LOGARITHM SS et 18.1 Introductio Earlier we have learnt about powers and exponents. Also we have learnt about the properties of exponents. For, a, bER', x, vER @ @.a=aev Gi) a ay Gi) (@y = a (iv) (aby = at. BF w (sy) =f 18.2, Logarithm John Napier was born in 1550, He died on 4th April 1667, Edinburgh. A mathematician John Napier introduced the concept of logarithm for the first time in the 17th century. Later, Henry Briggs, a British mathematician born in Feb. 1561 in Yorkshire, England, prepared and published logarithm tables. He died on 26th January. 1663 in Oxford, England. Logarithm tables made complicated numerical calculations both easy and fast. Today with the advent of desk calculators and computers, the work of numerical calculations has become easier and faster, thus reducing the usefulness of logarithm tables. All the while they are useful for calculations in the study of science and mathematics. Definition : Let a © R* — {1} y@ R*, x R and let a = y. Then the value of x is called logarithm of y to the base a. It is denoted by log, (read as log y to the base a). 2. a =y if and only if x= log,y From the above definition we can conclude that, (We can obtain the logarithm of only positive real numbers.Locaririst 165 (ii) For any a € R* - {1}, logy! = 0, since a® (iii) For every a € R* - {1}, logga = 1 since a! (iv) For every xe RY y © R*, log, x = log,y if and only ifx =y 18.3 Properties of Logarithm We will assume following properties of logarithm. (1) hae RY (1), then a8 = x (ee RY) and logge x ER) Theorem 1: Product rule : Let a € RY —{1}. Then for x,y € R™, log, (xy) = logyx + loggy Corollary : If x,,xyxy x, € RY and ae R*- {1}, then logy Ge, ¥, Xy%y) = logy x, + logy x, ++ logy xy Theorem 2 : Quotient Rule Mae Re {1}, and x, y © RY, log, =} = log, x— logy Corollary : log, |; logaysa€ R*-{1},yER™ Theorem 3 : Rule for the logarithm of a power. Ifae Rt —{1}, xe Rt, me R, then log, x" =n log, x Example 1 : Simplify (i) logs (2) + logy ff) tons (5) cid tog, (3) = Slog, (a) = logy (8) ii) og, ( Solution : (logs (3) + tog; (166 Mars aw 1 2 2 a I 2 = DDD, XA, 9] _ (56 = log, [ett aes“ Ta] = HOBa Gi) (log, a = 1) =-8 "6 z (logs 81) (lg 64 Example 2 : Simplify : 2 iy (eesti toes 64) 7 Teas 125 Solution : (i) log, % = log, 1=0 (loEy81) (logs 64) (i) TassLocarii 167 log, 33610822) = Toss (log, a= 1) 18.4 Common Logarithm Since we write numbers in the decimal system, calculations become simple if ‘we use the logarithm to the base 10. The logarithm to the base 10 is called common logarithm. In the rest of this chapter, we will simply write log instead of logyy x. To find log x for positive x, let us study the following table Here each x is an integral power of 10. So, it is easy to find log x. When x is not an integral power of 10, to find logarithm (to the base 10), first we write x as a product of an integral power of 10 and a number between 1 and 10. This is done because the logarithm tables have been prepared only for numbers between 1 and 10. It is convenient to find the logarithm of any positive number using this form, 108.9 100 Q) 15.32 = Be X 10 = 7.532 x 10! (1) 108.9 X 100 = 1.089 x 10? 3) 0.54 = 054% 10x gh = 54x 1071 = ot 4 (4) 0.000279. = 0.000279 x 10000 x Fagg = 2.79 X 10 (5) 0.0000163 = 0.000163 x 100000 x —_ 3x 10-5 Foonoe = 163 X10 (6) 456723 X 100000 = 4,56723 x 105 In each of the above examples, we have divided or multiplied by an appropriate power of 10 to get a non-zero digit to the left of decimal point and then multiplied or divided by a power of 10 to make both sides equal, leading to the representation of the given numbers in the required form.168 Marews In general, any positive number m can be put in the form m = 1% 10?, where 1 < { < 10 and p is an integer. We shall call this representation of a Positive number as presentation of number in the Standard Form. If the standard form of a number is 8.97 X 10% its decimal form is 8.97 x 1000000 = 8970000. A positive number expressed in its decimal form can be expressed in its standard form by applying the following rules : (1) To shift the decimal point p places to the left, multiply by 10”. (2) To shift the decimal point p place to the right, multiply by 10”. Example 3: Write the following numbers in the standard form (1) 703251 (2) 3279 (3) 89.99 (4) 603.328 (5) 0.001938 (6) 0.000168 Solution : (1) 703251= 7.03251 x 105 (2) 3279 = 3.279 x 103 (3) 89.99 = 8,999 x 10! (4) 603.328 = 6.03328 x 10? (5) 0.001938 = 1.938 X 10° (6) 0.000168 = 1.68 x 10-5 Example 4 : Write the following numbers in decimal form (1) 3.72 X 10? (2) 45.793 x 104 (3) 1.798 x 10-3 (4) 728.32 x 10-5 (5) 83.596 x 107 Solution : (1) 3.72 X 10? = 372 (2) 45.793 x 104 (3) 1.798 10 = 0.001798 (4) 728.32 x 10-8 (5) 83.596 X 107 = 0.83596 18.5 The Characteristic and Mantissa of Logarithm Let the standard form of a positive number n be ¢ x10", where IS ¢ < 10 and 57930 0.0072832 pis an integer. 2 log n = log (0 10”) log f+ log 10° = log ¢+ p log 10 log t +p Since 1 <1 < 10, we have log 1 < log # < log 10. ie. 0 $ log ¢ <1. We note that log 1 = log (+ p consist of two parts : (I) p and (2) log &. Here p is called the characteristic and log 1 is ealled the mantissa of log n. For example : 83.628 = 8.3628 x 101, p 894,82 = 8.9482 x 102, p 0.0329 = 3.29 x 10°, p = -2 0.000487 = 4.87 X 10-4, p = ~4 279389 = 2.79389 x 108, p = 5Locaririst 169 From above examples, we note that, (1) When the integral part of a number is non-zero, p is one less than the number of digits in the integral part; (2) when the integral part of the number is zero, p = - (1 + 1), where n is the number of zeros beween the decimal point and the first non zero digit of the number. 18.6 Use of Logarithmic Tables Ready tables of logarithms and antilogarithms shortly called logtables and antilogtables are available. The logtables consist of three parts : in the first part, there is one column, the first column from left, which contains two digit numbers from 10 to 99, Next there are ten columns headed by numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 9. The last part called ‘mean difference’ has nine columns headed by numbers from 1 to 9. The antilogtables are of the same type, except that the first column contains numbers froms 0.00 to 0.99. Suppose we start with a two digit number 81 and wish to find log 81, Here 81 = 81 + 0. Its characteristic is 1. The mantissa can be obtained from logtables. Look for the number formed by first two digits in the first column. For this, find 81 in the first column and look at row againt it. At the intersection of this row and the column headed by 0 is the number 9085. The mantissa of log 81 is 0.9085, Hence, log 81 = 1 + 0.9085 = 1.9085. To obtain the mantissa of the logarithm of a three digit number, first find the number formed by the first two digits of the given number in the column to the extreme left of the logtables. Look at the row against this number. In this row, the ‘number in the column headed by the third digit of the given number gives the mantissa For example to find mantissa of log 723, look at the row against 72 in the first column and in the column headed by 3. The number 8591 appears there. Hence mantissa of log 723 is 0.8591. Since the characteristic of log 723 is 2, we have log 723 = 2.8591. For finding the logarithm of a number with four digits, the columns of mean difference will also be used. For examples suppose we want to find the mantissa of log 3986. The number 3986 is divided into three parts 39, 8 and 6. Now look for 39 in the first column, Then find the number in the row against 39 in the column headed by 8. This is 5999, Finally look for the number in the same row in the column headed by 6 among the columns of mean differences. This number is 7. Adding 7 to 5999, we get 6006, Hence the mantissa of log 3986 is 0.6006. Since the characteristic of 3986 is 3, log 3986 = 3.6006 Note that the logtables are used to find the mantissa of the logarithm of a number. Our logtables are four digits tables and so for finding the mantissa of the logarithm of a number with more than four digits. We approximate the number to a four digit number. For this, form the number formed by first four digits of the given number. If the fifth digit of the of given number is less than 5, this four digit number is the required approximation. If the fifth digit is $ or greater, then add 1 to the last digit of the four digit number obtained by truncation. The characteristic of the logarithm of170 Maraemarics a given number is obtaind in the usual way. The mantissa is the mantissa of the logarithm of the four digit number which approximates the given number. For example, let x = 5.79881. Then the characteristic of log x is 0. The four digit approximation of x is §.799, Hence the mantissa of log x = the mantissa of log 5.799 = 0.7634. Hence log 5.79881 = 0.7634. ‘When the characteristic of a logarithm is a negative number —n it is denoted by ‘ii (read as n bar). For example log (0.002675) = 3.4273 18.7 Use of Antilogtables The antilogarithm is used to get the number from its logarithm. The first column from the left of the antilogtables contain numbers from 0.00 to 0.99. In all other respects, antilogtables are similar to logtables. The antilogs are also used in the same way as logtables. Since the logtable gives only the mantissa part of the logarithm of a number, the antilog table will give a number corresponding to the mantissa part only. Then by using characteristic the actual number for the given logarithm can be obtained. For example, suppose we want to find antilog (1.5278). From antilogtables, we find that antilog 0.5278 = 3.371 (Meaning that log 3.371 = 0.5278). Hence, antilog 1.5278 = 3.371 x 10! = 33.71. Also antilog 3.5278 = 3.371 10-5 = 0.003371. Note that power of 10 is (1) means no zero between decimal point and first non zero digit. (-3) means two zeroes between decimal point and first non-zero digit ete In fact antilog is obtained from first four digits after decimal point (the truncated four digit number.) If the characteristic is p, we multiply antilog obtained by 10°. Example 5 : Find the value using logtable and antilogtables : () 49.673 x ©) Granny (8432) x (0.1259) (7776) «0.3564 ® (27.478) oy (02.3428)" (5) Y87992 (6) (41.2395 D (0.01237)4 Solution : (1) Suppose x = 49.673 x 9.4891 ws log x = log (49.673) + log (9.4891) = 1.6961 + 0.9772 = 2.6733 antilog (log x) = antilog (2.6733) 4713Loaani 171 (629 )8 x9826 @)_ Suppose x= soup 5 2 log x = log (329)? + log (9826) — log (67.891) log (329) + log (9826) — 3 log (67.89) (2.5172) + 3.9924 — 3 (1.8318) = 6.2930 + 3.9924 — 5.4954 = 4.7900 © antilog (log x) = antilog (4.7900) ox = 61660 \(8432)" x (0.1259) @)_ Suppose x= Gray (8432)? (0.1259 rane? 2 log x= los {log (8432)? + log (0.1259) — log (27.478)5} {2log (8432) + log (0.1259) — Slog (27.478)} {2(3.9259) + 1.1000 - 5(1.4391)} {(7.8518) + 1.1000 — 7.1955} Le $ 1563) = 4 (3 + 1.7563) = 1.8782 7 antilog (logx) = antilog (1.8782) 8 = 0.7554172 (4) Suppose x Y 2.3428) {log (7776)? + log (0.3564) — log (92.3428)*} logx = {2log (7776) + log (0.3564) — dlog (92.3428)} {23.8908) + 1.5519 - 4(1.9654)} {7.7816 + 1.5519 - 7.8616} «i479 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 43 + 24719) = 1.8240 '. antilog (log x) = antilog (1.8240) = 0.6668 (5) Suppose x = YS7992 log x = } tog (87.992) (1.9444) = 0.2431 + antilog (log x) = antilog (0.2431) = 1.750 (6) Suppose x = (41.235 log (41.23) (1.6152) = 4.8456 - antilog (log x) = antilog (4.8456) os x= 70080 (7) Suppose x = (0.01237)* log (0.01237) 4 (2.0923) = 8.3692 2. log x vlog x .. antilog (log x) = antilog (8 3692) = 0.00000002340,Loaani 173 EXERCISE 18 1, Find the value of following (using log tables) (1) 3.8217 x 23.469 x 0.2987 @) 4737 1921x771 (23.76) x (41.82) (3) (0.3215) x 7.92 x 87.69 O Gan _, 398 x8.76x0.1718 JB ©) Gosxaszxeas ©) Yasso 613298 @) j (47.13)° 1 1 ® (10) (53.83) x (87.23)? 2. Select proper option (a), (b), (c) or (d) and write in the box given on the right so that the statement becomes correct : (1) The decimal form of the number 8.97 X 104 =... OO (a) 897000 (b) 89700 (©) 8970000 (@) 897 (2) The decimal form of the number 3.8269 x 10-4 = oO (a) 0.0038269_(b) 0.38269 (©) 0.038269 (a) 0.00038269 (3) The standard form of the number 9382 OO (a) 9.382 10% (b) 9.382 10? (©) 9.382 109 (d) 9.382 x 10 (4) The standard form of the number 773259 = (a) 7.73259 10 (b) 7.73259 108 (c) 7.73259 x 10-5 (d) 7.73259 x 108 Qo (5) The standard form of the number 0.03711 = Q (a) 3.711 X 102 (b) 3.711 X 10>? (©) 3.7L X 10S (a) 3.711 x 108 (6) The standard form of the number 0.00023821 = (a) 2.382 10 (b) 2.3821 104 (6) 23.821 x 104 (A) 2382.1 x 107 Q (1) The characteristic of the number log $5231 = wnum (a) 5 (b) 4 © (8) The characteristic of the number log 8989340 = ..... @s 9 6 @s (2 Oo 0174 (9) The characteristic of the number log 0.00394: @3 ()2 o3 (10) The characteristic of the number log 0.13879 = san. oO (ao (b) 2 @1 @-l Summary In this chapter we have studied the following points : a‘ = y if and only if x = log, y where ae Rt - (1},xE Rye R*, d?®0* = x (x © R*) and logy a" = x, x € Ra R*- {1}. Product rule : for x,y € R*,a€ R*— {1}, log, xy = log, x + logyy Quotient rule : for x, y € R*, ae R*— {1}, toga 5 = logy x — logay Power law for logarithm : for a RY ~ {1}, x RY, ne R, log, x” = nlog,x For positive number n, we can put it as m= t X 10? where 1 << 10 and p Z. This is called standard form of m For positive number », if the standard form of » is m = t X 10", where 1S 1<10 and p € Z then log n = logs +p. p is called the characteristic and log £ is called the mantissa. To find logarithm of any number, n € N, first we will find the characteristic and then the mantissa from logarithmic table.