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Title One I. Crimes Against National Security
Title One I. Crimes Against National Security
Article 114
ELEMENTS OF TREASON:
a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines
b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
c. That the offender either
d. Levies war against the government,
1. breech of allegiance
2. actual assembling of men
3. for the purpose of executing a reasonable design
e. Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort
1. breech of allegiance
2. adherence
3. giving aid or comfort to the enemy
Ways of proving treason:
a. 2 witnesses testifying to same overt act
Example: X saw arms landed in La Union and loaded into a motor vehicle. At this stage,
not sufficient to convict yet. Y later saw the arms unloaded in a warehouse. Will X + Y be
sufficient witnesses to convict? Answer: NO. Because the law requires that 2 witnesses
see the SAME OVERT ACT.