline to diesel over
past two decades led to a higher demand for
diesel than gasoline as a road fuel in the vast
majority of EU Member States.
In some countries, such as France and Spain
the imbalance is far more pronounced as a
result of very favourable tax policies for diesel.
The continued growth in truck transport in
the EU, driven by internal market and external
trade, has further contributed to spurring
diesel demand.
DIESEL
GASOLINE
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
15
15
16
FIG.11 N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
DEMONSTRATES THE TREND OF GROWING GASOLINE
SURPLUS AND GASOIL/DIESEL/JET DEFICITS
Source: Eurostat
Net gasoline exports:

46 322 ktonnes
60
Unit: percentage imports/percentage exports
50
40
30
20
10
0
Net gasoil imports:

14 344 ktonnes
-10
-20
Net jet fuel imports:

14 042 ktonnes
-30
The EU has significant excess gasoline production capacity, but

is however unable to meet regional demand for diesel and jet
fuel.
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
-40
GASOLINE
DIESEL/GASOIL
JET FUEL
FIG.12 MAJOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL TRADE FLOWS

TO AND FROM THE EU IN 2012
Source: Eurostat
EU
NORTH AMERICA
79.2
249.9
11.9
RUSSIA
3.9
ASIA
20.2
10.5
12.6
5.7
ASIA
AFRICA
As a result of the gasoline/diesel imbalance demand Europe has significant

excess gasoline production capacity that need to be exported, while to meet
regional demand for diesel and jet fuel, Europe became heavily reliant on other
countries for import, especially from Russia, Middle East & USA.
North America was the traditional market for exporting gasoline surplus but the
recent shale oil revolution, cheap energy and reducing demand have enabled US
refiners to increase their supplies for the internal market and to compete on other
export markets with EU refiners.
GASOLINE DEMAND IN 2012

DIESEL/GASOIL DEMAND IN 2012
GASOLINE TRADE FLOWS IN 2012
DIESEL/GASOIL TRADE FLOWS IN 2012
17
17
18
FIG.13 E
U GASOLINE TRADING BALANCE:
USA IS A KEY EXPORT MARKET FOR THE EU
Source: Eurostat
EXPORT
2012
11%
2011
7%
2010
10%
2009
10%
2008
54%
35%
58%
35%
56%
34%
53%
13%
37%
41%
46%
2007
9%
41%
50%
2006
9%
38%
53%
2005
10%
2004
12%
2003
16%
2002
19%
2001
27% 13%
2000
23%
0
38%
52%
34%
54%
27%
57%
18%
63%
60%
26%
5 000
51%
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
35 000
40 000
45 000
50 000

EUROPE NON EU
REST OF THE WORLD
USA
The US was the traditional export market for the structural EU gasoline surplus.
The recent shale oil boom has decreased export opportunities to the US and
forced EU refiners to find other markets.
The EU gasoline surplus in 2011 grew by 15% compared to 2011, and by 7.2%
compared to 2008, the second highest number. Comparatively the share of the
US has decreased since 2008 from 46% to 34% in 2012 of the total exports.
FIG.14 E
U GASOIL TRADING BALANCE:
RUSSIA IS A LEADING EXPORTER OF GASOIL TO THE EU
Source: Eurostat
IMPORT EXPORT
17%
44%
49%
33%
84%
70%
31%
25 000
20 000
15 000
2003
76%
29%
30 000
2004
8%
60%
23%
35 000
2005
2%
70%
40%
40 000
2006
6%
65%
33%
2007
5%
60%
22%
2008
31%
11%
34%
2009
29%
54%
15%
2010
19%
53%
19%
2011
37%
47%
17%
2012
39%
10 000
2%
2002
1%
2001
2000
69%
5 000
5 000
10 000

REST OF THE WORLD
RUSSIA
NORTH AMERICA
EUROPE NON EU
Major growth of US diesel exports to EU. EU increasingly dependent upon

imported diesel, exporting lower quality gasoil.
19
19
20
FIG.15 E
U JET FUEL TRADING BALANCE:
EU CONTINUOUSLY INCREASES ITS IMPORT OF JET
FUEL FROM MIDDLE EAST
Source: Eurostat
IMPORT EXPORT
31%
2012
69%
51%
53%
49%
2011
47%
2010
64%
62%
2007
67%
49%
50%
51%
2006
50%
2005
42%
2003
43%
60%
2002
40%
46%
2001
54%
51%
10 000
2004
58%
57%
15 000
2008
38%
33%
20 000
2009
36%
5 000
2000
49%
0
5 000
REST OF THE WORLD

MIDDLE EAST
EUROPE NON EU
Growing EU dependence on jet fuel imported mainly from Middle East.
FIG.16a GLOBAL MARINE FUEL CONSUMPTION

Source: PFC Energy
Unit: Consumption (1,000 tonnes)
250.000
200.000
The global demand for marine fuel is mainly met by fuel
oil (88%) while gasoil only represents 12% of the market.
The new limits for sulphur content of marine fuels could
drastically change the market with a massive demand for
low sulphur distillates, requiring major refinery investments.
150.000
100.000
50.000
FUEL OIL
GASOIL
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
FIG.16b M
ARINE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE EU
Source: PFC Energy
Unit: Consumption (1,000 tonnes)
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
Switch to LNG or the use of scrubbers are alternatives to
new IMO emissions limits in 2020 or 2025.
20.000
10.000
FUEL OIL
GASOIL
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
21
21
22
FIG.17a EU ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS

Source: PFC Energy
max. sulphur content (ppm)
6000
The sulphur content

of road fuels has been
reduced from 5500 ppm
in 1975 to sulphur free
in 2010 allowing use of
sophisticated emissions
control by vehicles.
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010 2012
FIG.17b EU OFF-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS

Source: PFC Energy
max. sulphur content (ppm)
6000
In addition to the
environmental benefits
arising from reduced
sulphur dioxide (SO2), the
use of 10ppm sulphur
gas oil is also essential
for the effective working
of abatement technology
in engines fitted in newer
non-road mobile machinery,
including tractors, which
are manufactured to meet
stringent new EU emission
standards for oxides of
nitrogen (NOX).
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010 2012
FIG.18 G
LOBAL MARINE FUEL SULPHUR
SPECIFICATIONS
SO2 EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (SECAs)
Source: European Commission
SECAs cover the Baltic and North Seas and

the English Channel
Limits for the sulphur content of marine
fuels in SECAs:
1% until 31 December 2014
0.10% as from 1 January 2015
Limits for the sulphur content of marine
fuels outside SECAs
in the EU waters by 2020:
0.50% for EU waters by 2020
The following areas impose limits on the sulphur level of fuel in

ships travelling within them.
The new of 0.10% will be difficult to produce from fuel oil and
be met by marine diesel, a lighter product or potentially by LNG.
Changes in shipping fuel specifications require large-scale

industry investment, by shipping and fuels supply industries.
Secondary technology such as scrubbers can also be used to

meet these sulphur levels but this technology is not suitable for
our ships.
23
23
24
FIG.19 S
INCE 1990 FUELS ARE GETTING PROGRESSIVELY
CLEANER RESULTING IN EXHAUST EMISSIONS
REDUCTION BY OVER 80%
140
Unit: Emissions (% of 1995 level)
120
100
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
80
PARTICULATE MATTER DIESEL

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
60
BENZENE
SULPHUR OXIDES
40
20
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Since 1990 the refining industry has contributed to cleaner

exhausts by containing today over 80% lower pollutants.
2010
These significant improvements are the result of the partnerships

with the automotive industry aiming at improving the fuel-engine
efficiency and leading to multiple environmental benefits.
FIG.20 MAXIMUM ON-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR LIMITS

Source: Hart Energy Research and Consulting, January 2014
10 - 15 PPM
16 - 50 PPM
51 - 350 PPM
351 - 500 PPM
501 - 2000 PPM
>2000 PPM
Europe together with USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and Chile

apply the lowest (10-15 ppm) on-road diesel sulphur limits in the
world.
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/

cities, or based on average content. Detailed information on
limits and regulations can be found at www.ifqc.org
25
25
26
FIG.21 M
AXIMUM GASOLINE SULPHUR LIMIT
Source: Hart Energy Research and Consulting, January 2014
10 PPM
11 - 99 PPM
151 - 600 PPM
601 - 2500 PPM
100 - 150 PPM
The EU has set the most stringent environmental specifications

for sulphur in gasoline worldwide with a maximum level of 10
PPM.
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/

cities, or based on average content. Detailed information on
limits and regulations can be found at www.ifqc.org
FIG.22 C
RUDE OIL PRICE EVOLUTION
SINCE 1989
Source: Energy Information Administration
Unit: US Dollar per barrel

Europe Brent spot price Free On Board
180
2013 $
160
NOMINAL PRICE
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
The EU Refining industry operates between two global, open

and transparent markets: the market of crude oil and the market
of refined products. The main benchmarks are priced in dollars.
The price of crude oil is set on international spot markets and
reported by designated agencies. The price of oil is an important
marker for the global economy and is closely watched by
businesses and policy-makers.
13
12
20
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
20
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
19
19
89
After a decade of relatively low prices, oil started rising last

decade, leading to peaks just before the financial crisis in 2008.
Since 2010, the oil price varies around 110-120 $.
27
27
28
FIG.23 S
IMPLER REFINERIES HAVE CONSISTENTLY
LOW OR EVEN NEGATIVE OPERATING MARGINS
Source: Oil market report, International Energy Agency
14
Simple refineries
(hydroskimming) have
consistently low or even
negative margins.
10
Refineries are often referred

to as simple if they do
not include conversion
processes and complex
if they do. Unlike complex
refineries, simpler refineries
produce lower value
products and as such
struggle to break even on
their operations after costs.
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
January 97
July 97
January 98
July 98
January 99
July 99
January 00
July 00
January 01
July 01
January 02
July 02
January 03
July 03
January 04
July 04
January 05
July 05
January 06
July 06
January 07
July 07
January 08
July 08
January 09
July 09
January 10
July 10
January 11
July 11
January 12
July 12
Unit: Margin in US dollars
12
BRENT CRACKING NORTH WEST EUROPE

BRENT HYDROSKIMMING NORTH WEST EUROPE
29
29
FIG.24 R
EFINERS OPERATE BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL
COMMODITY MARKETS:
CRUDE MARKET AND REFINED PRODUCTS MARKET
140
Unit: US Dollar per barrel
120
100
80
GASOLINE PRICE (NW EUROPE

SPOT, 95R)
60
REFINING SPREAD BETWEEN

CRUDE OIL AND GASOLINE
PRICES
40
CRUDE PRICE (EUROPEAN

BRENT FOB)
20
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
EU refining operates between two global commodity markets,

the crude market and the refined product market. The crack
spread represents the difference between the cost of crude oil
and the market sales price for refined products.
Generally product prices rise with crude prices but the drivers of
the difference are many.
2010
2012 2013
In historic terms, the profitability has started to decline in a context

of falling demand (2008). Whilst 2012 saw a small improvement
for refiners, the spread is generally tight- margins are low and the
industry is highly vulnerable to the operating costs that must be
deducted from the spread before profitability can be considered.
30
FIG.25 FUEL TAXES MAKE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION

TO MEMBER STATE TAX REVENUE
Source: Eurostat and Wood Mackenzie
LESS THAN 6%
6% - 10%
COUNTRY
HIGHER THAN 10%

EUROPE NON EU
4%
4%
9%
7%
3%
6%
8%
4%
5%
8%
3%
7%
3%
7%
7%
3%
4%
CH
10%
6%
9%
8%
4%
6%
12%
6%
5%
Taxes on fuels contribute on average to 7% of Member

State tax revenue.
Many competing products are subsidised. Replacing
economically viable petroleum products with such
alternatives would have large fiscal consequences.
Austria
4%
BE
Belgium
3%
BG Bulgaria
12%
HR Croatia
8%
CY
Cyprus
7%
CZ
Czech Republic
7%
DK
Denmark
3%
EE
Estonia
9%
FI
Finland
4%
FR
France
3%
DE
Germany
3%
EL
Greece
6%
HU Hungary
6%
IE
Ireland
6%
IT
Italy
4%
LV Latvia
6%
7%
SHARE
AT
7%
LT
Lithuania
8%
LU
Luxembourg
7%
MT Malta
5%
NL
4%
Netherlands
PL
Poland
8%
PT
Portugal
6%
RO Romania
9%
SK
7%
Slovakia
SI
Slovenia
10%
ES
Spain
6%
SE
Sweden
4%
UK
United Kingdom
5%
FIG.26 T
OTAL TAXATION SHARE
IN THE END CONSUMER PRICE
DIESEL OIL
EURO-SUPER 95
Euro-Super 95
DIESEL OIL
<45%
COUNTRY
Nederlands
63
United Kingdom
61
Sweden
60
Italy
60
SE
EE
Greece
60
60 54
50 46
Germany
59
Finland
58
Ireland
58
France
58
45-50%
FI
50-55%
58 49
>55%
DK
IE
58 52
LV 51 45
57 48
UK
LT 50 43
NL
61 59
COUNTRY
United Kingdom
59
Italy
55
Sweden
54
Ireland
52
Nederlands
51
Germany
50
France
50
Slovenia
50
DE
PL
Finland
49
59 50
50 46
Belgium
49
SK
Cyprus
48
56 46
Hungary
48
Denmark
48
Austria
47
Czech Rep
47
Slovakia
46
Poland
46
51
GR
Romania
46
Malta
51
60 44
Portugal
46
Cyprus
51
Malta
46
Latvia
51
Estonia
46
Lithuania
50
Spain
45
Romania
50
45
50
Greece
44
Estonia
50
The price at the pump is driven to a large degree by taxes and over half the cost
of fuel represents taxes. The taxes on gasoline are generally higher than for diesel.
This differential tax treatment has driven a demand shift over the past 10 years.
Latvia
Poland
Lithuania
43
Fuels Taxes contribute substantially to Member State revenues.
Bulgaria
41
Luxemburg
41
Belgium
63 51
BE 58 49
58
LU 49 41
Denmark
57
Portugal
57
FR
Slovakia
56
58 50
Slovenia
56
Czech Republic
53
Austria
53
Hungary
52
Spain
Luxemburg
49
Bulgaria
44
PT
57 46
ES
51 45
Note: Share at January 2014
CZ 53 47
AT 53 47
SI 56 50
52 48
HU
RO
50 46
BG
IT
60 55
44 41
MT
CY
51 46
51 48
3131
32
FIG.27 B
REAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL PRICES
ACROSS EU (DECEMBER 2013)
PRODUCT
TARIFFS
VAT
Diesel prices are generally lower than gasoline prices due to

the lower tax element, with the notable exception of the United
Kingdom.
COUNTRY
% of
taxes
United Kingdom
59,01%
Italy
55,69%
Sweden
54,20%
Ireland
52,33%
Netherlands
51,37%
Slovenia
50,73%
Germany
50,00%
France
49,92%
Finland
49,60%
Belgium
48,65%
Hungary
48,09%
Cyprus
47,79%
Denmark
47,59%
Austria
47,52%
Czech Republic
47,29%
Slovakia
46,57%
Estonia
46,34%
Malta
46,31%
Croatia
46,28%
Poland
46,11%
Portugal
46,06%
Romania
45,88%
Spain
45,13%
Latvia
44,59%
Greece
43,77%
Lithuania
42,83%
Luxembourg
41,07%
Bulgaria
40,91%
Unit: Price in Euro per litre

Only a fraction of the price paid at the pump contributes to the
refiners income, the remainder gain to Member States and to
buy the crude oil.
FIG.28 P
RICES AND MARGINS
BREAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE PRICES
ACROSS EU (DECEMBER 2013)
PRODUCT
TARIFFS
VAT
Gasoline prices are generally higher than diesel prices due to the
higher tax element.
COUNTRY
% of
taxes
Netherlands
62,89%
United Kingdom
61,64%
Italy
60,53%
Greece
60,25%
Sweden
59,80%
Germany
58,72%
Ireland
58,33%
Finland
58,05%
Belgium
57,69%
France
57,61%
Portugal
56,90%
Slovenia
56,58%
Denmark
56,43%
Slovakia
56,43%
Austria
53,58%
Croatia
52,93%
Czech Republic
52,80%
Hungary
51,70%
Cyprus
51,01%
Spain
50,88%
Latvia
50,88%
Malta
50,63%
Poland
50,23%
Lithuania
50,13%
Romania
49,78%
Estonia
49,54%
Luxembourg
48,93%
Bulgaria
44,51%
Unit: Price in Euro per litre

Only a fraction of the price paid at the pump contributes to the
refiners income, the remainder gain to Member States and to
buy the crude oil.
33
33
34
FIG.29 G
LOBAL REFINING CAPACITY
AS OF 2012
Source: PFC Energy
Unit: kt/year
23%
North
America
1.045.501
7%
Latin
America
322.889
17%
Europe
9%
Russia
843.394 kt/year
of which EU + Norway + Swizerland
= 792,961
419.245
8%
32%
Africa
Middle
East
Asia
Pacific
161.654
379.283
1.460.895
4%
Refining is spread around the world and is a truly global business.

The share of EU refining has decreased from 17% in 2011 to
16% in 2012, but it still remains the third biggest refining region.
FIG.30 R
EFINERY / STEAM CRACKER SITES IN THE EU
Source: PFC Energy
REFINERY LOCATION
STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
INTEGRATED REFINERY / STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
A large number of refineries are integrated with or located
very close to steam crackers that produce products for the
petrochemicals industry.
Such interconnections show how refining is an intrinsic part

of the industrial value chain and provides the basis for highly
advance, high value products.
35
35
FIG.31 86 MAINSTREAM REFINERIES WERE OPERATING

IN THE EU, NORWAY AND SWITZERLAND AT END 2013
Source: Concawe
2
2
2
1
6
3
11
2
1
1
3
1
11
EU
EFTA
Threshold >50 kbbl/d or 2.5Mt/a

At the end of 2013, there are 84 `mainstream` refineries in the EU
& EFTA. In addition there were 22 small or speciality sites.
COUNTRY
REFINERIES
DE
Germany
11
IT
Italy
11
ES
Spain
FR
France
UK
United Kingdom
NL
Nederlands
EL
Greece
SE
Sweden
BE
Belgium
RO
Romania
DK
Denmark
FI
Finland
PT
Portugal
CZ
Czech Republic
PL
Poland
NO
Norway
CH
Switzerland
IE
Ireland
AT
Austria
HU
Hungary
SK
Slovakia
LT
Lithuania
BG
Bulgaria
HR
Croatia
EU-28
82
NO Norway
CH
Switzerland
NO + CH
TOTAL
4
86
Unit: Number of reneries
36
37
37
FIG.32 E
U, NORWEGIAN AND SWISS FUELS
MAINSTREAM REFINERIES HAD 720.9 MILLION
TONNES OF PRIMARY REFINING CAPACITY IN 2013
13,2
17,3
21,6
8,8
3,6
80,2
10,0
24,7
66,1
39,2
102,6
8,4
5,6
70,6
10,2
6,1
8,1
15,1
4,5
89,6
16,0
70,5
5,0
24
EU
COUNTRY
CAPACITY
DE
Germany
102,6
IT
Italy
89,6
UK
United Kingdom
80,2
FR
France
70,6
ES
Spain
70,5
NL
Nederlands
66,1
BE
Belgium
39,2
PL
Poland
24,7
EL
Greece
24
SE
Sweden
21,6
PT
Portugal
16,0
RO
Romania
15,1
FI
Finland
13,2
AT
Austria
10,2
LT
Lithuania
10,0
DK
Denmark
8,8
CZ
Czech Republic
8,4
HU
Hungary
8,1
SK
Slovakia
5,6
BG
Bulgaria
5,0
HR
Croatia
4,5
IE
Ireland
3,6
EU-28
697,5
NO
Norway
17,3
CH
Switzerland
6,1
EFTA
NO + CH
23,5
Threshold >50 kbbl/d or 2.5Mt/a
TOTAL
720,9
The 84 refineries have a primary refinery capacity of 720,9 million

tonnes. Due to additional closure the capacity has decreased by
1% compared to 2012.
Source: Concawe
38
FIG.33 CAPACITY AND UTILISATION

OF EUROPEAN REFINERIES
800
100%
700
87.5%
600
75%
Utilisation rate
Capacity (million tonnes)
62.5%
500
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
IDLE CAPACITY
REFINERY THROUGHPUT
UTILISATION RATE
The utilisation rate of EU refineries dropped from the 2012 levels
to about 80%. The continued decrease of demand and evolution
of market demand (increasing diesel/gasoline imbalance) forces
European refiners to adapt these market forces.
A utilisation rate of above 85% is normally required for efficient,

economic operations.
FIG.34 G
HG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN THE EU
IN 2011
Source: European Environmental Agency, 2013
WASTE 3%
AGRICULTURE 10%
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 7%
31% ENERGY INDUSTRIES
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS 2%
FROM FUELS
RESIDENTIAL 14%
TRANSPORT 20%
13% MANUFACTURING,
INDUSTRIES & CONSTRUCTION
Industry (energy and manufacturing) accounts for 44% of GHG emissions the EU. Transport, supplied around 90% by oil refined
products, generates 20% of EU GHG emissions.
39
39
40
FIG.35 C
O2 EMISSIONS TREND BY SECTOR
140
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
ENERGY INDUSTRIES
TRANSPORT
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
FROM FUELS
AGRICULTURE
TOTAL (EXCLUDING LULUCF)
MANUFACTURING, INDUSTRIES &

CONSTRUCTION
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
WASTE
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
40
1990
Emissions (% of 1990 level)
120
CO2 emissions per sector are generally all

declining since 2007. Industry (processes and
manufacturing) CO2 emissions reduced sharply
over the period 2007-2011 and are now between
28 and 34% lower than the 1990 level.
CO2 emissions from transport are also steadily
decreasing since 2007.
FIG.36 D
ECLINING EU SHARE
IN GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS
Source: IEA, WEO 2013
CO2 emissions [% of world total]
USA
REST OF THE
WORLD
7% EU
2035
24%
2011
17%
RUSSIA
11%
3%
3%
LATIN AMERICA
5%
5%
6%
AFRICA
26%
MIDDLE EAST
CHINA
INDIA
In 2011 the EU accounted for 11% of global CO2 emissions and is expected to account for only 7% by 2035.
41
41
42
FIG.37 EU REFINERIES ENERGY COST

AS PERCENTEAGE OF TOTAL CASH OPERATING
COSTS
Source: Solomon Associates
70%
Energy cost as % of total operating cost
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
The share of energy costs has continuously increased over the

past 20 years to reach around 55% of cash operating costs.
Despite strong records in energy efficiency gains and a leading
2006
2008
2010
position in this field, European refiners suffer a strong competitive

disadvantage from these high energy costs.
FIG.38 R
EFINERY SULPHUR EMISSIONS
HAVE BEEN DECLINING OVER THE YEARS
Unit: Kilo-tonne Sulphur per million tonne of refinery throughput
Source: Concawe
1.8
SULPHUR EMISSIONS IN
RELATION TO REFINERIES
OUTPUT
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1979
1982
1985
1989
1992
1995
1998
2002
2006
2010
The sulphur emissions from refinery operations decreased by 75% over the past 30 years.
43
43
44
FIG.39 Q
UALITY OF REFINERY WATER EFFLUENT:
OIL DISCHARGED IN WATER
Source: Concawe
45
Unit: Oil in water discharge (ktonnes/yr)
120
40
100
35
30
80
25
60
20
15
40
10
20
5
0
Unit: Oil discharged pe reported throughput (g/tonne)
140
50
0
1969 1974 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2000 2005 2008 2010 2012
OIL DISCHARGED WITH AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS (KTONNES/YR)

OIL DISCHARGED PER REPORTED THROUGHPUT (G/TONNE)
Over the years the EU Refineries have significantly improved the
quality of refinery water effluent.
The amount of oil discharged in effluents from reporting

installations continued to decrease to extremely low levels - both
in terms of the absolute amount discharged and the amount
expressed relative to the volume of feedstock processed
(throughput) and the refining capacity of the installations.
FIG.40 E
U REFINERIES ENERGY CONSUMPTION
AND EFFICIENCY TRENDS RELATIVE TO 1992
Energy Consumption per tonne input and Ell relative to 1992
Source: Solomon Associates
110
105
100
Total Energy Consumption
per tonne (indexed)
95
Ell (indexed)
Note: the lower the Ell,

the higher the energy
efficiency of a refinery.
90
85
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
The index shows that EU refineries have improved their energy

efficiency by about 10% over the past 18 years. This improvement
was achieved despite more energy intensive refinery operations
to produce cleaner fuels and meet shifts in market demand.
The corresponding annual energy saving is roughly equivalent

to the total annual average energy consumption of four large EU
refineries.
45
45
46
FIG.41 E
LECTRICITY GENERATION EFFICIENCY
Source: Concawe
Electricity generation efficiency percent
60%
55%
50%
Cogeneration
45%
Overall
EU28 conventional thermal
plants
40%
35%
30%
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Refineries have long recognised the considerable efficiency gains

offered by cogeneration, which now accounts for more than 90%
of the electricity produced in EU refineries.
As a result the average efficiency of electricity generation in EU

refineries is substantially higher than the EU average efficiency of
electricity production from the average of conventional thermal
plants of the electricity sector.
FIG.42 E
LECTRICITY PRICES FOR INDUSTRY
US INDUSTRY IN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
OVER EU INDUSTRY
Source: IEA
Evolution of end-user electricity prices for industry, taxes excluded (2005 = index 100)
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
2005
OECD EUROPE
2006
USA
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Q3 2012
JAPAN
Over the past few years the US industry gained a significant

competitive advantage as a result of low electricity prices.
While in the EU industry faced a 40% energy price increase

between 2005 and 2012, the price of electricity for US industry
decreased by a few percent over the same period.
47
47
48
FIG.43 C
HEMICAL INDUSTRY RAW MATERIAL USE
IN 2011
Source: CEFIC
61.210
19.200
8.500
1.340
Refining products
Natural Gas
Coal
Renewables
Note: Volume in 1.000 t material (feedstock) use only
The EU Refining sector is closely integrated with the Petrochemical Sector. 68% of the petrochemical feedstock relies on oil refined
products in 2011.
FIG.44 C
UMULATED NUMBER OF EU REGULATIONS
ON HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Source: EU, Directory of EU legislation in force
1590
1724
1386
1223
940
2004
998
2005
1084
2006
997
2007
784
1105
2008
The number EU health, safety and environmental regulations has

almost doubled between 2004-2012. Whilst benefiting Europes
citizens multiple regulations add considerable complexity to
industry.
2009
2010
2011
2012
In October 2013, the European Commission announced REFIT

- Fit for growth, a step in ensuring that EU legislation is fit for
purpose. It aims at simplifying or withdrawing EU laws, easing
the burden on businesses and facilitating implementation.
49
49
Pharmaceuticals
Computers
Chemicals
Coke and petroleum products
Electrical eq.
Machinery and eq. n.e.c.
Beverages
Information and communication
Tobacco
Other transport eq.
Rubber and plastics
Motor vehicles
Other manufacturing
Basic metals
Manufacturing
Non-metallic mineral products
Textiles
Paper
Furniture
Professional and scientific activities
Food and drink
Financial activities
Electricity and gas
Leather
Fabricated metal products
Repair and installation of machinery
Market services
Printing and publishing
Wood
Wholesale and retail trade
Real estate activities
Clothing
Water suply
Mining & quarrying
Construction
Administrative and support activities
Transport and storage
Accomodation and food
50
FIG.45 E
U REFINING INDUSTRY # 1 PROCESS INNOVATION
AND AMONG MOST INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIES FOR
PRODUCTS
Source: European Competitiveness Report 2013
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
PRODUCT INNOVATION
PROCESS INNOVATION
COKE AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PROCESS INNOVATION
According to data presented by the European Commission in its
annual Competitiveness Report, the EU Refining industry was the
leading industrial sector in process innovation and among the top 4
for product innovation.
Leather & footwear

Agriculture & forestry
Clothing
Wood & wood products
Textiles
Furniture
Accomodation & food services
Food
Fabricated metal products
Construction
Transportation & storage
Non-metallic mineral products
Rubber & plastics
Basic metals
Paper
Wholesale & retail trade
Water
Mining & quarrying
Printing
Administrative & support services
Repair of machinery
Other manufacturing
Electrical equipment
Motor vehicles
Beverages
Other services
Machinery & equipment n.e.c.
Tobacco
Chemicals
Other transport equipment
Real estate activities
Electricity & gas
Computer, electronic and optical
Coke and refined petroleum
Arts & entertaiinment
Administration
Human health and social work
Financial & insurance activities
Pharmaceuticals
Information
Personal, scientific and technical activities
Education
FIG.46 S
KILL AND KNOWLEDGE INTENSITIES
(% OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT)
Source: European Competitiveness Report 2013
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
HIGH SKILL
MEDIUM SKILL
LOW SKILL
According to the European Commissions
Competitiveness Report for 2013, the
European refining industry employs one of the
largest percentages of highly skilled workers
of all manufacturing industries, just after the
pharmaceutical industry.
51
51
52
FIG.47 N
UMBER OF PETROL STATIONS IN EUROPE
IN 2013
Source: National Oil Industry Associations (NOIA)
Italy
Germany
Turkey
France
Spain
United Kingdom
Poland
Greece
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Belgium *
Bulgaria
Sweden
Portugal
Austria
Slovakia**
Romania
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Norway
Hungary
Latvia
Slovenia
Estonia
Cyprus ***
Luxembourg
There were over 118,000 petrol stations

operating in the EU, Norway, Switzerland
and Turkey in 2013, fuelling some 230 million
vehicles and 34 million trucks on Europes
roads.
The number of service stations continued to
decline from 131,000 in 2012.
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Unit: Number of petrol stations

* Source: FAPETRO (department of the Federal Public Services Belgium)
** Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
*** Source: Petrol Owners Association
Note: Data for Bulgaria and Slovakia refer to 2012
About FuelsEurope
FuelsEurope was known until June 2014 as Europia, which
was formed in 1989 to represent the interests of Companies
conducting refinery operations in the EU with the EU Institutions.
FuelsEurope is a division of the European Petroleum Refiners
Association, an AISBL operating in Belgium.
This association, whose members are all 43 companies
that operate petroleum refineries in the European Economic
Area in 2013, is comprised of FuelsEurope and Concawe
divisions, each having separate and distinct roles and
expertise but administratively consolidated for efficiency and
cost-effectiveness.
Members account for almost 100% of EU petroleum refining

capacity and more than 75% of EU motor fuel retail sales.
FuelsEurope aims to promote economically and environmentally
sustainable refining, supply and use of petroleum products
in the EU, by providing input and expert advice to the EU
Institutions, Member State Governments and the wider
community, thus contributing in a constructive and pro-active
way to the development and implementation of EU policies and
regulations.
53
53
FuelsEurope Members
FuelsEurope
Boulevard du Souverain, 165 I B-1160 Brussels I Belgium
Phone: +32 (0)2 566 9100 I Fax: +32 (0)2 566 9111
www.fuelseurope.eu

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2014 Statistical Report Fuels Europe

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STATISTICAL REPORT

Editor: Chris Beddoes

Statistical Report 2014

n the 1st June 2014, Europia changed its name to

Selected charts give our readers a broad overview of energy

2014 brings a new 5 year cycle of EU institutions with

FuelsEurope Statistical Report 2014 uses the following colour

Welcome to the FuelsEuropes Statistical Report 2014

Oil & Energy

Prices and Margins

The Report aims at providing high-quality data on energy

Statistical Report 2014

economies, has a higher share of nuclear (11.9%) and

Statistical Report 2014

Whilst the global energy consumption grew by

Note: Oil consumption is measured in million

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

Crude oil is an internationally traded commodity with flows moving all

Statistical Report 2014

OTHER ASIA PACIFIC 12%

26% NORTH AMERICA

Global demand for oil refined products continues to grow from

largest in the world (17%) behind North-America (27%), but with

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS DEMAND

Apparently balanced product demand and refinery throughput

Statistical Report 2014

TOTAL OIL DEMAND

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

Since 2008, we can observe a downward

REFINERY FUEL & LOSS

Statistical Report 2014

FUEL OIL 13.0%

A wide range of products are produced from crude oil, ranging

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

The tax incentivized dieselisation trend has significantly

Gasoline demand continue to decline while diesel demand is on

Statistical Report 2014

FIG.10 ROAD FUEL DEMAND BY COUNTRY

Spurred on by favourable excise taxes on

Unit: Million tonnes per year

Statistical Report 2014

Net gasoline exports:

Unit: percentage imports/percentage exports

Net gasoil imports:

Net jet fuel imports:

The EU has significant excess gasoline production capacity, but

Statistical Report 2014

FIG.12 MAJOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL TRADE FLOWS

Unit: Million tonnes per year

As a result of the gasoline/diesel imbalance demand Europe has significant

GASOLINE DEMAND IN 2012

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

Major growth of US diesel exports to EU. EU increasingly dependent upon

Statistical Report 2014

Unit: Million tonnes per year

REST OF THE WORLD

FIG.10 ROAD FUEL DEMAND BY COUNTRY

FIG.12 MAJOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL TRADE FLOWS

FIG.16a GLOBAL MARINE FUEL CONSUMPTION

FIG.17a EU ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS

FIG.17b EU OFF-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS

FIG.20 MAXIMUM ON-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR LIMITS

FIG.25 FUEL TAXES MAKE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION

FIG.31 86 MAINSTREAM REFINERIES WERE OPERATING