The Javan rhinoceros

The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), also known as the Sunda rhinoceros or lesser onehorned rhinoceros, is a very rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant
rhinoceroses. It belongs to the same genus as the Indian rhinoceros, and has similar mosaicked,
armour-like skin, but at 3.13.2 m (1010 ft) in length and 1.41.7 m (4.65.6 ft) in height, it is
smaller (in fact, it is closer in size to the black rhinoceros of the genus Diceros). Its horn is usually
less than 25 cm (9.8 in), smaller than those of the other rhino species. Only adult males have horns;
females lack them altogether.The body length of the Javan rhino (including its head) can be up to 2
to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft), and it can reach a height of 1.41.7 m (4.65.6 ft). Adults are variously
reported to weigh between 900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although a study to collect
accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because of their
extreme conservation status.No substantial size difference is seen between genders,
butA4R554```````````````````` females may be slightly bigger.
Once the most widespread of Asian rhinoceroses, the Javan rhinoceros ranged from the islands of
Java and Sumatra, throughout Southeast Asia, and into India and China. The species is critically
endangered, with only one known population in the wild, and no individuals in captivity. It is possibly
the rarest large mammal on earth,with a population of as few as 58 to 61 in Ujung Kulon National
Park at the western tip of Java in Indonesia.The Javan rhino can live around 3045 years in the wild.
It historically inhabited lowland rain forest, wet grasslands, and large floodplains. It is mostly solitary,
except for courtship and offspring-rearing, though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows
and salt licks. Aside from humans, adults have no predators in their range. The Javan rhino usually
avoids humans, but will attack when it feels threatened. Scientists and conservationists rarely study
the animals directly due to their extreme rarity and the danger of interfering with such an endangered
species.
Behavior
The Javan rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with
calves. They sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows. Wallowing in mud
is a common behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and
helps prevent disease and parasite infestation. The Javan rhinoceros does not generally dig its own
mud wallows, preferring to use other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use
its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino
receives from the salt. Male home ranges are larger at 1220 km compared to the female, which are
around 314 km Male territories overlap each other less than those of the female. It is not known if

there are territorial fights.

Males mark their territories with dung piles and by urine spraying. Scrapes made by the feet in the
ground and twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino
species have a peculiar habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back
feet in the dung. The Sumatran and Javan rhinos, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the
scraping. This adaptation in behavior is thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java and
Sumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading odors.
The Javan rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Javan rhino vocalizations have ever
been recorded. Adults have no known predators other than humans. The species, particularly in
Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though a valuable trait
from a survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study. Nevertheless, when humans
approach too closely, the Javan rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing with the incisors
of its lower jaw while thrusting upward with its head. Its comparatively antisocial behavior may be a
recent adaptation to population stresses; historical evidence suggests they, like other rhinos, were
once more gregarious.
Food
The Javan rhinoceros is herbivorous, eating diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs,
young foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas in forest
clearings, shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down saplings
to reach its food and grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the
rhino species. Currently, it is a pure browser, but probably once both browsed and grazed in its
historical range. The rhino eats an estimated 50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the Sumatran rhino, it
needs salt in its diet. The salt licks common in its historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon, but
the rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater, likely for the same nutritional need.
Reproduction
The Javan rhinoceros female adultary sexual interval age 3-4 , and the male is 6. The possibility of
pregnancy expected in period 16-19 month , Javan rhino breeding is very slow.

Typical Animals Indonesia

Group 4
Maulana Cipta Pratama (33542)

STIE Malangkucecwara
2016