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Load Flow Modified Ladder Technique
Load Flow Modified Ladder Technique
Exercise
1.1.1. Based on three-phase models
The system shown in Error! Reference source not found. can be solved using threephase models where we can consider the effect of the mutual impedances of the
transmission line in abc components. As this is a transmission system with transposition
the effect of the mutual impedances will not have much influence on the solution of the
steady-state values, but in abc components, one will be able to consider unbalanced
conditions for further development. The modified ladder technique can be used to solve
this kind of problems.
The ladder technique1 is composed of two parts:
i.
ii.
Forward sweep
Backward sweep
The forward sweep computes the downstream voltages from the source. To start the
process, the load currents are assumed to be equal to zero and the load voltages are
computed. In the first iteration the load voltages will be the same as the source voltages.
The backward sweep computes the currents from the load back to the source using the
most recently computed voltages from the forward sweep. This algorithm is implemented
in MATLAB based on the three-phase matrix equations derived from the diagram in
Error! Reference source not found.. The software is run using DR_Ladder.m
(supporting files are phasor2rec.m, and rec2phasor.m)
DR_Ladder.m:
clear all, close all, clc
%% This is the Driving file that contains
% the Modified Ladder Iterative Technique algorithm
% Given line model data (zabc), (yabc)
% Source voltage VLGabc.n
% Load at node m in terms of impedance
%% ZabcLoad
XLoad = 2*pi*60*219.1E-3;
RLoad = 251.2;
ZabcLoad = diag((RLoad+1j*XLoad)*ones(1,3));
%% ZabcT
XT = 2*pi*60*70.16E-3;
ZabcT = diag((1j*XT)*ones(1,3));
%% Transmission Line
% Length
LineLength = 24.14; % km
1
W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, Third Edition. CRC Press, 2012.
=
=
=
=
=
0.0243;
0.9238E-3;
0.0126E-6;
r1 + 1j*2*pi*60*l1;
1j*2*pi*60*c1;
zseq = [z0 0 0;
0 z1 0;
0 0 z1]; % ohms/km
yseq = [y0 0 0;
0 y1 0;
0 0 y1]; % Siemens/km
as = -1/2+1j*sqrt(3)/2;
As = [1 1 1;
1 as^2 as
1 as as^2];
% Obtain the approximate phase impedance matrix [ohms/km]
zapprox = As*zseq*As^-1;
% Obtain the approximate phase admittance matrix [Siemens/km]
yapprox = As*yseq*As^-1;
% The total impedance matrix [Zabc] in ohms is
Zabc = zapprox*LineLength; %ohms
% The total admittance matrix [Yabc] in Siemens is
Yabc = yapprox*LineLength; %ohms
%
U
a
b
c
d
A
B
%% ZabcTh
RTh = 0.714;
XTh = 2*pi*60*70.68E-3;
ZabcTh = diag((RTh+1j*XTh)*ones(1,3));
%% Line-to-ground voltage of the source VLGabcn [V]
% Magnitude of the line-to-ground voltage at the source
VLG = 230/sqrt(3); % V
% Line-to-groung voltage matrix at the source
VLGabc.Thev = [phasor2rec(VLG, 0);
phasor2rec(VLG, -80);
phasor2rec(VLG, 120)]; % V
disp('Solution diverged')
end
Vold = [VLGabc.Bus12; VLGabc.Bus13];
end
Supporting files:
function num = phasor2rec(mag, theta)
%% phasor2rec.m converts phasor from polar to rectangular
num = mag*cosd(theta) + 1i*mag*sind(theta);
Since this is an iterative technique a tolerance of Tol = 0.0001 is used, and after 7 iterations
the solution is found and presented here:
---------------------------Iteration 7
VLGabc.Bus1
127.225 < -4.6336 deg
127.054 < -84.7290 deg
127.466 < 115.2423 deg
VLGabc.Bus12
123.687 < -6.7327 deg
126.179 < -87.1626 deg
125.563 < 114.6727 deg
VLGabc.Bus13
119.435 < -11.9971 deg
121.840 < -92.4266 deg
121.245 < 109.4082 deg
Iabc.Bus13
0.452 < -30.1988 deg
0.461 < -110.6283 deg
0.459 < 91.2064 deg
Iabc.Bus12
0.452 < -30.1988 deg
0.461 < -110.6283 deg
0.459 < 91.2064 deg
Iabc.Bus1
0.446 < -28.6684 deg
0.456 < -108.9606 deg
0.452 < 92.9375 deg
Error is less than the specified tolerance