Formula Sheet CHE 312 Fluid Mechanics (Fall 2010)

Final Exam, December 20, 9-11 am

Print this document on a single sheet of paper and bring it to the exam; there will be no spare sheets at the exam. You are
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Newtonian fluids:

xy =

Hydrostatics
p
= g
z
Fz = V f g

dvx
dy

xy shear stress, viscosity,

dvx
velocity gradient
dy

p hydrostatic pressure, density, g gravitational acceleration, z points up

Fz buoyancy force, V displaced fluid volume, f fluid density

dm
total mass m is a conserved quantity
= m ,in m ,out
dt
Steady state mechanical energy balance (Bernoulli equation)
1
p Wnf
v 2 + gz + =
e fr is out minus in; Wnf work rate not related to flow; e fr frictional loss.
2

m
Frictional loss
4A
L
In a straight pipe or channel with length L and (hydraulic) diameter Dh
: e fr = 2 fU 2
.
W
Dh
Total mass balance:

U=

: average velocity; A: cross sectional area; W: wetted perimeter.

f: Fanning friction factor, f is a function of Re =

Special cases: laminar flow in a round tube: f =
Loss coefficients K: e fr = K

UDh

, and the relative wall roughness

.

Dh

16
; turbulent flow with smooth walls: 4 f = 0.316 Re 1/ 4 .
Re

U2
.
2

Momentum balance
d
( mv ) = m,in v in m,out v out + F
dt

v is the velocity vector; F is the sum of forces acting on the system.

Drag force FD on a particle moving relative to fluid

1
FD = CD f A v v
CD drag coefficient; A area seen by the flow; v = v f v p .
2
d v
CD depends on the shape of the particle and Re = f p
, d p is the particle size.

Spherical particles (diameter d p , and therefore A =

d p2 )

For Re<1 Stokes law applies: FD = 3 d p v , which is the same as CD =

24
.
Re

24
1 + 0.15 Re0.687 if Re < 1000; CD = 0.44 if Re 1000 .
Re
Ergun equation (frictional loss in a packed bed with porosity made of spheres all having diameter d p )

A more general correlation: CD =

vsup (1 )

1 2
e fr = 1.75 L
vsup + 150 L
vsup = V ; L is the bed length; A its cross sectional area.
3
2 3
dp

d p
A
Darcy equation & permeability for flow in a porous medium
d ( p + gz )

= v
k is permeability (units m2); v is superficial velocity.
dx
k

(1 )