Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
1
Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)
ELE353 (Electronics 3)
2
3
INTRODUCTION
Negative Feedback
A portion of the output signal is fed back and

subtracted from the input signal.
Purpose
-Maintaining a constant value of amplifier
voltage gain against variation in transistor
parameters such as supply voltages and
temperature.
Disediakan oleh : Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)
4
INTRODUCTION
Negative Feedback
The signal is fed back out of phase (180) with

the input. When it is out of phase, the signals
substract to make a smaller signal.
Disediakan oleh : Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)
5
INTRODUCTION
Positive Feedback
A portion of the output signal is fed back

added to the input signal.
Purpose -sustaining the oscillation of the

oscillator.
6
INTRODUCTION
Positive Feedback
Occur when the output signal is fed back in

phase (0) with the input. When it is in phase,
the signal is add up to make a bigger signal as
the output is increased in size.
7
INTRODUCTION
Negative feedback results in decreased voltage
gain but will improve the performance amplifier.
Positive
feedback drives a circuit into oscillation

as in various types of oscillator circuits.
8
INTRODUCTION
Figure
below show Basic block diagram of a

general feedback amplifier.
Xin input signal
Xe error signal
Xf feedback signal
Xo sampled signal
A - open loop gain of the
amplifier,
feedback factor.
**X can be either voltage
(V) or current (I) depends
on type of amplifier .
9
INTRODUCTION
For
positive feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);
Basic block diagram
10
INTRODUCTION
For
positive feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

From basic block diagram,
11
INTRODUCTION
Combining all these equations
12
INTRODUCTION
For
negative feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);
Basic block diagram

13
INTRODUCTION
For
negative feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

From basic block diagram,
14
INTRODUCTION
Combining all these equations
15
THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

In
Feedback network the output voltage or current is

sampled using suitable sampling network and supply the
signal to the input through a feedback two-port network.
At
input, the feedback signal is combined with the

external (source) signal through a suitable mixer
network and then fed into the amplifier proper.
16

Figure
below shown the basic concept of feedback amplifier.
17

Basic
Amplifier
Amplifying the input signal. Its parameters are temperature,
tolerance and age dependent. It is a unilateral device.
Feedback
circuit
Normally a passive unilateral two-port networks in which the
feedback signal is transmitted from the output to the input only
not the other way round.
18

The
sampler
Two type:
1) voltage sampler - sampling the output voltage
2) current sampler - feedback circuit is connected in series
with the output
19

Mixer
or comparator
Two type of mixer or comparator
1) Series (loop) input connection - the input, error and the
feedback signals are voltages
2) Shunt (node) input connection - the input, error and the
feedback signals are currents.
20
FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

There
are 4 type of negative feedback
Voltage series feedback

Voltage shunt feedback
Current series feedback
Current shunt feedback
21
Type of connection - series_shunt connection

Type of amplifier Voltage amplifier
22
Voltage shunt feedback
Type of connection - shunt_shunt connection

Type of amplifier Transresistance amplifier
23

Current
series feedback
Type of connection - series_series connection

Type of amplifier Transconductance amplifier
24

Current
shunt feedback
Type of connection - shunt_series connection

Type of amplifier Current amplifier
25
CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER
1)
Widening Bandwidth (Bandwidth extention).
26
AMPLIFIER
2)
Desensitivity
stability).
of transfer Amplification (Gain
Desensitivity factor
27
AMPLIFIER
3)
Frequency distortion or noise reduction.
28
AMPLIFIER
4)
Modification of input impedance (Control of

impedance levels)
INPUT IMPEDANCE
29
AMPLIFIER
INPUT IMPEDANCE
Current Series feedback
30
AMPLIFIER
INPUT IMPEDANCE
Voltage Shunt feedback
31
AMPLIFIER
INPUT IMPEDANCE
Current Shunt feedback
32
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Voltage Series feedback
Vin =0
33
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Voltage Shunt feedback
iin is set to zero.
34
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Current Series feedback
Vin=0, RL =
35
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Current Shunt feedback
iin = 0, RL =,
36
AMPLIFIER
37
EXAMPLES
Example 1:
a)
b)
State three effects of negative feedback on amplifier

circuit.
Two voltage amplifier are cascaded as shown in figure
below:
i) Determine the value of
to give a close loop gain Af =
100
ii) If the overall open loop gain of the system decreases by
20%, determine the percentage change in Af and its value.
(use
from part i)
38
EXAMPLES
Example 2:
An open loop current amplifier with an open
loop gain of
,
and
was
given feedback to reduce its input impedance
to
. Calculate the feedback factor required,
the resultant gain and output impedance.
39
EXAMPLES
Example 3:
The open loop gain of an amplifier A equal 50 and
Feedback factor
.
a) Determine the closed loop gain, Af.
b) If the open loop gain, A change by 40%,
determine the percentage change closed loop
gain, Af and its value.
40
EXAMPLES
Example 4:
A voltage amplifier with gain of
, input
impedance of and output impedance of
was
given a negative feedback.
Determine the required feedback factor if the
Output impedance of the amplifier is
. Also
evaluate the resulting feedback gain and the
feedback input impedance of the amplifier.
41
EXAMPLES
Example 5:
An open loop transconductance gain ,
,,
was given a feedback to increase the input
impedance to
.
What would the resultant transconductance gain
and its Output impedance.
42
EXAMPLES
Example 6:
A voltage amplifier with a gain at
and
bandwidth at 100Hz is used as the basic of a
feedback
amplifier.
If
the
required
bandwidth of the amplifier is 100kHz,
calculate the feedback factor required.
43
EXAMPLES
Example 7:
The feedback factor of an amplifier is
.
The open loop gain, which is frequency
dependent can be expressed as
a)
b)
Determine the close loop gain, Af

The closed loop bandwidth
44
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER ANALYSIS

Procedure of analysing Feedback Amplifiers
1)
Identify the topology of the feedback.

Xo is voltage. If the sample point is on the output node,
else Xo is
current.
b) Xf is current if there exist a branch from input node to
the output loop
or node else Xf is voltage.
a)
45

2)
Draw the basic Amplifier

a) Input loop circuit.
i) Set Vo= 0, if Xo is voltage. i.e short-circuiting the
output node.
ii) Set io= 0, if Xo is current . i.e open-circuiting the
output loop.
b) Output loop circuit.
i) Set Vin = 0, if Xin is current . i.e short-circuiting
the input node.
ii) Set iin = 0, if Xin is voltage . i.e open-circuiting
the input node
c) Combine the input and the output loop to form the
basic amplifier.
46
3)
Replace the input source with Thevenins

source if Xf is voltage, replace the source with
Nortons source if Xf is current.
4)
Draw the ac equivalent circuit
5)
Obtain
47

6) From the circuit of the basic amplifier obtain:
i) Open loop gain, A
ii) Input impedance without feedback, Zi
(include Rs)
iii)Output impedance without feedback, Zo
- ro (for Xo is current)
- ro (for Xo is voltage).
48
7)
Obtain
49

8)
Solve for:
i) Closed loop gain ( Gain with feedback), Af
ii) Input impedance with feedback, Zinf
iii)Output with feedback Zof (rof)
- rof then (rof for Xo is current)
- rof (for Xo is voltage)
50
EXAMPLES
(FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
ANALYSIS)
Example 1:
For the circuit in figure below, obtain the voltage
gain, Avf the input impedance, Zin and the output
impedance, Zout. Assuming for the transistor :
51
EXAMPLES
(FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER ANALYSIS)
Solution for example 1:
1) Identify the topology of the feedback.
a) Sampling point = output node : Xo is voltage.
b) Have a branch from input node to the output node : Xf is
current
Type of feedback
: Voltage shunt feedback
Type of connection : Shunt - shunt connection
Type of amplifier
: Transresistance amplifier
52

2)

a)
Input loop circuit

Xo = Voltage :
Set Vo= 0 (s/c the output node)
b) Output loop circuit

Xin = current :
Set Vin=0 (s/c the input node)
c) Combine the input and the output loop to form the basic amplifier.
53

3)
Xf = if, replace the source with Nortons source.
4)
54

5)
Obtain,
55

6)
From the circuit of the basic amplifier obtain:

56

ii) Input impedance
(include Rs)
without
feedback,
Zi

- Xo =voltage, ro
57

7)
Obtain,
58

8)
Solve for:
59

ii)
Input
impedance
Zin(without Rs)
with
feedback,
Zif,
60

8)
Solve for:
iii) Output impedance
Zout(without RL)
with
feedback
Zof(rof),
- Xo=voltage, rof
61
EXAMPLES
Example 2:
For the circuit in figure below, do feedback circuit
analysis and obtain voltage gain, Avf, input
impedance, zin and the outputimpedance , Zout.
Assuming that, for the transistor :
62
EXAMPLES
Example 3:
impedance, Zin and the output impedance , Zout.
63
EXAMPLES
Example 4:
impedance, zinf and the outputimpedance , rof.
64
EXAMPLES
Example 5:
Figure below shows a JFET-BJT negative feedback
amplifier between the type of feedback used in the
circuit. Hence, obtain voltage gain, Avf, input
impedance, zinf and the output impedance, rof.
65
EXAMPLES
Example 6:
Figure below shows a BJT-BJT negative feedback amplifier
between the type of feedback used in the circuit. Hence,
obtain voltage gain, Avf, input impedance, zinf and the
output impedance, rof.
66
EXAMPLES
Example 7:
From figure below, obtain voltage gain, Avf, input
67
EXAMPLES
Solution for example 7:
1) Identify the topology of the feedback.
a) Sampling point = output node : Xo is Voltage.
b) No branch from input node to the output node : Xf is
voltage
Type of feedback
: Voltage series feedback
Type of connection
: Series - shunt connection
Type of amplifier
: Voltage amplifier
68

2)

a) Input loop circuit
Xo = Voltage :
Set Vo= 0 (s/c the output node)
69

2)

b)Output loop circuit
Xin=Voltage:
Set iin=0 (o/c the input node)
70

2)

c) Combine the input and the output loop to form the
basic amplifier.
71

3)
Xf = Vf, replace the source with Thevenins

source
72

4)
73

5)
Obtain,
X f Vf
X o Vo
Vf
R2
x Vo
R2 R3
R2
V
R2 R3
74
6)
From the circuit of the basic amplifier obtain:

Vo Vo Ve
AV
x
Vi Ve Vi
R 3 R 2 // R L xA V
R 3 R 2 // R L z out v e
R 3 R 2 // R L xA
R 3 R 2 // R L z out v
Vo
Vo
Ve
Ve
z in
Vi R 1 z in R 2 // R 3
Vo Ve
x
Ve Vi
AV
R 3 R 2 // R L xA
R 3 R 2 // R L z out v
z in
R 1 z in R 2 // R 3
75

ii) Input impedance
(include Rs)
without
feedback,
Zi
Zi R 1 z in R 2 // R 3
- Xo =Voltage, ro
ro ' z out // R 3 R 2 // R L
76

7)
Obtain,
D 1 A
1 A V V
77

8)
Solve for:
ii) Input impedance with feedback, Zif, Zin(without Rs)
Zif Zi xD
Zif Zin R 1
Zin Zif R 1
78

iii)Output impedance
Zout(without RL)
with
feedback
Zof(rof),
- Xo=Voltage, rof
ro '
Zof ro 'f
D
ro 'f Zout // R L
1
1
1
Zout ro 'f R L
Zout
1
1
1
ro 'f Z out R L
1
1
1
ro 'f R L
79
EXAMPLES
Example 8:
80
EXAMPLES
Example 9:
From figure below, obtain voltage gain, Avf,
input
81
EXAMPLES
Example 10:
82
EXAMPLES
Example 11:
From figure below, obtain voltage gain, Avf,
input
83
REFERENCES
ElectronicDevices&CircuitTheory,RobertL.
Boylestad&LouisNashelsky,PrenticeHall.
Electronics3,MahmudIbrahim,UiTM
ShahAlam.
84

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CHAPTER 1

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

A portion of the output signal is fed back and

Disediakan oleh : Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

The signal is fed back out of phase (180) with

Disediakan oleh : Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

A portion of the output signal is fed back

Purpose -sustaining the oscillation of the

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

Occur when the output signal is fed back in

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

feedback drives a circuit into oscillation

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

below show Basic block diagram of a

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

positive feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

Basic block diagram

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

positive feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

Combining all these equations

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

negative feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

Basic block diagram

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

negative feedback, let say X is Voltage (V);

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

Combining all these equations

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

Feedback network the output voltage or current is

input, the feedback signal is combined with the

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

below shown the basic concept of feedback amplifier.

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

THE FEEDBACK CONCEPT

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

are 4 type of negative feedback

Voltage series feedback

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

Voltage series feedback

Type of connection - series_shunt connection

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

Voltage shunt feedback

Type of connection - shunt_shunt connection

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

Type of connection - series_series connection

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES

Type of connection - shunt_series connection

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)

Widening Bandwidth (Bandwidth extention).

Shahilah Nordin (UiTM Pulau Pinang)