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Abstract
The paper presents an attempt to evaluate the influence of biomass co-combustion on the fouling of boiler convection surfaces. In order to
show the influence of co-firing biomass with bituminous coal on boiler efficiency, the calculations of pulverized fuel (PF) OP 140 steam
generator have been carried out. Typical Upper Silesian coal with medium fouling inclination has been chosen as a basic fuel. Three kinds of
biomass have been taken into consideration: straw, wood and dried sewage sludge. The results confirm that the properties of additional fuels
cause deterioration of the boiler efficiency as well as the changes in boilers operational parameters (amount of water injected in attemperators,
ash stream, hot air temperature). The biomass during cofiring in fact replaces the coal, but always the additional fuel consumption is higher than
that of the substituted coal. Therefore, the actual decrease of coal consumption is smaller than the thermal fraction of the biomass.
q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Boilers; Biomass; Co-combustion; Fouling; Efficiency
1. Introduction
The strategic objective fixed by the directive of Polish
government is to obtain 7.5% of the total energy
consumption from renewable sources until the year 2010
and 14% until 2020. An important part of this program is the
development of biomass combustion technologies.
In view of increase in the demand for waste utilization and
combustion of renewable fuels, materials of these kinds are
more often burned together with coal in steam generators,
what may be the lowest-cost option for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions. Because of their organic origin, these fuels
(wood, bark, straw, sewage sludge, municipal solid wastes,
bone meal, etc.) are termed biomass, although they include
not only strictly natural components. The biomass and waste
fuels also contain mineral matter, generally in proportions
strongly different from those found in coal.
The following concepts of co-firing biomass in connection with pulverized coal are applied [1]:
1. integration of co-combustion grate for biomass into the
bottom of PF boiler furnace
* Corresponding author. Tel.: C48 32 237 1273; fax: C48 32 237 2193.
E-mail address: pronobis@kotly.ise.polsl.gliwice.pl.
0016-2361/$ - see front matter q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.015
Lower
heating
value, Qri
Ash content, Ar
Total
moisture
content,
Wtr
Coal
Additive fuel
Wood
Straw
Sewage
sludge
10,900
15,250
10,000
kJ/kg
22,000
23.0
4.0
4.3
50.0
10.0
35.0
10.7
3.0
475
476
Table 2
Chemical constitution of coal and biomass ashes
Fuel
CaO
MgO
Fe2O3
Na2O
K2 O
SiO2
Al2O3
P2O5
TiO2
B/A
Coal
Wood [2]
Straw [3]
Sludge [4]
3.5
56.7
8.1
13.9
3.5
9.5
7.2
2.8
9.0
3.6
0.2
24.6
0.8
3.2
0.5
4.9
2.5
5.3
32.0
2.2
60.0
8.5
50.0
22.4
19.7
8.4
0.3
9.0
0.1
4.7
1.5
19.3
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.241
4.882
0.980
2.096
m_ D QrD
i
m_ D QrD
C
m_ B QrB
i
i
(2)
m_ D
m_ B C m_ D
(3)
kz
kc
(4)
The change of Jz being the consequence of biomass cofiring instead of all-coal combustion has been evaluated by
means of the quotients JzS =JzB (Table 3), where JzS
describes the fouling by simultaneous biomass and coal
firing while JzB by coal combustion only.
Table 3
Chemical constitution of ashes and changes of the thermal effectiveness number Jz
ZD ()
YD ()
CaO (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
B/A
JzS
JzB
0.133
0.183
0.273
0.471
0.894
0.885
0.870
0.835
0.248
0.259
0.279
0.325
0.990
0.975
0.950
0.899
19.594
19.428
19.136
18.475
0.108
0.120
0.141
0.188
0.896
0.890
0.880
0.856
0.243
0.247
0.254
0.271
0.996
0.991
0.981
0.959
18.749
17.548
15.987
13.873
1.807
3.961
6.762
10.555
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.312
0.411
0.566
0.842
0.914
0.828
0.739
0.642
Fe2O3
(%)
Na2O
(%)
K2O (%)
SiO2 (%)
Al2O3
(%)
P2O5 (%)
8.962
8.902
8.797
8.564
0.817
0.844
0.890
0.994
2.520
2.551
2.605
2.726
59.634
59.066
58.067
55.845
19.620
19.495
19.276
18.788
8.952
8.877
8.744
8.444
0.798
0.796
0.791
0.781
2.661
2.913
3.358
4.363
59.945
59.860
59.709
59.368
10.387
12.137
14.413
17.495
1.165
1.624
2.223
3.033
2.473
2.440
2.396
2.337
56.656
52.439
46.953
39.525
477
(7)
Table 4
Results of thermal calculations for PF OP 140 boilercofiring of wood
Maximum capacity
Steam outlet pressure
Feedwater temperature
Mass flow of attemperator spray
Fuel
Lower heating value
Ash
Moisture
Steam temperatures
I. Superheater inlet
III. Superheater outlet
Flue gas temperatures
Furnace outlet
Platen superheater area outlet
Air heater inlet
Leaving the boiler
Air temperatures
Entering air heater
Leaving air heater
Boiler efficiency
Fuel consumption
Coal
Wood
Coal consumption change
Ash stream change
Unit
ZDZ0
ZDZ0.02
ZDZ0.05
ZDZ0.1
ZDZ0.2
kg/h
MPa
8C
kg/h
140,000
9.4
185
5390
140,000
9.4
185
5832
140,000
9.4
185
6336
140,000
9.4
185
6984
140,000
9.4
185
8420
kJ/kg
%
%
8C
22,000
23.0
10.0
21,561
22.25
10.99
20,934
21.18
12.40
19,967
19.52
14.58
18,277
16.63
18.38
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
1077
887
278
144.9
1079
889
279
146.2
1081
898
284
148.2
1085
908
289
151.8
1091
922
300
159.1
25
264
91.94
25
266
91.82
25
269
91.66
25
275
91.37
25
285
90.78
18,664
0
0
0
0
0
18,314
755
K349
K1.87
K50.2
K1.17
17,786
1888
K878
K4.71
K126.4
K2.95
16,901
3790
K1762
K9.44
K253.7
K5.91
15,021
7631
K3542
K18.98
K509.3
K11.87
8C
8C
%
kg/h
kg/h
%
kg/h
%
478
Dm_ B % Z
4. Conclusions
In comparison with coal combustion, cofiring of wood,
characterized by relatively low heating value and high
moisture content, causes the increase of the attemperators spray water flow of 50% by biomass thermal fraction
ZDZ20%. In this position, it is rather better to feed the
lower burners with wood, lowering the furnace outlet
temperature. In some cases, it may also be necessary to
increase the capacity of attemperators.
Low content of minerals in the wood and straw decreases
the ash stream to be removed from the boiler despite the
higher (cumulative) fuel consumption.
Cofiring of dried sewage sludge decreases the water
amount in the flue gas, which causes (in connection with
stronger surface fouling) the decrease of amount of water
injected in the attemperators. Sometimes it may lead to the
difficulties with low load operation. During co-combustion
of more wet sludge, such phenomenon will not arise.
High minerals content in the sewage sludge increases
significantly the amount of ash to be removed from the
boiler. By ZDZ20%, the amount of ash is about 80%
higher than for coal combustion.
(8)
%
(9)
where
m
_ Bcoal mass flow of coal for coal only combustion
(kg/h)
m
_ Bcofiring mass flow of coal for cofiring with biomass
(kg/h)
Table 5
Results of thermal calculations for PF OP 140 boilercofiring of straw
Maximum capacity
Steam outlet pressure
Feedwater temperature
Mass flow of attemperator spray
Fuel
Lower heating value
Ash
Moisture
Steam temperatures
I. Superheater inlet
III. Superheater outlet
Flue gas temperatures
Furnace outlet
Platen superheater area outlet
Air heater inlet
Leaving the boiler
Air temperatures
Entering air heater
Leaving air heater
Boiler efficiency
Fuel consumption
coal
Straw
Coal consumption change
Ash stream change
Unit
ZDZ0
ZDZ0.02
ZDZ0.05
ZDZ0.1
ZDZ0.2
kg/h
MPa
8C
kg/h
140,000
9.4
185
5390
140,000
9.4
185
5616
140,000
9.4
185
6012
140,000
9.4
185
6480
140,000
9.4
185
7596
kJ/kg
%
%
8C
22,000
23.0
10.0
21,807
22.47
10.02
21,524
21.68
10.05
21,067
20.42
10.10
20,211
18.04
10.19
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
1077
887
278
144.9
1079
889
280
145.7
1080
897
281
146.4
1083
898
283
147.7
1089
907
288
151.3
25
264
91.94
25
266
91.86
25
266
91.80
25
268
91.69
25
273
91.40
18,664
0
0
0
0
0
18,305
539
K359
K1.92
K59.4
K1.38
17,757
1348
K907
K4.86
K150.7
K3.51
16,844
2700
K1820
K9.75
K302.5
K7.05
15,019
5417
K3645
K19.53
K605.4
K14.10
8C
8C
%
kg/h
kg/h
%
kg/h
%
479
Table 6
Results of thermal calculations for PF OP 140 boilercofiring of dried sewage sludge
Maximum capacity
Steam outlet pressure
Feedwater temperature
Mass flow of attemperator spray
Fuel
Lower heating value
Ash
Moisture
Steam temperatures
I. Superheater inlet
III. Superheater outlet
Flue gas temperatures
Furnace outlet
Platen superheater area outlet
Air heater inlet
Leaving the boiler
Air temperatures
Entering air heater
Leaving air heater
Boiler efficiency
Fuel consumption
Coal
Sludge
Coal consumption change
Ash stream change
Unit
ZDZ0
ZDZ0.02
ZDZ0.05
ZDZ0.1
ZDZ0.2
kg/h
MPa
8C
kg/h
140,000
9.4
185
5390
140,000
9.4
185
4248
140,000
9.4
185
2988
140,000
9.4
185
1656
140,000
9.4
185
0
kJ/kg
%
%
8C
22,000
23.0
10.0
21,484
24.16
9.69
20,754
25.80
9.27
19,643
28.30
8.63
17,742
32.58
7.52
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
309
540
1077
887
278
144.9
1076
898
291
150.7
1074
903
306
158.6
1071
907
323
167.5
1067
910
348
181.4
25
264
91.94
25
275
91.61
25
290
91.18
25
307
90.66
25
331
89.82
18,664
0
0
0
0
0
18,357
824
K307
K1.65
341.4
7.95
17,879
2070
K785
K4.21
854.5
19.91
16,945
4164
K1630
K8.73
1707.1
39.77
15,285
8407
K3379
K18.10
3426
79.82
8C
8C
%
kg/h
kg/h
%
kg/h
%
References
[1] Mory A, Tauschitz J. Mitverbrennung von Biomasse in Kohlekraftwerken. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 1999;1.
[2] Bryers RW. Fireside slagging, fouling, and high-temperature
corrosion of heat-transfer surface due to impurities in steam-rising
fuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci 1996;22.
[3] Michelsen HP, Frandsen FJ, Dam-Johansen K, Larsen OH. Deposition
and high temperature corrosion in a 10 MW straw fired boiler. Fuel
Process Technol 1998;54:95108.
480