Compendium of Environment Statistics Malaysia 2014

ISSN 1511-3396
Compendium of Environment Statistics
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

Jabatan Perangkaan
M A L A Y S I A
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR

COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
MALAYSIA
2014
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
KATA PENGANTAR
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2014 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,

impak aktiviti manusia ke atas alam sekitar dan langkah yang diambil bagi mengurangkan
impak tersebut. Ia memfokuskan maklumat alam sekitar mengikut empat isu utama iaitu
Udara/Atmosfera, Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik (Darat dan Marin), Tanah/Alam Sekitar
Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk.
Penerbitan ini merupakan satu usaha ke arah pembangunan pangkalan data bagi statistik
alam sekitar selaras dengan peranan Jabatan sebagai pusat penyimpanan perangkaan
alam sekitar.
Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan
pengguna menganalisis data.
Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terlibat
dalam menyumbang kepada penyediaan penerbitan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah
menambahbaik laporan ini pada masa hadapan amatlah dihargai.
DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Disember 2014
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2014
PREFACE
The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2014 presents statistics on environment,

impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to minimise the impact.
The report focuses on four main environmental issues namely Air/Atmosphere,
Water/Aquatic Environment (Inland and Marine), Land/Terrestrial Environment and Urban
Environment/Human Settlements.
This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental

statistics in tandem with the Departments role as a central repository for environment
statistics. Tables and charts are presented in this publication to facilitate analyses by
users.
The Department would like to express its appreciation and gratitude to all parties involved
in contributing to this publication. Comments and suggestions towards improving future
reports would be greatly appreciated.
DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

Chief Statistician, Malaysia
December 2014
ii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
MukaSurat
Page
i
ii
KATA PENGANTAR
PREFACE
SENARAI CARTA
xv
LIST OF CHARTS
SENARAI JADUAL
xxiii
LIST OF TABLES
SENARAI LAMPIRAN
xxxi
LIST OF APPENDICES
PENUNJUK PENTING
xxxv
KEY INDICATORS
RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM
xli
FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM
BAB
CHAPTER
SATU:
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
ONE:
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1
Iklim
Climate
Pengenalan
Introduction
Suhu
Temperature
Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution
Purata kelembapan relatif

Mean relative humidity
iii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1
Status kualiti udara

Air quality status
Pengenalan
Introduction
Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Air Pollutant Index
B.2
13
Bahan pencemar udara

Air pollutant
Ozon
Ground Level Ozone
Plumbum
Lead
Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide
Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
C.
TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1
Punca pencemaran udara
20
Sources of air pollution
C.2
Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama
21
Emission of pollutants from main sources
Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
iv

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
Punca tetap
Stationary sources
D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
D.1
24
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

National Policy on Climate Change
Kenderaan bermotor
BAB
CHAPTER
DUA:
TWO:
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT

WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: INLAND
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1
Pengenalan
29
Introduction
A.2
29
Sumber air
Water resources
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1
30
Kualiti air sungai

River water quality
Pengkelasan air
Water classification
Indeks Kualiti Air

Water Quality Index
B.2
Status kualiti air sungai
31
River water quality status
Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia

Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids
Logam berat
Heavy metal
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1
Punca pencemaran air
34
Sources of water pollution
C.2
Sumber air mentah
34
Raw water resources
C.3
Air permukaan
34
Surface water
Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar

Freshwater aquaculture production
C.4
Penggunaan baja
36
The use of fertilisers
Baja
Fertilisers

D.1
Kempen Kesedaran Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan
37
National Water Conservation Campaign
vi

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
BAB
CHAPTER
TIGA:
ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN
THREE:
WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1
Persekitaran marin
41
Marine environment
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1
Kualiti air marin
42
Marine water quality
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai

Marine water quality status at coastal areas
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala

Marine water quality status at estuary areas
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau

Marine water quality status at island areas
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1
Tumpahan minyak
45
Oil spills
Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput
C.2
Hakisan pantai
46
Coastal erosion
vii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page

D.1
Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)
47
Aquaculture Industry Zone (ZIA)
BAB
CHAPTER
EMPAT:
TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL
FOUR:
LAND/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1
51
Lokasi
Location
Topografi
Topography
A.2
Tanah bencah
52
Wetlands
Pengenalan
Introduction
Definisi
Definition
Jenis tanah bencah

Type of wetlands
Hutan paya gambut

Peat swamp forest
Hutan paya laut

Mangrove forest
A.3
Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
55
Terrestrial biodiversity
Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity
viii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
Kepelbagaian biologi
Biological diversity
Flora dan fauna

Flora and fauna
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1
Keadaan alam sekitar daratan
57
Status of the terrestrial environment
Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan
Protected /preserved areas
Taman Laut
Marine Park
B.2
Perhutanan
57
Forestry
Pengenalan
Introduction
Kawasan berhutan
Forested area
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1
Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di

Malaysia
59
Activities that affect land in Malaysia
Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan

Effects on development of forest land
C.2
Sumber hutan
59
Forestry resources
Pengusahasilan hutan
Forest harvesting
ix

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
C.3
Pertanian
61
Agriculture
Pengenalan
Introduction
C.4
Pembuatan
61
Manufacturing
Pengenalan
Introduction
Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian

Industrial Production Index
Pengeluaran simen
Production of cement
C.5
Perlombongan
63
Mining
C.6
Tenaga
63
Energy
Penjanaan tenaga elektrik

Electricity generated
Penjanaan elektrik campuran

Generation of electricity mix
D.
TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

D.1
Amalan Pengurusan Hutan
65
Forest Management Practices

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
BAB
CHAPTER
LIMA:
FIVE:
ALAM SEKITAR BANDAR/PENEMPATAN PENDUDUK

URBAN ENVIRONMENT/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1
Trend kependudukan
69
Population trend
Pengenalan
Introduction
Saiz penduduk
Population size
Kepadatan penduduk
Population density
Struktur umur
Age structure
Nisbah jantina
Sex ratio
Piramid penduduk
Population pyramid
A.2
Kemudahan perubatan
73
Medical facilities
Pengenalan
Introduction
Kemudahan kesihatan
Health facilities
Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
xi

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1
Buangan terjadual
77
Scheduled waste
Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan

Scheduled waste generated
Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan

mengikut kategori
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by
category
Buangan klinikal
Clinical waste
B.2
Kemalangan
80
Accidents
Kemalangan jalan raya

Road accident
B.3
Status kesihatan
81
Health status
i.
Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air

Food and Water Borne Diseases
Keracunan makanan
Food poisoning
Tifoid
Typhoid
ii.
Penyakit bawaan vektor

Vector borne diseases
Demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah

Dengue and haemorrhagic dengue fever
Malaria
xii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1
Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar
86
Pressure on the urban environment
Pengenalan
Introduction
Tahap urbanisasi
Urbanisation level
C.2
Migrasi
87
Migration
C.3
88
Pengangkutan
Transportation
Pengenalan
Introduction
Pengangkutan udara
Air transport

D.1
89
Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara (DASN)

The National Environment Policy (DASN)
D.2
Program E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia
90
E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia Programme
D.3
Pengangkutan rel bandar
90
Urban rail transportation
xiii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Muka Surat
Page
95
JADUAL
TABLE
189
PETA
MAPS
193
LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX
231
GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
xiv

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
Page
Bab 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Chapter 1:
Air/Atmosphere
1.1
Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014
1.2a
Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia,

2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia,

2009 and 2013
1.2b
Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sabah 2009 and 2013
1.2c
Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Sarawak, 2009 and 2013
1.3a
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013
Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013
1.3b
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013
Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013
1.3c
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013
Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013
1.3d
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013
Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013
1.3e
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
1.3f
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013
10
Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013
1.3g
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013
10
Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013
1.3h
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013
10
Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013
1.3i
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013
11
Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013
xv

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
Page
1.3j
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013
11
Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013
1.3k
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013
11
Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013
1.3l
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013
12
Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013
1.3m
Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
12
Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
1.4
Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen
13
pemantauan, Malaysia, 2013

Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013
1.5
Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
14
Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2013
1.6
Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan
15
Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013

Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang,
2009-2013
1.7
Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
16
2013
Average annual concentratation of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
1.8
Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
17
2013
Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
1.9
Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia,
18
2013
Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
1.10
Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halus mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
19
Average annual concentration of Particulate Matter by land use, Malaysia, 2013
1.11
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2013
20
Emission of pollutants to the air by source, Malaysia, 2013
1.12
Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2013
21
Emission of pollutants to the air, Malaysia, 2013
xvi

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
Page
1.13
Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor,

Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
21
Total emission of pollutants to the air from motor vehicles, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
1.14
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen

janakuasa, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
22
Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through power plants, Malaysia,
2009 and 2013
1.15
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri,

23
Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia,
2009 and 2013
Bab 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Chapter 2:
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1
Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen, Malaysia,
31
2009-2013
Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia,
2009-2013
2.2
Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,

Malaysia, 2009-2013
32
Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand pollutant, Malaysia,
2009-2013
2.3
Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai, Malaysia,

2009-2013
33
Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.4
Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014
35
Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2010-2014
2.5
Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia,

2010 dan 2014
35
Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2010 and 2014
xvii

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
Page
Bab 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Chapter 3:
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1
Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2010-2014
41
Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
3.2a
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
43
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine water quality status at coastal area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
3.2b
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
44
Marine water quality status at estuary area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011- 2013
3.2c
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
44
Marine water quality status at island area based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011- 2013
3.3
Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
45
Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
3.4
Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
46
Distribution of coastal erosion areas in Malaysia, 2012
Bab 4:
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial
Chapter 4:
Land/Terrestrial Environment
4.1
Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
53
4.2
Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
54
Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.3
Peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013
55
Percentage of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
4.4
Peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013
58
Percentage of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
xviii

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
Page
4.5
Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
59
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
4.6
Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
60

Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
4.7
Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor,
62
Malaysia, 2011-2013
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2011-2013
4.8
Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2009-2013
62
Production of cement, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.9
Pengeluaran minyak mentah, Malaysia, 2009-2013
63
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.10
Pengeluaran bersih gas asli, Malaysia, 2009-2013
63
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.11
Peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2013
64
Percentage of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2013
Bab 5:
Alam Sekitar Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk
Chapter 5:
Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1
Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2010-2014
69
Average of annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2010-2014
5.2
Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2013
70
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2013
5.3
Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2013
72
Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2013
5.4
Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2009-2013
73
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.5
Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2009-2013
74
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xix

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Muka Surat
Chart
5.6
Page
Bilangan hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013
74
Number of hospitals, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.7
Bilangan katil hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013
75
Number of hospital beds, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.8
Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia,

2009-2013
76
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.9
Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat),

Malaysia, 2009-2013
76
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.10
Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
77
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.11
Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2013
78
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2013
5.12
Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator,
79
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.13
Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
80
Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.14
Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
80
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.15
Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013
81
Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.16
Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
82
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2013
5.17
Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
83
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2013
5.18a
Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2009-2013
84
Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xx

SENARAI CARTA
LIST OF CHARTS
Carta
Chart
5.18b
Muka Surat
Page
Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2009-2013
84
Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.19
Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
85
Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.20
Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2009-2013
86
Proportion percentage of urban population, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.21
Peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia,
87
2009-2010 hingga 2012-2013

Percentage of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia, 2009-2010 to
2012-2013
5.22
Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
88
Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xxi

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka Surat
Table
Page
Bab 1:
Udara/Atmosfera
Chapter 1:
Air/Atmosphere
Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013
Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013
1.1
Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2009-2014
95
Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2009-2014
1.2
Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU, Malaysia, 2013
102
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2013
1.3
Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2013
106
Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2013
1.4
Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
108
Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013
1.5
Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
110
Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013
1.6
Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
112
Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013
1.7
Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2013
114
Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2013
1.8
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2013
116
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2013
1.9
Pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis
117
kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,
2009-2013
1.10
Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis
117
kenderaan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia,
2009-2013
1.11
Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam
118
Sekitar (Udara Bersih) 1978, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
xxiii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka Surat
Table
Page
Bab 2:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Darat
Chapter 2:
Water/Aquatic Environment: Inland
2.1
Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
119
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.2
Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
120
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.3
Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan
kawasan, Malaysia, 2010-2013
121
Percentage of population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia,
2010-2013
2.4
Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori,

Malaysia, 2009-2013
122
Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.5
Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
122
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.6
Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2009-2013
123
Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.7a
Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013
124
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.7b
Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013
125
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.7c
Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
126
Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.8
Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
127
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.9
Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014
128
Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
2.10
Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2010-2014
129
Production and import of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2010-2014
xxiv

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Muka Surat
Jadual
Page
Table
2.11
Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2010-2014
129
Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2010-2014
2.12
Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
130
Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2.13
Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2009-2013
131
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bab 3:
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik: Marin
Chapter 3:
Water/Aquatic Environment: Marine
3.1
Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin,
132
Malaysia, 2010-2014
Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia,
2010-2014
3.2a
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
133
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
3.2b
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
134
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
3.2c
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
135
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index,
Malaysia, 2011-2013
3.3
Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2009-2013
136
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2009-2013
3.4
Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2009-2013
136
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2009-2013
3.5
Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan,
137
Malaysia, 2010-2014
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2010-2014
xxv

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka Surat
Table
3.6
Page
Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
138
3.7
Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012
140
3.8
Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
141
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bab 4:
Chapter 4:
4.1
Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
142
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2013
4.2
Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
143
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.3
Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
144
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.4a
Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012
145
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012
4.4b
Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012
148
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012
4.4c
Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012
149
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012
4.4d
Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
151
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012
4.5
Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
153
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.6
Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2009-2013
156
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.7
Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
157
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xxvi

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Table
4.8
Muka Surat
Page
Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri,
159
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.9
Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
160
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.10
Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
161
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.11
Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2010-2013
161
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2010-2013
4.12
Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013
162
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.13
Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2009-2013
163
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.14
Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
164
Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.15
Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa, Malaysia, 2009-2013
165
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.16
Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
166
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.17
Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar,
167
Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009-2013

Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular
Malaysia, 2009-2013
4.18
Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2009-2013
168
Forest resource development, Sabah, 2009-2013
4.19
Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2009-2013
168
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2009-2013
xxvii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka Surat
Table
Page
Bab 5:
Chapter5:
Urban Environment/Human Settlements
5.1
Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2010-2014
169
Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2010-2014
5.2
Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
170
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.3
Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2013
171
The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2013
5.4
Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih-penduduk, Malaysia, 2009-2013
171
Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.5
Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2009-2013
172
Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2009-2013
5.6
Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator
173
mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia,
2009-2013
5.7
Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut
174
negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.8
Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia,
176
2009-2013
Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia,
2009-2013
5.9
Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
176
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.10
Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
177
Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.11
Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
177
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.12a
Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
178
Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xxviii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
Muka Surat
Table
5.12b
Page
Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
178
Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.13
Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
179
Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.14
Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2009-2013
179
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.15
Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013
180
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.16
Ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri
181
di pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.17
Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2009-2013
182
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.18
Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
182
Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.19
Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
183
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.20
Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
184
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
5.21
Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia,
185
2009-2013
Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2009-2013
xxix

SENARAI LAMPIRAN
LIST OF APPENDICES
Lampiran
Muka Surat
Appendix
Page
Model Rangka Kerja Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas
193
Pressure-State-Response Framework Model
Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS
194
List of IACES Members
Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan
195
Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures
Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
196
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants
Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
197
Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index
Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air dan kelas air dan kegunaan
198
Water Quality Index classification and water class and uses
Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin
199
Marine water quality criteria and standards
8A
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia,
200
2012 dan 2013

Water quality status within Clean rivers basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
8B
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi,
207
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted basin monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
8C
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia,
212
2012 dan 2013

Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
9A
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2011-2013
213
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013
219
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
9C
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011-2013
222
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011- 2013
10
Nota dan Simbol
226
Notes and Symbols
11
Rujukan
228
References
xxxi

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
32.0
31.7
31.9
32.2
32.9b
24.3
24.1
24.2
24.5
24.7b
2,264.8
1,632.4
2,271.4
1,623.5
701.0b
83.4
83.6
82.1
78.9
74.2b
Udara/Atmosfera
Air/Atmosphere
1.
a.
Purata suhu (oC)a
Mean temperature (oC)
- Maksimum
Maximum
- Minimum
b.
Jumlah hujan (mm)a

Total rainfall (mm)
c.
Purata kelembapan relatif (%)a

Mean relative humidity (%)
d.
Bacaan minimum dan maksimum Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) bagi stesen terpilih
Minimum and maximum Air Pollutant Index (API) readings for selected stations
e.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
- Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
26
169
11
150
155
22
186
- Larkin, Johor Bahru
15
111
84
137
17
226
- Bandaraya Melaka
22
139
12
97
83
16
415
- Seberang Jaya
28
93
98
105
27
132
- Kuching
16
54
100
16
93
17
89
- Miri
17
89
96
97
18
93
- Kota Kinabalu
10
68
61
61
90
Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca ('000 tan metrik)

Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by source ('000 tonnes)
- Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
1,829.7
1,905.6
2,024.6
2,025.6
733.1
749.9
779.6
787.8
113.9
116.4
86.4
86.0
619.2
633.5
693.2
701.8
- Punca tetap
Stationary sources
i. Industri
Industrial
ii. Stesen janakuasa

Power plant
IPU/API
Status IPU/API status
050
Baik/Good
51100
Sederhana/Moderate
101200
Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300
Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300
Berbahaya/Hazardous
Merujuk kepada Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA)

Refer to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
Januari hingga Jun

January to June
xxxv

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
2.
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
65
76
74
74
65
53
54
56
13
11
12
10
94.2
94.4
94.7
95.1
1,428,882
1,373,107
1,472,240
1,479,800p
1,560,000e
240
224r
224r
231
16
14
21
13
18,082,098r
17,999,847
18,111,013r
18,113,791
1,068,506
1,067,947
1,067,436
1,079,476
539,154r
538,914r
544,032
551,333
Alam Sekitar Air/Akuatik

Water/Aquatic Environment
a.
Darat
Inland
i. Lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi (bil.)

Clean river basins monitored (no.)
ii. Lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar

yang diawasi (bil.)
Slighty Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
iii. Lembangan sungai Tercemar yang

diawasi (bil.)
Polluted river basins monitored (no.)
iv. Peratusan penduduk yang dibekalkan

dengan air paip
Percentage of population supplied with
piped water
b.
Marin
Marine
i. Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin (tan metrik)

Annual landings of marine fish (tonnes)
ii. Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin

Number of marine water quality monitoring
stations
iii. Tumpahan minyak di laut (bil.)

Oil spills at sea (no.)
3.

a.
Jumlah kawasan berhutan (hektar)

Total forested area (hectares)
b.
Keluasan hutan paya gambut (hektar)

Area of peat swamp forest (hectares)
c.
Keluasan hutan paya laut (hektar)

Area of mangrove forest (hectares)
xxxvi

PENUNJUK PENTING
KEY INDICATORS
4.
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
28,588.6
29,062.0
29,510.0
29,915.3
30,261.7
86
88
89
91
92e
1:859
1:791
1:758
1:633
1:633e
20,092,819
21,304,818
22,616,566
23,819,256
1,880,929
1,622,032
1,708,708
1,387,861
16,781
17,796
18,055
19,491
13,315
17,660
14,233
14,795
52,821
25,191
26,625
47,196

Urban Environment/Human Settlement
a.
Saiz penduduk ('000)

Population size (000)
b.
Kepadatan penduduk (kilometer persegi)

Population density (per sq. km)
c.
Nisbah doktor-penduduk
Doctor-population ratio
d.
Bilangan kenderaan berdaftar

Number of vehicles registered
e.
Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang diuruskan

(tan metrik/tahun)
Quantity of scheduled waste managed
(tonnes/year)
f.
Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk

pemusnahan di insinerator klinikal (tan metrik)
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at
clinical incinerators (tonnes)
g.
Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Airc

Number of cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases
h.
Bilangan kes penyakit bawaan vektord

Number of cases of vector borne diseases
Sumber:
Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Jabatan Bekalan Air, Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia,

Jabatan Hutan Sarawak, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Perhutanan
Semenanjung Malaysia, Kementerian Kesihatan, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Air Negara
Source:
Department of Environment, Department of Water Supply, Malaysian Meteorological

Department, Forests Department Sarawak, Sabah Forestry Department,
Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of Health, National Water
Services Commission
Termasuk kolera, tifoid, disenteri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makanan

Includes cholera, typhoid, dysentry, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning
Termasuk malaria, demam denggi dan denggi berdarah

Includes Malaria, dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever
xxxvii

Rangka kerja
Framework
Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (KPAS) adalah
The Compendium of Environment Statistics (CES) is in
berdasarkan
of
accordance with Framework For The Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 yang
Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998 which has
disesuaikan daripada Framework For The Development
been adopted from Framework For The Development of
of Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984.
Environment Statistics (FDES), United Nations 1984. The
Penyusunan data mengikut empat klasifikasi media alam
compilation of data according to four environmental media
sekitar dan dianalisis berdasarkan model Keadaan-
classifications and the analyses are based on the model
Tekanan-Tindak
disesuaikan
State-Pressure-Response (SPR) that has been modified
daripada model Tekanan-Keadaan-Tindak Balas (PSR)
from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Organisation
Development (OECD) model that is Pressure-State-
Framework
Balas
for
For
The
(SPR)
Economic
Development
yang
Co-operation
and
Development (OECD) seperti di Lampiran 1.
Responses (PSR) as per Appendix 1.
Kompendium ini menerangkan alam sekitar mengikut
This compendium describes the environment according to
klasifikasi media seperti berikut:
the following media classifications: Air/Atmosphere,
Alam
Sekitar
Air/Akuatik
Udara/Atmosfera,
(darat
dan
marin),
Water/Aquatic
Environment
(inland
and
marine),
Tanah/Alam Sekitar Terestrial dan Alam Sekitar
Land/Terrestrial
Bandar/Penempatan Penduduk. Susunan kompendium
Environment/Human Settlements. Its layout adopts the
ini adalah seperti berikut: setiap bab mengandungi latar
following
belakang
background
alam
sekitar
diikuti
keadaan
semasa
Environment
approach:
of
the
each
and
chapter
environment,
Urban
outlines
followed
the
by
seterusnya menggambarkan bagaimana aktiviti manusia
description of the existing state. It then proceeds to show
memberi tekanan ke atas alam sekitar. Akhirnya tindak
how
balas yang sesuai diambil untuk mengurangkan tekanan
environment leading to appropriate responses taken to
atau impak.
minimise these stresses or impacts.
Punca data
Data source
human
activities
can
put
pressure
on
the
Perangkaan dalam KPAS ini telah diperoleh menerusi
The statistics in the CES were obtained from secondary
sumber
dan
data sources, administrative records and published
perangkaan yang diterbitkan. Pembekal utama statistik ini
statistics. The main contributors for this statistics are
ialah Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) dan agensi kerajaan
Department of Environment (DOE) and other Government
yang lain, terutamanya ahli-ahli Jawatankuasa Antara
agencies, particularly, members of the Inter-Agency
Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar (JAAMPAS).
Committee on Environment Statistics (IACES). The full list
Senarai penuh ahli JAAMPAS seperti di Lampiran 2.
of IACES members is in Appendix 2.
Kompendium
daripada
This compendium is part of an ongoing programme to
rancangan yang berterusan untuk mempersembahkan
present selected areas of environment statistics. There
perangkaan alam sekitar yang terpilih. Terdapat ruang
are still data gaps to be covered, especially in the areas
data yang masih perlu diliputi, terutamanya tentang flora
of flora and fauna, and bio-diversity. Efforts have been
dan fauna, dan kepelbagaian biologi. Usaha telah
initiated to collect some of these statistics through regular
dimulakan bagi mengumpul beberapa perangkaan ini
surveys. Some sections of the CES have been enhanced
data
sekunder,
ini
rekod
merupakan
pentadbiran
sebahagian
xli


melalui penyiasatan tetap. Beberapa seksyen dalam
with data collected from these surveys and also other
kompendium
sources. The inclusion of new topics within the existing
ini
telah
ditambah
baik
dengan
sections is expected to continue.
pengumpulan data daripada penyiasatan-penyiasatan ini

dan juga lain-lain sumber. Penambahan tajuk bagi
seksyen yang sedia ada adalah berterusan.
xlii

A. LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
A.1 Iklim
A.1 Climate
Pengenalan
Introduction
Malaysia terletak di zon khatulistiwa dan mengalami
Malaysia is located in the equatorial zone and
iklim panas dan lembap. Pada amnya, ia mempunyai
experience the warm and humid climate. In general, it
suhu seragam, kelembapan tinggi dan jumlah hujan
has a uniform temperature, high humidity and abundant
yang banyak.
rainfall.
Suhu
Temperature
Jadual A menunjukkan ringkasan perangkaan iklim di
Table A shows the summary of climate statistics at
stesen meteorologi terpilih pada 2013. Suhu tertinggi
selected meteorological stations in 2013. The highest
direkodkan di stesen Chuping (37.5C) dan bacaan
temperature recorded at Chuping station (37.5C) and
terendah di stesen Cameron Highlands (13.6C).
the lowest recorded at Cameron Highlands station

(13.6C).
Taburan hujan
Rainfall distribution
Pada 2013, hujan tahunan tertinggi dan terendah
In 2013, the yearly highest and lowest rainfall were
masing-masing
recorded at Kuching station (4,125.2 mm) and Melaka
direkodkan
di
stesen
Kuching
(4,125.2 mm) dan stesen Melaka (1,389.8 mm).
station (1,389.8 mm) respectively. [Table A]
[Jadual A]
Jadual A: Ringkasan perangkaan iklim di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2013

Table A:
Summary of climate statistics at selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2013

Iklim
Rekod
Stesen
Climate
Record
Station
Suhu
Temperature
Suhu tertinggi (C)

Highest temperature
Suhu terendah (C)

Lowest temperature
37.5
Chuping
13.6
Cameron Highlands
Hujan
Rainfall
Hujan tahunan tertinggi (mm)

Yearly highest rainfall
Hujan tahunan terendah (mm)

Yearly lowest rainfall
4,125.2
Kuching
1,389.8
Melaka

Purata kelembapan relatif tertinggi (%)

Highest mean relative humidity
Purata kelembapan relatif terendah (%)

Lowest mean relative humidity
89.6
Cameron Highlands
76.2
Petaling Jaya
Sumber: Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia

Source:
Malaysian Meteorological Department

A. LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jumlah hujan tahunan bagi 34 stesen meteorologi
Total annual rainfall for 34 selected meteorological
terpilih menurun daripada 95.9 ribu mm pada 2009
stations decreased from 95.9 thousand mm in 2009 to
kepada 89.0 ribu mm pada 2013. Bagi tempoh enam
89.0 thousand mm in 2013. Similarly, during the first six
bulan pertama 2013 dan 2014, jumlah hujan juga
months of 2013 and 2014, total rainfall also decreased
menurun daripada 37.9 ribu mm kepada 29.3 ribu mm.
from 37.9 thousand mm to 29.3 thousand mm.
[Carta 1.1]
[Chart 1.1]
Carta 1.1: Jumlah hujan di 34 stesen meteorologi terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2014

Chart 1.1:
Total rainfall at 34 selected meteorological stations, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Jumlah hujan (000 mm)

Total rainfall
120.0
101.4
95.9
100.0
91.7
87.3
89.0
80.0
60.0
37.9
40.0
29.3
20.0
Tahun
Year
0.0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2013
2014
Januari-Jun
January-June
Source:

A. LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Di Semenanjung Malaysia, bilangan hari hujan tertinggi
In Peninsular Malaysia, the highest number of rainy
dicatatkan di Cameron Highlands iaitu 243 hari pada
days was recorded in Cameron Highlands with 243
2013. Sementara itu, Chuping mencatatkan bilangan
days in 2013. Meanwhile, Chuping recorded the lowest
hari hujan terendah iaitu 156 hari. [Carta 1.2a]
number of rainy days with 156 days. [Chart 1.2a]
Carta 1.2a: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi terpilih, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.2a:
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological stations, Peninsular Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
2009
Jumlah hari hujan
2013
165
156
168
160
KLIA Sepang
176
159
173
161
Alor Setar
163
162
190
162
166
166
161
175
Kluang
Muadzam Shah
166
176
Mersing
167
170
176
177
Sitiawan
Pulau Langkawi
191
177
Kuantan
191
181
Lubok Merbau, Kuala Kangsar
178
180
187
181
Batu Embun, Jerantut
167
182
187
186
Bayan Lepas
217
182
186
Kuala Krai
184
177
192
200
196
Subang
Batu Pahat
207
203
Petaling Jaya
210
190
209
200
W.P. Labuan
173
250
242
243
Total rainy days
150
100
Chuping
Kota Bharu
Melaka
Butterworth
Kuala Terengganu
Temerloh
Ipoh
Senai
Cameron Highlands
50

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
Pada 2013, di Sabah, bilangan hari hujan terendah
In 2013, for Sabah, the lowest number of rainy days
dicatatkan di Kudat iaitu 194 hari manakala bilangan
was recorded in Kudat at 194 days while the highest
hari hujan tertinggi dicatatkan di Sandakan iaitu 202
number of rainy days was recorded in Sandakan at 202
hari. [Carta 1.2b]
days. [Chart 1.2b]
Di Sarawak, bilangan hari hujan terendah dicatatkan di
In Sarawak, the lowest number of rainy days was
Miri iaitu 198 hari manakala bilangan hari hujan
recorded in Miri at 198 days while the highest number
tertinggi
of rainy days was recorded in Kuching at 258 days.
dicatatkan
di
Kuching
iaitu
258
hari.
[Carta 1.2c]
[Chart 1.2c]

A. LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.2b: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi

terpilih, Sabah, 2009 dan 2013
Carta 1.2c: Jumlah hari hujan di stesen meteorologi

terpilih, Sarawak, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.2b: Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological

stations, Sabah, 2009 and 2013
Chart 1.2c:
2009
2013
2009
198
191
234
217
218
218
250
227
219
258
194
186
196
197
200
175
202
209
300
238
Total rainy days
Total rainy days
200
2013
Jumlah hari hujan
Jumlah hari hujan
250
Total number of rainy days at selected meteorological

stations, Sarawak, 2009 and 2013
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
Sandakan
Kota
Kinabalu
Tawau
Kuching
Kudat

Source:
Sri
Aman
Bintulu
Sibu
Miri

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department
bagi
In 2013, the mean relative humidity for Peninsular
Semenanjung Malaysia berada di antara 76.2 peratus
Malaysia was between 76.2 per cent (Petaling Jaya)
(Petaling Jaya) dan 89.6 peratus (Cameron Highlands).
and 89.6 per cent (Cameron Highlands). The mean
Purata kelembapan relatif di Sabah berada di antara
relative humidity in Sabah was between 80.9 per cent
80.9 peratus (Kota Kinabalu) dan 83.4 peratus (Kudat)
(Kota Kinabalu) and 83.4 per cent (Kudat) while in
manakala di Sarawak berada di antara 83.4 peratus
Sarawak was between 83.4 per cent (Kuching) and
(Kuching) dan 86.2 peratus (Sri Aman). [Jadual 1.1]
86.2 per cent (Sri Aman). [Table 1.1]
Pada
2013,
purata
kelembapan
relatif

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
B.1 Status kualiti udara
B.1 Air quality status
Pengenalan
Introduction
Udara terdiri daripada komposisi gas termasuk nitrogen
Air consists of composition of gases including nitrogen
(lebih kurang 78.0 peratus), oksigen (lebih kurang
(about 78.0 per cent), oxygen (about 21.0 per cent) and
21.0
other gases (about 1.0 per cent). All these components
peratus)
dan
gas-gas
lain
(lebih
kurang
play an important role in sustaining lives.
1.0 peratus). Kesemua komponen ini memainkan

peranan penting dalam mengekalkan kehidupan.
Air Pollutant Index
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) telah membangunkan
The Department of Environment (DOE) has developed
sistem indeks kualiti udara yang pertama dikenali
its first air quality index system, known as the Malaysian
sebagai Indeks Kualiti Udara Malaysia (IKUM) pada
Air Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993. An index system
1993. Sistem indeks memainkan peranan penting
plays an important role in conveying the status of
untuk memaklumkan status kualiti udara sekeliling,
ambient air quality, ranging from Good to Hazardous.
yang terdiri daripada Baik sehingga Berbahaya. Indeks
The Air Pollutant Index (API) was introduced when
Pencemaran Udara (IPU) telah diperkenalkan setelah
DOE revised its index system in 1996.
JAS mengkaji semula sistem indeks ini pada 1996.
Bahan pencemar udara yang diambil kira untuk
The air pollutants which were counted in computing the
mengira IPU adalah Ozon (O3), Karbon Monoksida
API are Ground Level Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide
(CO), Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)
(CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
dan Habuk Halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10).
and Particulate Matter of less than 10 microns in size
Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan
(PM10). Dominant of air pollutant with the highest
tertinggi diambil kira sebagai pencemar yang akan
concentrations of pollutants are accounted for as that
menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan
will
Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah yang tertinggi berbanding
concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) are the
dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini menentukan
highest as compared to other concentrations and this
bacaan IPU.
determines the API readings.
IPU dikategorikan sebagai Baik, Sederhana, Tidak
The API is categorised as Good, Moderate, Unhealthy,
Sihat, Sangat Tidak Sihat dan Berbahaya [Lampiran 3]
Very Unhealthy and Hazardous [Appendix 3] as
seperti berikut:
follows:
determine
the
value
of
API.
In
general,
Status Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU)

Air Pollutant Index (API) status
IPU/API
Status IPU/API status
050
Baik/Good
51100
Sederhana/Moderate
101200
Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy
201300
Sangat Tidak Sihat/Very Unhealthy
>300
Berbahaya/Hazardous

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3 (a hingga m) menunjukkan keseluruhan
Chart 1.3 (a to m) shows the overall air quality status
status kualiti udara mengikut negeri. Berdasarkan
by state. Based on API status, the overall air quality in
status IPU, keseluruhan kualiti udara pada 2013
2013 was between Good and Moderate for most of the
menunjukkan
pada
time. Of the 52 stations monitored, 35 stations recorded
kebanyakan masa. Daripada 52 stesen yang dipantau,
Unhealthy status. Tawau station recorded the most
35 stesen mencatatkan status Tidak Sihat. Stesen
number of Good days (352) while Cheras, Kuala
Tawau mencatatkan hari status Baik terbanyak (352)
Lumpur station recorded 30 Unhealthy days.
status
Baik
dan
Sederhana
manakala stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan

30 hari status Tidak Sihat.
1
Carta 1.3a: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Johor, 2013

Chart 1.3a:
Air quality status by station, Johor, 2013

Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Sangat Tidak Sihat
Bilangan hari
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Very Unhealthy
Hazardous
Number of days
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
(201-300)
(>300)
250
Berbahaya
213
201
194
193
200
153
160
143
160
150
100
50
9
2 2
0
Kota Tinggi
Larkin
Muar
Pasir Gudang
Carta 1.3b: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kedah dan Perlis, 2013
Chart 1.3b:
Air quality status by station, Kedah and Perlis, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
350
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
303
292
300
241
223
250
200
141
124
150
100
73
62
50
0
Alor Setar
Langkawi
Sungai Petani
Kangar
Bacaan status kualiti udara berdasarkan bacaan maksimum harian
Sumber: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Air quality status readings are based on daily maximum readings
Source:
Department of Environment
Nota: Stesen yang tidak mencukupi 365 hari adalah disebabkan masalah teknikal
Note: Stations with inadequate 365 days is due to technical problems

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3c: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Kelantan, 2013

Chart 1.3c:
Air quality status by station, Kelantan, 2013
Bilangan hari
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
Number of days
263
300
242
250
200
122
100
150
100
50
0
Kota Bharu
Tanah Merah
Carta 1.3d: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Melaka, 2013

Chart 1.3d:
Air quality status by station, Melaka, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
Baik
Sederhana
Good
Moderate
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
Sangat Tidak Sihat

Very Unhealthy
Berbahaya
Hazardous
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
(201-300)
(>300)
350
325
300
222
250
200
114
150
100
50
15
21
0
Bandaraya Melaka
Bukit Rambai
Carta 1.3e: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
Chart 1.3e:
Air quality status by station, Negeri Sembilan, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
300
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
256
236
237
250
200
150
114
100
111
100
18
11
50
0
Nilai
Port Dickson
Seremban
Source:

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3f: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pahang, 2013

Chart 1.3f:
Air quality status by station, Pahang, 2013

Baik
Sederhana
Bilangan hari
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Number of days
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
342
Tidak Sihat
350
300
242
244
250
200
118
115
150
100
23
50
0
Balok Baru
Jerantut
Kuantan
Carta 1.3g: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Perak, 2013

Chart 1.3g:
Air quality status by station, Perak, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
350
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Berbahaya
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Hazardous
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
(>300)
302
284
300
251
222
250
219
200
150
142
127
105
78
100
58
50
16
0
Pegoh, Ipoh
Seri Manjung
Taiping
Tanjung Malim
Tasek, Ipoh
Carta 1.3h: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Pulau Pinang, 2013
Chart 1.3h:
Air quality status by station, Pulau Pinang, 2013
Bilangan hari
Baik
Sederhana
Good
Moderate
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
Number of days
250
236
216
206
200
155
147
127
150
100
50
0
Perai
Seberang Jaya
USM
Source:
10

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3i: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sabah, 2013

Chart 1.3i:
Air quality status by station, Sabah, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
400
Baik
Sederhana
Good
Moderate
Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
352
342
331
308
350
300
250
200
150
100
57
33
23
50
13
0
Keningau
Kota Kinabalu
Sandakan
Tawau
Carta 1.3j: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Sarawak, 2013

Chart 1.3j:
Air quality status by station, Sarawak, 2013

Baik
Bilangan hari
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
Number of days
400
342
300
337
310
326
293
241
230
200
124
100
48
23
102
72
24
324
316
260
134
48
39
40
Carta 1.3k: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Selangor, 2013

Chart 1.3k:
Air quality status by station, Selangor, 2013
Bilangan hari
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Sangat Tidak Sihat
Berbahaya
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Very Unhealthy
Hazardous
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
(201-300)
(>300)
Number of days
300
286
288
275
228
222
250
200
134
150
100
50
85
68
57
18
122
7 2 2
13
6 2
1 1
0
Banting
Klang
Kuala Selangor
Petaling Jaya
Shah Alam
Source:
11

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.3l: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Terengganu, 2013

Chart 1.3l:
Air quality status by station, Terengganu, 2013
Bilangan hari
Number of days
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Sangat Tidak Sihat

Very Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
(201-300)
315
350
300
243
219
250
200
139
120
150
100
47
6
50
0
Kemaman
Kuala Terengganu
Paka
Carta 1.3m: Status kualiti udara mengikut stesen, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
Chart 1.3m:
Air quality status by station, Wilayah Persekutuan, 2013
Bilangan hari
Baik
Sederhana
Tidak Sihat
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
(0-50)
(51-100)
(101-200)
Number of days
334
350
300
260
248
237
250
200
150
119
96
100
75
30
21
50
31
0
Batu Muda,
Kuala Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur
Labuan
Putrajaya
Source:
Carta 1.4 menunjukkan bilangan hari bagi status kualiti
Chart 1.4 shows the number of days for Unhealthy air
udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan JAS
quality status by DOE monitoring station in 2013.
pada
Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur station recorded the most
mencatatkan bilangan hari Tidak Sihat terbanyak (30).
number of Unhealthy days (30). Keningau, Sibu, Sungai
Stesen Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani dan Tanah
Petani and Tanah Merah stations recorded one day
Merah masing-masing mencatatkan satu hari status
Unhealthy status respectively.
2013.
Stesen
Cheras,
Kuala
Tidak Sihat.
12

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.4: Bilangan hari bagi status kualiti udara Tidak Sihat mengikut stesen pemantauan,
Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.4:
Number of days for Unhealthy air quality status by monitoring station, Malaysia, 2013
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
30
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur
21
Banting, Seremban
18
Tanjung Malim
16
Bukit Rambai
15
Shah Alam
13
Port Dickson
11
Kota Tinggi, Melaka, Nilai, Putrajaya
Muar, Pasir Gudang
Klang, Larkin
Balok Baru, Kemaman, Petaling Jaya
Kuantan, Seri Manjung
Pegoh, Seberang Jaya, Tasek
Paka, Taiping
Kota Bharu, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Terengganu, Perai, USM
Keningau, Sibu, Sungai Petani, Tanah Merah
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bilangan hari
Number of days
1
Source:
B.2 Bahan pencemar udara
B.2 Air pollutant
Bahan pencemar udara merupakan bahan kimia di
Air pollutant is a substance in the air that can be
udara yang boleh membahayakan manusia dan alam
harmful to human beings and the environment.
sekitar. Bahan pencemar boleh berbentuk partikel,
Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid
titisan cecair atau gas.
droplets or gases.
Terdapat enam bahan pencemar utama iaitu O3,
There are six main pollutants namely O3, Plumbum
Plumbum (Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 dan PM10. Pencemaran
(Pb), CO, SO2, NO2 and PM10. Air pollution occurs when
udara berlaku apabila bahan pencemar ini hadir di
these pollutants are present in the atmosphere. The
atmosfera. Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara
sources and effects of air pollutants on human and
kepada manusia dan tumbuhan ditunjukkan seperti di
plants are shown in Appendix 4.
Lampiran 4.
13

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Ozon
Ground Level Ozone
Ozon (O3) merupakan gas yang mengeluarkan bau
Ground Level Ozone (O3) is a pungent, colourless and
yang
dan
toxic gas. By the late afternoon or early evening, O3
bertoksik. Pada lewat tengahari atau awal petang,
concentrations are typically high and dominates the API
lazimnya kepekatan O3 adalah tinggi dan mendominasi
readings in some areas. Under the influence of sunlight,
bacaan IPU di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds
pengaruh cahaya matahari, Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dan
(VOCs) emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and
Sebatian Organik Meruap (VOC) yang dilepaskan dari
industry react to form O3 in the earth's surface.
tidak
ekzos
menyenangkan,
kenderaan
bermotor
tidak
dan
berwarna
industri
akan
bertindakbalas bagi membentuk O3 di permukaan

bumi.
Kepekatan tertinggi bagi O3 dicatatkan di kawasan
The highest concentration of O3 recorded at urban area
bandar iaitu sebanyak 0.046 ppm diikuti oleh kawasan
at 0.046 ppm followed by industrial area, 0.042 ppm
industri,
and suburban area, 0.037 ppm. Background area
0.042
ppm
dan
kawasan
subbandar
0.037 ppm. Kepekatan di kawasan background adalah
recorded concentration at 0.034 ppm. [Chart 1.5]
0.034 ppm. [Carta 1.5]
Carta 1.5: Purata tahunan kepekatan Ozon mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.5:
Average annual concentration of Ground Level Ozone by land use, Malaysia, 2013
ppm
0.046
0.050
0.042
0.045
0.037
0.040
0.034
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
Kawasan Industri
Bandar
Subbandar
Industrial area
Urban
Suburban
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines:
O3 not exceeding 0.1 ppm
14
Background

Source:

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Plumbum
Lead
Plumbum (Pb) adalah bahan pencemar yang wujud
Lead (Pb) is a pollutant which exists in the form of
dalam bentuk wap atau partikel halus. Ia hadir secara
vapour
semula
Bagaimanapun,
environment. However, most Pb concentrations that are
kebanyakan kepekatan Pb yang ditemui di persekitaran
found in the environment are a result of human
adalah hasil daripada aktiviti manusia.
activities.
Stesen IPD Butterworth mencatatkan kepekatan Pb
IPD
jadi
di
alam
sekitar.
or
particles.
Butterworth
It
occurs
station
naturally
recorded
the
in
the
highest
pada 2013 diikuti oleh
concentration of Pb at 0.0252 g/m in 2013 followed by
stesen Dewan Bandaraya dan Pudu masing-masing
City Hall and Pudu station at 0.0171 g/m and 0.0025
tertinggi iaitu 0.0252 g/m

3
dengan 0.0171 g/m dan 0.0025 g/m . [Carta 1.6]
g/m respectively. [Chart 1.6]
Carta 1.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan Plumbum di udara, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013
Chart 1.6:
Annual average concentration of Lead in the air, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang, 2009-2013
Pudu
g/m3
Dewan Bandaraya
IPD Butterworth
City Hall
0.0700
0.0613
0.0610
0.0583
0.0600
0.0610
0.0610
0.0580
0.0500
0.0405
0.0400
0.0300
0.0263
0.0225
0.0207
0.0286
0.0252
0.0118
0.0171
0.0200
0.0100
0.0025
0.0000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Tahun
Year
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: Pb tidak melebihi 1.5 g/m3
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: Pb not exceeding 1.5 g/m3
Source:
15

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
Karbon Monoksida (CO) merupakan gas yang tidak
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless and odourless,
berwarna dan tidak berbau, tidak merengsa tetapi amat
non-irritating but very poisonous gas. The natural
beracun. Kepekatan semula jadi CO di udara adalah
concentration of CO in air is around 0.2 ppm, and that
sekitar 0.2 ppm, dan jumlah itu adalah tidak berbahaya
amount is not harmful to humans. Emissions from motor
kepada
vehicle exhausts, industrial process and open burning
manusia.
Pelepasan
daripada
ekzos
activities are the main sources of CO in urban areas.
kenderaan, proses industri dan aktiviti pembakaran

terbuka merupakan sumber utama CO di kawasan
bandar.
Kawasan industri mencatatkan kepekatan CO tertinggi
Industrial area recorded the highest level of CO
iaitu 0.767 ppm. Ini diikuti oleh kawasan bandar
concentration at 0.767 ppm, followed by urban areas
(0.742 ppm) dan kawasan subbandar (0.601 ppm).
(0.742 ppm) and suburban areas (0.601 ppm). For
Bagi kawasan background, kepekatan yang dicatatkan
background area, the concentration recorded was at
adalah 0.290 ppm. [Carta 1.7]
0.290 ppm. [Chart 1.7]
Carta 1.7: Purata tahunan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.7:
Average annual concentration of Carbon Monoxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
ppm
0.900
0.767
0.742
0.800
0.601
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.290
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Kawasan Industri
Bandar
Subbandar
Industrial area
Urban
Suburban
Background
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: CO tidak melebihi 9 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: CO not exceeding 9 ppm
Source:
16

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Sulfur Dioksida
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) adalah sejenis gas reaktif yang
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, pungent, irritating
tidak berwarna, mempunyai bau yang tajam, merengsa
and water-soluble reactive gas. The main source of SO2
serta mudah larut dalam air. Sumber utama SO2 di
in the air is industrial activity that processes materials
udara ialah aktiviti industri yang memproses bahan
that contain sulphur, e.g the generation of electricity
yang
from coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.
mengandungi
sulfur,
contohnya
penjanaan
elektrik daripada arang batu, minyak atau gas yang

mengandungi sulfur.
Kepekatan tertinggi SO2 direkodkan di kawasan industri
The highest level of SO2 concentration recorded at
iaitu
bandar
industrial area which accounted for 0.0022 ppm
(0.0020 ppm) dan subbandar (0.0013 ppm). Kawasan
followed by urban areas (0.0020 ppm) and suburban
background mencatatkan kepekatan pada 0.0005 ppm.
areas
[Carta 1.8]
concentration at 0.0005 ppm. [Chart 1.8]
0.0022
ppm
diikuti
oleh
kawasan
(0.0013
ppm).
Background
area
recorded
Carta 1.8: Purata tahunan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.8:
Average annual concentration of Sulphur Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
ppm
0.0025
0.0022
0.0020
0.0020
0.0013
0.0015
0.0010
0.0005
0.0005
0.0000
Kawasan Industri
Bandar
Subbandar
Industrial area
Urban
Suburban
Background
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO2 tidak melebihi 0.04 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO2 not exceeding 0.04 ppm
Source:
Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) terbentuk di persekitaran
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is formed in the ambient air
udara melalui pengoksidaan Nitrogen Monoksida (NO).
through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide (NO). This
Gas
reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent
bertoksik
berwarna
merah
keperangan
ini
odour.
mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.
17

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
Carta
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
1.9 menunjukkan
bacaan
purata tahunan
Chart 1.9 shows the reading of average annual
kepekatan NO2 mengikut land use pada 2013. Purata
concentration of NO2 by land use in 2013. The average
kepekatan bagi kawasan industri merupakan yang
concentration for industrial areas was the highest
tertinggi iaitu 0.011 ppm. Sementara itu, kawasan
at 0.011 ppm. Meanwhile, urban area and suburban
bandar dan subbandar masing-masing mencatatkan
area recorded average concentration at 0.010 ppm and
purata kepekatan pada 0.010 ppm dan 0.008 ppm.
0.008
Purata tahunan kepekatan di kawasan background
concentration at background area was 0.002 ppm.
ppm
respectively.
The
average
annual
adalah 0.002 ppm.

Carta 1.9: Purata tahunan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.9: Average annual concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide by land use, Malaysia, 2013
ppm
0.011
0.012
0.010
0.010
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000
Kawasan Industri
Bandar
Industrial area
Background
Subbandar
Urban
Suburban
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: NO2 tidak melebihi 0.17 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: NO2 not exceeding 0.17 ppm
Source:
Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
Habuk Halus (PM10) adalah istilah yang digunakan bagi
Particulate Matter (PM10) is the term used to describe
partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter
respirable particles of less than 10 micron in diameter.
10 mikron. PM10 boleh berbentuk pepejal atau cecair
PM10 can be in solid or liquid form and it includes
dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan debunga.
aerosol, dust, smoke and pollen. These particles
Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses
originate from power plants, industrial processes and
industri dan aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.
open burning activities.
Carta 1.10 menunjukkan purata tahunan kepekatan
Chart 1.10 shows the average annual concentration of
PM10 mengikut land use di Malaysia pada 2013.
PM10 by land use in Malaysia in 2013. Industrial and
Kawasan
urban areas both registered the reading at 48 g/m .
industri
dan
bandar
kedua-duanya
While,
merekodkan bacaan 48 g/m . Manakala, kawasan
suburban
3
40 g/m
subbandar mencatatkan kepekatan pada 40 g/m dan
recorded
concentration
at
and rural areas (35 g/m ). Meanwhile,

3
background areas recorded concentration at 34 g/m .
kawasan luar bandar (35 g/m ). Sementara itu,

kawasan background mencatatkan kepekatan pada
3
34 g/m .
18

B. KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.10: Purata tahunan kepekatan Habuk Halus mengikut land use, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.10:
Average annual concentration of Particulate Matter by land use, Malaysia, 2013
g/m3
50
48
48
45
40
40
35
34
35
30
Kawasan Industri
Bandar
Subbandar
Luar Bandar
Industrial area
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: PM10 tidak melebihi 150 g/m3
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: PM10 not exceeding 150 g/m3
19
Background

Source:

C. TEKANAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
PRESSURE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
C.1 Punca pencemaran udara
C.1 Sources of air pollution
Sumber utama bagi pencemaran udara di Malaysia
The main sources of air pollution in Malaysia are
adalah pelepasan daripada punca tetap (perindustrian
emissions from stationary sources (industries including
termasuk stesen janakuasa), kenderaan bermotor dan
power plants), motor vehicles and open burning
aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.
activities.
melalui
Emission of pollutants to the air through motor vehicles
kenderaan bermotor adalah sebanyak 68.5 peratus
accounted for 68.5 per cent while stationary sources
manakala punca tetap dan punca lain masing-masing
and other sources was at 26.7 per cent and
adalah sebanyak 26.7 peratus dan 4.8 peratus.
4.8 per cent respectively. [Chart 1.11]
Pelepasan
bahan
pencemar
ke
udara
[Carta 1.11]
Carta 1.11: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut punca, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 1.11:
Emission of pollutants to the air by source, Malaysia, 2013
Kenderaan
bermotor
Motor vehicles
Punca tetap
68.5%
Stationary sources
26.7%
Lain-lain1
Others
4.8%
Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi, pasar malam

dan aktiviti pembakaran terbuka

Source:
Includes hotels, commercial centres, institutions, night markets and

open burning activities
CO menunjukkan peratus tertinggi (63.5%) bagi
CO showed the highest percentage (63.5%) for the
pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara pada
emission of pollutants to the air in 2013. This was
2013. Ini diikuti oleh NO2 (29.0%), SO2 (6.7%) dan PM
followed by NO2 (29.0%), SO2 (6.7%) and PM (0.8%).
(0.8%). [Carta 1.12]
[Chart 1.12]
20

C. TEKANAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
PRESSURE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.12: Pelepasan mengikut bahan pencemar ke udara, Malaysia, 2013

Chart 1.12:
Emission of pollutants to the air, Malaysia, 2013
SO2
6.7%
PM
0.8%
NO2
29.0%
CO
63.5%

Source:
C.2 Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca
C.2 Emission of pollutants from main sources
utama
Kenderaan bermotor
Motor vehicles
NO2
In 2013, emission of CO, SO2 and NO2 increased by
masing-masing meningkat sebanyak 16.5 peratus, 4.5
16.5 per cent, 4.5 per cent and 4.3 per cent
peratus dan 4.3 peratus. Sementara itu, pelepasan
respectively. Meanwhile, emission of PM has dropped
bagi PM telah menurun (6.5%). [Carta 1.13]
(6.5%). [Chart 1.13]
Pada
2013,
pelepasan
CO,
SO2
dan
Carta 1.13: Jumlah pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada kenderaan bermotor, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.13:
Total emission of pollutants to the air from motor vehicles, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
2009
Tan metrik (000)
2013
Tonnes
1,786.4
2,000
1,533.2
1,500
1,000
500
211.6
220.8
4.6
4.3
13.4
14.0
0
CO
NO2
PM
SO2
Source:
21

C. TEKANAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
PRESSURE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Punca tetap
Stationary sources
Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca tetap
Emission of pollutants from stationary sources consists
terdiri daripada sektor industri dan stesen janakuasa.
of industrial sector and power plants. In 2013, the
Pada 2013, pelepasan bagi NO2, SO2 dan CO melalui
emission of NO2, SO2 and CO through power plants
stesen janakuasa masing-masing meningkat sebanyak
station increased by 19.6 per cent, 18.1 per cent and
19.6 peratus, 18.1 peratus dan 7.9 peratus berbanding
7.9 per cent as compared to 2009. On the other hand,
2009.
the emission of PM dropped by 91.3 per cent.
Sebaliknya,
pelepasan
PM
menunjukkan
penurunan sebanyak 91.3 peratus. [Carta 1.14]
[Chart 1.14]
Carta 1.14: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui stesen janakuasa, Malaysia,
2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.14:
Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through power plants, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
2009
2013
Tan metrik (000)

Tonnes
600
523.0
500
437.3
400
300
200
100
66.7
84.9
72.0
6.9
100.3
0.6
0
CO
NO2
PM
SO2
Source:
Carta 1.15 menunjukkan pelepasan SO2, CO, PM dan
Chart 1.15 shows the emission of SO2, CO, PM and
NO2
menurun
NO2 through industries decreased by 64.2 per cent,
sebanyak 64.2 peratus. 53.8 peratus, 46.3 peratus dan
53.8 per cent, 46.3 per cent and 38.7 per cent
38.7 peratus.
respectively.
melalui
industri
masing-masing
22

C. TEKANAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
PRESSURE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Carta 1.15: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara daripada punca tetap melalui industri, Malaysia,
2009 dan 2013
Chart 1.15:
Emission of pollutants to the air from stationary sources through industries, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
2009
2013
Tan metrik (000)

Tonnes
87.8
90
80
70
53.8
60
48.0
50
40
30
16.9
20
17.2
13.6
7.8
7.3
10
0
CO
NO2
PM
SO2
Source:
23

UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
D.1 Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara
D.1 National Policy on Climate Change
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara dijadikan panduan
The National Policy on Climate Change facilitate the
dalam mengintegrasikan isu perubahan iklim dalam
integration of climate change considerations into
perancangan dan pelaksanaan program pembangunan
planning
dan
menggalakkan
programmes and decision-making processes; to foster
lestari
dan
sustainable economic and human development; as well
pembangunan insan serta pemuliharaan alam sekitar.
as environmental conservation. It complements existing
Dasar ini melengkapi dasar yang sedia ada dan
policies
mengambil kira prinsip konvensyen antarabangsa
conventions on global concerns. National responses on
di peringkat global. Tindakan kerajaan mengenai
climate change in all sectors will be directed towards
perubahan
the following strategic thrusts.
proses
membuat
pertumbuhan
keputusan,
ekonomi
iklim
secara
dalam
semua
sektor
adalah
and
implementation
and
takes
of
cognisance
development
of
international
berdasarkan kepada teras strategik seperti berikut:
1.
1.
Menyelaras pengharmonian dasar sedia ada

melalui
pendekatan
adaptasi
dan
address climate change adaptation and mitigation
mitigasi
in a balanced manner;
perubahan iklim secara seimbang;
2.
2.
Merangka pembangunan yang berdaya tahan
Institute measures to make development climate-
perubahan iklim melalui ekonomi rendah karbon
resilient through low carbon economy to enhance
bagi
global competitiveness and attain environmentally
meningkatkan
daya
saing
global
dan
sustainable socio-economic growth;
mencapai pertumbuhan sosioekonomi yang lestari;
3.
Facilitate the harmonisation of existing policies to
Menyokong
pembangunan
dan
3.
pelaburan
Support
climate-resilient
development
and
termasuk pembangunan industri yang berdaya
investment including industrial development in
tahan
pursuit of sustainable socio-economic growth;
perubahan
iklim
dalam
mencapai
pertumbuhan sosioekonomi yang lestari;
4.
secara
5.
4.
Menerap langkah-langkah adaptasi dan mitigasi

seimbang
untuk
Adopt
balanced
measures
mengukuhkan
to
adaptation
and
strengthen
mitigation
environmental
pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan menggalakkan
conservation and promote sustainability of natural
kelestarian sumber asli;
resources;
5.
Memantapkan dasar tenaga dengan mengambil

kira
amalan
pengurusan
yang
Consolidate
the
energy
policy
incorporating
management practices that enhances renewable
meningkatkan
energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE);
tenaga diperbaharui (RE) dan kecekapan tenaga

(EE);
6.
Menginstitusikan
langkah-langkah
untuk
6.
Institutionalise measures to integrate crosscutting
mengintegrasikan isu rentas sektor ke dalam
issues in policies, plans, programmes and projects
dasar, rancangan, program dan projek bagi
in order to increase resilience to climate change;
meningkatkan daya tahan terhadap perubahan

iklim;
24

UDARA/ATMOSFERA
7.
8.
Menyokong
proses
membuat
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
7.
keputusan
knowledge-based
decision
making
berasaskan pengetahuan melalui penyelidikan dan
through intensive climate related research and
pembangunan mengenai iklim secara intensif dan
development and capacity building of human
pembinaan keupayaan sumber manusia;
resources;
8.
Meningkatkan kerjasama melalui komunikasi dan
Improve
collaboration
penyelarasan yang cekap di kalangan pihak
communication
berkepentingan
stakeholders
untuk
melaksanakan
respons
and
for
through
coordination
effective
efficient
among
all
implementation
of
climate change responses;
perubahan iklim yang berkesan;
9.
Support
9.
Meningkatkan kesedaran dan penglibatan orang
Increase awareness and community participation
awam untuk menggalakkan respons perubahan
to promote behavioural responses to climate
iklim; dan
change; and
10. Mengukuhkan
perubahan
penglibatan
iklim
di
dalam
peringkat
10. Strengthen
program
involvement
in
international
programmes on climate change based on the
antarabangsa
berdasarkan prinsip tanggungjawab sama beban
principle
berbeza dan keupayaan tersendiri.
responsibilities and respective capabilities.
25
of
common
but
differentiated

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Pengenalan
A.1 Introduction
Malaysia terletak di kawasan lembap tropika yang kaya
Malaysia is located in a humid tropical area is rich in
dengan sumber air. Air digunakan dalam pelbagai aktiviti
water resources. Water is used in numerous daily
harian terutamanya bagi penggunaan domestik, industri
activities mainly in domestic use, industrial and irrigation
dan
juga
in agriculture. Water is also used in aquaculture,
digunakan dalam akuakultur, eko-pelancongan, aktiviti
eco-tourism, social activities, mining and hydroelectric
sosial, perlombongan dan pengeluaran hidroelektrik.
production.
Permintaan terhadap air telah meningkat seiring dengan
The demand for water has been increased as population
pertumbuhan penduduk dan peningkatan taraf hidup.
grows and improvement in the standard of living. Water
Masalah kekurangan air perlu diatasi memandangkan ia
shortage should be overcome since it would affect
boleh menjejaskan aktiviti kemanusiaan dan ekonomi.
human
Oleh itu, pengurusan sumber air hendaklah diberi
management of water resources should be addressed in
perhatian supaya dapat memenuhi permintaan pengguna
order to meet the increasing demand.
pengairan
dalam
sektor
pertanian.
Air
and
economic
activities.
As
such,
the
yang semakin meningkat.
A.2 Sumber air
A.2 Water resources
Sumber air terdiri daripada air permukaan dan air bawah
Water resources come from surface water and ground
tanah. Air permukaan adalah air yang mengalir di
water. Surface water flows on the surface of the earth.
permukaan bumi. Ini termasuk air di dalam sungai, tasik,
This includes water in rivers, lakes, coastal and run-offs.
pantai
In Malaysia, 98.0 per cent of water supply is from surface
dan
air
larian
permukaan.
Di
Malaysia,
98.0 peratus bekalan air adalah daripada air permukaan
water
while
the
remaining
is
from
groundwater.
manakala selebihnya daripada air bawah tanah. Air
Groundwater is an alternative source of water especially
bawah tanah berperanan sebagai sumber air alternatif
in areas where surface water supply is inadequate or
terutama di kawasan tiada bekalan air atau bekalan air
unavailable.
tidak mencukupi.
29

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air sungai
B.1 River water quality
melaksanakan
The Department of Environment (DOE) has been
pemantauan sungai sejak 1978 bagi mewujudkan
conducting monitoring of river since 1978, primarily to
baselines dan mengesan perubahan dalam kualiti air
establish baselines and to detect water quality changes
sungai serta mengenal pasti sumber pencemaran. Pada
in river water quality and has since been extended to
2013, terdapat sebanyak 891 stesen manual yang
identifying of pollution sources as well. In 2013, a total of
terletak di dalam 140 sungai di seluruh Malaysia.
891 manual stations located within 140 river basins
[Lampiran 8A, 8B dan 8C]. Sampel air yang diambil dari
throughout Malaysia [Appendix 8A, 8B and 8C]. Water
stesen pengawasan dianalisis untuk mengukur Indeks
samples collected from monitoring stations are analysed
Kualiti Air (IKA).
to derive the Water Quality Index (WQI).
Pengkelasan Air
Water Classification
Kualiti air sungai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori
The river water quality is classified into three categories
iaitu Bersih, Sederhana Tercemar dan Tercemar seperti
i.e. Clean, Slightly Polluted and Polluted as shown in
di Lampiran 5. Data kualiti air yang diperolehi akan
Appendix 5. Water quality data were used to determine
digunakan untuk menentukan status kualiti air sungai
the water quality status whether in Clean, Slightly
sama ada Bersih, Sederhana Tercemar atau Tercemar.
Polluted or Polluted category. The classification of river
Pengkelasan sungai kepada Kelas I, II, III, IV dan V di-
water in Class I, II, III, IV or V based on WQI and Interim
laksanakan setiap tahun berdasarkan IKA dan Interim
National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS)
Standard Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (INWQS). [Lampiran 6]
every year. [Appendix 6]
Indeks Kualiti Air
Water Quality Index
IKA dikira berdasarkan enam parameter utama iaitu
WQI is computed based on six main parameters
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5), Keperluan Oksigen
comprised of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5),
Kimia (COD), Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Pepejal
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Terampai (SS), nilai pH dan Oksigen Terlarut (DO).
(NH3-N),
[Lampiran 6]. Parameter lain seperti logam berat dan
Dissolved Oxygen (DO). [Appendix 6]. Other parameters
bakteria akan turut diukur bersesuaian dengan keperluan
such as heavy metals and bacteria would be measured
lapangan.
according to site requirement.
Jabatan
Alam
Sekitar
(JAS)
telah
30
Suspended
Solids
(SS),
pH
value
and

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
B.2 River water quality status
Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N) adalah komponen nitrogen
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) is a component of nitrogen
yang digunakan sebagai penunjuk untuk menentukan
which is adopted as an indicator to determine pollution by
pencemaran oleh kumbahan. Ia terhasil daripada aktiviti
sewage. It is formed from microbiology activity and
mikrobiologi dan biasanya wujud di dalam air permukaan
usually exists inside surface water and groundwater. The
dan air bawah tanah. Sumber utama bagi bahan
main sources of NH3-N were domestic sewage and
pencemar NH3-N adalah kumbahan domestik dan ladang
livestock farming.
ternakan.
Peratusan lembangan sungai bersih daripada NH3-N
The percentage of clean river basins that is free from
menurun kepada 29.3 peratus pada 2013 berbanding
NH3-N decreased to 29.3 per cent in 2013 as compared
39.1
peratusan
to 39.1 per cent in 2009. The decreased in the
langsung
percentage of clean river basins indirectly increased the
peratus
lembangan
pada
sungai
2009.
bersih
Penurunan
secara
tidak
menyebabkan peratusan bagi lembangan sungai yang
percentage
of
slightly
polluted
river
basins
to
sederhana tercemar meningkat kepada 41.4 peratus.
41.4 per cent. Meanwhile, the percentage of polluted
Sementara itu, peratusan lembangan sungai yang
river basins increased to 29.3 per cent. [Chart 2.1]
tercemar meningkat kepada 29.3 peratus. [Carta 2.1]

Carta 2.1: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Ammoniakal Nitrogen,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 2.1:
Status of river water quality based on Ammoniacal Nitrogen pollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Peratus
Per cent
46.1
50
47.9
45.7
41.4
39.1
40
32.9
28.0
30
29.4
29.3
25.0
24.5
27.1
25.0
29.3
29.3
20
10
0
2009
2010
Bersih
Clean
2011
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
2012
2013
Tercemar
Polluted

Source: Department of Environment
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5) merujuk kepada
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) refers to the
ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan untuk
amount of dissolved oxygen required for the bacterial
mengurai bakteria dalam sisa organik di dalam sampel
decomposition of organic waste in water samples. The
air. Pertambahan BOD5 di dalam lembangan sungai
increase in BOD5 in river basins is commonly due to
kebiasaannya disebabkan oleh sisa kumbahan yang
untreated or partially treated sewage, discharge from
tidak dirawat atau separa rawat daripada industri asas
agro-based and manufacturing industries.
tani dan pembuatan.
31

B. KEADAAN
STATE
BOD5
There was no clean river basins that is free from BOD5
dilaporkan pada 2013. Bilangan lembangan sungai
reported in 2013. The number of slightly polluted river
sederhana tercemar turut menurun kepada 32.9 peratus
basins also decreased to 32.9 per cent while the polluted
manakala
river basins increased 25.0 per cent to 67.1 per cent.
Tiada
lembangan
sungai
lembangan
bersih
sungai
daripada
tercemar
meningkat
25.0 peratus kepada 67.1 peratus. [Carta 2.2]
[Chart 2.2]
Carta 2.2: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 2.2: Status of river water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand pollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Peratus
Per cent
67.1
70
57.1
55.2
60
51.0
49.3
50
42.1
40.7
36.4
40
32.9
29.4
30
19.6
20
8.6
8.4
10
2.2
0
2009
2010
2011
Sederhana Tercemar
Sederhana
Tercemar
Slightly
Polluted
Slightly Polluted
Bersih
Bersih
Clean
Clean
2012
2013
Tercemar
Tercemar
Polluted
Polluted

Source:
Pepejal Terampai
Suspended Solids
Pepejal Terampai (SS) berpunca daripada hakisan tanah
Suspended Solids (SS) is caused by soil erosion and
dan mendapan daripada pembangunan kawasan tanah
sedimentation from the development in highlands and
tinggi dan pembukaan tanah untuk pembalakan dan
clearance of land for logging and mining. It is resulted in
perlombongan. Ia akan mengakibatkan peningkatan SS
the increase of SS and affects water quality in the river
dan perubahan kepada kualiti air di dalam lembangan
basins.
sungai.
Pada 2013, peratusan lembangan sungai bersih daripada
In 2013, the percentage of clean river basins that is free
SS
berbanding
from SS rose to 75.0 per cent as compared to
peratusan
37.8 per cent in 2009. On the other hand, the percentage
37.8
meningkat
peratus
lembangan
kepada
pada
sungai
75.0
2009.
yang
peratus
Sebaliknya,
sederhana
tercemar
of slightly polluted and polluted river basins dropped to
dan
17.1 per cent and 7.9 per cent respectively. [Chart 2.3]
tercemar masing-masing menurun kepada 17.1 peratus

dan 7.9 peratus. [Carta 2.3]
32

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Carta 2.3: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar Pepejal Terampai,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 2.3:
Status of river water quality based on Suspended Solids pollutant, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Peratus
Per cent
80
75.0
68.6
70
56.4
60
47.6
50
39.8
37.8
33.6
40
25.0
22.4
30
18.8
18.6
20.0
20
17.1
11.4
7.9
10
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Bersih
Bersih
Sederhana
Tercemar
Sederhana Tercemar
Tercemar
Tercemar
Clean
Slightly Polluted
Polluted
Polluted
Polluted

Logam berat
Heavy metal
Logam berat ialah logam yang mempunyai molekul tinggi
Heavy metals are metals with high molecules such as
seperti kuprum, zink, kadmium, nikel, plumbum, arsenik
copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercury
dan raksa yang biasa digunakan dalam industri untuk
usually used by industries in their production. Heavy
menghasilkan pengeluaran. Pencemaran logam berat
metal pollution usually occurs when inadequately treated
biasanya terjadi apabila pembuangan sisa tidak dirawat
waste water by the industrial sector is discharged into the
dengan
disalurkan
river basins. The presence of heavy metals exceeding
ke dalam lembangan sungai. Kewujudan logam berat
the standard is harmful and poses risk to human health
melebihi
and environment.
sempurna
piawaian
oleh
akan
sektor
industri
memberi
kesan
yang
membahayakan kesihatan manusia dan alam sekitar.
33

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Punca pencemaran air
C.1 Sources of water pollution
Penurunan kualiti air sungai merupakan fenomena yang
The decrease in river water quality is phenomenon that
mengancam sumber air negara. Kualiti air sungai
threatened water resources. The river water quality
semakin menurun semasa ia mengalir di kawasan yang
deteriorates as it flows through populated areas. The
mempunyai
deterioration of water quality occurs in tandem with
kepadatan
Kemerosotan
kualiti
penduduk
air
berlaku
yang
seiring
tinggi.
development of the area.
dengan
pembangunan sesuatu kawasan.
C.2 Sumber air mentah
C.2 Raw water resources
menyebabkan
Lack of water supply in a number of places in the country
kekurangan bekalan air di beberapa tempat di negara ini.
is caused by the uneven rainfall distribution. That
Taburan hujan adalah tidak sekata dari musim ke musim
distribution of rainfall is uneven from season to season
dan dari tahun ke tahun. Akibatnya, aliran permukaan air
and from year to year. As a result, the surface water flow
terutama di sungai berbeza dari segi kuantiti dan
especially in rivers differs in quantity and speed.
Taburan
hujan
yang
tidak
sekata
kelajuan.
Di kawasan membangun di mana bekalan air yang
In developing areas where a large supply of water is
banyak diperlukan, air permukaan tidak mencukupi
required, the surface water during times of drought is
bagi memenuhi permintaan semasa musim kemarau.
insufficient to meet the demand for water. However
Walau bagaimanapun, semasa musim tengkujuh bekalan
during monsoon seasons the water supply exceeds the
air melebihi permintaan manakala sungai yang sedia ada
demand while the existing rivers unable to accommodate
tidak dapat menampung jumlah air permukaan dan
the total surface water which resulting to flooding.
mengakibatkan banjir.
C.3 Air permukaan
C.3 Surface water
Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar
Freshwater aquaculture production
Akuakultur merupakan industri yang dikenal pasti boleh
Aquaculture is the industry that has been identified to
berkembang dengan pesat dalam sektor perikanan.
expand rapidly in the fisheries sector. Realising the
Menyedari kepentingannya, pihak kerajaan memasukkan
importance of this sector, the government includes it into
bidang ini ke dalam program transformasi di bawah
the transformation programme under National Key
Bidang Ekonomi Utama Negara (NKEA). Akuakultur
Economic
terbahagi
freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture.
kepada
akuakultur
air
tawar
dan
air
Area
(NKEA).
Aquaculture
consists
of
payau/masin.
Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dijangka
The total production of freshwater aquaculture is
meningkat
expected
155.4
ribu
sebanyak
tan
37.7
metrik
peratus
pada
2010
daripada
to
increase
by
37.7
per
cent
from
155.4 thousand tonnes in 2010 to 214.0 thousand tonnes
kepada
214.0 ribu tan metrik pada 2014. [Carta 2.4]
in 2014. [Chart 2.4]
34

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Carta 2.4: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Chart 2.4:
Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Tan metrik (000)

Tonnes
250
214.0
200
163.8
155.4
132.9
122.2
150
100
50
0
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2012
e
2014e
2014
2013p
2013
Sumber: Jabatan Perikanan

Source:
Department of Fisheries
Carta 2.5 menunjukkan jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur
Chart 2.5 shows the total freshwater aquaculture
air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan pada 2010 dan 2014.
production by culture system in 2010 and 2014. The total
Jumlah pengeluaran bagi sistem ternakan kandang
production for pen culture system is estimated to
dijangka menurun sebanyak 98.5 peratus pada 2014.
decrease by 98.5 per cent in 2014. Ponds are expected
Kolam dijangka menjana hasil pengeluaran tertinggi
to generate the highest production of 149 thousand
sebanyak 149 ribu tan metrik berbanding sistem ternakan
tonnes as compared to other culture systems.
lain.
Carta 2.5: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2014
Chart 2.5: Total freshwater aquaculture production by culture system, Malaysia, 2010 and 2014
2010
2010
2014e
2014
Tan metrik (000)

Tonnes
160
149.0
140
120
100
92.8
80
60
32.1
40
20.8
20
0
Kolam
Ponds
Bekas
Lombong
Ex-mining pool
27.4
22.6
9.8
4.2 9.0
Sangkar
Cages
Tangki
simen
Cement tank
0.4 0.9
0.4
Tangki
Kanvas
Canvas tank
Kandang
Pen culture

Source: Department of Fisheries
35

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.4 Penggunaan baja
C.4 The use of fertilisers
Baja
Fertilisers
Baja ialah sebatian kimia yang diberikan kepada
Fertilisers are chemical compounds applied to stimulate
tumbuhan
plant growth and increase crop yield. There are two types
untuk
menggalakkan
pertumbuhan
dan
of fertilisers:
meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Baja terbahagi kepada dua

jenis:
i. Baja organik
i. Organic fertiliser
Baja organik atau baja asli dihasilkan menggunakan
Organic or natural fertiliser is composed mainly from
bahan
organic
organik
atau
daripada
pereputan
ii. Baja bukan organik

bukan
dihasilkan
decayed
plant/animal/living
ii. Inorganic fertilisers
organik
melalui
or
organism.
tumbuhan/haiwan/organisma hidup.
Baja
material
atau
proses
baja
kimia
Inorganic or chemical fertilisers/artificial fertilisers are
kimia/buatan
mudah
manufactured by a simple chemical process with
yang
inorganic chemical materials or minerals.
menggunakan bahan kimia bukan organik atau galian.
36

D.1 Kempen Kesedaran Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan
D.1 National Water Conservation Campaign
Program Kempen Air di Selangor, W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Water Campaign Program in Selangor, W.P. Kuala
dan
Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya have been implemented to
W.P.
Putrajaya
telah
dilaksanakan
bertujuan
isu
provide information to the people on the issue of water
kekurangan bekalan air di Selangor. Program ini
shortage in Selangor that is expected to occur by 2014.
dianjurkan bagi menyebarkan maklumat dan memberi
The
kesedaran kepada masyarakat tentang pentingnya isu
information and create awareness among the community
pembekalan air di ketiga-tiga negeri ini untuk ditangani
about the importance of water in these three states to be
bersama. Di antara program yang dilaksanakan adalah
addressed
seperti berikut:
implemented are as follows:
i.
i.
memberi
penjelasan
kepada
rakyat
tentang
Iklan di pawagam ditayangkan di 10 buah pawagam
ii.
programmes
are
together.
organised
Among
to
the
disseminate
programmes
Advertisement was screened in 10 cinemas located
di kawasan Selangor, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan
in
W.P. Putrajaya. Ia telah ditayangkan bermula pada
Putrajaya. It was screened starting in November
November sehingga Disember 2012;
until December 201;
ii.
Bus wrap pada 51 buah unit bas yang meliputi

Selangor
dan
menyampaikan
W.P.
Kuala
Lumpur
untuk
mesej
tentang
Kempen
Hargai
Selangor,
W.P.
Kuala
Lumpur
and
W.P.
Bus wrap on 51 units of bus covering Selangor and

W.P. Kuala Lumpur to deliver messages about
Water Campaign; and
Air; dan
iii.
iii. Micro site untuk dimuat naik di laman web
Micro site to be uploaded on Ministry of Energy,
Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air bagi
Green Technology and Water website to give
memberi penjelasan dan fakta sebenar kepada
explanations and facts to consumers on issues
pengguna berhubung isu bekalan air di negeri
related to water supply in Selangor, W.P. Kuala
Selangor, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya.
Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya.
Laman web Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air (www.kettha.gov.my)

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
37

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Persekitaran marin
A.1 Marine environment
serta
Malaysia is blessed with numerous islands, coastal and
kawasan pantai dan laut yang mana persekitarannya
marine areas where the environment is rich in aquatic
kaya
resources. Marine water quality plays an important role in
Malaysia
dikurniakan
dengan
dengan
sumber
banyak
akuatik.
pulau
Kualiti
air
marin
the conservation of this natural resources.
memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pemuliharaan

sumber alam semulajadi ini.
Pada
2014,
jumlah
pengeluaran
akuakultur
In
air
2014,
total
estimated
production
payau/masin dianggarkan 70.4 peratus daripada jumlah
brackishwater/marine
pengeluaran akuakultur negara manakala 29.6 peratus
70.4 per cent of the total aquaculture production while the
daripada
remaining 29.6 per cent was from freshwater production.
pengeluaran
air
tawar.
Pengeluaran
ini
production
rose
aquaculture
of
by
24.3
contributed
meningkat sebanyak 24.3 peratus daripada 581.0 ribu
This
tan metrik pada 2010 kepada 722.4 ribu tan metrik pada
581.0 thousand tonnes in 2010 to 722.4 thousand tonnes
per
cent
from
2014. [Carta 3.1]
in 2014. [Chart 3.1]
Carta 3.1: Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar dan air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Chart 3.1:
Production of freshwater and brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Tan metrik ('000)

Tonnes
800
722.4
700
600
634.4
581.0
530.2
526.5
508.4
470.6
500
425.6
404.3
397.3
400
300
200
214.0
155.4
122.2
163.8
132.9
100
Tahun
0
2010
2011
2012
2014e
2013
Air tawar
Air payau/masin
Jumlah pengeluaran
Freshwater
Brackishwater/marine
Total production
Year

Source: Department of Fisheries
41

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Kualiti air marin
B.1 Marine water quality
Program Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Kebangsaan
Marine
telah dimulakan pada 1978 di Semenanjung Malaysia
commenced in 1978 for Peninsular Malaysia and was
dan diperluaskan ke Sabah dan Sarawak pada 1985 bagi
extended to Sabah and Sarawak in 1985 to protect the
memelihara kualiti air marin daripada pembangunan
quality of marine water from surrounding development.
sekelilingnya. Stesen pemantauan air marin diwujudkan
Monitoring stations has been established at estuaries
di kuala sungai dan pantai bagi memantau perubahan
and coastal areas to monitor marine water quality.
Water
Quality
Monitoring
Programme
kualiti air marin.
Pada 2012, JAS telah membangunkan Indeks Kualiti Air
In 2012, DOE has developed Marine Water Quality Index
Marin (IKAM). IKAM merupakan bacaan yang digunakan
(MWQI). The MWQI reading is used to measure the
untuk mengukur status kualiti air marin mengikut
status of marine water quality by category. The index
kategori. Indeks ini dibangunkan berdasarkan tujuh
was developed based on seven main parameters which
parameter utama terdiri daripada Oksigen Terlarut (DO),
are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate
Nitrat (NO3), Fosfat (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3),
(PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil &
Koliform Tinja, Minyak & Gris (O&G) dan Jumlah Pepejal
Grease (O&G) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).
Terampai (TSS).
Nilai indeks dengan skala di antara 0 hingga 100
The index value with scales between 0 to 100 designate
menetapkan kategori kualiti air daripada tahap Tercemar
the assigned categories of water quality ranging from
hingga Terbaik.
Excellent to Poor.
Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin
Marine Water Quality Index classification
Nilai indeks
Kategori
Index value
Category
90 -100
Terbaik/Excellent
80 - <90
Baik/Good
50 - <80
Sederhana/Moderate
0 - <50
Tercemar/Poor
Air bagi Kelas 1 dan Kelas 2 diklasifikasikan di bawah
The Class 1 and Class 2 waters classified under Marine
Standard Interim Kualiti Air Marin (MWQCS) memerlukan
Water
nilai
dan
generally require index values equal to or greater than 80
sekurang-kurangnya berada di kategori kualiti air Baik.
and are categorised at least as Good water quality. The
Air
Class 3 waters of the MWQCS are generally within the
indeks
Kelas
sama
dalam
atau
lebih
MWQCS
daripada
berada
di
80
kategori
Sederhana IKAM. [Lampiran 7]
Quality
Criteria
and
Standards
(MWQCS)
Moderate category of the MWQI. [Appendix 7]
42

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai
Marine water quality status at coastal areas
Secara keseluruhannya, status kualiti air marin di
Overall, marine water quality status at coastal areas
kawasan
stesen
showed most of the stations recorded Moderate level
mencatatkan bacaan tahap Sederhana bagi tempoh
readings for the period 2011-2013. Four stations
2011-2013. Empat stesen mencatatkan tahap Terbaik
recorded Excellent level in 2013. [Chart 3.2a]
pantai
menunjukkan
kebanyakan
pada 2013. [Carta 3.2a]
Carta 3.2a: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Chart 3.2a:
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Tahun
Year
2013
2012
15
125
32
4r
2011
111
102r
39
20
11
40
60
80
10r
100
120
Bilangan stesen
160 Number of stations
140
Terbaik
Baik
Sederhana
Tercemar
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Poor

Source:
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala
Marine water quality status at estuary areas
Pada 2013, daripada 76 stesen dianalisis bagi tujuan
In 2013, out of 76 stations analysed for the MWQI, 54
IKAM di stesen kuala, 54 stesen (71.1%) mencatatkan
stations (71.1%) at estuary areas recorded Moderate
bacaan tahap Sederhana. Ini diikuti oleh tahap Tercemar
level readings. This was followed by Poor level (18.4%),
(18.4%), tahap Baik (9.2%) dan tahap Terbaik (1.3%).
Good
[Carta 3.2b]
[Chart 3.2b]
43
level
(9.2%)
and
Excellent
level
(1.3%).

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Carta 3.2b: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Chart 3.2b:
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Tahun
Year
2013
2012
2011
54
14
48
12
50
10
20
12
30
40
50
60
Bilangan stesen
70
Terbaik
Baik
Sederhana
Tercemar
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Poor

Source:
Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau
Marine water quality status at island areas
Pada 2013, daripada 90 stesen dianalisis bagi tujuan
In 2013, out of 90 stations analysed for the MWQI, 50
IKAM di stesen pulau, 50 stesen (55.6%) mencatatkan
stations (55.6%) at island areas recorded Moderate level
bacaan tahap Sederhana. Ini diikuti oleh tahap Baik
readings. This was followed by Good level (37.8%), Poor
(37.8%), tahap Tercemar (5.6%) dan tahap Terbaik
level (5.6%) and Excellent level (1.1%). [Chart 3.2c]
(1.1%). [Carta 3.2c]
Carta 3.2c: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Chart 3.2c:
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Tahun
Year
2013
34
18r
13
2012
17r
2011
0
10
50
17
20
3r
52r
50
30
40
50
60
Terbaik
Baik
Sederhana
Excellent
Good
Moderate
70
80
Bilangan stesen
Tercemar
Poor

Source:
44

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Tumpahan minyak
Kerosakan
C.1 Oil spills
mekanikal,
pelanggaran
kapal
Mechanical failure, vessel collision and vessel/fire
dan
explosion are the caused of oil spills cases.
letupan/kebakaran kapal adalah antara punca kes

tumpahan minyak.
Pengendalian kargo
Cargo throughput
Pada 2013, Semenanjung Malaysia mencatatkan jumlah
In 2013, Peninsular Malaysia recorded the highest total
kargo yang dikendalikan tertinggi iaitu 304.9 juta tan
cargo throughput at 304.9 million tonnes, an increase of
metrik meningkat 36.2 peratus berbanding 2009. Ini
36.2 per cent as compared to 2009. This was followed
diikuti oleh Sarawak (60.6 juta tan metrik) dan Sabah
by Sarawak (60.6 million tonnes) and Sabah (27.4 million
(27.4 juta tan metrik). [Carta 3.3]
tonnes). [Chart 3.3]
Carta 3.3: Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 3.3:
Pelabuhan
Port
2013
Bintulu
Johor
4,359
3,723
Kemaman
Klang
137,692
200,278
19,332
10,273
9,578
6,892
6,429
5,633
13,107
14,048
29,431
23,782
2,126
4,737
27,418
24,770
478
462
6,762
4,634
4,179
4,018
Kuantan
Kuching
Miri
Port Dickson
Pulau Pinang
Rajang
Sabah
2009
42,476
36,430
26,979
25,234
Tanjung Bruas
Tanjung Pelepas
Teluk Ewa
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Tan metrik (juta)

Tonnes (million)
1
Meliputi semua pelabuhan di Sabah

Covered all ports in Sabah
Sumber: Statistik Pengangkutan Malaysia, 2013

Source:
45
Transport Statistics Malaysia, 2013

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.2 Hakisan pantai
C.2 Coastal erosion
manusia
The cause of the erosion is due to human activities that
yang memberi kesan langsung atau kesan sampingan
have a direct impact or side effects to coastal areas and
terhadap kawasan pantai dan pesisirnya. Punca hakisan
shorelines. The causes of erosion consist of natural and
terdiri daripada semula jadi dan aktiviti manusia. Hakisan
human activities. Coastal erosion are classified into three
pantai diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kategori iaitu Kategori
categories
1 (Unacceptable), Kategori 2 (Significant) dan Kategori 3
Category 2 (Significant) and Category 3 (Acceptable).
Punca
hakisan
disebabkan
aktiviti
namely
of
Category
(Unacceptable),
(Acceptable).
Sebanyak 1,406.1 km (29.2%) daripada 4,809 km pantai
From 4,809 km national coastal area, 1,406.1 km (29.2%)
negara mengalami hakisan pada 2012. Pantai yang
involved with erosion in 2012. Coastal erosion by
mengalami
Category 1, 2 and 3 were 297.6 km (21.1%), 192.0 km
hakisan
bagi
Kategori
1,
dan
(13.7%) and 916.5 km (65.2%) respectively.
masing-masing 297.6 km (21.1%), 192.0 km (13.7%) dan

916.5 km (65.2%).
Carta 3.4: Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012

Chart 3.4:
Kategori/Category 3
65.2%
Kategori/Category 1
21.1%
Kategori/Category 2
13.7%
Jumlah/Total = 1,406.1 km
Sumber: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
Source:
46
Department of Irrigation and Drainage

D.1
Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)
D.1 Aquaculture Industry Zone (ZIA)
negara
Malaysia is one of the mega-biodiversity countries in the
mega-biodiversiti di dunia yang kaya dengan pelbagai
world which is blessed with varieties of species and
spesies dan ekosistem. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti
ecosystem.
eksploitasi
exploitation activities has caused for certain species to be
Malaysia
adalah
salah
sumber
yang
satu
tidak
terkawal
telah
However,
uncontrolled
of
resources
mengakibatkan spesies tertentu diancam kepupusan.
threatened with extinction.
Program Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA) merupakan
The Aquaculture Industry Zone programme (ZIA) is a
program pengezonan kawasan tanah dan perairan yang
programme for zoning land and coastal areas that have
dikenalpasti sesuai untuk dibangunkan dengan projek
been identified as suitable for development of commercial
akuakultur berskala komersial sebagai salah satu strategi
scale aquaculture projects as one of the strategies to
untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran ikan, udang dan
increase the production of fish, prawn and shellfish. This
kerang-kerangan.
programme
Program
ini
dapat
memastikan
has
been
established
to
ensure
the
pengeluaran ikan dan produk ikan yang bermutu tinggi
production of fish and fish products that are of high
dihasilkan dan selamat kepada pengguna. ZIA adalah
quality and safe for consumption. ZIA are areas that have
kawasan yang mendapat kelulusan dari Kerajaan Negeri
been approved by the State Government through the
melalui
State Executive Council (MMK).
Mesyuarat
Majlis
Kerajaan
(MMK).
Objectives for creating ZIA include:
Objektif mewujudkan ZIA meliputi: :
1.
Mewujudkan
kawasan
kekal
Zon
1.
Industri
Zone;
Akuakultur;
2.
2.
Meningkatkan pengeluaran ikan selari dengan
Increase the production of fish in line with the goal

of Balance of Trade Plan;
matlamat Pelan Imbangan Dagangan;
3.
Creating permanent areas for Aquaculture Industry
Meningkatkan
pendapatan
bersih
akuakultur
kepada
sekurang-kurangnya
3.
pengusaha
Increase the net income of aquaculturists to at

least RM3,000.00 per month;
RM3,000.00 sebulan;
4.
4.
Memastikan pengeluaran ikan dan produk ikan
Ensure the production of fish and fish products that

are of high quality and safe for consumption;
yang bermutu tinggi dan selamat kepada kesihatan

pengguna;
5.
5.
Meningkatkan penglibatan sektor swasta dengan

Kerajaan
dalam
menyediakan
kawasan
Increase private sector participation through the

provision
ZIA,
of
ZIA
areas,
infrastructure
and
Department Delivery System; and
kemudahan infrastruktur dan Sistem Penyampaian

Jabatan; dan
6.
6.
Mewujudkan rantaian pengeluaran ikan akuakultur
Create a chain of efficient aquaculture fish production areas.
yang cekap.
47

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Lokasi
A.1 Location
Malaysia is located in South East Asia and lies between
Malaysia terletak di Asia Tenggara dengan garisan

o
1 and 7 latitude north of the equator and longitude 100
khatulistiwa di antara latitud 1 dan 7 utara dan longitud
100 dan 119 timur. Ia terdiri daripada 13 negeri dan tiga
and 119 east. It consists of 13 states and three Federal
Wilayah Persekutuan dengan keluasan tanah sebanyak
Territories and has a total land area of 330,396 square
330,396 kilometer persegi. Ia dipisahkan oleh Laut China
kilometres. It is separated by the South China Sea into
Selatan kepada dua kawasan, Semenanjung Malaysia
two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia
dan Malaysia Timur (Sabah, Sarawak dan W.P. Labuan).
(Sabah, Sarawak and W.P. Labuan).
Topografi
Topography
bertunjangkan
The topography of Peninsular Malaysia is characterised
Banjaran Titiwangsa yang mengunjur dari utara ke
by the Titiwangsa Range which running from north to
selatan. Banjaran Titiwangsa adalah yang terpanjang di
south. Titiwangsa Range is the longest mountain range in
Semenanjung
Topografi
Semenanjung
Malaysia
kilometer
Peninsular Malaysia, extending 480 kilometre in length
dengan ketinggian di antara 900 meter hingga 2,100
and 900 metres to 2,100 metres in height above sea
meter dari aras laut. Gunung tertinggi di Semenanjung
level. The highest mountain in Peninsular Malaysia is
Malaysia adalah Gunung Tahan.
Gunung Tahan.
Malaysia,
panjangnya
480
kawasan
The topography of Sabah is a mix of mountainous region,
bergunung-ganang, berpantai dan hutan hujan tropika.
beaches and tropical rainforest. The western side is
Di bahagian barat, kebanyakan muka buminya adalah
mostly mountainous with three of Malaysias highest
bergunung-ganang dengan tiga gunung tertinggi di
mountains while the eastern part are flat ground, low-lying
Malaysia, manakala di bahagian timur pula merupakan
swampy zones and delta. The Crocker Range is the
zon tanah rata, kawasan rendah berpaya dan delta.
longest and also the highest mountain range in Malaysia
Banjaran Crocker adalah banjaran terpanjang dan
divides the western coastal plains from the rest of Sabah
tertinggi di Malaysia yang memisahkan dataran pantai
to the south of Mount Kinabalu.
Topografi
Sabah
adalah
gabungan
barat daripada sebahagian Sabah di selatan Gunung

Kinabalu.
Topografi Sarawak menunjukkan pesisirannya yang
Sarawaks topography shows a flat coastal plain followed
mendatar, bukit bukau yang sempit dengan banjaran
by a narrow belt of hills with a sharp rise of mountainous
bergunung-ganang yang tinggi dan mengunjur sepanjang
mass extending the full length of the state. The two
negeri. Dua gunung yang tertinggi di Sarawak ialah
highest peaks in Sarawak are Mount Murud and Mount
Gunung Murud dan Gunung Mulu.
Mulu.
51

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.2 Tanah bencah
A.2 Wetlands
Pengenalan
Introduction
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(Ramsar) telah dirasmikan pada 1971 di Ramsar, Iran.
(Ramsar) was launched in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. Ramsar
Ramsar merupakan perjanjian di antara kerajaan yang
is
menyediakan rangka kerja untuk tindakan nasional dan
framework
kerjasama
cooperation for the conservation and wise use of
antarabangsa
bagi
pemuliharaan
dan
an
inter-governmental
for
national
treaty
action
that
and
provides
the
international
penggunaan lestari tanah bencah dan sumber.
wetlands and their resources.
Malaysia menandatangani Konvensyen Ramsar pada
Malaysia signed the Ramsar Convention in 1994 with
1994 dengan Tasek Bera, Pahang merupakan tapak
Tasek Bera, Pahang being nominated as the countrys
Ramsar pertama di negara ini. Johor mempunyai
first Ramsar site. Johor has the highest number of
bilangan tapak Ramsar terbanyak di Malaysia iaitu tiga
Ramsar sites in Malaysia, with three sites located at
tapak yang terletak di Sungai Pulai, Pulau Kukup dan
Sungai Pulai, Pulau Kukup and Tanjung Piai. Kuching
Tanjung Piai. Kuching Wetlands di Sarawak dan Lower
Wetlands in Sarawak and Lower Kinabatangan-Segama
Kinabatangan-Segama Wetlands di Sabah juga telah
Wetlands in Sabah has also been designated as a
diiktiraf sebagai tapak Ramsar.
Ramsar site.
Definisi
Definition
bencah
The Ramsar Convention defines wetlands as areas of
sebagai kawasan berpaya, rawa, tanah gambut atau
marshes, fen, peat land or water whether natural or
berair sama ada secara semula jadi atau buatan, kekal
artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static,
atau sementara, dengan air yang statik, mengalir, segar,
flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine
payau atau masin termasuk kawasan air marin dengan
water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six
kedalamannya semasa air surut tidak melebihi enam
metres.
Konvensyen
Ramsar
mendefinisikan
tanah
meter.
Jenis tanah bencah
Type of wetlands
Ekosistem tanah bencah memainkan peranan penting
Wetlands ecosystem play an important role as a habitat
sebagai habitat dan nurseri kepada spesies tumbuhan
and nursery for plant and animal species, protection from
dan haiwan, penghalang banjir dan mendapan, penapis
flooding and erosion, filter for pollution, oxygen supplier,
pencemaran, pembekal oksigen dan sumber makanan
major food resources for humans and animals as well as
utama hidupan serta sebagai kawasan rekreasi. Terdapat
sites for recreation. There are two types of wetlands
dua jenis tanah bencah di Malaysia iaitu tanah bencah
found
semula jadi dan tanah bencah buatan. Tasik semula jadi,
man-made wetlands. Natural lakes, rivers, estuaries,
sungai, kuala, hutan paya laut, hutan paya gambut dan
mangrove forests, peat swamp forests and deltas are
delta
among the natural wetlands. Reservoirs, paddy fields and
adalah
antara
tanah
bencah
semula
jadi.
in
Malaysia
namely
natural
wetlands
and
man-made lakes are man-made wetlands.
Empangan, sawah padi dan tasik buatan manusia adalah

antara tanah bencah buatan.
52

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Hutan paya gambut
Peat swamp forest
Hutan paya gambut adalah jenis hutan tanah bencah
Peat swamp forest is the largest wetland forest type in
terbesar di Malaysia. Ia merupakan ekosistem yang unik
Malaysia. It is a unique ecosystem and important as a
dan sangat bernilai sebagai sumber balak, penampan
timber resource, flood mitigation, groundwater recharge
banjir, recaj air bawah tanah dan sebagai pembekal air.
and
Hutan paya gambut digambarkan dengan lapisan tebal
characterised by a thick layer of peat which can reach up
gambut yang boleh mencapai sehingga 30 meter,
to 30 metres and composed of mainly semi-decayed plant
kebanyakannya merupakan bahan tumbuhan separa
material accumulated over thousands of years.
for
water
supply.
Peat
swamp
forests
are
mereput yang terkumpul sehingga ribuan tahun.
ia
Peat swamp forest is extremely important because of the
menampung spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan endemik dan
endemic plant species and the endangered animals they
haiwan terancam. Ia juga merupakan habitat air tawar
support. They are also regarded as significant freshwater
penting yang memerlukan perlindungan.
habitats which need protection.
Keluasan hutan paya gambut terbesar dari 2009 hingga
The largest area of peat swamp forest from 2009 to 2013
2013 terdapat di Sarawak diikuti oleh Semenanjung
is found in Sarawak, followed by Peninsular Malaysia and
Malaysia dan Sabah. Pada 2013, keluasan hutan paya
Sabah. In 2013, the area of peat swamp forest in Sabah
gambut di Sabah dan Sarawak masing-masing kekal
and Sarawak remained the same at 120.0 thousand
pada 120.0 ribu hektar dan 704.5 ribu hektar. Sementara
hectares and 704.5 thousand hectares respectively.
itu, keluasan di Semenanjung Malaysia meningkat
Meanwhile, the area in Peninsular Malaysia increased to
kepada 255.0 ribu hektar. [Carta 4.1]
255.0 thousand hectares. [Chart 4.1]
Hutan
paya
gambut
sangat
penting
kerana
Carta 4.1: Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 4.1:
Area of peat swamp forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Semenanjung Malaysia
Sabah
Sarawak
Peninsular Malaysia
Hektar ('000)
Hectares
800
705.9
705.6
705.0
704.5
704.5
300
241.5
242.9
242.9
242.9
255.0
200
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
700
600
500
400
100
Tahun
Year
Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Source:
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak
53

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Hutan paya laut
Mangrove forest
Hutan paya laut merupakan ekosistem yang unik.
Mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem. They are
Kebiasaannya, ia ditemui di sepanjang kawasan pantai
generally found along sheltered coasts where they grow
terlindung dan tumbuh dengan subur di tanah masin dan
abundantly in saline soil and brackishwater. Mangrove
air payau. Hutan paya laut memainkan peranan penting
forest plays an important role as a storm buffers. They
sebagai penampan ribut taufan. Ia juga menjadi habitat
also provide physical habitat, nursery grounds as well as
fizikal, nurseri dan sebagai rantaian makanan kepada
a food chain to marine organisms.
organisma marin.
Sabah mencatatkan keluasan hutan paya laut terbesar
Sabah recorded the largest area of mangrove forest from
dari 2009 hingga 2013. Pada 2013, Keluasan hutan paya
2009 to 2013. In 2013, mangrove forest areas in
laut
kepada
Peninsular Malaysia increased to 99.7 thousand hectares
99.7 ribu hektar manakala Sarawak kekal pada 112.2
while Sarawak remained the same at 112.2 thousand
ribu hektar. [Carta 4.2]
hectares. [Chart 4.2]
di
Semenanjung
Malaysia
meningkat
Carta 4.2: Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut kawasan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 4.2:
Area of mangrove forest by region, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Hektar ('000)
Sabah
Sarawak
Peninsular Malaysia
Hectares
350
300
333.0
339.5
321.9
327.9
327.9
112.6
112.5
112.2
112.2
112.2
101.8
98.8
98.9r
98.8
99.7
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
250
200
150
100
50
Tahun
Year
Source:
Di Semenanjung Malaysia, Perak diliputi 42.8 peratus
In Peninsular Malaysia, Perak constituted 42.8 per cent
keluasan hutan paya laut diikuti oleh Johor dengan
of the mangrove forest area followed by Johor with
27.3 peratus dan Selangor, 19.1 peratus. Sementara itu,
27.3 per cent and Selangor, 19.1 per cent. Meanwhile,
Melaka
masing-masing
Melaka and Negeri Sembilan recorded only 0.1 per cent
mencatatkan hanya 0.1 peratus daripada keseluruhan
of the total mangrove forest area respectively. [Chart 4.3]
dan
Negeri
Sembilan
keluasan hutan paya laut. [Carta 4.3]
54

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Carta 4.3: Peratus keluasan hutan paya laut, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013
Chart 4.3:
Percentage of mangrove forest area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
Negeri Sembilan
0.1%
Terengganu
1.0%
Melaka
0.1%
Pulau Pinang
1.0%
Pahang
2.4%
Kedah
6.2%
Selangor
19.1%
Perak
42.8%
Johor
27.3%
Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia
Source:
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
A.3 Kepelbagaian biologi daratan
A.3 Terrestrial biodiversity
Megakepelbagaian
Megadiversity
Konsep megakepelbagaian melibatkan anggaran jumlah
The concept of megadiversity involves an estimate of the
bilangan semua organisma hidup di dalam ekosistem
total number of all the organisms in an ecosystem and is
dan ini bermakna sesuatu kawasan itu mempunyai
represented by an area that comprises at least
sekurang-kurangnya 60.0 peratus daripada spesies yang
60.0 per cent of the worlds known species. A major part
diketahui
daripada
of diversity is endemism as this reflects the uniqueness
dan
of an area.
di
kepelbagaian
dunia.
tersebut
Sebahagian
adalah
besar
endemisme
ini
menggambarkan keunikan kawasan tersebut.
Kepelbagaian biologi
Biological diversity
antara
Biological diversity means the variability among living
organisma hidup daripada pelbagai sumber termasuk
organisms from various sources including terrestrial,
daratan,
ia
marine and other aquatic ecosystems; this includes
termasuklah kepelbagaian di dalam peringkat genetik,
diversity at the genetic, species and ecosystem level.
spesies dan ekosistem. Definisi ini diadaptasi daripada
This definition is adopted by the United Nations
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
Convention on Biological Diversity.
Kepelbagaian
biologi
marin
serta
bermaksud
ekosistem
variasi
akuatik
di
lain;
55

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Flora dan fauna
Flora and fauna
Malaysia merupakan negara yang kaya dengan flora dan
Malaysia is rich in flora and estimated to have
dianggarkan terdapat 17,631 spesies tumbuhan yang
17,631 species of plants which consist of 377 of algae,
merangkumi 377 alga, 1,387 briofit, 1,600 paku pakis dan
1,387 bryophyte, 1,600 species ferns and its families,
sekutunya, 61 gimnospirm, 4,180 monokotiledon dan
61
10,026 dikotiledon.
10,026 dicotyledons.
Terdapat sebanyak 9,563 spesies fauna yang meliputi
There are 9,563 species of fauna that includes
480 mamalia, 742 burung, 242 amfibia, 567 reptilia, 590
480 mammals, 742 birds, 242 amphibians, 567 reptiles,
ikan air tawar, 1,967 kupu-kupu dan 1,037 Kumbang
590 freshwater fish, 1,967 butterflies and 1,037 leaves
daun.
gymnosperm,
beetles.
4,180
monocotyledons
and
Flora dan fauna daratan terdapat di pelbagai habitat dan
The terrestrial flora and fauna are found in a range of
ekosistem iaitu dari tanah rendah hingga ke puncak
habitats and ecosystems from the lowlands to the top of
gunung yang tertinggi. Kebanyakan spesies ini adalah
the highest mountains. Many of these are unique and are
unik dan tidak ditemui di tempat lain di dunia.
not found anywhere else in the world.
Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia

Forest Biodiversity Scientific Expedition, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
56

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Keadaan alam sekitar daratan
B.1 Status of the terrestrial environment
Kawasan perlindungan/simpanan
Protected/preserved area
Definisi kawasan perlindungan yang diadaptasi oleh The
The International Union for Conservation of Nature
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
(IUCN) has adopted the definition of protected area as
ditakrifkan
sebagai
kawasan
laut
an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the
khususnya
bagi
perlindungan
pemuliharaan
protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of
kepelbagaian biologi, yang berkaitan dengan sumber
natural and associated cultural resources and managed
semula jadi dan diurus melalui perundangan ataupun
through legal or other effective means.
tanah
dan
dan/atau
cara-cara lain yang berkesan.
Taman Laut
Marine Park
Taman Laut adalah kawasan perairan laut yang dizonkan
Marine Park is a sea zoned area for a distance of two
sejauh dua batu nautika dari tikas air surut terendah,
nautical miles from the lowest sea level, except in Kapas
kecuali Pulau Kapas di Terengganu, Pulau Kuraman,
Island in Terengganu, Kuraman Island, Rusukan Besar
Pulau Rusukan Besar dan Pulau Rusukan Kecil di
Island and Rusukan Kecil Island in W.P. Labuan. These
W.P. Labuan yang dizonkan sejauh satu batu nautika
areas are zoned for a distance of one nautical mile from
dari tikas air surut terendah. Taman Laut ditubuhkan
the lowest sea level. Marine Park is established to protect
untuk melindungi dan memulihara pelbagai habitat dan
and conserve various habitat and aquatic marine life.
hidupan marin akuatik.
B.2 Perhutanan
B.2 Forestry
Pengenalan
Introduction
Hutan adalah salah satu komponen penting dalam sistem
Forest is one of the most important components of the
biofizikal Malaysia. Iklim dan keadaan tanah yang sesuai
Malaysian biophysical system. The favourable climate
menggalakkan
tropika,
and soil conditions enable largely evergreen tropical rain
terutamanya spesies hutan tanah rendah dan hutan bukit
forest to flourish, mainly species-rich lowland and hill
dipterokap. Hutan dianggap sebagai penyaman udara
dipterocarp forest. Forest can be considered as huge
yang besar, menapis hujan dan menghalang hakisan
air-conditioners. The forests intercept rainfall and prevent
tanah yang teruk. Ia juga berperanan sebagai span besar
massive erosion of the topsoil. It acts as a huge sponge
yang menyerap, menyimpan dan menyalurkan kembali
that absorbs, retains and slowly releases water back to
air dengan perlahan ke sungai serta laluan air. Hutan
the rivers and waterways. It also provides timber and
turut membekalkan produk balak dan bukan balak serta
non-timber products and is also a depository for
menjadi gedung tanaman ubatan dan kawasan simpanan
medicinal plants as well as a reservoir of biological
pelbagai biologi.
diversities.
pertumbuhan
hutan
hujan
Laman web rasmi Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia (http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my)

Department of Marine Parks Malaysia official web site
57

B. KEADAAN
STATE
hutan
Forested area classified into permanent reserved forest,
simpanan kekal, tanah kerajaan, taman hidupan liar dan
state land, wildlife reserve and other reserved areas
hutan simpan lain yang terdiri daripada beberapa jenis
which consist of various types of forests such as inland
hutan seperti hutan darat, hutan paya gambut dan hutan
forest, peat swamp forest and mangrove forest.
Kawasan
berhutan
diklasifikasikan
sebagai
paya laut.
Kawasan berhutan
Forested area
Kawasan berhutan terbesar yang dicatatkan adalah
The largest forested area was recorded in Sarawak
di Sarawak (43.3%) diikuti Semenanjung Malaysia
(43.3%) followed by Peninsular Malaysia (32.2%) and
(32.2%) dan Sabah (24.5%).
Sabah (24.5%).
Kawasan berhutan terbesar di Semenanjung Malaysia
The largest forested area in Peninsular Malaysia located
terletak di Pahang, 2.1 juta hektar (35.5%), diikuti oleh
in Pahang, 2.1 million hectares (35.5%), followed by
Perak, 1.0 juta hektar (18.0%), Kelantan, 0.8 juta hektar
Perak, 1.0 million hectares (18.0%), Kelantan, 0.8 million
(13.9%) dan Terengganu, 0.7 juta hektar (11.2%).
hectares (13.9%) and Terengganu, 0.7 million hectares
[Carta 4.4]
(11.2%). [Chart 4.4]
Carta 4.4: Peratus keluasan berhutan, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2013

Chart 4.4:
Percentage of forested area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2013
Negeri Sembilan
2.7%
Johor
8.0%
Lain-lain1
0.5%
Selangor
Kedah 4.3%
5.9%
Pahang
35.5%
Terengganu
11.2%
Kelantan
13.9%
Termasuk Melaka, Perlis,

Pulau Pinang dan W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Others include Melaka, Perlis,
Pulau Pinang and W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Perak
18.0%
Source:
58

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Aktiviti yang memberi kesan kepada tanah di

Malaysia
C.1 Activities that affect land in Malaysia
Kesan pembangunan tanah hutan
Effects on development of forest land
Pelbagai isu berkaitan pemuliharaan sumber asli dan
Various issues relating to the conservation of natural
alam sekitar banyak mendapat perhatian kebelakangan
resources and the environment has lately been given
ini, sama ada di peringkat tempatan dan antarabangsa.
much attention at local and international levels.
Keberkesanan dalam penggunaan dan pengurusan
Effective utilisation and management of forest is critically
tanah hutan amat penting. Perlindungan hutan dan
importance. Forest protection and nature conservation
pemuliharaan alam merupakan usaha untuk melindungi
are among the efforts taken to protect its resources from
sumber
harmful
hutan
daripada
aktiviti
manusia
yang
human
activities
which
deteriorate
the
mengancam alam sekitar seperti pembakaran terbuka
environment such as open burning of forest and illegal
hutan dan pembalakan haram.
logging.
C.2 Sumber hutan
C.2 Forestry resources

melibatkan
Forest resource development programmes involves the
kerja pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan kawasan yang
conservation and rehabilitation of areas that have been
telah diusahasil dan kawasan lapang terbiar di samping
harvested and abandoned spaces, as well as upgrading
meningkatkan status kandungan hutan bukan kayu.
the status of non-timber forest content. Among these
Antara aktiviti tersebut ialah tanaman mengaya, tanaman
activities are enrichment planting, mangroves planting,
bakau, ladang hutan dan tanaman kawasan lapang.
forest plantation and open space planting.
Carta 4.5 menunjukkan pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan
Chart 4.5 shows the production of major timber products
utama di Malaysia pada 2009 dan 2013. Pengeluaran
in Malaysia in 2009 and 2013. Logs production remained
kayu
the largest contributor to the production of major timber
Program
pembangunan
balak
pengeluaran
kekal
sumber
penyumbang
produk
kayu-kayan
hutan
terbanyak
dalam
utama
dengan
products with 64.0 per cent.
64.0 peratus.
Carta 4.5: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2013
Chart 4.5:
Production of major timber products, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013

2009
Meter padu (juta)
2013
Cubic meter (million)

20
18.3
18
14.4
16
14
12
10
8
6
4.2
3.9
3.9
3.6
4
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
Kayu balak
Papan lapis
Kayu gergaji
Venir
Kayu kumai
Logs
Plywood
Sawn timber
Veneer
Moulding
Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,

Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah dan Jabatan Hutan Sarawak
Source:
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia,

Sabah Forestry Department and Forests Department Sarawak
59

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Pengusahasilan hutan
Forest harvesting
Pengusahasilan hutan merupakan aktiviti mengambil dan
Forest harvesting are activities of gathering and taking out
mengeluarkan hasil hutan dan seterusnya menyumbang
forest products which contribute to the socio economic
kepada
pembangunan
growth and development. In Malaysia, forest harvesting
sosio ekonomi. Di Malaysia, aktiviti pengusahasilan
activities are controlled by legislation, policies and
hutan adalah dikawal melalui perundangan, dasar dan
operational guidelines.
perkembangan
dan
garis panduan pengoperasian.
Carta 4.6 menunjukkan keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan
Chart 4.6 shows forest area licensed for harvesting by
untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan pada 2009 dan
region in 2009 and 2013. In Peninsular Malaysia, forest
2013. Di Semenanjung Malaysia, keluasan hutan yang
area licensed for harvesting decreased by 6.6 per cent
dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan menurun sebanyak
from 86.3 thousand hectares in 2009 to 80.6 thousand
6.6 peratus daripada 86.3 ribu hektar pada 2009 kepada
hectares in 2013. Forest area licensed for harvesting in
80.6 ribu hektar pada 2013. Keluasan hutan yang
Sarawak increased by 19.8 per cent while Sabah
dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan di Sarawak meningkat
decreased to 127.5 thousand hectares.
sebanyak 19.8 peratus manakala Sabah menurun

kepada 127.5 ribu hektar.
Carta 4.6: Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut kawasan,
Chart 4.6:
Forest area licensed for harvesting by region, Malaysia, 2009 and 2013
2009
2013
Hektar ('000)
Hectares
300
230.0
250
192.0
200
131.0
150
86.3
127.5
80.6
100
50
0
Semenanjung
Malaysia
Sabah
Sarawak
Peninsular Malaysia
Source:
60

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.3 Pertanian
C.3 Agriculture
Pengenalan
Introduction
Dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMKe-10),
In the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10th MP), the agriculture
sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu daripada 12
sector is identified as one of the 12 National Key
Bidang Ekonomi Utama Negara (NKEA) yang berpotensi
Economic Areas (NKEA) which has the potential to
untuk menjana pendapatan tinggi. Seiring dengan
generate high income. Along with the growth of world
pertumbuhan
population, demand for food has increased and this
populasi
dunia,
permintaan
terhadap
contributes to national economic growth.
makanan turut meningkat dan ini menyumbang kepada

perkembangan ekonomi negara.
Walau bagaimanapun, pengeluaran pertanian boleh
However, agricultural production can give an impact to
memberi
kesan
climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions.
daripada pelepasan gas rumah hijau. Pembukaan
Opening of forested land for agriculture, usage of
kawasan hutan bagi tujuan pertanian, penggunaan racun
pesticides
perosak serta baja kimia adalah antara penyumbang
contributing factors to environmental degradation.
kesan
kepada
perubahan
cuaca,
and
chemical
fertiliser are
among
the
kepada kemerosotan persekitaran.
C.4 Pembuatan
C.4 Manufacturing
Pengenalan
Introduction
Ekonomi berasaskan pasaran serta polisi kerajaan yang
A market-oriented economy coupled with government
menyediakan perniagaan dengan peluang peningkatan
policies that provide businesses with the opportunity for
dan keuntungan telah menjadikan Malaysia sebagai
growth and profits have made Malaysia a highly
pangkalan
sangat
competitive manufacturing and export base. However,
kompetitif. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti perindustrian
the industrial activities will also lead to environmental
juga boleh mengakibatkan pencemaran alam sekitar
pollution which in turn adversely affect human health and
yang
its environment.
perkilangan
menjejaskan
dan
eksport
kesihatan
yang
manusia
dan
persekitarannya.
Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian
Industrial Production Index
Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) merangkumi
Industrial Production Index (IPI) comprises mining,
sektor perlombongan, pembuatan dan elektrik. Secara
manufacturing and electricity sectors. In overall, IPI
keseluruhannya,
menunjukkan
growth was decreased from 4.2 per cent in 2012 to
penurunan daripada 4.2 peratus pada 2012 kepada
3.4 per cent in 2013. This decline was due to the
3.4 peratus pada 2013. Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh
decrease of indices growth for mining (0.8%) and
penyusutan pertumbuhan indeks bagi perlombongan
manufacturing (4.2%). [Chart 4.7]
pertumbuhan
IPP
(0.8%) dan pembuatan (4.2%). [Carta 4.7]
61

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Carta 4.7: Pertumbuhan Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian (IPP) dan indeks sektor, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Chart 4.7:
Industrial Production Index (IPI) and sector indices growth, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Peratus
Per cent
8.0
Perlombongan
Mining
Pembuatan
Manufacturing
Elektrik
Electricity
IPP
IPI
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Tahun
Year
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
2011
2012
2013
-5.2
1.5
0.8
5.7
5.3
4.2
2.0
5.1
5.5
2.4
4.2
3.4
Perlombongan
Mining
Pembuatan
Manufacturing
Elektrik
Electricity
IPP
IPI
Pengeluaran simen
Production of cement
Simen adalah input asas kepada pengeluaran konkrit
Cement is an essential input for the production of
yang merupakan bahan utama bagi industri pembinaan.
concrete
Walau bagaimanapun, pengeluaran simen akan memberi
construction industry. However, cement production will
kesan kepada alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia yang
give an impact to the environment and human health due
disebabkan oleh pelepasan Karbon Dioksida (CO2).
to the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Pada 2013, pengeluaran simen meningkat 2.0 juta tan
In 2013, cement production increased 2.0 million tonnes
metrik daripada 19.5 juta tan metrik pada 2009 kepada
from 19.5 million tonnes in 2009 to 21.5 million tonnes.
21.5 juta tan metrik. [Carta 4.8]
[Chart 4.8]
and
primary
building
material
for
the
Carta 4.8: Pengeluaran simen, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 4.8:
Production of cement, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Tan metrik (juta)

Tonnes (million)
22.0
21.7
21.5
21.5
21.2
21.0
20.5
20.0
19.8
19.5
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.0
2009
2010
2011
62
2012
2013
Tahun
Year

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.5 Perlombongan
C.5 Mining
Perlombongan adalah aktiviti pengekstrakan mineral
Mining is an extraction activity of valuable minerals or
berharga atau bahan geologi lain dari dasar bumi.
other geological materials from the earths bed. However,
Walau
akan
mining activities will lead to the deterioration of the
menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti udara, air dan tanah
ambient air, water and soil qualities as well as
serta penduduk setempat, kesan daripada bunyi bising,
surrounding communities through noise, dust and visual
habuk dan penglihatan.
impact.
C.6 Tenaga
C.6 Energy
Permintaan dan penggunaan tenaga seperti minyak
There is increasing in demand for energy like crude oil,
mentah, gas asli dan elektrik meningkat disebabkan oleh
natural gas and electricity due to the expansion in
perkembangan
industrial and transportation sectors.
bagaimanapun,
di
aktiviti
perlombongan
sektor
perindustrian
dan
This will lead to
pengangkutan. Ini mengakibatkan bebanan pelepasan
loads of pollutant emission to the atmosphere, hence will
bahan pencemar ke ruang udara dan seterusnya boleh
deteriorate air quality.
mencemarkan kualiti udara.
Pada 2013, pengeluaran minyak mentah menurun
In 2013, crude oil production decrease by 10.7 per cent
sebanyak 10.7 peratus kepada 214.7 juta tong daripada
to 214.7 million barrels from 240.5 million barrels in 2009.
240.5 juta tong pada 2009. Sementara itu, pengeluaran
Meanwhile, net production of natural gas recorded an
bersih gas asli mencatatkan peningkatan sebanyak
increase by 24.9 per cent to 2,647.9 million standard
24.9 peratus kepada 2,647.9 juta kaki padu standard
cubic feet (MMscf). [Chart 4.9 and Chart 4.10]
(JKPS). [Carta 4.9 dan Carta 4.10]

1
Carta 4.9: Pengeluaran minyak mentah , Malaysia,

2009-2013
Carta 4.10: Pengeluaran bersih gas asli , Malaysia,

2009-2013
Chart 4.9:
Chart 4.10:
Crude oil production, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Net production of natural gas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
JKPS
MMscf
Tong (juta)
Barrels (million)
1,500,000
212.8
210
205
200
500,000
Tahun
Year
195
2009
2010
Pengeluaran minyak mentah

termasuk petroleum mentah
dan kondensat
2011
2012
2,544,305
1,000,000
214.7
215
218.7
220
2,547,555
2,000,000
2,119,355
225
238.5
230
2,500,000
240.5
235
2,496,185
240
2,647,898
3,000,000
245
Tahun
Year
0
2009
2013
Sumber/Source: PETRONAS
Crude oil production includes

crude petroleum and condensate
2010
Pengeluaran bersih:
Pengeluaran kasar gas asli
(gas bersekutu dan gas
tidak bersekutu) tolak suntikan
semula dan pembakaran
2011
2012
2013
Sumber/Source: PETRONAS
Net production: Gross production

of natural gas (associated gas
and non-associated gas) less
re-injected and flared
63

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Penjanaan tenaga elektrik
Terdapat lima jenis stesen penjanaan tenaga elektrik di
There are five types of generating electricity stations in
Malaysia iaitu stesen turbin, wap, hidro, diesel dan
Malaysia i.e. turbin, steam, hydro, diesel and others
lain-lain (biomas, arang batu dan minyak).
(biomass, coal and oil).
Penjanaan elektrik campuran
Generation of electricity mix
daripada
Turbine gas contributed 49.0 percent to the total
keseluruhan jumlah penjanaan elektrik di Malaysia.
electricity generated in Malaysia. Meanwhile, hydro and
Sementara itu, stesen hidro dan diesel masing-masing
diesel stations contributed 8.8 per cent and 2.1 per cent
menyumbang 8.8 peratus dan 2.1 peratus. [Carta 4.11]
respectively. [Chart 4.11]
Turbin
gas
menyumbang
49.0
peratus
Carta 4.11: Peratus penjanaan tenaga elektrik campuran mengikut stesen, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 4.11:
Percentage of the generation of electricity mix by stations, Malaysia, 2013
Stesen diesel
Diesel stations
2.1%
Stesen hidro
Hydro stations
8.8%
Stesen wap
Steam stations
0.3%
Lain-lain1
Others
39.8%
Turbin gas
Gas turbines
49.0%
Semenanjung Malaysia merujuk kepada stesen

Penjanaan bersumberkan arang batu dan minyak, Sabah
merujuk kepada biomas dan Sarawak merujuk kepada arang batu
Peninsular Malaysia refers to the coal and oil sourced generating station,
Sabah refers to biomass and Sarawak refers to coal
64
Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad,

Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,
Sarawak Energy Berhad dan
Pengeluar Tenaga Bebas
Source: Tenaga Nasional Berhad,
Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,
Sarawak Energy Berhad and
Independent Power Producer

D.1 Amalan Pengurusan Hutan
D.1 Forest Management Practices
Malaysia komited terhadap pelaksanaan Pengurusan
Malaysia
Hutan Secara Berkekalan (PHSB). Pembangunan sosio-
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). While focusing
ekonomi
diberi
on economic growth and development, Malaysia will give
penekanan seimbang sebagaimana yang termaktub di
equal emphasis to promote conservation of its natural
dalam objektif Dasar Perhutanan Negara 1978 (Pindaan
resources and to give adequate attention to social and
1992) seperti berikut:
environmental aspects as well and these are enshrined
dan
pemeliharaan
sumber
asli
is
committed
to
the
implementation
of
in the National Forest Policy 1978 (Revised 1992)

objectives statement as follows:
i. To conserve and manage the nations forest based on
i. Memelihara dan mengurus hutan negara berdasarkan
the principles of sustainable management; and
prinsip pengurusan secara berkekalan; dan

ii. Melindungi
kepelbagaian
alam
sekitar
hayat,
dan
sumber
ii. To protect the environment as well as to conserve
memelihara
genetik
biological diversity, genetic resource and to enhance
serta
research and education.
meningkatkan penyelidikan dan pendidikan.
negara
To ensure the continuity of flow of timber production in
mencukupi, kawalan ke atas hasil hutan dilaksanakan
Malaysia, the control and regulation of forest resources
dengan berpandukan kepada Rancangan Pengurusan
is carried out as prescribed in the Forest Management
Hutan.
turut
Plan. In this regard, the allocation of the Annual Felling
dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mengimbangi jumlah
Coupe (CTT) is implemented to balance the production
pengeluaran dan penghasilan kayu dengan keupayaan
and extraction of timber based on the net area of
dan keluasan kawasan hutan pengeluaran dalam hutan
production forest within the permanent reserved forest.
simpanan kekal. Pematuhan CTT di negeri dilaporkan
Compliance to the allocated Annual Felling Coupe by
kepada Majlis Tanah Negara yang dipengerusikan oleh
each state is reported to the National Land Council,
YAB Timbalan Perdana Menteri Malaysia.
which is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of
Bagi
memastikan
Catuan
bekalan
Tebangan
kayu-kayan
Tahunan
(CTT)
Malaysia.
Laman web Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar (http://www.nre.gov.my)

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment web site
65

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.1 Trend kependudukan
A.1 Population trend
Pengenalan
Introduction
Malaysia merupakan negara yang sedang membangun
Malaysia is a developing country with increasing number
dengan bilangan penduduk yang semakin meningkat.
of population. This growth would affect the livelihood at
Peningkatan ini memberi kesan kepada semua peringkat
all levels and the countrys resources such as food
kehidupan dan sumber negara seperti bekalan makanan,
supply, water, housing, occupation, health, education
air, perumahan, pekerjaan, kesihatan, pelajaran dan
and energy utilisation.
penggunaan tenaga.
Saiz penduduk
Population size
tahunan
The average annual population growth rate showed a
menunjukkan trend menurun bagi tempoh 2010-2014.
downward trend during the period 2010-2014. In 2014,
Pada
the
Purata
kadar
2014,
pertumbuhan
purata
kadar
penduduk
pertumbuhan
penduduk
average
annual
population
growth
rate
has
tahunan menurun kepada 1.2 peratus berbanding 1.8
decreased to 1.2 per cent as compared to 1.8 per cent in
peratus pada 2010. [Carta 5.1]
2010. [Chart 5.1]
Carta 5.1: Purata kadar pertumbuhan penduduk tahunan, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Chart 5.1:
Average of annual population growth rate, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Peratus
Per cent
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
Tahun
1.0
2010
2011
2012
69
2013
2014
Year

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Kepadatan penduduk
Population density
Carta 5.2 menunjukkan kepadatan Penduduk mengikut
Chart 5.2 shows the population density by state in
negeri pada 2010 dan 2013. Kepadatan Penduduk pada
2010 and 2013. The population density in 2013
2013 menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding 2010. Pada
shows an increase as compared to 2010. In 2013,
2013, W.P. Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan kepadatan penduduk
W.P. Kuala Lumpur recorded the highest population
tertinggi
density
manakala
Sarawak
mencatatkan
kepadatan
while
Sarawak
recorded
the
lowest
population density.
penduduk paling rendah.
Carta 5.2: Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010 dan 2013
Chart 5.2:
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2010 and 2013
2010
Sarawak
20
21
Pahang
42
43
Sabah
44
47
Terengganu
81
86
Kelantan
105
111
Perak
113
116
Negeri Sembilan
154
161
Johor
175
184
Kedah
205
215
2013p
287
305
Perlis
495
516
Melaka
679
731
Selangor
969
999
W.P. Labuan
W.P. Putrajaya
1,498
1,632
Pulau Pinang
1,504
1,595
6,892
7,076
W.P. Kuala Lumpur

0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Bilangan orang bagi setiap km2

Number of person per km2
70

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Struktur umur
Age structure
Struktur umur bagi penduduk amat bergantung kepada
The age structure of the population largely depends on
perubahan trend dalam kesuburan, mortaliti dan migrasi.
the changing trends in fertility, mortality and migration.
Nisbah jantina
Sex ratio
Nisbah jantina merujuk kepada nisbah bilangan lelaki bagi
Sex ratio refers to the number of males for every 100
setiap 100 perempuan. Nisbah jantina pada 2013 adalah
females. Sex ratio for 2013 was 106.
106.
Piramid penduduk
Population pyramid
Piramid penduduk merujuk kepada taburan bilangan
Population pyramid refers to distribution of population
penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina. Kadar
by age group and sex. Fertility rate is a major factor
kesuburan penduduk merupakan faktor penting yang
which influences the shape of the population pyramid.
boleh mempengaruhi bentuk piramid penduduk. Terdapat
There are four types of pyramid namely progressive,
empat jenis piramid iaitu bentuk progresif, mantap,
stable, regressive and intermediate. Each pyramid
regresif dan perantaraan. Setiap bentuk piramid ini
depicts a certain population characteristic. The shape
menggambarkan ciri-ciri kependudukan tertentu. Bentuk
of the pyramid is also closely related to the level of
piramid juga mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dengan
population development.
tahap pembangunan penduduk.
berbentuk
In 2013, the shape of Malaysia population pyramid is
regresif. Piramid yang berbentuk regresif mempunyai
regressive. Regressive population pyramid has a
tapak yang lebih kecil menunjukkan kadar kelahiran yang
smaller base which indicates a low birth rate and have
rendah
convex slopes which reflects that the adult population
Pada
2013,
dan
piramid
penduduk
mempunyai
Malaysia
cerun
yang
cembung
mortality rate is low. [Chart 5.3]
menggambarkan kadar kematian penduduk dewasa yang

rendah. [Carta 5.3]
71

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Carta 5.3: Piramid penduduk, Malaysia, 2013

Chart 5.3:
Population pyramid, Malaysia, 2013
Lelaki
Kumpulan umur
Perempuan
Male
Age group
Female
Peratus
Per cent
72

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
A.2 Kemudahan perubatan
A.2 Medical facilities
Pengenalan
Introduction
Perkhidmatan perubatan yang ditawarkan oleh pusat
The medical services offered by medical facilities in
perubatan di Malaysia adalah setaraf dengan negara
Malaysia are at par with those in fully developed nations.
maju yang lain. Ini membuktikan bahawa Malaysia
This proves that Malaysia is committed to providing
komited untuk menyediakan kemudahan kesihatan yang
equitable, accessible and quality health facilities. This
saksama,
berkualiti.
development is consistent with the pattern shift in
Perkembangan ini adalah selaras dengan perubahan
environmental health, health technology development
corak kesihatan persekitaran, pembangunan teknologi
globally and liberally pursuant to the changes of diseases
kesihatan globalisasi dan liberalisasi mengikut corak
and technological development in the world.
mudah
diperolehi
dan
perubahan penyakit dan perkembangan teknologi di

peringkat dunia.
Kadar mortaliti bayi menunjukkan trend penurunan bagi
The infant mortality rate shows the declining trend for the
tempoh 2009-2013 dari 6.9 kepada 6.3. Sementara itu,
period of 2009-2013 from 6.9 to 6.3. Meanwhile, the
kadar mortaliti kanak-kanak kekal pada 0.4 dari 2009
toddler mortality rate remained at 0.4 from 2009 to 2013.
hingga 2013. [Carta 5.4]
[Chart 5.4]
Carta 5.4: Kadar mortaliti bayi dan kanak-kanak, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 5.4:
Infant and toddler mortality rate, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Kadar
Rate
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.3
6.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.4
Tahun
0
2009
2010
2011
Kadar mortaliti bayi (setiap 1,000 kelahiran hidup)

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
2012
2013
2013
Year
Kadar mortaliti kanak-kanak (setiap 1,000 penduduk

berumur 1- 4 tahun)
Toddler mortality rate (per 1,000 population aged 1-4 years)
Carta 5.5 menunjukkan jangkaan hayat ketika lahir
Chart 5.5 shows the life expectancy at birth by sex in
mengikut jantina di Malaysia dari 2009 hingga 2013.
Malaysia from 2009 to 2013. In 2013, life expectancy at
Pada 2013, jangkaan hayat ketika lahir bagi lelaki
birth for males increased from 71.6 to 72.6 and females
meningkat daripada 71.6 kepada 72.6 dan perempuan
from 76.5 to 77.2 as compared to 2009.
daripada 76.5 kepada 77.2 berbanding 2009.
73

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Carta 5.5: Jangkaan hayat ketika lahir mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.5:
Life expectancy at birth by sex, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Jangkaan hayat
Life expectancy
78
76.5
76.6
76.8
77.0
77.2
72.2
72.4
72.6
2011
2011
2012p
2013e
76
74
71.6
72
71.9
70
Tahun
68
2009
2009
2010
2010
Lelaki
Male
Year
Perempuan
Female
Kemudahan kesihatan
Health facilities
Bilangan hospital menurun daripada 381 pada 2009
The number of hospital decreased from 381 in 2009 to
kepada 377 pada 2013 disebabkan oleh penurunan
377 in 2013 due to the decreases of the number of
bilangan hospital swasta daripada 245 kepada 228.
private hospital from 245 to 228. [Chart 5.6]
[Carta 5.6]
Carta 5.6: Bilangan hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.6:
Number of hospitals, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
450
381
391
409
2009
2010
2011
398
377
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2012
2013
Tahun
Year
Sumber: Kementerian Kesihatan

Source:
74
Ministry of Health

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Bilangan katil di hospital meningkat sebanyak 5,826
The number of beds increased by 5,826 from 50,676 in
daripada 50,676 pada 2009 kepada 56,502 pada 2013.
2009 to 56,502 in 2013. In 2013, 76.9 per cent beds were
Pada 2013, sebanyak 76.9 peratus katil adalah daripada
from government hospitals while the remaining were from
hospital kerajaan manakala selebihnya adalah hospital
private hospitals. [Chart 5.7]
swasta. [Carta 5.7]
Carta 5.7: Bilangan katil hospital, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 5.7:
Number of hospital beds, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
56,872
Number
57,000
56,502
55,789
56,000
55,000
54,000
53,000
52,000
51,369
50,676
51,000
50,000
49,000
48,000
Tahun
Year
47,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

Source:
Ministry of Health
Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
Malaysia telah melaksanakan pelbagai usaha bagi
Malaysia has implemented various measures to increase
meningkatkan bilangan personel perubatan terlatih dan
the number of medically trained personnel and to
meningkatkan kualiti kesihatan di kalangan rakyat.
improve the quality of health among the citizens.
Carta 5.8 menunjukkan bilangan doktor dan doktor gigi di
Chart 5.8 shows the number of doctors and dentists in
Malaysia dari 2009 hingga 2013. Pada 2013, terdapat
Malaysia from 2009 to 2013. In 2013, there were 46,916
46,916 doktor, pertambahan sebanyak 53.6 peratus
doctors, an increase of 53.6 per cent as compared to
berbanding 2009. Bilangan doktor gigi juga meningkat
2009. Similarly, the number of dentist also increased by
sebanyak 46.8 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama.
46.8 per cent over the same period.
75

A. LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND

1
Carta 5.8: Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (doktor dan doktor gigi), Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.8:
Number of trained medical personnel (doctor and dentist), Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
5,235
55,000
50,000
40,000
4,558
4,253
45,000
3,567
3,810
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
30,536
36,607
32,979
46,916
38,718
15,000
10,000
5,000
Tahun
Year
0
2009
2010
2011
Doktor
Doctor
2012
2013
Doktor gigi
Dentist
Personel perubatan terlatih kerajaan dan swasta
Government and private trained medical personnel
Source:
Ministry of Health
Bilangan jururawat meningkat daripada 59,375 pada
The number of nurses increased from 59,375 in 2009 to
2009 kepada 89,167 pada 2013. Walau bagaimanapun,
89,167 in 2013. However, the number of assistant
bilangan penolong jururawat menurun daripada 4,280
nurses decreased from 4,280 in 2009 to 2,204 in 2013.
pada 2009 kepada 2,204 pada 2013. [Carta 5.9]
[Chart 5.9]
Carta 5.9: Bilangan personel perubatan terlatih (jururawat dan penolong jururawat), Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.9:
Number of trained medical personnel (nurse and assistant nurse), Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
3,136
90,000
80,000
2,204
2,350
100,000
2,565
4,280
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
59,375
69,110
74,788
84,968
89,167
30,000
20,000
10,000
Tahun
Year
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Jururawat
Penolong jururawat
Nurse
Assistant nurse
Source:
76
Ministry of Health

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.1 Buangan terjadual
B.1 Scheduled waste
Buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
Scheduled waste generated
sisa
Scheduled waste refers to the waste category listed in
tersenarai dalam Jadual Pertama Peraturan Kualiti Alam
the First Schedule Environmental Quality Regulation
Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual) 2005. Ia juga ditakrifkan
(Scheduled Waste) 2005. It is also defined as toxic waste
sebagai buangan toksid dan berbahaya yang dihasilkan
and hazardous generated by industries, agriculture,
oleh industri, pertanian, bengkel, kontraktor buangan
workshop,
terjadual, aktiviti domestik dan buangan klinikal dari
activities and clinical wastes from hospitals.
Buangan
terjadual
merujuk
kepada
kategori
scheduled
waste
contractors,
domestic
hospital.
Pada 2013, kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan
In 2013, the quantity of scheduled waste generated
menurun sebanyak 17.6 peratus berbanding 2009.
decreased by 17.6 per cent as compared to 2009.
Carta 5.10: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 5.10:
Quantity of scheduled waste generated, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Tan metrik (juta)

Tonnes (million)
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Tahun
0.0
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Source:
Nota: Tidak termasuk buangan terjadual yang dihantar ke pengurusan khas

Note: Does not include scheduled wastes sent to special management
Peratusan buangan terjadual dihasilkan mengikut

kategori
Percentage
category
Gypsum
Gypsum
merupakan
buangan
terjadual
yang
of
scheduled
registered
the
waste
highest
generated
percentage
by
with
menghasilkan peratusan tertinggi dengan 41.6 peratus.
41.6 per cent, followed by dros/slag/clinker (8.8%) and
Ini diikuti oleh dros/sangga/klinker (8.8%) dan spent
spent lubricating oil (7.6%). [Chart 5.11]
lubricating oil (7.6%). [Carta 5.11]
77

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Carta 5.11: Peratus buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut kategori, 2013
Chart 5.11:
Percentage of scheduled waste generated by category, 2013
Waste containing Mercury
0.2
Spent di-isocyanates
0.2
Waste Of Thermal
0.3
Spent Hydraulic oil
0.3
Spent Alkalis
0.3
Waste Catalyst
0.3
Sludge Containing Fluoride
0.4
Waste Oil / Oily sludge
0.4
Lab Waste
0.5
Discarded of Ink/Paint/Pigment/
Lacquer Containing Organic Solve
0.6
Fluids
Rags/Plastics/Papers contaminated with

Scheduled Waste
Waste of Inks & Paints
1.0
Inks & Paints Sludge
1.1
Residue from Recovery of Scheduled Waste
1.2
Pathogenic Waste Clinical
1.3
Mixture of Scheduled Waste
1.4
Mixture of Scheduled Waste & Non-Scheduled Waste
1.4
Enapcemar galian/Mineral sludge
1.6
Lain-lain/Others
1.9
Rubber/Latex WasteContaining Heavy Metal
2.0
Waste of Non-Halogeneted Solvent
2.5
Spent mineral oil-water emulsion
2.6
1.0
Spent Acids
3.6
E-Waste
3.8
Contaminated container
4.4
Enapcemar logam berat/Heavy metal sludge
7.5
Spent Lubricating Oil
7.6
Dros/sangga/klinker/Dross/slag/clinker
8.8
Gypsum
41.6
Peratus
Per cent
10
20
30
40
50

Source:
78

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Buangan klinikal
Clinical waste
Buangan klinikal merujuk kepada buangan yang terdiri
Clinical waste refers to any waste which consists wholly
daripada keseluruhan atau sebahagian tisu manusia,
or partly of human tissues, blood or body fluids,
darah atau bendalir badan, bahan kumuh, ubat-ubatan,
excretions, drugs or pharmaceutical products and etc. It
produk farmaseutikal dan lain-lain. Ia diklasifikasikan
is classified as scheduled waste under the First Schedule
sebagai buangan terjadual di bawah Jadual Pertama
Environmental Quality Regulations (Scheduled Waste)
Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual)
2005.
2005.
Kuantiti
buangan
pemusnahan
di
klinikal
yang
insinerator
untuk
The quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at
meningkat
incinerators in 2013 increased by 17.5 per cent as
dikendalikan
pada
2013
sebanyak 17.5 peratus berbanding 2009. [Carta 5.12]
compared to 2009. [Chart 5.12]
Carta 5.12: Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Chart 5.12:
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerator, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Tahun
Year
2013
19.5
2012
18.1
2011
17.8
2010
16.8
2009
16.6
Tan metrik (000)

15
16
17
18
20 Tonnes
19

Source:
79

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.2 Kemalangan
B.2 Accidents
Road accident
telah
In 2013, a total of 477,204 accidents were reported with
dilaporkan dengan pertambahan sebanyak 20.1 peratus
an increase of 20.1 per cent as compared to 2009.
berbanding 2009. [Carta 5.13]
[Chart 5.13]
Pada
2013,
sebanyak
477,204
kemalangan
Carta 5.13: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.13: Number of reported road accidents, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
397,330
477,204
462,423
449,040
500,000
414,421
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
Tahun
0
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Sumber: Polis Diraja Malaysia

Source:
Royal Malaysia Police
Bilangan kecederaan dan kematian telah menurun
The number of injuries and death declined by 47.4 per
masing-masing sebanyak 47.4 peratus dan 2.5 peratus
cent and 2.5 per cent respectively in the same period.
dalam tempoh yang sama. [Carta 5.14]
[Chart 5.14]
Carta 5.14: Bilangan kecederaan jalan raya yang dilaporkan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.14:
Number of reported road casualties, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
24,672
25,000
21,397
18,693
20,000
17,522
12,985
15,000
10,000
6,745
6,872
6,877
6,917
6,915
5,000
Tahun
0
2009
2010
2011
Kematian
Death
2012
2013
Year
Kecederaan
Injuries

Source:
80

B. KEADAAN
STATE
B.3 Status kesihatan
B.3 Health status
i. Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air
i. Food and Water Borne Diseases
Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air iaitu kolera, tifoid,
Food and Water Borne Diseases namely cholera,
disentri, viral hepatitis A dan keracunan makanan adalah
typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning is
disebabkan oleh pengambilan makanan dan air yang
caused by contaminated food and water intake. It may
tercemar. Ia boleh membawa kepada masalah kesihatan
lead to permanent health problem and disability. Food
kekal dan ketidakupayaan. Keracunan makanan boleh
poisoning can cause death if it is not treated early.
menyebabkan kematian sekiranya tidak dirawat dengan

kadar segera.
Pada 2013, bilangan kes bagi kolera, tifoid dan disentri
In 2013, the number of cases for cholera, typhoid and
menunjukkan penurunan manakala viral hepatitis A
dysentery showed a decrease while viral hepatitis A
menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding 2009. [Carta 5.15]
showed an increased compared to 2009. [Chart 5.15]
Carta 5.15: Bilangan kes Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.15:
Number of selected cases of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan kes
Number of cases
586
600
496
500
464
443
400
303
300
282
276
242
219
210
200
218
171
154
121
104
100
40
86
83
44
39
Tahun
0
2009
2010
2011
Kolera
Tifoid
Disentri
Cholera
Typhoid
Dysentery
2012
2013
Year
Viral Hepatitis A

Source:
81
Ministry of Health

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Keracunan makanan
Food poisoning
Pada 2013, Melaka mencatatkan kadar kejadian (KI)
In 2013, Melaka registered the highest incidence rate (IR)
tertinggi bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk iaitu 82.7 diikuti
per 100,000 population at 82.7 followed by Perlis (75.4)
oleh Perlis (75.4) dan Perak (71.7). [Carta 5.16]
and Perak (71.7). [Chart 5.16]
Carta 5.16: Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013
Chart 5.16:
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2013
W.P. Labuan
0.0
Kadar kejadian bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk
W.P. Kuala Lumpur1
Incidence rate per 100,000 population
25.8
31.9
Pahang
34.1
Pulau Pinang
37.6
Selangor
Johor
41.6
Negeri Sembilan
42.1
Sarawak
44.3
Terengganu
52.3
Kedah
55.2
Sabah
59.6
Kelantan
68.3
Perak
71.7
Perlis
75.4
Melaka
82.7
0
20
40
60
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya
80
100
Includes W.P. Putrajaya
Source:
Ministry of Health
Tifoid
Typhoid
Demam tifoid atau kepialu merupakan penyakit yang
Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi
disebabkan oleh bakteria Salmonella typhi (S.typhi).
(S.typhi) bacteria. It is transmitted through the ingestion
Jangkitan ini berlaku melalui pengambilan makanan atau
of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of
minuman yang dicemari oleh najis atau air kencing orang
infected people. Symptoms usually develop 1-3 weeks
yang dijangkiti. Simptom ini menunjukkan kesan selepas
after exposure.
1-3 minggu terdedah.
82

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Pada 2013, W.P. Labuan mencatatkan KI tertinggi bagi
In 2013, W.P. Labuan registered the highest incidence
setiap 100,000 penduduk iaitu 4.3 diikuti oleh Kelantan
rate (IR) per 100,000 population at 4.3 followed by
(2.5) dan Sabah (1.6). [Carta 5.17]
Kelantan (2.5) and Sabah (1.6). [Chart 5.17]
Carta 5.17: Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013

Chart 5.17:
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2013
0.0
Melaka
Terengganu
0.2
Perak
0.2
0.3
Kedah
0.3
Pahang
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
0.4
0.4
Johor
Pulau Pinang
0.6
Negeri Sembilan
0.6
Sarawak
0.6
0.8
Selangor
1.2
Perlis
1.6
Sabah
2.5
Kelantan
4.3
W.P. Labuan
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

Source: Ministry of Health

ii. Penyakit bawaan vektor
ii. Vector borne diseases
Malaria dan demam denggi merupakan dua penyakit
Malaria and dengue fever are two prominent vector
bawaan
di
borne diseases that are widely spread in Malaysia. Both
Malaysia. Kedua-dua wabak penyakit ini disebarkan oleh
diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. Malaria is
nyamuk. Malaria merebak melalui gigitan nyamuk yang
transmitted via infected mosquito bites while dengue by
telah dijangkiti manakala denggi melalui gigitan nyamuk
an Aedes mosquito bites.
vektor
yang
merebak
secara
meluas
Aedes.
83

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Demam denggi dan demam denggi berdarah
Dengue and haemorrhagic dengue fever
Denggi dipindahkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes yang
Dengue is transmitted by Aedes mosquito bites infected
telah dijangkiti dengan salah satu daripada empat virus
with one of the four dengue viruses. Symptoms will
denggi. Simptom akan kelihatan dalam tempoh tiga
appear three to 14 days after the bite.
hingga 14 hari selepas gigitan.
menunjukkan
The number of cases for dengue has been increased by
peningkatan sebanyak 3,823 kes manakala demam
3,823 cases while haemorrhagic dengue fever decreased
denggi
by 1,963 cases compared to 2009. [Chart 5.18a
Bilangan
kes
bagi
berdarah
demam
menurun
denggi
sebanyak
1,963
kes
and 5.18b]
berbanding 2009. [Carta 5.18a dan 5.18b]
Carta 5.18a: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.18a:
Number of cases and incidence rate of dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Incidence rate
Incidence
per 100,000
population
Incidence
rate perrate
100,000
population
50,000
45,000
Kadar kejadian
Kadar kejadian
bagi 100,000
setiap 100,000
penduduk
Kadar kejadian
bagi setiap
penduduk
Number

143.3
148.7
136.9
160
140
40,000
120
35,000
42,572
30,000
25,000
80
72.2
63.8
100
20,000
60
15,000
38,749
42,140
21,181
18,466
40
10,000
20
5,000
0
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
Kes
Kes
Kadar
kejadian
Kad ar
kejad ian
Cases
Cases
Incidence
Incidence
raterate
2013

Source:
Ministry of Health
Carta 5.18b: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian demam denggi berdarah, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.18b:
Number of cases and incidence rate of haemorrhagic dengue fever, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
Kadar kejadian
Incidence rate
5,000
16
14.2
4,500
14
4,000
12
3,500
9.7
10
3,000
2,500
2,000
4.9
1,500
1,000
2,737
2.5
4,031
1,418
500
719
2.6
774
4
2
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
Kes
Kes
Kadar
kejadian
Kad ar
kejad ian
Cases
Cases
Incidence
rate
Incidence rate
2013

84

B. KEADAAN
STATE
Malaria
Malaria
Malaria disebabkan oleh parasit yang disebut sebagai
Malaria is caused by parasites called Plasmodium. In the
Plasmodium. Dalam badan manusia, parasit ini membiak
human body, these parasites multiply in the liver and
di dalam hati dan kemudian menjangkiti sel darah merah.
then infect the red blood cells.
Carta 5.19 menunjukkan bilangan kes malaria menurun
Chart 5.19 shows the number of malaria cases declined
kepada 3,850 pada 2013 berbanding 7,010 pada 2009.
to 3,850 in 2013 compared to 7,010 in 2009.
Carta 5.19: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Chart 5.19:
Number of cases and incidence rate of malaria, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Kadar kejadian
Number
Incidence rate
8,000
7,000
30
24.8
23.5
25
6,000
18.3
20
5,000
16.1
4,000
3,000
13.0
7,010
6,650
5,307
4,725
15
3,850
10
2,000
5
1,000
0
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Kadar
kejadian
Kadar
kejadian
Kes
Kes
Incidence
rate
Incidence
rate
Cases
Cases

Source:
Ministry of Health
85
r

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.1 Tekanan ke atas alam sekitar bandar
C.1 Pressure on the urban environment
Pengenalan
Introduction
mobiliti
Malaysia is experiencing a rise in population mobility due
penduduk yang disebabkan oleh perubahan ekonomi
to economic changes and urbanisation. Although most of
dan urbanisasi. Walaupun kebanyakan penduduk yang
the population living in urban areas due to better access
mendiami
to
Malaysia
mengalami
kawasan
peningkatan
bandar
dalam
menikmati
pelbagai
variety
of
social
services
and
economic
kemudahan sosial dan peluang ekonomi, urbanisasi juga
opportunities, urbanisation has also posed adverse
mendatangkan kesan sampingan termasuk peningkatan
effects including the increased incidence of urban
kadar kemiskinan bandar.
poverty.
Tahap urbanisasi
Urbanisation level
Perkadaran penduduk bandar mengalami peningkatan
The proportion of urban population experienced an
daripada 70.1 peratus pada 2009 kepada 73.0 peratus
increase from 70.1 per cent in 2009 to 73.0 per cent in
pada 2013.
2013.
Carta 5.20: Peratus perkadaran penduduk bandar, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 5.20: Proportion percentage of urban population, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Tahun
Year
2013p
73.0
2012
72.4
2011
70.9
2010
71.0
2009
70.1
50
55
60
65
70
75
Peratus
Per cent
86

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.2 Migrasi
C.2 Migration
Migrasi merujuk kepada mereka yang bertukar tempat
Migration is defined as those who moved from their
tinggal biasa ke beberapa kawasan geografi di dalam
normal living quarters to various geographical area in the
negara. Ia merupakan salah satu komponen yang
country. It is one of the components used in measuring
digunakan untuk mengukur pertambahan saiz penduduk
the expansion in population size other than birth and
selain daripada kelahiran dan kematian. Pada 1980-an,
death. In the 1980s, Malaysias economy transformed
ekonomi Malaysia beralih daripada berasaskan pertanian
from agricultural to industrial based. The transformation
kepada perindustrian. Peralihan ini telah membawa
directly led to changes in the development of states,
kepada perubahan dalam pembangunan negeri, daerah
districts and towns. This situation resulted to a better
dan bandar. Situasi ini mengakibatkan kenaikan taraf
standard
hidup dengan
amenities and job opportunities as well as education
kemudahan
penambahbaikan dalam
awam
dan
peluang
perumahan,
pekerjaan
of
living
with
improved
housing,
public
opportunities.
serta
pendidikan.
Pada 2012-2013, migrasi dari bandar ke bandar
In 2012-2013, migration from urban to urban showed the
menunjukkan peratusan tertinggi dengan 74.2 peratus.
highest percentage accounted for 74.2 per cent.
Migrasi dari bandar ke luar bandar menyumbang 18.6
Migration from urban to rural contributed 18.6 per cent
peratus manakala migrasi luar bandar ke bandar dan luar
while migration from rural to urban and rural to rural
bandar ke luar bandar masing-masing mencatatkan
registered a percentage of 4.6 and 2.5 respectively.
peratusan sebanyak 4.6 dan 2.5.
Carta 5.21: Peratus migran antara negeri mengikut arah aliran migrasi (strata), Malaysia, 2009-2010 hingga
2012-2013
Chart 5.21:
Percentage of inter-state migrants by migration direction (stratum), Malaysia, 2009-2010 to 2012-2013
Tahun
Year
Bandar-Bandar
2012-2013
74.2
18.6
4.6
2.5
4.6
2.8
Urban-Rural
3.9
Rural-Urban
3.4
Rural-Rural
Urban-Urban
Bandar-Luar Bandar
24.7
2011-2012
67.9
2010-2011
66.1
23.3
64.1
27.8
Luar Bandar-Bandar
6.7
Luar Bandar-Luar Bandar

2009-2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
87
80
4.7
90
100 Peratus
Per cent

C. TEKANAN
PRESSURE
C.3 Pengangkutan
C.3 Transportation
Pengenalan
Introduction
Sektor pengangkutan merupakan komponen penting
The transportation sector is an important component of
dalam
the economy which gives an impact on the development
ekonomi
yang
memberi
kesan
kepada
pembangunan dan kebajikan penduduk Malaysia.
and welfare of Malaysias population.
Pengangkutan udara
Air transport
Pada 2013, bilangan pendaratan dan berlepas meningkat
In 2013, the number of landings and take-offs increased
sebanyak 31.3 peratus kepada 794,633 berbanding
by 31.3 per cent to 794,633 as compared to 2009.
2009.
Carta 5.22: Pendaratan dan berlepas di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Chart 5.22:
Landings and take-offs at airport, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan
Number
794,633
800,000
750,000
695,882
700,000
650,000
698,591
647,814
605,056
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
Tahun
400,000
Year
2009r
2009r
2010r
2010r
2011r
2011r
2012r
2012r
2013
Sumber: Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad dan

Jabatan Penerbangan Awam Malaysia
Source:
88
Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia

D.1 Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara (DASN)
D D.1 The National Environment Policy (DASN)
Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara (DASN) telah diwujudkan
National Policy on the Environment (DASN) has been
untuk meneruskan kemajuan ekonomi, sosial dan
established for continuous economic, social and cultural
budaya serta peningkatan kualiti hidup rakyat Malaysia
progress and enhancement of the quality of life of
menerusi kesejahteraan alam sekitar dan pembangunan
Malaysians
lestari. Tujuan DASN adalah untuk mencapai:
sustainable development. The objectives of DASN are to
i.
sound
and
i. A clean environment, safe, healthy and productive
produktif bagi generasi masa kini dan masa
environment for present and future generations;
hadapan;
ii. Conservation of countrys unique and diverse
ii. Pemuliharaan kebudayaan dan warisan semulajadi

unik
environmentally
achieve:
Alam sekitar yang bersih, selamat, sihat dan
yang
through
dan
pelbagai
dengan
cultural
penyertaan
and
natural
heritage
with
effective
participation by all sectors of society; and
berkesan semua sektor masyarakat; dan
iii. Sustainable lifestyles and patterns of consumption
iii. Cara hidup, pola penggunaan dan pengeluaran
and production.
yang lestari.
Terdapat lapan (8) prinsip di bawah DASN untuk
There are eight (8) principles listed under DASN to
mengharmonikan
harmonise
matlamat
pembangunan
ekonomi
dengan kepentingan alam sekitar iaitu:

i.
economic
development
goals
with
environmental imperatives.:
i.
Pengawasan alam sekitar;
Stewardship of the environment;
ii. Pemuliharaan ketahanan dan kepelbagaian alam;
ii. Conservation of natures vitality and diversity;
iii. Peningkatan berterusan kualiti alam sekitar;
iii. Continuous improvement in the quality of the

environment;
iv. Penggunaan mapan sumber asli;

v. Membuat keputusan bersepadu;
iv. Sustainable use of natural resource;
vi. Peranan sektor swasta;
v. Integrated decision-making;
vii. Komitmen dan kebertanggungjawaban; dan
vi. Role of the private sector;
viii.Penyertaan aktif dalam masyarakat antarabangsa.
vii. Commitment and accountability; and

viii. Active participation in the international community.
DASN bertujuan mengintegrasikan pertimbangan alam
DASN seeks to integrate environmental considerations
sekitar ke dalam aktiviti pembangunan dan proses
into development activities and in all related decision
membuat
memupuk
making processes, to foster long-term economic growth
pertumbuhan ekonomi serta kemajuan manusia jangka
and human development, and to protect and enhance the
panjang, dan untuk melindungi dan memperbaiki alam
environment.
sekitar. Ia melengkapi dan menambah dimensi alam
environmental dimensions of other national policies, such
sekitar yang terkandung dalam dasar kebangsaan yang
as those on forestry and industry, and takes cognizance
lain, seperti dasar perhutanan dan perindustrian, dan
of international conventions on global concerns.
juga
keputusan
mengambil
yang
perhatian
berkaitan,
akan
complements
and
enhances
the
konvensyen
antarabangsa mengenai kepentingan sejagat.
It
Laman web rasmi, Jabatan Alam Sekitar

Official website, Department of Environment
89



D.2 E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia Programme
D.2 Program E-Waste Alam Alliance Malaysia
Program
E-Waste
Alam
Alliance
Malaysia
E-waste
telah
Alam
Alliance
Malaysia
programme
was
dilancarkan pada 11 Disember 2013 oleh Timbalan
launched on 11 December 2013 by the Deputy Minister
Menteri di Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar.
of Natural Resources and Environment.
Objektif penubuhan program seperti berikut:
The objectives of establishment are as follow:
i.
Pelaksanaan
pengumpulan,
pengangkutan
sisa
pengasingan
dan
(e-waste)
yang
eletronik
i. Implementation of collection,
dihasilkan daripada isi rumah lebih berkesan;

ii. Membangunkan
sistem
and
from households effectively;
pengumpulan,
ii. Develop a system of collection, segregation and
pengasingan dan pengangkutan e-waste dari isi
transportation of e-waste from households across
rumah di seluruh Malaysia secara berpusat;
Malaysia centralized;
iii. Meningkatkan
satu
segregation
transportation of the waste of e-waste generated
kesedaran
orang
awam
untuk
iii. Increase public awareness will be the responsibility
menjadi lebih bertanggungjawab terhadap e-waste
of the waste of e-waste from households owned;
yang dihasilkan dari isi rumah;

iv. Meningkatkan
pengedar
iv. Increasing
kesedaran
barangan
pengeluar/penjual/
elektrik
dan
awareness
of
the
producer/seller/
distributor of electrical and electronic goods on the
elektronik
importance
mengenai kepentingan pengurusan e-waste dari isi
of
being
responsible
for
the
management of e-waste from households;
rumah;
v. Encourage manufacturers / vendors / distributors of
v. Menggalakkan
pengeluar/penjual/pengedar
electrical
and
electronic
waste
collection
to
pengumpul sisa elektrik dan elektronik untuk
implement e-waste management from households
melaksanakan pengurusan e-waste dari isi rumah
voluntarily and without additional charge; and
secara sukarela dan tanpa caj tambahan; dan
vi. Creating
vi. Mewujudkan jaringan kerjasama dengan pihak
network
of
cooperation
with
stakeholders in the management of e-waste from
berkepentingan dalam pengurusan e-waste dari isi
households.
rumah.
Program
'E-Waste
pengguna
Alam
menghantar
Alliance'
sisa
The 'E-Waste Alam Alliance' allows users to send
membolehkan
e-waste
ke
e-waste to the waste collection center of the local
pusat
authority
pengumpulan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) atau
(LA)
or
'distributor'
to
be
disposed
in
environmentally friendly methods.
'pengedar' untuk dilupuskan mengikut kaedah mesra

alam.
D.3 Pengangkutan rel bandar
D.3 Urban rail transportation
Kesesakan trafik merupakan permasalahan yang besar
Traffic congestion is a major problem to the urban
kepada penduduk bandar khususnya. Sehubungan ini,
population. In this regard, the government is actively
kerajaan
penggunaan
encouraging the use of alternative transportation such as
pengangkutan alternatif seperti monorel, rel transit aliran
monorail, light rail transit and commuter rail to overcome
ringan
traffic congestion and air pollution.
dan
kini
giat
menggalakkan
komuter rel
bagi
mengatasi
masalah
kesesakan trafik dan pencemaran udara.
90



Perkhidmatan rel bandar di Malaysia merangkumi KTM
The urban rail services in Malaysia comprises of KTM
Komuter, PUTRALINE, STARLINE, KL Monorail, KLIA
Commuter, PUTRALINE, STARLINE, KL Monorail, KLIA
Ekspress, KLIA Transit dan Electric Train Service (ETS).
Ekspress, KLIA Transit and Electric Train Service (ETS).
91

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.1: Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Table 1.1:
Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2009-2014
Negeri/Stesen meteorologi terpilih

(ketinggian dari purata paras laut dalam
meter)
State/Selected meteorological station
(height above mean sea level in metres)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
Mean relative
humidity
No. of days
(%)
Johor
Batu Pahat
(6.3 m)
Kluang
(88.1 m)
Mersing
(43.6 m)
Senai
(37.8 m)
2009
23.8
31.9
1,790.4
177
82.7
2010
23.7
31.7
2,023.7
194
84.2
2011
23.8
31.7
2,357.9
189
84.9
2012
24.0
32.1
2,463.4
189
85.0
2013
24.0
32.2
2,018.3
192
84.8
20131
24.4
32.8
692.3
89
84.2
2014
23.3
32.6
861.6
61
81.2
2009
23.2
31.8
1,907.9
161
85.2
2010
23.4
32.0
1,852.7
198
85.4
2011
23.1
31.2
3,027.6
198
87.1
2012
23.5
32.1
1,890.0
183
85.9
2013
23.9
32.2
1,996.4
175
84.3
2013
24.2
32.5
1,033.2
76
83.6
20141
23.6
32.6
1,005.0
63
81.3
2009
23.3
30.6
2,207.0
166
84.9
2010
23.7
31.4
1,931.8
168
82.4
2011
23.5
30.6
3,232.3
208
85.3
2012
23.6
31.2
2,869.2
194
86.4
2013
23.8
31.4
2,870.8
176
85.6
20131
24.2
31.4
1,629.4
73
83.7
2014
24.3
31.9
745.8
41
81.2
2009
23.2
31.6
1,919.9
173
85.7
2010
23.5
32.0
2,576.2
207
84.4r
2011
23.5
31.7
2,702.6
202
85.2
2012
23.4
31.8
2,810.0
197
86.5
2013
23.9
32.2
2,880.9
210
85.3
2013
24.0
32.4
1,299.8
99
85.7
20141
23.3
32.4
1,098.8
73
82.8
2009
24.3
32.8
2,573.6
173
81.5
2010
24.6
33.5
80.0
2011
24.3
32.5
1,968.2
165
81.4
2012
24.3
32.4
2,850.0
188
83.5
2013
24.4
32.5
1,815.5
161
82.8
2013
24.6
33.3
739.6
63
80.9
20141
23.9
33.9
537.2
55
76.3
Kedah
Alor Setar
(3.9 m)
Januari hingga Jun

January to June
Nota: Tiada data 2010 di stesen Alor Setar berikutan kejadian banjir pada November 2010
Note : Data 2010 is not available over the Alor Setar station due to flood in November 2010
95

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.1: Purata suhu, hujan dan purata kelembapan relatif, Malaysia, 2009-2014 (samb.)
Table 1.1:
Mean temperature, rainfall and mean relative humidity, Malaysia, 2009-2014 (cont'd)

meter)
Pulau Langkawi
(6.4 m)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
2009
25.0
31.8
2,716.0
167
78.4
2010
25.4
32.2
2,398.2
180
78.8
2011
25.1
31.8
2,577.0
176
80.0
2012
25.0
31.7
2,310.4
201
80.8
2013
25.4
31.9
2,630.2
170
78.8
20131
25.7
32.7
1,000.2
67
75.5
2014
25.3
32.9
548.2
59
73.6
2009
23.9
31.0
3,034.6
176
80.7
2010
24.2
31.2
2,854.4
181
79.9
2011
24.0
30.8
3,459.8
180
80.6
2012
24.1
31.0
3,139.0
171
82.0
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
(4.4 m)
Kuala Krai
(68.0 m)
2013
24.2
31.0
2,234.8
159
82.1
20131
24.4
31.2
900.8
64
81.7
2014
24.0
31.6
410.1
35
78.8
2009
22.8
32.0
3,306.5
182
86.9
2010
23.0
32.8
2,356.6
166
85.4
2011
22.7
31.5
3,266.2
210
85.8
2012
23.3
32.5
2,454.8
193
84.5
2013
23.3
32.4
3,134.0
186
85.3
2013
23.4
32.7
1,512.0
81
85.2
20141
21.7
33.3
648.4
42
82.5
2009
24.3
31.8
1,878.0
163
78.9
2010
24.4
32.1
1,992.8
177
79.7
2011
24.1
31.6
1,845.2
170
82.0
2012
24.1
31.7
1,883.2
177
82.8
2013
24.3
32.0
1,389.8
162
81.2
2013
24.5
32.6
473.4
67
80.8
20141
24.4
32.8
399.8
46
77.5
2009
23.1
32.6
2,246.8
187
84.3
2010
23.5
33.2
2,230.3
173
82.6
2011
23.2
32.2
2,442.0
190
84.8
2012
23.2
32.6
1,971.2
194
86.0
2013
23.3
32.5
2,388.6
181
86.6
2013
23.3
32.9
907.8
84
85.5
20141
22.7
33.6
715.6
62
81.7
Melaka
Melaka
(8.5 m)
Pahang
Batu Embun, Jerantut
(59.5 m)
Januari hingga Jun
January to June
96

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.1:

meter)
Cameron Highlands2
(1,545.0 m)
Kuantan
(15.2 m)
Muadzam Shah
(33.3 m)
Temerloh
(39.1 m)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
2009
15.3
22.1
3,051.2
242
89.1
2010
15.4
22.7
2,451.0
234
89.4
2011
15.2
22.0
3,310.1
249
90.5
2012
15.5
22.5
2,861.4
239
90.8
2013
15.8
22.5
2,770.8
243
89.6
2013
16.0
23.0
1,204.6
114
90.3
20141
15.5
22.8
1,071.2
94
87.3
2009
23.7
31.9
3,707.0
191
84.4
2010
24.0
32.3
2,319.0
182
84.5
2011
23.5
31.6
3,242.6
188
85.6
2012
23.4
31.7
3,283.8
205
87.1
2013
23.9
31.9
3,492.2
177
84.2
20131
24.1
32.2
1,135.0
82
84.7
2014
23.5
32.5
874.8
58
80.4
2009
23.3
32.3
1,879.2
166
83.0
2010
23.2
32.1
1,985.0
165
83.1
2011
23.2
31.6
3,011.7
189
84.0
2012
23.4
32.2
2,647.6
193
85.6
2013
23.4
32.2
2,863.3
166
85.1
2013
23.7
32.5
1,183.3
77
84.5
20141
23.0
32.8
711.0
56
83.2
2009
23.2
32.9
1,751.2
167
82.1
2010
23.6
33.3
1,762.8
166
82.4
2011
23.3
32.6
2,350.6
190
83.7
2012
23.4
33.2
2,053.8
182
83.4
2013
23.5
33.0
2,352.2
182
84.0
20131
23.7
33.4
1,036.6
81
83.8
2014
23.1
34.0
353.2
54
79.6
2009
23.9
32.9
3,110.3
217
83.0
2010
24.0
32.9
3,189.1
217
82.1
2011
23.7
32.4
2,582.3
191
82.5
2012
24.0
32.8
2,778.6
196
79.3
Perak
Ipoh
(40.1 m)
2013
24.0
32.8
2,687.8
184
78.8
20131
24.2
33.2
1,604.8
91
78.7
24.0
33.7
1,002.0
80
75.4
2014
1
Januari hingga Jun

January to June
Stesen bukit
Hill station
97

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.1:

meter)
Lubok Merbau, Kuala Kangsar

(77.5 m)
Sitiawan
(6.8 m)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
2009
23.2
32.7
2,110.4
191
82.8
2010
23.7
33.1
2,139.6
195
84.0
2011
23.3
32.8
2,182.4
189
83.0
2012
23.4
32.9
1,841.9
191
83.4
2013
23.4
33.0
1,515.0
181
80.5
20131
23.5
33.6
674.2
82
80.9
2014
23.4
34.2
462.2
60
74.6
2009
23.8
32.1
2,072.0
176
83.0
2010
24.2
32.7
1,517.6
181
82.1
2011
23.9
31.9
2,471.1
171
82.8
2012
24.0
32.0
1,833.8
181
83.8
2013
24.2
32.2
1,951.6
177
82.8
2013
24.4
32.6
815.8
71
82.2
20141
24.1
32.7
586.0
54
80.2
2009
23.8
32.5
2,107.1
165
80.2
2010
24.2
33.3
2,201.9
175
79.6
2011
23.8
32.5
2,162.0
164
80.3
2012
23.9
32.7
2,065.6
178
84.9
2013
24.1
32.7
1,714.2
156
84.2
2013
24.4
33.6
806.0
65
82.0
20141
24.2
34.4
476.2
53
78.0
2009
24.8
31.6
2,944.0
187
79.8
2010
25.2
32.1
2,092.0
177
80.2
2011
24.8
31.4
2,297.8
177
81.3
2012
24.9
31.5
2,294.6
191
80.2
2013
25.3
31.9
2,328.2
186
79.4
2013
25.6
32.4
757.6
79
78.4
20141
25.6
32.7
721.6
63
76.5
2009
24.0
31.3
2,669.8
190
79.9
2010
24.9
32.2
2,015.8
170
80.1
2011
24.6
31.8
2,525.6
170
80.2
2012
24.5
31.7
2,250.8
181
80.9
Perlis
Chuping
(21.7 m)
Pulau Pinang
Bayan Lepas
(2.5 m)
Butterworth
(3.3 m)
2013
24.4
31.5
2,735.0
162
80.8
20131
24.7
32.0
1,030.8
72
79.7
24.3
32.4
750.2
55
77.2
2014
1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June
98

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.1:

meter)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
Sabah
Kota Kinabalu
(2.1 m)
Kudat
(3.5 m)
Sandakan
(12.1 m)
Tawau
(17.5 m)
2009
24.2
32.2
2,747.6
175
79.2
2010
24.3
32.4
3,394.6
200
81.5
2011
24.2
32.1
2,782.2
216
81.1
2012
24.1
32.4
2,543.4
195
81.5
2013
24.1
32.4
3,112.7
200
80.9
20131
24.4
32.6
986.5
81
80.0
2014
24.0
32.4
955.7
64
80.4
2009
24.1
31.3
2,848.2
186
82.5
2010
24.4
31.4
1,830.6
165
82.2
2011
23.8
30.6
4,221.1
233
84.0
2012
24.0
31.1
2,666.5
212
83.3
2013
23.9
31.0
1,958.0
194
83.4
2013
24.4
31.0
776.2
80
83.3
20141
24.0
31.0
877.4
66
82.0
2009
24.4
31.5
3,964.6
209
81.4
2010
24.6
31.7
2,178.4
167
80.9
2011
24.2
31.1
5,403.4
239
84.5
2012
24.3
31.6
3,792.4
217
84.4
2013
24.6
31.8
2,854.2
202
83.2
20131
25.0
31.7
1,345.0
83
83.2
2014
24.2
31.0
1,654.3
77
83.2
2009
23.8
31.3
1,999.4
197
81.5
2010
23.9
31.9
1,674.6
160
80.5
2011
23.7
31.3
2,239.0
201
82.3
2012
23.6
31.4
2,421.2
199
80.3
2013
23.5
31.5
2,306.5
196
82.5
2013
23.8
31.7
972.4
97
80.2
20141
23.4
32.0
493.4
68
78.1
2009
23.6
32.0
4,581.0
218
83.0
2010
23.8
31.8
4,355.6
239
84.2
2011
23.5
31.6
3,409.8
229
85.9
2012
23.5
31.9
3,936.2
221
85.5
2013
23.8
32.2
4,003.0
218
85.2
2013
24.0
32.5
1,923.8
101
85.2
20141
23.6
31.7
1,471.8
87
84.8
Sarawak
Bintulu
(24.3 m)
Januari hingga Jun
January to June
99

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.1:

meter)
Kuching
(20.9 m)
Miri
(17.0 m)
Sibu
(30.9 m)
Sri Aman
(9.6 m)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
2009
23.5
31.9
4,729.6
238
84.0
2010
23.6
31.6
4,564.2
261
85.6
2011
23.3
31.7
4,616.4
244
85.5
2012
23.5
32.4
3,835.8
247
84.3
2013
23.7
32.2
4,125.2
258
83.4
20131
24.0
32.2
1,926.0
126
83.4
2014
23.7
31.7
1,640.4
99
83.5
2009
23.8
30.9
3,252.2
191
81.8
2010
23.9
30.9
3,086.9
206
82.8
2011
23.8
30.9
3,246.0
200
83.9
2012
23.8
31.2
2,696.8
203
82.0
2013
24.1
31.4
3,125.6
198
84.0
2013
24.3
31.7
1,182.0
89
85.3
20141
23.6
30.9
1,072.0
79
82.8
2009
23.2
32.1
4,468.1
234
82.8
2010
23.3
32.1
3,330.6
243
84.2
2011
23.2
32.2
3,310.2
224
84.2
2012
23.3
32.4
3,328.6
230
84.8
2013
23.6
32.6
2,778.8
217
83.8
20131
23.9
32.8
1,208.0
100
85.3
2014
23.2
32.3
1,151.8
87
82.6
2009
23.4
32.9
3,803.0
219
83.0
2010
23.7
32.8
4,983.4
261
82.9
2011
23.2
32.6
4,133.5
239
84.5
2012
23.1
32.8
2,763.7
222
85.1
2013
23.3
32.6
2,843.4
227
86.2
2013
23.6
32.9
1,210.0
111
85.4
20141
23.2
32.6
1,078.8
86
84.8
2009
24.0
31.8
2,099.2
168
81.2
2010
24.3
32.0
2,264.8
192
83.4
2011
24.1
31.7
1,632.4
178
83.6
2012
24.2
31.9
2,271.4
186
82.1
2013
24.5
32.2
1,623.5
160
78.9
2013
24.9
32.9
623.1
62
78.5
20141
24.7
32.9
701.0
56
74.2
Selangor
KLIA Sepang
(16.1 m)
Januari hingga Jun
January to June
100

LATAR BELAKANG
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
BACKGROUND
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.1:

meter)
Petaling Jaya
(60.8 m)
Subang
(16.6 m)
Purata suhu (oC)
Hujan
Mean temperature
Rainfall
Purata
kelembapan
relatif
Tahun
Year
Jumlah
Min.
Max.
Total
(mm)
Bil. hari
No. of days
Mean relative
humidity
(%)
2009
24.6
32.7
3,043.8
207
74.9
2010
24.7
32.8
3,651.8
233
76.9
2011
25.1
32.8
3,642.6
218
79.1
2012
25.1
32.9
3,414.6
206
77.4
2013
25.0
32.8
3,570.0
203
76.2
20131
25.3
33.4
1,820.8
105
76.3
2014
25.3
33.5
1,430.4
83
73.0
2009
24.4
32.8
2,857.4
200
75.9
2010
25.1
33.8
3,105.0
215
79.6
2011
25.1
33.3
2,668.4
205
80.7
2012
24.9
33.4
3,100.5
191
80.9
2013
24.6
33.0
2,872.0
196
80.3
2013
24.9
33.5
1,351.2
97
80.4
20141
24.7
33.6
1,017.0
75
74.4
2009
24.0
30.9
3,593.6
178
82.5
2010
24.5
31.5
2,363.2
170
80.7
2011
24.4
30.9
3,645.4
189
84.3
2012
24.5
31.3
3,094.4
197
84.5
2013
24.5
31.1
2,908.0
180
83.8
2013
24.8
31.5
949.4
71
82.8
20141
24.4
31.7
313.8
36
77.9
2009
25.0
31.2
2,927.4
190
83.8
2010
25.0
31.3
4,628.6
218
83.8
2011
24.7
30.9
3,410.8
218
82.9
2012
24.9
31.7
3,323.4
191
83.6
2013
24.9
31.2
3,114.2
209
83.3
25.2
31.5
1,175.6
85
82.7r
25.0
30.9
1,420.6
83
81.7
Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
(5.2 m)
Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan

Labuan
(27.9 m)
2013
2014
1
Januari hingga Jun
January to June
Source:
101

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.2: Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU , Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.2:
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2013
Negeri/Stesen
Jan.
State/Station
Johor
Kota Tinggi
Larkin
Muar
Pasir Gudang
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
25
27
24
26
67
56
54
63
26
24
21
26
49
77
45
55
27
29
31
33
95
115
71
85
36
38
44
40
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Sept.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
42
36
32
42
119
77
94
92
40
39
40
33
327
226
663
352
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
40
33
35
34
87
62
116
67
38
33
42
33
62
66
90
63
36
32
29
28
84
75
73
67
48
31
38
36
84
96
78
99
35
24
32
27
93
58
60
102
25
17
7
20
56
84
61
67
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
22
31
27
58
55
68
23
26
33
55
47
63
30
29
43
63
60
64
26
28
42
60
61
65
23
31
42
64
57
71
24
30
38
68
60
98
Kedah
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
22
30
34
69
62
98
23
30
25
90
97
104
17
29
25
55
51
79
18
16
42
48
46
71
17
23
38
50
56
71
26
25
45
51
59
63
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
Tanah Merah
107
103
85
108
Okt.
Jun
June
Max.
Kedah
Alor Setar
Langkawi
Sungai Petani
Max.
Mei
May
Min.
Jan.
Alor Setar
Langkawi
Sungai Petani
Apr.
Mar.
Min.
Johor
Kota Tinggi
Larkin
Muar
Pasir Gudang
Mac
Feb.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
15
36
62
78
15
31
56
64
28
50
58
74
19
51
70
80
28
47
54
65
24
42
116
102
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
Tanah Merah
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
26
41
75
79
33
48
63
65
29
19
61
68
26
12
64
53
19
13
55
49
21
22
60
56
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Melaka
Bandaraya Melaka
Bukit Rambai
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
20
42
61
71
23
17
60
63
30
54
92
106
46
39
81
77
46
52
95
101
48
44
415
477
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Melaka
Bandaraya Melaka
Bukit Rambai
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
48
64
116
136
47
59
85
105
39
53
72
84
40
43
68
72
29
49
58
82
16
51
52
85

102

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.2: Bacaan minimum dan maksimum bulanan IPU , Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.2:
Monthly minimum and maximum API, Malaysia, 2013 (cont'd)
Negeri/Stesen
Jan.
State/Station
Negeri Sembilan
Nilai
Port Dickson
Seremban
Min.
26
34
34
Nilai
Port Dickson
Seremban
Max.
79
85
102
Julai
Min.
32
35
29
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
39
37
33
88
94
93
50
36
50
71
82
113
42
40
46
119
136
108
43
43
47
177
364
173
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
43
45
48
97
89
106
44
41
43
78
83
80
42
29
34
Max.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
89
61
103
Mac
Feb.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
38
26
34
85
84
91
34
32
25
84
76
78
27
33
24
76
108
97
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
8
20
31
65
50
57
10
21
27
48
44
51
35
26
33
63
51
68
32
25
31
57
60
79
29
24
30
61
56
75
29
21
23
200
138
172
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
35
26
34
75
69
78
35
28
39
69
60
64
27
26
33
59
68
64
26
24
33
53
61
79
24
23
24
56
43
46
1
18
16
65
36
60
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh
Seri Manjung
Taiping
Tanjung Malim
Tasek, Ipoh
Okt.
Sept.
Min.
Pahang
Balok Baru
Jerantut
Kuantan
Jun
June
Max.
Pahang
Balok Baru
Jerantut
Kuantan
Mei
May
Min.
Aug.
Jan.
Apr.
Mar.
96
102
92
Ogos
July
Negeri Sembilan
Mac
Feb.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
48
24
27
32
34
92
56
68
55
77
47
26
27
21
34
81
57
55
72
80
47
33
32
31
45
88
69
64
112
89
49
26
21
34
43
95
58
56
117
109
46
31
22
33
33
60
60
53
117
86
39
29
21
26
28
247
333
155
179
161
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Perak
Pegoh, Ipoh
Seri Manjung
Taiping
Tanjung Malim
Tasek, Ipoh
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
43
28
25
33
34
106
123
80
110
80
50
29
32
36
39
95
90
75
116
84
42
23
20
24
29
96
66
71
124
75
40
17
17
25
31
107
42
45
82
67
34
19
25
27
35
77
38
51
94
80
37
18
22
19
34
82
40
49
52
62
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Perlis
Min.
Kangar
Kangar
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
59
33
58
30
72
23
31
Perlis
Apr.
Mar.
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Jun
June
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
61
27
66
24
Okt.
Sept.
Mei
May
64
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Max.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
28
68
29
87
24
60
24
66
27
59
39
64

103

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.2:
Negeri/Stesen
Jan.
State/Station
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Pulau Pinang
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Perai
Seberang Jaya
USM
25
32
34
88
87
96
29
34
35
69
68
79
37
43
46
79
86
86
29
38
39
78
63
103
26
31
39
76
69
79
23
28
31
120
132
121
Pulau Pinang
Perai
Seberang Jaya
USM
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
23
31
29
97
102
99
28
30
28
88
103
97
22
27
29
98
86
95
18
31
30
63
59
56
23
36
29
75
68
83
31
31
32
66
63
75
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
21
26
29
28
46
50
44
52
17
30
29
26
43
53
50
51
23
40
31
33
39
59
51
50
20
38
31
26
34
50
51
44
19
31
28
26
41
54
45
45
23
23
23
27
101
90
56
46
Sabah
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
22
8
32
27
57
59
58
43
20
20
30
25
54
56
57
60
23
14
29
26
60
60
60
53
24
26
36
28
51
53
61
58
29
22
34
24
55
40
53
50
28
17
26
26
44
39
47
38
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Sarawak
Bintulu
ILP, Miri
Kapit
Kuching
Limbang
Miri
Samarahan
Sarikei
Sibu
Sri Aman
Dec.
Max.
Sabah
Keningau
Kota Kinabalu
Sandakan
Tawau
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Min.
Jan.
Keningau
Kota Kinabalu
Sandakan
Tawau
Okt.
Sept.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
25
16
22
25
23
25
30
40
21
17
58
52
52
55
48
51
57
63
56
50
27
16
22
24
23
30
32
44
22
27
62
43
43
46
49
50
52
59
48
48
30
18
29
30
25
33
36
46
26
34
73
50
50
55
48
52
55
59
56
64
25
19
26
25
27
27
32
35
23
31
64
42
42
51
42
46
53
58
56
51
26
19
26
27
29
24
34
39
23
30
63
49
49
46
48
49
47
57
49
46
37
17
29
26
28
25
37
28
23
30
93
80
80
89
90
93
78
93
107
82
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Sarawak
Bintulu
ILP, Miri
Kapit
Kuching
Limbang
Miri
Samarahan
Sarikei
Sibu
Sri Aman
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
23
18
33
23
27
22
32
21
27
30
72
65
65
61
54
60
56
71
63
54
29
14
30
29
24
26
31
31
24
31
75
56
56
64
50
52
66
75
58
81
17
13
34
26
26
23
32
31
21
32
66
65
65
71
57
68
75
72
68
90
27
18
22
21
26
23
33
21
31
23
62
54
54
62
52
52
60
56
54
55
28
14
17
20
17
18
30
21
20
23
56
28
28
41
31
51
41
41
41
38
15
14
14
17
19
19
27
24
16
20
49
28
28
52
33
43
57
64
53
47
104

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Table 1.2:
Negeri/Stesen
Jan.
State/Station
Selangor
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Banting
43
100
35
104
53
105
49
108
42
121
42
293
Klang
40
122
42
79
49
90
48
65
45
78
40
495
Kuala Selangor
29
58
29
56
32
54
25
63
28
52
26
247
Petaling Jaya
36
91
26
76
40
83
34
107
33
100
30
231
Shah Alam
93
30
101
52
109
30
131
35
114
34
301
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Selangor
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Banting
46
111
42
76
35
85
39
102
33
106
41
106
Klang
49
105
49
84
40
80
31
84
40
65
40
94
Kuala Selangor
36
97
26
75
17
64
16
50
20
45
16
41
Petaling Jaya
32
104
43
73
22
108
28
82
37
86
34
92
Shah Alam
35
94
42
90
22
87
30
94
34
73
27
99
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
Mei
Jun
May
June
Terengganu
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Kemaman
32
63
28
58
40
63
37
80
38
61
43
262
Kuala Terengganu
28
64
45
58
27
81
36
64
40
65
45
101
Paka
20
53
25
45
54
20
38
20
42
20
162
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Dis.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Terengganu
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Kemaman
47
99
49
74
43
73
36
72
27
54
22
65
Kuala Terengganu
37
94
49
72
33
74
39
57
25
58
26
70
Paka
17
72
25
52
24
59
28
57
48
Jan.
Mac
Feb.
Apr.
Mar.
64
Mei
Jun
May
June
Wilayah Persekutuan
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
31
97
33
79
39
104
41
102
36
107
34
200
53
129
33
94
47
121
41
129
37
140
33
186
Labuan
25
43
29
49
29
46
26
50
23
51
29
98
Putrajaya
30
100
26
97
46
99
33
106
33
111
35
Julai
Ogos
July
Aug.
Okt.
Sept.
Nov.
Oct.
199
Dis.
Dec.
Wilayah Persekutuan
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
32
121
49
121
23
114
31
122
24
109
21
99
40
139
22
97
32
111
30
105
32
88
27
107
Labuan
30
63
27
54
22
61
28
58
32
45
32
41
Putrajaya
41
115
41
78
25
89
25
87
26
98
24
100
Source:
105

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.3: Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2013

Table 1.3:
Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2013
ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.052
0.053
0.071
0.045
0.038
0.040
0.047
0.046
0.039
0.051
0.057
0.045
0.055
0.036
0.039
0.040
0.046
0.034
0.036
0.022
0.051
0.056
0.053
0.049
0.043
0.045
0.037
0.040
0.035
0.021
0.032
0.024
0.042
0.057
0.051
0.057
0.033
0.037
0.034
0.046
0.048
0.037
Alor Setar
0.037
0.029
0.043
0.037
0.036
0.030
0.039
0.039
0.031
0.030
0.033
0.030
Langkawi
0.041
0.031
0.039
0.030
0.022
0.022
0.029
0.031
0.023
0.023
0.030
0.035
Sungai Petani
0.044
0.038
0.043
0.038
0.037
0.041
0.053
0.047
0.040
0.035
0.041
0.035
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.034
0.030
0.030
0.031
0.025
0.023
0.029
Bandaraya Melaka
0.021
0.030
0.057
0.061
0.056
0.062
0.049
0.046
0.034
0.040
0.020
Bukit Rambai
0.044
0.062
0.052
0.062
0.060
0.052
0.048
0.036
0.040
0.045
0.034
Nilai
0.037
0.034
0.045
0.047
0.054
0.052
0.045
0.042
0.043
0.052
0.046
0.033
Port Dickson
0.056
0.050
0.062
0.050
0.062
0.054
0.045
0.051
0.042
0.053
0.056
0.054
Seremban
0.044
0.038
0.060
0.070
0.067
0.067
0.063
0.056
0.063
0.062
0.052
0.040
Jerantut
0.024
0.021
0.035
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.033
0.026
0.025
Kuantan
0.037
0.027
0.040
0.049
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.042
0.046
0.043
0.033
0.033
Pegoh, Ipoh
0.061
0.060
0.062
0.053
0.045
0.066
0.068
0.057
0.058
0.058
0.051
Taiping
0.040
0.034
0.042
0.027
0.028
0.032
0.043
0.041
0.033
0.029
0.031
0.032
Tanjung Malim
0.045
0.035
0.051
0.049
0.056
0.044
0.067
0.069
0.056
0.044
0.046
0.039
Tasek, Ipoh
0.050
0.048
0.065
0.057
0.052
0.051
0.056
0.056
0.046
0.043
0.055
0.042
0.039
0.032
0.045
0.043
0.039
0.032
0.037
0.031
0.022
0.026
0.035
0.038
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Kota Tinggi
0.042
0.035
0.044
Larkin
0.034
0.032
Muar
0.027
Pasir Gudang
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Kangar
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O 3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: O 3 not exceeding 0.1 ppm
106

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.3: Purata bulanan kepekatan Ozon di udara, Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.3:
Monthly average concentration of Ground Level Ozone in the air, Malaysia, 2013 (cont'd)
ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.044
0.035
0.037
0.051
0.044
0.039
0.031
0.044
0.043
0.051
0.040
0.037
0.033
0.046
0.042
0.036
0.030
0.042
0.038
0.055
0.066
0.061
0.052
0.043
0.057
0.051
0.044
0.035
0.054
0.051
0.022
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.026
0.025
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.018
0.017
0.031
0.034
0.032
0.023
0.021
0.026
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.016
0.013
0.012
0.026
0.027
0.027
0.024
0.031
0.031
0.026
0.029
0.030
0.023
0.023
0.029
0.029
0.035
0.026
0.022
0.026
0.024
0.026
0.023
0.028
0.026
0.025
Bintulu
0.034
0.035
0.035
0.034
0.032
0.034
0.032
0.028
0.029
0.032
0.032
0.026
Kuching
0.019
0.020
0.019
0.024
0.025
0.029
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.026
0.021
0.021
Miri
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.034
0.028
0.029
0.027
0.029
0.030
0.029
Sibu
0.026
0.024
0.030
0.028
0.025
0.030
0.026
0.030
0.025
0.030
0.025
Banting
0.065
0.056
0.075
0.066
0.062
0.058
0.055
0.048
0.049
0.060
0.060
0.060
Klang
0.066
0.045
0.060
0.039
0.040
0.034
0.035
0.042
0.033
0.050
0.042
0.046
Petaling Jaya
0.051
0.042
0.060
0.048
0.046
0.047
0.044
0.044
0.042
0.045
0.046
0.039
Shah Alam
0.057
0.052
0.077
0.067
0.063
0.059
0.046
0.052
0.042
0.054
0.044
0.053
Kemaman
0.035
0.026
0.031
0.046
0.044
0.059
0.050
0.049
0.051
0.045
0.033
0.035
Kuala Terengganu
0.031
0.022
0.027
0.029
0.037
0.044
0.042
0.042
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.037
0.050
0.040
0.070
0.063
0.069
0.066
0.067
0.069
0.055
0.061
0.061
0.048
0.055
0.056
0.077
0.078
0.074
0.072
0.069
0.059
0.055
0.058
0.058
0.055
Labuan
0.032
0.030
0.031
0.035
0.034
0.040
0.036
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.031
0.030
Putrajaya
0.048
0.052
0.074
0.064
0.067
0.061
0.058
0.055
0.046
0.051
0.057
0.051
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Perai
0.050
0.043
0.054
Seberang Jaya
0.045
0.042
USM
0.064
Keningau
Kota Kinabalu
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sandakan
Tawau
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
Wilayah Persekutuan

Source:
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: O 3 tidak melebihi 0.1 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: O 3 not exceeding 0.1 ppm
107

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.4: Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.4:
Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013

ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.544
0.571
0.904
0.542
0.471
0.458
0.496
0.485
0.410
0.964
1.054
1.104
1.758
1.104
0.876
0.958
0.870
0.860
0.657
0.705
0.742
0.713
0.612
1.376
0.782
0.687
0.706
0.745
0.768
0.779
0.574
0.603
0.725
1.021
0.947
1.442
0.973
0.599
0.768
0.829
0.914
0.448
Alor Setar
0.406
0.430
0.644
0.451
0.392
0.567
0.401
0.522
0.520
0.495
0.494
0.507
Langkawi
0.650
0.529
0.676
0.619
0.666
0.714
0.578
0.611
0.583
0.540
0.564
0.471
Sungai Petani
0.836
0.814
0.865
0.859
0.807
0.922
1.024
0.942
0.805
0.893
0.919
0.843
0.521
0.476
0.682
0.615
0.566
0.825
0.696
0.567
0.646
0.497
0.538
0.611
Bandaraya Melaka
0.377
0.381
0.439
0.532
0.550
1.510
0.673
0.599
0.668
0.538
0.598
0.553
Bukit Rambai
0.799
0.710
0.701
0.762
0.756
1.615
0.988
0.856
0.889
0.758
0.742
0.730
Nilai
0.587
0.630
0.699
0.718
0.633
0.787
0.800
0.698
0.677
0.660
0.685
0.684
Port Dickson
0.668
0.565
0.512
0.564
0.458
0.746
0.695
0.556
0.578
0.581
0.511
0.579
Seremban
0.561
0.539
0.512
0.581
0.676
1.298
0.978
0.677
0.705
0.686
0.635
0.554
Jerantut
0.285
0.227
0.288
0.266
0.254
0.459
0.321
0.334
0.281
0.255
0.245
0.260
Kuantan
0.556
0.431
0.456
0.606
0.553
0.946
0.630
0.593
0.481
0.445
0.498
0.574
Pegoh, Ipoh
0.648
0.547
0.613
0.772
0.959
0.890
0.625
1.055
1.257
0.915
0.897
0.908
Taiping
0.565
0.464
0.447
0.390
0.465
0.678
0.670
0.688
0.357
0.376
0.390
0.507
Tanjung Malim
0.491
0.327
0.467
0.411
0.395
0.445
0.490
0.408
0.342
0.381
0.451
Tasek, Ipoh
0.592
0.565
0.662
0.624
0.587
0.728
0.623
0.676
0.595
0.660
0.683
0.718
0.596
0.462
0.400
0.481
0.488
0.526
0.562
0.621
0.536
0.477
0.540
0.543
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Kota Tinggi
0.413
0.345
0.434
Larkin
0.564
0.652
Muar
0.556
Pasir Gudang
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Kota Bharu
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Kangar

108

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.4: Purata bulanan kepekatan Karbon Monoksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.4:
Monthly average concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013 (cont'd)
ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.902
0.836
1.065
0.910
0.847
0.851
0.918
0.916
0.913
0.806
0.816
0.919
0.965
0.794
0.841
0.784
0.770
0.789
0.771
0.740
0.685
0.610
0.531
0.653
0.533
0.529
0.647
0.609
0.779
0.627
0.413
0.366
0.381
0.371
0.476
0.624
0.455
0.419
0.417
0.399
0.402
0.381
Kota Kinabalu
0.528
0.542
0.511
0.462
0.630
0.587
0.672
0.604
0.555
0.487
0.464
0.430
Sandakan
0.395
0.356
0.373
0.392
0.398
0.392
0.486
0.375
0.469
0.533
0.461
0.439
Tawau
0.614
0.464
0.435
0.614
0.760
0.552
0.460
0.608
0.499
0.551
0.467
0.451
Bintulu
0.601
0.381
0.640
0.650
0.554
0.523
0.454
0.505
0.552
0.668
0.434
0.499
Kuching
0.610
0.407
0.443
0.440
0.383
0.543
0.438
0.412
0.443
0.454
0.374
0.355
Miri
0.441
0.362
0.415
0.490
0.504
0.566
0.497
0.502
0.473
0.570
0.438
0.365
Sibu
0.679
0.519
0.539
0.538
0.561
0.697
0.600
0.560
0.604
0.647
0.537
0.445
Banting
0.674
0.610
0.768
0.755
0.732
1.739
0.983
0.840
0.660
0.618
0.623
0.697
Klang
1.608
1.635
1.509
1.389
1.217
2.305
1.792
1.281
1.522
1.159
1.371
1.561
Petaling Jaya
1.483
1.377
1.401
1.452
1.252
1.501
1.212
1.091
1.483
1.506
1.633
1.773
Shah Alam
0.740
0.827
0.838
0.862
0.831
1.299
1.104
1.082
0.918
0.889
1.011
0.860
Kemaman
0.389
0.321
0.409
0.362
0.353
0.773
0.546
0.527
0.416
0.365
0.326
0.329
Kuala Terengganu
0.627
0.497
0.777
0.606
0.641
0.914
0.710
0.663
0.690
0.481
0.560
0.539
Batu Muda,
Kuala Lumpur
0.912
0.937
0.852
0.811
0.755
0.972
0.884
0.823
0.779
0.743
1.022
1.076
1.053
1.140
1.218
1.043
0.897
1.196
1.132
0.945
1.056
1.015
1.106
1.287
Labuan
0.373
0.346
0.363
0.500
0.431
0.469
0.516
0.498
0.484
0.520
0.375
0.338
Putrajaya
0.715
0.636
0.681
0.716
0.564
1.422
0.791
0.698
0.591
0.658
0.656
0.684
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Perai
0.960
0.848
0.896
Seberang Jaya
0.828
0.801
USM
0.773
Keningau
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
Wilayah Persekutuan

Source:

109

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.5: Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.5:
Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013

ppm
ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.0023
0.0028
0.0042
0.0027
0.0024
0.0027
0.0027
0.0022
0.0019
0.0021
0.0031
0.0038
0.0032
0.0050
0.0039
0.0043
0.0030
0.0020
0.0020
0.0032
0.0035
0.0036
0.0032
0.0051
0.0053
0.0092
0.0052
0.0047
0.0047
0.0034
0.0015
0.0015
0.0028
0.0053
0.0077
0.0065
0.0070
0.0057
0.0068
0.0059
0.0046
0.0018
Alor Setar
0.0004
0.0003
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0011
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
Langkawi
0.0008
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0007
0.0006
0.0012
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
Sungai Petani
0.0006
0.0003
0.0004
0.0009
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0005
0.0003
0.0007
Kota Bharu
0.0006
0.0005
0.0008
0.0003
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
0.0002
0.0002
0.0006
0.0001
0.0001
Tanah Merah
0.0014
0.0011
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0004
0.0012
0.0013
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0010
Bandaraya Melaka
0.0044
0.0030
0.0025
0.0033
0.0025
0.0037
0.0027
0.0035
0.0028
0.0031
0.0024
0.0015
Bukit Rambai
0.0018
0.0023
0.0021
0.0056
0.0046
0.0072
0.0049
0.0070
0.0045
0.0037
0.0023
0.0011
Nilai
0.0028
0.0031
0.0035
0.0037
0.0043
0.0034
0.0058
0.0049
0.0050
0.0053
0.0056
0.0049
Port Dickson
0.0028
0.0025
0.0020
0.0028
0.0013
0.0030
0.0021
0.0016
0.0020
0.0028
0.0033
0.0032
Seremban
0.0011
0.0007
0.0015
0.0022
0.0034
0.0034
0.0033
0.0040
0.0027
0.0031
0.0024
0.0015
Balok Baru
0.0007
0.0007
0.0018
0.0009
0.0010
0.0006
0.0013
0.0014
0.0010
0.0023
0.0011
0.0014
Jerantut
0.0001
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0001
Kuantan
0.0019
0.0015
0.0009
0.0012
0.0014
0.0013
0.0016
0.0016
0.0019
0.0011
0.0008
0.0006
Pegoh, Ipoh
0.0014
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0013
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0023
0.0023
0.0014
0.0014
Taiping
0.0001
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0005
0.0007
0.0005
0.0011
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0003
Tanjung Malim
0.0014
0.0010
0.0016
0.0023
0.0012
0.0009
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
0.0011
0.0009
0.0005
Tasek, Ipoh
0.0013
0.0021
0.0017
0.0014
0.0011
0.0013
0.0016
0.0019
0.0007
0.0015
0.0016
0.0011
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Kota Tinggi
0.0007
0.0009
0.0011
Larkin
0.0017
0.0018
Muar
0.0022
Pasir Gudang
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO 2 tidak melebihi 0.04 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO 2 not exceeding 0.04 ppm
110

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.5: Purata bulanan kepekatan Sulfur Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.5:
Monthly average concentration of Sulphur Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013 (contd)
ppm
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0019
0.0015
0.0009
0.0020
0.0022
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0029
0.0017
0.0023
0.0020
0.0022
0.0025
0.0024
0.0031
0.0023
0.0020
0.0028
0.0035
0.0023
0.0017
0.0023
0.0009
0.0016
0.0019
0.0020
0.0019
0.0012
0.0017
0.0010
0.0016
0.0010
Keningau
0.0007
0.0013
0.0012
0.0024
0.0011
0.0015
0.0012
0.0006
0.0018
0.0010
0.0020
0.0012
Kota Kinabalu
0.0014
0.0013
0.0011
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0009
0.0006
0.0008
0.0013
0.0004
0.0013
Sandakan
0.0009
0.0012
0.0010
0.0009
0.0015
0.0013
0.0015
0.0008
0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
Tawau
0.0014
0.0014
0.0012
0.0011
0.0014
0.0017
0.0011
0.0010
0.0013
0.0015
0.0013
0.0013
Bintulu
0.0010
0.0002
0.0005
0.0006
0.0009
0.0010
0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
Kuching
0.0013
0.0008
0.0013
0.0015
0.0013
0.0012
0.0017
0.0013
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
Miri
0.0009
0.0013
0.0013
0.0003
0.0008
0.0015
0.0005
0.0005
0.0016
0.0015
0.0009
0.0011
Sibu
0.0007
0.0005
0.0008
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0008
0.0008
0.0005
0.0009
Banting
0.0029
0.0029
0.0027
0.0023
0.0029
0.0050
0.0048
0.0033
0.0041
0.0042
0.0026
0.0017
Klang
0.0044
0.0046
0.0045
0.0048
0.0070
0.0066
0.0042
0.0027
0.0032
0.0040
0.0032
0.0030
Petaling Jaya
0.0031
0.0027
0.0036
0.0038
0.0031
0.0034
0.0036
0.0027
0.0045
0.0038
0.0049
0.0040
Shah Alam
0.0027
0.0025
0.0033
0.0027
0.0030
0.0017
0.0020
0.0024
0.0015
0.0017
0.0025
0.0015
Kemaman
0.0002
0.0007
0.0014
0.0026
0.0009
0.0016
0.0022
0.0020
0.0010
0.0013
0.0010
0.0011
Kuala Terengganu
0.0010
0.0002
0.0002
0.0006
0.0014
0.0012
0.0008
0.0008
0.0005
0.0009
0.0006
0.0018
Paka
0.0008
0.0006
0.0010
0.0007
0.0017
0.0010
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0012
0.0007
0.0007
0.0020
0.0018
0.0025
0.0022
0.0026
0.0022
0.0033
0.0024
0.0023
0.0026
0.0028
0.0019
0.0021
0.0013
0.0015
0.0018
0.0017
0.0040
0.0031
0.0022
0.0019
0.0017
0.0017
0.0018
Labuan
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0007
0.0003
0.0006
0.0002
0.0004
0.0004
Putrajaya
0.0012
0.0014
0.0020
0.0026
0.0032
0.0025
0.0035
0.0029
0.0032
0.0038
0.0029
0.0024
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
0.0011
0.0007
0.0004
Perai
0.0025
0.0019
Seberang Jaya
0.0019
USM
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Dis.
Nov.
Dec.
Perlis
Kangar
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
Wilayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala
Lumpur
Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur

Source:
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: SO 2 tidak melebihi 0.04 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: SO 2 not exceeding 0.04 ppm
111

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.6: Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.6:
Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013

ppm
Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.
Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kota Tinggi
0.0005 0.0010 0.0019 0.0050 0.0046 0.0079 0.0051 0.0033 0.0050 0.0048
0.0047
0.0012
Larkin
0.0097 0.0093 0.0135 0.0169 0.0177 0.0172 0.0183 0.0173 0.0168 0.0158
0.0150
0.0109
Muar
0.0072 0.0061 0.0091 0.0085 0.0069 0.0091 0.0066 0.0057 0.0075 0.0090
0.0067
0.0042
Pasir Gudang
0.0059 0.0059 0.0120 0.0207 0.0214 0.0219 0.0207 0.0174 0.0186 0.0174
0.0170
0.0076
Alor Setar
0.0066 0.0073 0.0077 0.0067 0.0053 0.0055 0.0074 0.0077 0.0072 0.0064
0.0057
0.0046
Langkawi
0.0058 0.0046 0.0054 0.0062 0.0051 0.0049 0.0050 0.0048 0.0046 0.0042
0.0044
0.0051
Sungai Petani
0.0109 0.0092 0.0091
0.0128 0.0120 0.0103 0.0198
0.0098
0.0091
Kota Bharu
0.0037 0.0027 0.0034 0.0039 0.0047 0.0049 0.0054 0.0046 0.0046 0.0040
0.0041
Tanah Merah
0.0067 0.0065 0.0065 0.0053 0.0044 0.0051 0.0038 0.0047 0.0047 0.0051
0.0053
0.0079
Bandaraya Melaka
0.0055 0.0064 0.0069 0.0097 0.0104 0.0090
0.0118 0.0089
0.0112 0.0091
0.0085
0.0012
Bukit Rambai
0.0114
0.0112 0.0093 0.0057 0.0095
0.0098
0.0088
Nilai
0.0140 0.0138 0.0155 0.0154 0.0152 0.0163 0.0178 0.0163 0.0168 0.0159
0.0158
0.0131
Port Dickson
0.0063 0.0064 0.0065 0.0082 0.0072 0.0079 0.0079 0.0077 0.0063 0.0076
0.0063
0.0055
Seremban
0.0082 0.0074 0.0093
0.0112
0.0103
0.0085
Balok Baru
0.0079 0.0060 0.0059 0.0065 0.0052 0.0074 0.0060 0.0050 0.0060 0.0061
0.0072
0.0077
Jerantut
0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0027 0.0022 0.0021 0.0024 0.0027 0.0025 0.0020
0.0019
0.0017
Kuantan
0.0052 0.0060 0.0063 0.0082 0.0078 0.0098 0.0086 0.0078 0.0074 0.0078
0.0073
0.0074
Pegoh, Ipoh
0.0114
0.0115 0.0125 0.0150 0.0121 0.0105 0.0130 0.0127 0.0121
0.0114
0.0118
0.0127
Taiping
0.0078
0.0068 0.0078 0.0084 0.0084 0.0088 0.0096 0.0094 0.0086 0.0079
0.0081
0.0094
Tanjung Malim
0.0058
0.0052 0.0069 0.0064 0.0052 0.0059 0.0071 0.0066 0.0061 0.0055
0.0055
0.0050
Tasek, Ipoh
0.0081
0.0085 0.0096
0.0101
0.0102
Kedah
0.0110
0.0107
0.0119
Kelantan
Melaka
0.0081 0.0101 0.0107 0.0103
0.0114
Negeri Sembilan
0.0116
0.0112 0.0124 0.0102 0.0085
0.0118
Pahang
Perak
0.0115
0.0116 0.0080 0.0101 0.0107 0.0083 0.0100
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: NO 2 tidak melebihi 0.17 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: NO 2 not exceeding 0.17 ppm
112

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.6: Purata bulanan kepekatan Nitrogen Dioksida di udara, Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.6:
Monthly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the air, Malaysia, 2013 (cont'd.)
ppm
Negeri/Stesen
State/Station
Jan.
Feb.
Mac
Mar.
Apr.
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Perlis
Kangar
0.0043 0.0053 0.0048 0.0058 0.0048 0.0042 0.0048 0.0050 0.0041 0.0041 0.0042 0.0047
Pulau Pinang
Perai
0.0151 0.0126 0.0137 0.0152 0.0130 0.0144 0.0142 0.0121 0.0120 0.0115 0.0128 0.0136
Seberang Jaya
0.0156 0.0122 0.0146 0.0139 0.0131 0.0121 0.0133 0.0119
0.0117 0.0102 0.0122 0.0137
USM
0.0110 0.0096 0.0105 0.0113
0.0115
0.0116 0.0125 0.0119
0.0111
0.0110
0.0118
0.0108
Sabah
Keningau
0.0047 0.0046 0.0030 0.0021 0.0020 0.0042 0.0034 0.0027 0.0029 0.0040 0.0042 0.0038
Kota Kinabalu
0.0064 0.0065 0.0066 0.0049 0.0054 0.0066 0.0070 0.0060 0.0061 0.0058 0.0056 0.0048
Sandakan
0.0049 0.0038 0.0042 0.0056 0.0057 0.0062 0.0070 0.0060 0.0062 0.0067 0.0062 0.0061
Tawau
0.0065 0.0061 0.0052 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0065 0.0060 0.0054
Sarawak
Bintulu
0.0056 0.0051 0.0048 0.0050 0.0044 0.0052 0.0068 0.0057 0.0059 0.0068 0.0072 0.0053
Kuching
0.0065 0.0056 0.0059 0.0068 0.0067 0.0082 0.0078 0.0085 0.0085 0.0077 0.0065 0.0062
Miri
0.0057 0.0049 0.0060 0.0057 0.0059 0.0070 0.0059 0.0056 0.0058 0.0062 0.0052 0.0044
Sibu
0.0073 0.0049 0.0067 0.0057 0.0067 0.0084 0.0060 0.0132 0.0136 0.0106 0.0136
Selangor
Banting
0.0105 0.0109 0.0125 0.0146 0.0116 0.0128 0.0137 0.0124 0.0120 0.0116 0.0133 0.0132
Klang
0.0236 0.0239 0.0230 0.0110 0.0093 0.0087 0.0224 0.0189 0.0207
Petaling Jaya
0.0273 0.0241 0.0346 0.0271 0.0256 0.0276 0.0325 0.0265 0.0286 0.0311 0.0279 0.0265
Shah Alam
0.0203 0.0229
0.0190 0.0232 0.0194 0.0184 0.0180 0.0212 0.0191 0.0192 0.0146 0.0168 0.0213
Terengganu
Kemaman
0.0021 0.0022 0.0027 0.0039 0.0041 0.0051 0.0058 0.0052 0.0046 0.0041 0.0035 0.0026
Kuala Terengganu
0.0049 0.0040 0.0051 0.0057 0.0059 0.0068 0.0065 0.0056 0.0053 0.0050 0.0047 0.0043
Paka
0.0018 0.0036 0.0038 0.0035 0.0037 0.0032 0.0029 0.0023 0.0016 0.0009
Willayah Persekutuan
Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur 0.0157 0.0148 0.0172 0.0175 0.0172 0.0157 0.0203 0.0185 0.0180 0.0158 0.0159 0.0124
0.0199 0.0201 0.0212 0.0220 0.0188 0.0194 0.0221 0.0199 0.0195 0.0175 0.0201 0.0191
Labuan
0.0008 0.0007 0.0013 0.0030 0.0026 0.0037 0.0034 0.0030 0.0027 0.0026 0.0019 0.0014
Putrajaya
0.0063 0.0131 0.0161 0.0175 0.0154 0.0180 0.0193 0.0172 0.0232 0.0172 0.0192 0.0193
Source:
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: NO 2 tidak melebihi 0.17 ppm
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: NO 2 not exceeding 0.17 ppm
113

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.7: Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.7:
Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2013

g/m3
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
49.15
51.09
121.05
48.87
44.15
48.57
55.57
42.01
27.88
41.01
46.01
46.25
105.02
43.42
41.06
43.15
36.84
29.16
28.27
26.96
38.65
36.48
36.08
124.92
51.06
47.16
43.38
48.69
40.96
41.82
40.10
36.44
47.18
55.29
56.61
118.35
47.77
47.71
51.38
47.20
37.83
26.99
Alor Setar
41.13
33.88
40.18
27.98
25.46
37.24
40.50
36.58
26.29
18.88
23.72
31.15
Langkawi
38.87
34.77
43.96
40.61
35.15
44.92
43.14
42.60
36.27
35.00
36.70
31.68
Sungai Petani
46.89
43.98
53.96
49.23
45.15
56.70
60.33
50.67
53.43
47.94
50.84
53.83
Kota Bharu
41.77
39.90
43.30
38.80
33.35
53.60
47.24
42.19
42.12
37.21
34.32
43.03
Tanah Merah
66.86
58.53
70.98
65.03
54.90
67.43
60.90
55.55
50.09
22.76
26.36
35.59
Bandaraya Melaka
44.79
30.50
46.17
49.28
57.29
133.24
65.54
63.12
57.00
51.61
42.45
32.74
Bukit Rambai
64.02
54.16
71.60
68.29
63.37
140.05 103.25
98.09
74.39
56.44
72.09
81.16
Nilai
45.90
42.85
69.02
60.70
56.21
101.34
66.79
61.23
56.65
52.41
44.62
38.99
Port Dickson
41.03
35.73
44.57
42.67
42.30
112.85
60.39
51.26
38.54
28.22
32.75
35.36
Seremban
42.20
35.89
46.18
57.40
58.60
96.57
60.08
54.94
44.14
36.64
31.11
31.35
Balok Baru
45.61
27.69
51.69
40.80
36.16
85.39
47.86
46.68
39.73
35.98
33.50
41.02
Jerantut
31.94
29.06
35.09
29.64
32.75
56.58
35.91
40.76
36.58
28.36
28.52
21.01
Kuantan
37.16
34.48
38.13
31.71
32.63
74.48
43.37
49.86
40.15
30.99
28.93
29.81
Pegoh, Ipoh
55.77
53.46
58.87
62.37
52.60
74.42
66.78
65.12
55.28
44.30
45.92
39.03
Seri Manjung
39.16
36.32
49.07
43.78
43.14
81.46
66.22
50.00
35.72
22.66
23.73
25.49
Taiping
36.13
30.22
38.35
32.32
27.57
45.55
47.48
42.73
29.40
24.74
26.98
27.11
Tanjung Malim
31.09
22.02
31.40
30.50
27.72
62.01
46.35
45.31
35.54
26.14
24.24
22.48
Tasek, Ipoh
40.12
39.76
47.85
47.14
38.40
56.61
53.78
48.68
38.20
38.75
38.78
40.39
47.82
44.36
46.23
35.60
30.32
40.55
46.00
41.07
34.53
31.90
38.12
53.64
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Kota Tinggi
35.61
27.61
37.53
Larkin
39.64
30.70
Muar
35.09
Pasir Gudang
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Kangar
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: PM 10 tidak melebihi 150 g/m3
3
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: PM 10 not exceeding 150 g/m
114

KEADAAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
STATE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.7: Purata bulanan kepekatan Habuk Halus di udara, Malaysia, 2013 (samb.)
Table 1.7: Monthly average concentration of Particulate Matter in the air, Malaysia, 2013 (cont'd)
g/m3
Mei
Jun
Julai
May
June
July
Ogos
Aug.
Sept.
37.07
32.40
47.93
54.86
43.75
36.15
26.15
32.44
33.24
51.21
46.26
41.66
57.01
65.01
54.30
47.12
41.22
47.25
38.61
41.71
51.69
46.09
40.98
55.10
55.00
49.24
43.83
36.77
41.63
35.80
28.33
25.79
28.23
23.45
25.61
49.33
37.50
31.26
32.11
33.63
32.87
31.40
Kota Kinabalu
33.47
35.53
48.26
39.65
35.20
55.74
41.72
40.55
39.13
36.68
28.88
24.38
Sandakan
32.95
37.61
37.29
33.31
31.46
36.80
35.37
36.48
39.34
41.61
38.71
31.24
Tawau
36.81
37.28
36.50
31.13
30.95
34.02
31.81
32.40
31.85
36.99
31.00
28.43
Bintulu
39.33
32.14
41.78
38.71
39.56
58.73
43.68
40.22
37.64
37.59
30.76
20.77
ILP Miri
22.63
23.34
27.20
24.59
23.11
53.19
30.28
27.91
26.15
25.56
20.87
16.89
Kapit
36.62
28.91
34.96
31.13
32.54
48.33
43.77
41.18
46.72
37.33
20.39
18.93
Kuching
34.76
29.78
37.43
34.02
32.10
58.14
38.01
45.72
41.68
38.73
24.20
20.95
Limbang
30.76
32.38
37.32
31.81
31.40
47.07
34.27
33.10
35.80
36.13
22.08
20.98
Miri
34.04
35.66
37.36
29.14
30.41
55.02
38.02
34.48
35.20
30.34
20.45
16.15
Samarahan
42.47
37.26
45.57
37.82
36.48
59.77
41.01
55.02
49.78
50.62
32.33
31.45
Sarikei
52.60
49.00
57.34
42.79
43.92
63.00
39.80
46.96
43.50
40.90
27.85
30.15
Sibu
34.30
26.83
33.50
26.90
28.46
56.46
35.37
36.61
35.92
38.40
25.80
22.20
Sri Aman
30.78
32.48
41.27
36.91
36.05
50.05
38.00
46.42
44.53
36.77
26.37
23.60
Banting
46.94
39.78
54.01
48.68
49.41
114.69
69.32
59.87
51.70
42.95
40.84
40.89
Klang
60.06
58.09
71.04
57.23
57.22
121.94
80.93
70.13
59.95
45.18
45.33
50.62
Kuala Selangor
41.72
37.60
41.77
37.26
35.25
79.64
53.87
44.88
35.25
27.15
26.47
24.82
Petaling Jaya
44.38
36.43
46.57
43.70
38.13
84.17
55.95
53.34
47.94
44.92
47.55
37.22
Shah Alam
43.43
38.86
48.92
40.56
36.37
83.20
58.31
50.39
44.92
37.39
35.51
36.50
Kemaman
53.08
48.78
50.34
44.74
46.27
98.84
66.75
65.30
58.38
45.31
33.96
35.69
Kuala Terengganu
52.05
52.15
60.96
49.92
48.94
71.22
60.74
55.46
54.12
44.27
45.92
43.84
Paka
33.76
30.13
34.56
26.53
26.05
58.25
32.65
34.60
41.82
35.07
20.93
36.96
Batu Muda, Kuala

Lumpur
44.26
42.18
50.57
45.28
41.00
82.94
56.13
54.21
42.32
41.49
32.11
28.09
58.79
45.69
48.81
42.71
37.07
80.39
60.75
51.70
45.10
35.76
33.55
29.57
Labuan
30.79
32.75
32.11
27.29
29.45
55.39
35.44
34.50
37.29
33.82
34.47
33.28
Putrajaya
38.80
31.11
43.09
39.30
42.92
89.74
53.83
47.45
38.94
30.48
24.82
23.34
Negeri/Stesen
Mac
Jan.
Feb.
Perai
39.04
34.81
41.95
Seberang Jaya
50.05
44.33
USM
44.28
Keningau
State/Station
Mar.
Apr.
Okt.
Oct.
Nov.
Dis.
Dec.
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
Wilayah Persekutuan

3
Source:
Nota: Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia: PM 10 tidak melebihi 150 g/m
3
Note: Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines: PM 10 not exceeding 150 g/m
115

TEKANAN
UDARA/ATMOSFERA
PRESSURE
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.8: Pelepasan bahan pencemar ke udara mengikut jenis dan punca, Malaysia, 2013
Table 1.8:
Emission of pollutants to the atmosphere by type and source, Malaysia, 2013

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Sumber
Source
Punca tetap
Jumlah
Stationary sources
Bahan pencemar
Pollutants
Jumlah
Total
Habuk Halus (PM)2

Particulate Matter
Karbon Monoksida (CO)

Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)

Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)

Sulphur Dioxide
Kenderaan
bermotor
Industri
Stesen janakuasa
Jumlah
Industry
Power plant
Total
Motor vehicles
Total
Lain-lain1
Others
85,998
701,831
787,829
2,025,592
142,389
2,955,810
7,259
6,485
13,744
4,339
5,923
24,006
7,791
71,980
79,771
1,786,411
8,654
1,874,836
53,761
523,025
576,786
220,789
60,473
858,048
17,187
100,341
117,528
14,053
67,339
198,920
Termasuk hotel, pusat komersial, institusi dan pasar malam

dan aktiviti pembakaran terbuka

Source:
Include hotels, commercial centres, institutions and night markets and

open burning activities
2
Habuk Halus (PM) termasuk semua jenis Habuk Halus

Particulate Matter (PM) includes all types of Particulate Matters
116

UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.9: Pematuhan dalam penguatkuasaan pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis kenderaan,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 1.9:
Compliance on enforcement of black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Peratus pematuhan
Percentage of compliance
Jenis kenderaan
Type of vehicles
2010
2011
2012
2013
98
99
99
99
100
96
98
99
98
99
99
99
100
99
99
98
99
99
99
99
96
98
98
98
99
100
99
99
99
100
97
99
99
99
99
98
99
99
99
99
2009
Bas
Buses
Bas mini
Mini buses
Kereta
Cars
Lori
Lorries
Lori kecil
Small lorries
Teksi
Taxis
Trak ringan
Light trucks
Van
Vans

Source:
Jadual 1.10: Bilangan saman yang dikeluarkan bagi pelepasan asap hitam mengikut jenis kenderaan,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 1.10:
Number of summonses issued for black smoke emission by type of vehicles, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan saman
Number of summons
Jenis kenderaan
Type of vehicles
2009
Jumlah
Total
Bas
Buses
Bas mini
Mini buses
Kereta
Cars
Lori
Lorries
Lori kecil
Small lorries
Teksi
Taxis
Trak ringan
Light trucks
Van
Vans
2010
2011
2012
2013
3,346
2,983
2,917
2,788r
2,050
247
214
139
288
98
20
12
3r
1,255
1,063
979
859
768
1,453
1,366
1,533
1,265
982
262
231
178
298
164
108
90
86
63
35

Source:
117

UDARA/ATMOSFERA
AIR/ATMOSPHERE
Jadual 1.11: Status pematuhan oleh industri terhadap Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekitar (Udara Bersih)
1978, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 1.11:
Compliance status by industries of Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Peratus pematuhan
Percentage of compliance
Jenis industri
Type of industries
Asas logam
Basic metal
Berasaskan getah
Rubber-based
Berasaskan kayu
Wood-based
Berasaskan kimia
Chemical-based
Berasaskan pengangkutan
Transport-based
Elektrik & elektronik

Electrical & electronics
Fabrikasi logam
Metal fabrication
Galian bukan logam

Non-metallic mineral
Getah asli mentah

Raw natural rubber
Jentera
Machinery
Kertas
Paper
Kilang minyak kelapa sawit mentah

Crude palm oil mill
Kilang padi
Rice mill
Kuari
Quarry
Makanan & minuman

Food & beverage
Makanan ternakan
Animal feed
Penapisan minyak masak

Edible oil refinery
Penapisan petroleum
Petroleum refinery
Penyudahan logam & sadur elektrik

Metal finishing & electroplating
Plastik
Plastic
Simen
Cement
Tekstil
Textile
Lain-lain
Others
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
98
95
99
97
99
94
90
98
98
99
86
90
99
95
99
93
93
99
97
99
94
95
99
99
100
97
94
99
98
99
98
88
99
97
98
79
87
99
98
99
95
100
100
99
100
97
100
100
99
99
95
91
99
97
99
88
96
99
96
100
90
91
98
97
99
94
85
98
95
100
90
92
99
97
99
71
92
98
95
94
81
89
99
96
99
93
94
99
99
99
92
95
99
97
99
93
92
99
97
100
86
90
98
94
98
97
92
99
97
100
94
97
99
100
99

118

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 2.1: Rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.1:
Water treatment plants design capacity by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Juta liter sehari (JLH)
Million litres per day (MLD)
Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Malaysia
16,403
16,779
17,421
17,901
18,421
Johor
1,612
1,620
1,787
1,787
1,986
Kedah
1,185
1,226
1,251
1,293
1,300
Kelantan
360
401
405
411
480
Melaka
489
506
506
550
556
Negeri Sembilan
747
793
790
790
793
Pahang
1,197
1,184
1,203
1,300
1,300
Perak
1,726
1,726
1,740
1,789
1,789
Perlis
110
233
289
289
289
Pulau Pinang
1,273
1,273
1,387
1,387
1,497
Sabah
1,076
1,107
1,107
1,230
1,286
Sarawak1
1,202
1,279
1,459
1,459
1,529
Selangor2
4,476
4,477
4,477
4,606
4,606
Terengganu
889
895
923
906
906
W.P. Labuan
60
60
98
104
104
State
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU),

Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan
Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak
Sumber: Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

Source:
National Water Services Commission
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU),

Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and
Public Works Department Sarawak
2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya

Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya
Nota: Peningkatan rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air adalah kerana terdapat penambahan loji baru dan pembesaran rekabentuk
loji yang sedia ada. Pengurangan rekabentuk kapasiti loji rawatan air pula disebabkan oleh penutupan loji secara terus dan
penutupan sementara loji rawatan air (akan dibuka semula apabila diperlukan)
Note: The increase of water treatment plants design capacity is due to the addition of new plant and expansion of present plant design. The
decrease of water treatment plants design capacity is due to the closing of plants and temporary closure of water treatment plant (will be
reopened when needed)
119

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 2.2: Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.2:
Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Malaysia
13,495
14,110
14,564
15,012r
15,536
Johor
1,466
1,476
1,528
1,512r
1,508
Kedah
1,173
1,194
1,237
1,292
1,326
Kelantan
343
377
403
406
430
Melaka
443
443
455
478
487
Negeri Sembilan
659
724
742
735r
736
Pahang
915
966
1,079
1,089
1,065
Perak
1,039
1,080
1,109
1,155
1,215
Perlis
109
147
191
211
218
Pulau Pinang
913
957
951
964
988
Sabah
877
931
989
1,057
1,132
Sarawak1
1,015
1,090
1,083
1,107
1,165
Selangor2
3,926
4,063
4,143
4,323
4,563
Terengganu
567
612
599
623
638
W.P. Labuan
48
49
54
59
64
State

Source:

2

120

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 2.3: Penduduk yang dibekalkan dengan air paip mengikut negeri dan kawasan, Malaysia, 2010-2013
Table 2.3:
Population supplied with piped water by state and areas, Malaysia, 2010-2013
2010
Negeri
State
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
2011
Purata
negeri
State
average
Bandar
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
2013
2012
Purata
negeri
Bandar
Urban
State
average
Luar
bandar
Purata
negeri
Bandar
Rural
State
average
Urban
Luar
bandar
Rural
Purata
negeri
State
average
%
Malaysia
96.7
89.7
94.2
96.8
90.1
94.4
96.9
90.7
94.7
97.0
92.5
95.1
Johor
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.8
Kedah
100.0
96.3
98.2
100.0
96.3
98.2
100.0
96.3
98.2
100.0
96.5
98.3
56.2
55.2
55.5
56.9
57.4
57.3
57.9
60.8
59.9
59.5
63.4
61.5
Melaka
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Negeri
Sembilan
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.8
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.9
Pahang
100.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
96.0
98.0
Perak
100.0
98.0
99.2
100.0
99.2
99.6
100.0
99.2
99.6
100.0
99.2
99.6
Perlis
100.0
99.0
99.4
100.0
99.0
99.5
100.0
99.0
99.5
100.0
99.0
99.5
Pulau
Pinang
100.0
99.7
99.9
100.0
99.7
99.8
100.0
99.7
99.9
100.0
99.7
99.9
Sabah
99.5
58.6
79.7
99.5
59.0
80.0
99.8
64.2
82.0
99.8
73.1
86.0
Sarawak2
99.5
61.7
93.7
99.5
63.0
93.7
99.6
63.5
93.8
99.7
76.0
93.8
Selangor3
100.0
99.0
99.5
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.8
98.6
92.7
95.7
98.8
92.8
95.8
99.1
92.9
96.0
99.1
92.9
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Kelantan1
Terengganu
W.P.
Labuan

Source:
Peratusan populasi yang mendapat liputan bekalan air bagi negeri Kelantan merujuk kepada peratusan populasi yang memiliki
sambungan terhadap sistem bekalan air. Peratusan premis yang memiliki penyambungan adalah rendah walaupun terdapat akses
terhadap sistem bekalan air kerana masih ramai isi rumah yang memilih untuk menggunakan sumber air alternatif contohnya air
bawah tanah. Bagi negeri-negeri lain, liputan bekalan air adalah berdasarkan peratusan populasi yang mempunyai akses terhadap
sistem bekalan air awam
Kelantans percentage of population served refers to percentage of population with connected water supply. The percentage of premises with connected
services is low although there is accessibility; many households still using alternative sources i.e. ground water. For other states, population served based
on percentage of population that have access to the public water supply system
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak. Angka
bagi kawasan luar bandar Sarawak tidak termasuk bekalan air separa terawat yang dibekalkan oleh agensi lain seperti Kementerian
Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah, Kementerian Kesihatan dan bekalan air persendirian
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU), Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public Works Department Sarawak. Figures for the
rural areas of Sarawak exclude partly treated portable water supplied by the other agencies such as Ministry of Rural and Regional Development, Ministry
of Health and private water supply

Nota: Data berkaitan penduduk adalah berdasarkan Laporan Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-Ciri Asas Demografi 2010 yang
dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
Note: Population related data was based on Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010 Report issued by
the Department of Statistics, Malaysia
121

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 2.4: Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai yang diawasi mengikut kategori, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.4:
Number and percentage of river basins monitored by category, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2009
2010
2011
2013
2012
Kategori
Category
Bil.
Jumlah stesen pengawasan

Total monitoring stations
Jumlah lembangan sungai yang

diawasi
Bil.
No.
1,063
Bil.
No.
1,055
Bil.
No.
No.
812
Bil.
No.
891
832
143
100.0
143
100.0
140
100.0
140
100.0
140
100.0
70
48.9
65
45.4
76
54.3
74
52.8
74
52.9
64
44.8
65
45.4
53
37.9
54
38.6
56
40.0
6.3
13
9.2
11
7.8
12
8.6
10
7.1
Total river basins monitored
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted

Source:
Jadual 2.5: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.5:
Tahun
Year
Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Jumlah
lembangan sungai
yang diawasi
Total river basins
monitored
NH 3 -N
BOD 5
SS
ST
ST
ST
SP
SP
SP
2009
143
56
47
40
28
73
42
54
32
57
2010
143
35
66
42
12
79
52
68
27
48
2011
140
41
64
35
80
57
79
26
35
2012
140
35
67
38
12
69
59
96
28
16
2013
140
41
58
41
46
94
105
24
11

Source:
B-Bersih
C-Clean
ST-Sederhana Tercemar
T-Tercemar
SP-Slightly Polluted
P-Polluted
122

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 2.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.6:
Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 2009-2013

mg/l
Logam berat
Nilai boleh diterima1
Heavy metal
Acceptable value
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0.0500
0.0040
0.0038
0.0040
0.0070
0.0090
0.0050
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.1000
0.0150
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0010
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
1.5000
0.0410
0.0360
0.0700
0.0640
0.0700
Arsenik
Arsenic
Kadmium
Cadmium
Plumbum
Lead
Raksa
Mercury
Zink
Zinc
1
Garis Panduan Kebangsaan untuk Kualiti Air

Minuman oleh Kementerian Kesihatan

Source:
National Guideline for Drinking Water Quality by the

Ministry of Health
123

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.7a: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.7a:
Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Malaysia
12,398
12,516
12,746
13,165r
13,753
Johor
1,029
979
977
1,001
1,058
Kedah
1,246
1,277
1,328
1,371
1,425
Kelantan
200
226
239
241
254
Melaka
289
298
312
377
430
Negeri Sembilan
509
466
543
575
556
Pahang
1,090
1,035
1,051
1,058
1,067
Perak
1,021
884
878
791
808
Perlis
50
106
143
172
175
Pulau Pinang
895
1,011
1,002
1,026r
1,060
Sabah
649
707
710
751
775
Sarawak1
892
1,006
1,003
1,152
1,169
Selangor2
3,914
4,014
4,058
4,150
4,432
Terengganu
571
467
442
440
482
W.P. Labuan
40
39
60
59
63
State

Source:

Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public
Works Department Sarawak
2

124

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.7b: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.7b:
Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2,088
2,451
2,540
2,623
2,866
Johor
446
566
624
679
524
Kedah
16
15
13
15
11
Melaka
216
214
216
225
223
Negeri Sembilan
420
374
344
247
368
Perak
319
447
476
508
524
Perlis
53
44
41
37
41
Pulau Pinang
96
78
75
83
80
Sabah
258
272
275
283
329
Sarawak1
100
109
116
129
357
Selangor2
153
144
163
228
211
Terengganu
n.a.
177
188
187
192
W.P. Labuan
11
12
10
State
Malaysia


Source:

2

Nota: Tiada bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari empangan bagi Kelantan dan Pahang
Note: No direct extraction of raw water from storage dams in Kelantan and Pahang
125

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.7c: Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri1, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.7c:
Supply of raw groundwater by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
185
204
223
228
243
148
150
164
166
176
Pahang
28
29
31
31
Perlis
Sabah
24
19
22
24
28
Sarawak2
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
State
Malaysia
Kelantan
W.P. Labuan

Source:
Sumber bekalan air bawah tanah masih belum diterokai di Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang dan Selangor. Isipadu air bawah
tanah hanya sebagai panduan memandangkan tidak semua loji rawatan dilengkapi dengan meter bagi mengukur kuantiti pengambilan
sebenar
Groundwater resources have yet to be explored in Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang and Selangor. Volume of groundwater is only for guidance
since not all treatment plants is equipped with metre to quantify the actual intake volume
Sumber air bawah tanah tidak diterokai di kawasan yang air dibekalkan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya Sarawak, Lembaga Air Kuching dan
Lembaga Air Sibu. Kos mengepam air bawah tanah adalah tinggi. Air bawah tanah kini disimpan untuk musim kemarau
Groundwater resources not explored in areas water supplied by Public Works Department Sarawak, Kuching Water Board and Sibu Water Board. Pumping
groundwater is costly. The groundwater resource is presently stored as a reserve for the drought season
Nota: Nilai 0.0 merujuk kepada kurang daripada setengah unit terkecil yang ditunjukkan
Note: 0.0 value refers to less than half the smallest unit shown
126

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.8: Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.8:
Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Sektor
Sector
Negeri
Domestik
Bukan domestik
State
Domestic
Non-domestic
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
5,531
5,602
5,695
5,873r
6,064
3,020
3,370
3,469
3,659r
3,790
Johor
713
730
738
769
797
285
306
323
341
366
Kedah
474
444
459
474
487
171
213
181
165
164
Kelantan
124
124
123
130
140
53
55
56
58
62
Melaka
173
177
180
187
193
138
150
161
175
182
Negeri Sembilan
213
229
239
247
255
122
180
172
192
213
Pahang
271
264
286
287
299
96
168
186
209
205
Perak
526
552
556
592
607
194
210
216
217
228
Perlis
49
63
62
57
65
11
11
10
15
Pulau Pinang
451
468
459
475
481
288
315
317
321
327
Sabah
259
222
279
305
314
185
175
206
225
216
Sarawak1
441
449
431
432
446
274
324
321
336
345
Selangor2
1,621
1,655
1,653
1,686
1,735
1,029
1,090
1,135
1,207
1,254
Terengganu
198
206
208
216
230
155
157
163
173
183
W.P. Labuan
18
19
21
16r
16
18
18
20
30r
31
Malaysia


Source:

Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and Public
Works Department Sarawak
2

127

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.9: Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Table 2.9:
Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Sistem ternakan
Perkara
Culture system
Items
Jumlah pengeluaran (tan metrik)

Total productions (tonnes)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014e
155,398.6
122,218.8
163,756.9
132,892.4
214,041.4
365
381
393
398
398
1,311.1
1,466.9
1,794.3
1,748.2
1,748.2
20,758.2
30,590.3
67,937.4
33,582.1
32,120.7
396
381
399
167
167
53.7
52.1
28.4
9.8
9.8
27,371.7
320.9
913.7
118.3
427.9
38,322
45,840
48,402
47,748
47,748
5,025.3
5,355.1
5,462.3
5,135.7
5,135.7
92,833.4
75,721.4
78,034.9
83,144.7
149,032.6
23,677
23,105
21,522
20,792
20,792
472,446.5
480,710.4
404,078.3
395,754.8
395,754.8
9,828.6
11,080.5
12,061.2
10,854.0
22,613.9
2,504
2,923
2,588
2,201
2,201
21,236.8
33,963.1
23,649.3
19,261.8
22,304.2
410.1
400.8
462.8
366.0
895.6
8,906
10,616
9,282
9446
9,446
398,186.9
508,170.5
406,843.4
310,847.8
299,534.0
4,196.6
4,104.9
4,346.9
4,827.3
8,950.8
Bilangan
Number
Bekas lombong
Luas (hektar)
Ex-mining pool
Area (hectare)
Pengeluaran (tan metrik)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Kandang
Luas (hektar)
Pen culture
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Kolam
Luas (hektar)
Ponds
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Sangkar
Luas (m2)
Cages
Area

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Tangki kanvas
Luas (m2)
Canvas tank
Area

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Tangki simen
Luas (m2)
Cement tank
Area

Production (tonnes)

Source:
Nota: Tidak termasuk sistem ternakan akuakultur air tawar yang tidak beroperasi.
Note: Excludes culture freshwater aquaculture which do not operate.
128

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.10: Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Table 2.10:
Production and imports of fertilisers, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Tahun
Pengeluaran1
Import baja
Year
Production
Imports of fertilisers
2010
2,218,514
3,618,120
2011
2,477,242
4,176,252
2012
2,509,814
3,524,046
2013
2,624,883
3,967,824
1,365,192
2,100,270r
1,418,911
2,290,721
2013 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
2014 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
1
Termasuk urea
Includes urea
Jadual 2.11: Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Table 2.11:
Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Racun herba (bukan cecair)
Racun herba (cecair)
Year
Herbicides (non-liquid)
(Tan metrik/tonnes)
Herbicides (liquid)
(000 liter/litres)
2010
9,167
63,400
2011
13,184
72,410
2012
11,597
92,064
2013
6,071
114,168
3,496
54,700
8,455
48,854
Tahun
2013 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
2014 (Jan.-Jun)
(Jan.-June)
129

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 2.12: Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 2.12
: Number of flood incident reported by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Bilangan kejadian banjir yang dilaporkan

Number of flood incident reported
Negeri
State
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
129
224
245
323
296
Johor
18
11
Kedah
14
12
17
26
Kelantan
15
16
19
16
22
Melaka
12
Negeri Sembilan
15
22
14
12
Pahang
12
15
Perak
20
61
40
47
29
Perlis
18
13
14
25
Sabah
15
13
18
Sarawak
16
12
10
Selangor
13
44
70
122
72
Terengganu
17
45
38
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
10
11
Malaysia
Pulau Pinang

Source:
130

Jadual 2.13: Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 2.13:
Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Akta
Act
Jumlah
Total
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
152r
251r
133r
133r
145
4r
27r
60r
132
12
150r
235r
102r
71r
PPKAS (EP) 2009

EQR (IE) 2009
PPKAS (K) 2009

EQR (S) 2009
PPKAS (KEEP) 1979

EQR (SIE) 1979
Seksyen 25 AKAS 1974

Section 25 EQA 1974

Source:
AKAS-Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
PPKAS-Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
EQA-Environmental Quality Act
EQR- Environmental Quality Regulations
EP-Effluen Perindustrian
K-Kumbahan
IE- Industrial Effluents
S-Sewage
KEEP-Kumbahan dan Effluen-Effluen Perindustrian

SIE-Sewage and Industrial Effluents
131

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 3.1: Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran daripada akuakultur air payau/masin, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Table 3.1:
Number, area and production from brackishwater/marine aquaculture, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Sistem
ternakan
Perkara
Item
Culture system
Jumlah pengeluaran (tan metrik)

Total production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Kandang1
Luas (hektar)
Pen culture
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Kerang
Luas (hektar)
Cockles
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Kolam
Luas (hektar)
Ponds
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Rumpai laut
Luas (hektar)
Seaweeds
Area (hectare)

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Sangkar
Luas (m2)
Cages
Area

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
Siput sudu
Luas (m2)
Mussels
Area

Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Tangki air
masin
Number
Brackishwater
tanks
Area
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014e
425,649.8
404,288.7
470,619.6
397,312.6
508,389.8
850
850
850
30.3
38.9
30.3
182.7
131.9
246.7
368
353
361
350
350
10,383.0
10,688.5
10,740.2
10,314.8
10,314.8
78,024.7
57,544.4
42,132.0
40,172.2
64,144.0
13,497
13,183
12,760
10,842
11,386
7,722.8
7,576.7
7,525.4
6,903.0
7,398.0
103,943.2
78,411.8
68,923.7
61,821.4
124,367.2
7,940.5
9,208.2
12,896.8
13,201.7
13,201.7
207,892.4
239,450.0
331,490.1
269,431.3
269,431.2
104,146
99,749
97,783
121,186
121,056
1,988,744.3
1,936,493.8
2,374,837.3
2,861,068.9
2,861,068.9
24,326.3
25,373.9
24,670.1
23,974.8
46,870.0
943
794
1,198
432
638
285,540.2
292,938.9
297,385.9
269,709.9
286,901.9
10,529.1
2,625.2
2,306.0
1,070.9
2,339.9
142
428
1,351
1,163
1,250
182,097.8
11,200.6
14,183.7
9,941.0
11,324.7
121.3
257.6
219.8
24.2
40.1
819
564
684
752
752
364,908.1
127,718.0
356,700.5
348,827.5
348,827.5
812.8
625.9
695.2
697.9
950.7
Luas (m )
Production (tonnes)
Bilangan
Number
2
Tiram
Luas (m )
Oysters
Area

Production (tonnes)
1
Data bagi sistem ternakan kandang bermula 2012
Data for pen culture system commencing from 2012
Source:
Nota: Tidak termasuk sistem ternakan akuakultur air payau/masin yang tidak beroperasi.
Note: Excludes brackishwater/marine aquaculture culture systems which do not operate.
132

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 3.2a: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Table 3.2a:
Marine water quality status at coastal areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Kategori
Category
Negeri
State
2011
E
Jumlah
2013
2012
M
4r
39
102r
10r
32
111
15
125
11
Johor
11
12r
16
10
14
Kedah
8r
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
19
19
20
Perak
Pulau Pinang
12
14
15
2r
10
12r
10
13
22
Sarawak
10
2r
12
15
Selangor
Terengganu
11
W.P. Labuan
Total
Sabah

Source:
Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai bagi Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the coastal areas of Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya
Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin:

Marine Water Quality Index Classification:
Kategori
Nilai indeks
Category
Index value
Terbaik/Excellent (90 -100)
Baik/Good (80 - <90)
Sederhana/Moderate (50 - <80)
Tercemar/Poor (0 - <50)
133

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 3.2b: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Table 3.2b:
Marine water quality status at estuary areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Kategori
Category
Negeri
State
2011
E
Jumlah
2013
2012
M
50
12
48
12
54
14
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Perak
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
11
Total

Source:
Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala bagi Pahang, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, W.P. Labuan dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the estuary areas of Pahang, W.P. Kuala Lumpur, W.P. Labuan and W.P. Putrajaya

Kategori
Nilai indeks
Category
Index value
134

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 3.2c: Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Table 3.2c:
Marine water quality status at island areas based on Marine Water Quality Index, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Bilangan stesen
Number of stations
Kategori
Category
Negeri
State
2011
2013
2012
E
17r
17
50
13
18r
52r
3r
34
50
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
7r
8r
1r
Perak
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
14
2r
14
10
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
11
11
W.P. Labuan
Jumlah
Total

Source:
Nota: Tiada stesen kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau bagi Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan W.P. Putrajaya
Note: No marine water quality stations in the island areas of Perlis, W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya

Kategori
Nilai indeks
Category
Index value
135

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 3.3: Insiden tumpahan minyak di laut, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 3.3:
Oil spill incidents at sea, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Bilangan
Number
Laut
Sea
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
21
16
14
21
13
12
10
Jumlah
Total
Selat Melaka
Straits of Malacca
Laut China Selatan

South China Sea
Selat Johor
Straits of Johore
Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi

Sulu and Sulawesi Sea

Source:
Jadual 3.4: Bilangan kes tumpahan minyak mengikut punca dan sebab, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 3.4:
Number of oil spill incidents by source and cause, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Bilangan
Number
Punca
Sebab
Source
Cause
Jumlah
Total
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
21
16
14
21
13
12
15
Kapal
Vessels
Desludging
Letupan dan/atau kebakaran

Explosion and/or fire
Pelanggaran
Collision
Pelepasan haram
Illegal discharging
Terkandas
Grounding
Pelantar minyak
Kerosakan mekanikal
Oil platform
Mechanical failure
Pengkalan dan gudang
Kebocoran injap dan phlanges
Terminal and depot
Leaking valves and phlanges
Pembersihan tangki dan

deballasting
Tank washing and deballasting
Pengisian berlebihan
Overfilling
Saluran paip
Pecah
Pipeline
Rupture
Lain-lain
Tiada maklumat lengkap
Others
Insufficient information

136

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 3.5: Pendaratan tahunan ikan marin mengikut kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan, Malaysia,
2010-2014
Table 3.5:
Annual landings of marine fish by fishing gear group, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Kumpulan peralatan menangkap ikan

Fishing gear group
Jumlah
Total
Belat
Stationary traps
Bubu
Portable traps
Memungut siput
Shellfish collection
Pancing
Hooks & lines
Pukat bakul
Bag nets
Pukat hanyut
Drift/gill nets
Pukat jerut bilis

Anchovy purse seines
Pukat jerut ikan

Fish purse seines
Pukat rentang
Barrier nets
Pukat surung
Push/scoop nets
Pukat tangguk
Lift nets
Pukat tunda
Trawl nets
Pukat tarik lain

Other seines
Rampaian
Miscellaneous
2010
2011
2012
2013p
2014e
1,428,882
1,373,107
1,472,240
1,479,800
1,560,000
2,027
2,218
1,790
1,569
1,896
11,683
10,725
11,669
10,874
12,365
1,813
1,750
3,703
4,043
3,924
48,136
46,698
57,791
61,984
61,124
26,318
21,835
29,455
23,427
31,211
187,007
228,701
229,098
258,339
242,763
12,879
11,347
11,061
9,816
11,720
360,494
323,136
349,615
378,880
370,467
7,498
4,696
10,614
7,472
11,247
6,176
5,227
5,904
5,027
6,260
13,693
15,966
19,961
18,460
21,214
718,168
661,751
706,080
657,142
748,192
28,471
34,658
28,687
32,232
30,398
4,519
4,399
6,813
10,535
7,219

Source:
137

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 3.6: Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 3.6:
Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik (freightweight) 000
Tonnes
Pelabuhan
Port
Jumlah
Total
Jumlah
Import
Total
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Bintulu
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Johor
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Kemaman
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Klang
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Kuantan
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Kuching
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Miri
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
2009r
2010r
2011r
2012r
2013
302,328
353,215
386,287
386,534
392,932
138,957
170,253
187,997
188,657
189,870
163,371
182,962
198,290
197,877
203,062
36,430
38,631
40,390
40,022
42,476
3,128
3,854
4,252
4,888
4,824
33,302
34,777
36,138
35,134
37,652
25,234
28,129
32,674
25,909
26,979
13,633
16,544
20,900
15,415
16,577
11,601
11,585
11,774
10,494
10,402
3,723
4,308
3,998
6,681
4,359
1,889
2,364
1,936
3,249
1,853
1,834
1,944
2,062
3,432
2,506
137,692
171,957
194,168
197,907
200,278
72,353
93,027
104,651
107,356
109,855
65,339
78,930
89,517
90,551
90,423
10,273
12,080
15,206
16,064
19,332
3,438
4,030
4,133
4,043
4,233
6,835
8,050
11,073
12,021
15,099
6,892
8,213
8,680
9,189
9,578
5,077
6,069
6,532
7,314
7,395
1,815
2,144
2,148
1,875
2,183
5,633
6,156
5,773
5,665
6,429
605
746
865
842
866
5,028
5,410
4,908
4,823
5,563
138

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 3.6: Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan mengikut pelabuhan, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (samb.)
Table 3.6:
Total cargo throughput by ports, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (contd)

Tan metrik (freightweight) 000
Tonnes
Pelabuhan
Port
Jumlah
Total
Port Dickson
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Pulau Pinang
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Rajang
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Sabah1
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Tanjung Bruas
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Tanjung Pelepas
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
Jumlah
Total
Teluk Ewa
Import
Imports
Eksport
Exports
2009r
2010r
2011r
2012r
2013
14,048
12,657
13,370
14,368
13,107
10,976
10,285
11,256
11,755
10,179
3,072
2,372
2,114
2,613
2,928
23,782
28,295
28,769
28,812
29,431
13,251
15,861
15,899
15,918
16,497
10,531
12,434
12,870
12,894
12,934
4,737
5,186
5,050
3,263
2,126
1,546
1,680
1,825
1,614
1,513
3,191
3,506
3,225
1,649
613
24,770
28,389
27,935
27,703
27,418
10,675
13,426
13,340
13,851
13,487
14,095
14,963
14,595
13,852
13,931
462
451
443
419
478
437
414
361
304
301
25
37
82
115
177
4,634
4,811
5,986
6,599
6,762
1,312
1,224
1,259
1,412
1,584
3,322
3,587
4,727
5,187
5,178
4,018
3,952
3,845
3,933
4,179
637
729
788
696
706
3,381
3,223
3,057
3,237
3,473
Meliputi semua pelabuhan di Sabah

Covered all ports in Sabah
Sumber: Statistik Pengangkutan Malaysia, 2013

Source:
139
Transport Statistics Malaysia, 2013

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 3.7: Taburan kawasan hakisan pantai di Malaysia, 2012

Table 3.7:

Panjang (km)
Length
Pantai yang mengalami hakisan mengikut

kategori
Negeri
State
Malaysia
Jumlah
Coastal erode by category
Jumlah hakisan
Total
Total erosion
Kategori 1
Kategori 2
Kategori 3
Category
Category
Category
4,809
297.6
192.0
916.5
1,406.1
29.2
Johor
492
28.9
50.3
155.6
234.8
47.7
Kedah
148
31.4
2.2
9.9
43.5
29.4
Kelantan
71
5.0
9.5
37.6
52.1
73.4
Melaka
73
15.6
15.1
6.0
36.7
50.3
Negeri Sembilan
58
3.9
7.7
12.9
24.5
42.2
Pahang
271
14.6
5.2
107.8
127.6
47.1
Perak
230
28.3
18.8
93.1
140.2
61.0
Perlis
20
8.1
2.4
4.0
14.5
72.5
152
42.4
19.7
1.1
63.2
41.6
Sabah
1,743
12.8
3.5
265.3
281.6
16.2
Sarawak
1,035
20.6
22.3
9.6
52.5
5.1
Selangor
213
63.5
22.3
66.1
151.9
71.3
Terengganu
244
20.0
10.0
122.4
152.4
62.5
W.P. Labuan
59
2.5
3.0
25.1
30.6
51.9
Pulau Pinang

Source:
Nota/Notes:
Kategori 1: Kawasan hakisan kritikal di mana kegiatan ekonomi dan harta telah diancam dan impak hakisan kepada sosial dan
ekonomi telah sampai ke tahap yang tidak dapat diterima (unacceptable)
Category 1: The critical erosion area where economic activities and properties are threatened and the erosion impact towards social and economy
has reached to an unacceptable level
Kategori 2: Kawasan hakisan ketara (significant) di mana kawasan sedang mengalami hakisan tetapi ancaman terhadap infrastruktur
atau aktiviti ekonomi akan jadi nyata dalam dalam masa 5 hingga 10 tahun melainkan tindakan pemulihan diambil
Category 2: Significant erosion area where an area is facing erosion experience but the threat towards the infrastructure or economic activities will
be obvious within 5 to 10 years unless remedial action is taken
Kategori 3: Kawasan hakisan yang belum serius (acceptable) di mana kawasan yang berkenaan sedang mengalami hakisan tetapi
impaknya kepada ekonomi atau harta benda adalah amat kecil; ini adalah kerana kawasan-kawasan tersebut tidak
didiami atau belum dimajukan lagi
Category 3: Acceptable erosion area where an area concerned is experiencing erosion but the impact towards the economy or properties is rather
low; this is because the affected areas are unoccupied or yet to be developed.
140

Jadual 3.8: Bilangan stesen pemantauan kualiti air marin, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 3.8:
Number of marine water quality monitoring stations, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Kawasan
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
233
240
224r
224r
231
158
162
155r
155r
155
75
78
69r
69r
76
Area
Jumlah
Total
Kawasan pantai
Coastal areas
Kuala
Estuaries

Source:
141

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 4.1: Jumlah keluasan tanah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2013

Table 4.1:
Total land area by state, Malaysia, 2013
Negeri
State
Keluasan (km2)
Peratus
Area (sq.km.)
Per cent
Malaysia
330,396
100.0
Johor
19,192
5.8
Kedah
9,486
2.9
15,028
4.6
Melaka
1,656
0.5
Negeri Sembilan
6,665
2.0
Pahang
35,946
10.9
Perak
20,904
6.3
Perlis
814
0.2
1,046
0.3
73,902
22.4
Sarawak
124,450
37.7
Selangor
7,964
2.4
12,959
3.9
243
0.1
W.P. Putrajaya
49
0.0
W.P. Labuan
92
0.0
Kelantan
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Terengganu
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Sumber: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia,

Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur Sabah dan
Jabatan Tanah & Survei, Sarawak
Nota: Nilai 0.0 merujuk kepada kurang daripada setengah unit

terkecil yang ditunjukkan
Source:
142
Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia,

Sabah Lands and Surveys Department and
Land & Survey Department, Sarawak

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 4.2: Keluasan hutan paya gambut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.2:
Area of peat swamp forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
1,067,374
1,068,506
1,067,947
1,067,436
1,079,476
241,474
242,906
242,906
242,906
254,976
5,429
5,429
5,429
5,429
5,429
Pahang
140,830
140,830
140,830
140,830
140,830
Selangor
81,458
82,890
82,890
82,890
82,890
Terengganu
13,757
13,757
13,757
13,757
25,827
Sabah
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
Sarawak
705,900
705,600
705,041
704,530
704,500
State
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Johor

Source:

Nota: Merujuk kepada hutan simpanan kekal. Tidak termasuk hutan di bawah tanah kerajaan negeri dan berimilik
Note: Refers to permanent reserved forest. Excludes state land forest and alienated land
143

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 4.3: Keluasan hutan paya laut mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.3:
Area of mangrove forest by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
536,291
539,154r
538,914r
544,032
551,333
101,800
98,798r
98,858r
98,848
99,697
Johor
32,129
27,343
27,187
27,187
27,187
Kedah
6,201
6,201
6,201
6,201
6,201
92
92r
104r
92
92
101
2,416
2,416
2,416
2,416
2,416
40,538
41,617
41,617
41,617
42,620
1,040
1,040
1,040
1,040
1,045
18,089
18,794
18,998
18,998
18,998
1,295
1,295
1,295
1,295
1,037
Sabah
321,921
327,886
327,886
333,019
339,476
Sarawak
112,570
112,470
112,170
112,165
112,160
State
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Pulau Pinang
Selangor
Terengganu

Source:

Nota: Merujuk kepada hutan simpanan kekal. Tidak termasuk hutan di bawah tanah kerajaan negeri dan berimilik
Note: Refers to permanent reserved forest. Excludes state land forest and alienated land
144

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012

Table 4.4a:
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Negeri
Kawasan perlindungan
State
Protected area
Johor
Melaka
Burung
Birds
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
257
103
21
181
200
Taman Negara Johor

Endau Rompin (Selai)
29,343
62
76
567
Taman Negara Johor

Gunung Ledang
8,612
35
212
31
70
Taman Negara Johor

Kepulauan Mersing
4,040
52,493
23
8,660
45,581
12,216
25
137
20
16,404
28
59
15
1,800
742
84
636
80,250
479
127
21,950
31
57
67
70
44
1,795
61
21
0.5
Tapak Ramsar Negeri

Johor (Tanjung Piai,
Pulau Kukup/ Sungai
Pulai)
Santuari Burung
Gunung Panti
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Hidupan Liar Tuntung
Bukit Pinang
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Sidam
Taman Pulau Singa
Besar Langkawi
Taman Negara
Kelantan
Pusat Pemulihan
Hidupan Liar Gua
Musang
Taman Negeri Gunung
Stong
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Tanjung Tuan
Rezab Zoo Melaka
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Pulau Sembilan (Nine
Islands)
Negeri
Sembilan
Mamalia
Mammals
Spesies
vertebrat
yang
lain1
19,562
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Hidupan Liar Jemaluang
Kelantan
Area
(Hectares)
Flora
Taman Negara Endau

Rompin (Peta)
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Endau Kluang
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Endau Kota Tinggi
(Timur)
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Endau Kota Tinggi
(Barat)
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Four Islands
Rezab Hidupan Liar
Segamat
Kedah
Fauna
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Port Dickson Islands
145

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4a:
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012 (contd)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Negeri
State
Pahang
Perak
Kawasan
perlindungan
Protected area
Taman Negara
Pahang
Pulau
Pinang
Area
(Hectares)
Mamalia
Burung
Mammals
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain1
Other
vertebrate
species
Flora
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
248,121
479
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Fraser Pahang
2,000
Tapak Ramsar Tasek

Bera
31,255
37
43
27
Tasik Chini
5,085
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Pulau Tioman
9,455
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Krau
62,395
26
28
18
12
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Pahang Tua
1,335
Taman Diraja Royal

Belum
117,500
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Chior
689
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Sungkai
2,468
30
92
17
Pusat Pemuliharaan
Bota Kanan
Santuari Burung Batu

Gajah
0.4
192
4,380
39
127
77
24
46
307
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Wang Pinang
68
Pusat Konservasi
Hidupan Liar Napoh
Sg. Batu Pahat
27
2,563
36
170
67
90
242
Santuari Burung
Kuala Gula
Perlis
Fauna
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Hutan Taman Negeri

Perlis
Taman Negara Pulau

Pinang2
Taman Botani
146

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4a: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Semenanjung Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4a:
Gazetted protected area, Peninsular Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Fauna
Negeri
State
Protected area
Selangor
Terengganu
Kuala
Lumpur
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Mamalia
Burung
Mammals
Birds
Spesies
vertebrat
yang
lain1
Other
vertebrate
species
Flora
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Kutu
1,943
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Fraser
2,979
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Klang Gate
130
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Kuala Selangor Hill
44
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Sungai Puteh
36
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Sungai Dusun
4,330
18
273
33
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Templer Park
966
Paya Indah Wetlands
450
198
Taman Negeri
Selangor
91,145
355
1,357
460
Taman Negara
Terengganu
103,082
Rezab Tuntung Bukit

Paloh
Pusat Santuari Penyu

Rantau Abang
Pusat Santuari Penyu

Ma'daerah
70
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Kelab Golf Diraja
Selangor
403
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Nanas
16
Rezab Hidupan Liar

Bukit Sungai Puteh
Lain-lain vertebrat seperti reptilia, amfibia dan ikan

Other vertebrates like reptiles, amphibians and fishes
Termasuk Taman Negara Pantai Acheh dan
Pusat Konservasi Penyu Pantai Keranchut
Sumber: Banci Kawasan Perlindungan dan Kepelbagaian Biologi 2010

Source:
Census on Protected Area and Biodiversity 2010
Includes Taman Negara Pantai Acheh and

Pusat Konservasi Penyu Pantai Keranchut
Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
Jabatan Perikanan, Perbadanan Negeri Perak, Taman Negara Johor dan Taman Botani Pulau Pinang
Note: Includes information obtained from Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia, Department of Fisheries,
Perbadanan Negeri Perak, Johor Parks and Taman Botani Pulau Pinang
147

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4b: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet, Sabah, 2012

Table 4.4b:
Gazetted protected area, Sabah, 2012
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Bil.
No.
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Fauna
Area
(Hectares)
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain1
Flora
Mamalia
Burung
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Mammals
Birds
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
139,919
52
147
206
28
514
1,499
a. Taman
Parks
Taman Banjaran Crocker
Taman Bukit Tawau
27,972
74
130
227
370
479
Taman Kinabalu
75,370
138
238
433
1,070
6,955
Taman Pulau Penyu
1,722
30
169
145
32
Taman Pulau Sipadan
14
55
569
196
53
Taman Pulau Tiga
15,864
15
325
142
Taman Marin Tun Sakaran
35,000
10
19
586
187
22
112
Taman Tunku Abdul Rahman
4,929
13
69
1,514
81
113
20,682
121
46,317
75,370
3,297
26,098
94
254
128
12
24
10
b. Rizab Hidupan Liar

Wildlife Reserve
1
2
4
5
Kulamba, Sandakan
Hutan Simpanan Hidupan Liar
Tabin
Hidupan Liar Pulau Lankayan,
Tegaipil, Billean Sugud Island
Marine Conservation Area
(SIMCA)
Simpanan Semula Jadi
Mesilau
Hutan Simpan Gua
Gomantong
c. Santuari Hidupan Liar
Wildlife Sanctuaries
1
2
3
Hilir Kinabatangan
Santuari Burung Pulau
Sipadan
Hutan Simpan Wetland Likas
Lagoon
Santuari Burung Mantanani
61
36
Santuari Burung Kota Belud
12,200
24
10
3,333
18
26
3,436
4,300
112
40
70
13
6
7
8
9
10
Santuari Burung Kota

Kinabalu
Santuari Burung Padang
Teratak
Stesen Hidupan Liar Gua
Madai
Pusat Pemulihan Orang Utan
Sepilok
Taman Hidupan Liar Lok Kawi
Source:
Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Hidupan Liar Sabah, Sabah Wetland Conservation Society dan Taman-Taman Sabah
Note: Includes data obtained from Department of Wildlife Sabah, Sabah Wetland Conservation Society and Sabah Parks
148

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4c: Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012

Table 4.4c:
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Bil.
No.
Protected area
Fauna
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Flora
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain1
Mamalia
Burung
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Mammals
Birds
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
3,587
30
197
31
24,040
a. Taman Negara
National Parks
Bako
Batang Ai
Bukit Lambir
6,949
80
250
319
22
11
Bukit Tiban
8,000
Gunung Buda
6,235
Gunung Gading
4,196
23
51
146
11
Gunung Lesung
2,143
Gunung Mulu
52,865
Kubah
2,230
57
128
167
114
10
Kuching Wetland
6,610
11
Loagan Bunut
10,736
55
187
315
231
12
Maludam
43,147
12
17
13
Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs
186,9302
14
Niah
3,138
77
244
348
15
Pulong Tau
59,817
16
Rajang Mangrove
9,373
76
17
Santubong
1,410
18
Similajau
8,996
39
258
300
19
Sedilu
63,114
20
Talang Satang
19,4142
11
21
Tanjung Datu
1,379
22
The Bungo Range
8,096
23
Ulu Sebuyau
18,287
24
Usun Apau
49,355
149

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4c: Kawasan perlindungan sepenuhnya, Sarawak, 2012 (samb.)

Table 4.4c:
Totally protected area, Sarawak, 2012 (contd)
Bilangan spesies
Number of species
Bil.
No.
Protected area
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Fauna
Flora
Area
(Hectares)
Spesies
vertebrat
yang lain1
Mamalia
Burung
Invertebrat
Serangga
Tumbuhan
Mammals
Birds
Other
vertebrate
species
Invertebrate
Insect
Plants
22,798
1.4
168,758
27
32
37
11
b. Santuari Hidupan Liar

Wildlife Sanctuaries
Samunsam
Pulau Tukong Ara Banun
Lanjak Entimau
Sibuti
678
Matang
179
427
38
c. Rizab semulajadi
Nature Reserve
Wind Cave
Samajaya (Stutong)
Semenggoh
653
11
207
Bukit Hitam
147
Bukit Sembiling
101
Bukit Lima
693
Source:
Keluasan water bodies

Water bodies hectarage
Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Sarawak Forestry Corporation

Note: Includes information obtained from Sarawak Forestry Corporation
150

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4d: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4.4d:
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012
Bilangan spesies
Negeri
Taman laut
State
Marine parks
Number of species
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Fauna
Area
(Hectares)
Cnidarians1
Johor
Kedah
Pahang
Flora
Ikan
Rumpai laut
Fish
Seaweeds
Rumput
laut
Sea grass
Pulau Aur
9,745
Pulau Besar
8,414
155
218
Pulau Gaol
4,570
Pulau Harimau
4,900
Pulau Hujung
5,235
Pulau Mensirip
4,660
Pulau Mentinggi
4,399
Pulau Pemanggil
8,790
Pulau Rawa
5,080
Pulau Sibu
4,260
Pulau Sibu Hujung
1,183
Pulau Tengah
5,149
Pulau Tinggi
10,180
Pulau Kacha
4,290
34
107
Pulau Lembu
4,613
101
216
Pulau Payar
5,491
115
Pulau Segantang
4,419
Pulau Chebeh
4,492
75
142
Pulau Gut (Pulau Jahat)
4,520
Pulau Labas
4,478
Pulau Sembilang
6,060
68
111
Pulau Sepoi
4,457
84
152
Pulau Seri Buat
7,720
25,115
Pulau Tokong Bahara
4,513
Pulau Tulai
6,306
Pulau Tioman
151

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.4d: Kawasan perlindungan yang digazet di bawah taman laut, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table 4.4d:
Gazetted protected area of marine park, Malaysia, 2012 (contd)

Bilangan spesies
Negeri
Taman laut
State
Marine parks
Keluasan
(Hektar)
Area
(Hectares)
Number of species
Fauna
Cnidarians1
Terengganu
W.P. Labuan
Flora
Ikan
Rumpai laut
Fish
Seaweeds
Rumput
laut
Sea grass
Pulau Perhentian Besar
9,121
86
117
Pulau Perhentian Kecil
8,107
Pulau Ekor Tebu
4,060
Pulau Kapas
2,133
Pulau Lang Tengah
6,150
149
209
Pulau Lima
4,390
Pulau Nyireh
1,440
Pulau Pinang
4,890
Pulau Redang
12,750
96
132
52
Pulau Susu Dara
1,428
Pulau Tenggol
2,400
183
233
Pulau Yu Besar
n.a.
Pulau Yu Kecil
n.a.
Pulau Kuraman
6,695
Pulau Rusukan Besar
4,470
Pulau Rusukan Kecil
4,650
Termasuk batu karang, anemone, obor-obor,

sea fans, sea whips dan zooplankton

Source:
Includes corals, anemones, jellyfish, sea fans,

sea whips and zooplankton
Nota: Meliputi maklumat daripada Jabatan Taman Laut

Note: Includes information obtained from Department of Marine Park
152

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.5:
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Negeri
State
Tahun
Year
Berhutan
Tidak Berhutan
Forested
Non-Forested
Hektar
Hectares
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Hektar
(%)
Hectares
(%)
2009
18,243,922
55.3
14,741,508
44.7
2010
18,082,098
54.8
14,905,699
45.2
2011
17,999,847
54.6
14,987,950
45.4
2012
18,111,013
55.1
14,751,216
44.9
2013
18,113,791
55.1
14,748,438
44.9
2009
5,873,764
44.6
7,308,502
55.4
2010
5,864,256
44.5
7,320,377
55.5
2011
5,807,005
44.0
7,377,628
56.0
2012
5,788,523
43.9
7,396,106
56.1
2013
5,831,101
44.2
7,353,528
55.8
2009
468,451
24.7
1,430,178
75.3
2010
467,262
24.6
1,434,338
75.4
2011
466,792
24.5
1,434,808
75.5
2012
466,792
24.5
1,434,808
75.5
2013
466,793
24.5
1,434,807
75.5
2009
345,382
36.6
597,218
63.4
2010
344,871
36.6
597,629
63.4
2011
344,871
36.6
597,629
63.4
2012
327,721
34.8
614,779
65.2
2013
344,234
36.5
598,266
63.5
2009
864,017
57.5
638,183
42.5
2010
862,196
57.1
648,304
42.9
2011
812,196
53.8
698,304
46.2
2012
812,196
53.8
698,304
46.2
2013
812,196
53.8
698,304
46.2
2009
5,328
3.2
160,240
96.8
2010
5,327
3.2
159,873
96.8
2011
5,066
3.1
160,134
96.9
2012
5,399
3.3
159,801
96.7
2013
5,399
3.3
159,801
96.7
2009
160,873
24.2
503,718
75.8
2010
157,676
23.7
508,033
76.3
2011
157,298
23.6
508,411
76.4
2012
158,417
23.8
507,292
76.2
2013
158,416
23.8
507,293
76.2
2009
2,068,605
57.5
1,527,980
42.5
2010
2,068,605
57.5
1,527,895
42.5
2011
2,068,605
57.5
1,527,895
42.5
2012
2,068,605
57.5
1,527,895
42.5
2013
2,068,605
57.5
1,527,895
42.5
153

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (samb.)
Table 4.5:
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (contd)
Negeri
Tahun
State
Year
Berhutan
Tidak Berhutan
Forested
Non-Forested
Hektar
Hectares
Perak
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Selangor
Terengganu
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Sabah
Hektar
(%)
Hectares
(%)
2009
1,035,704
49.3
1,066,418
50.7
2010
1,031,779
49.1
1,070,421
50.9
2011
1,030,530
49.0
1,071,670
51.0
2012
1,027,404
48.9
1,074,796
51.1
2013
1,047,884
49.8
1,054,316
50.2
2009
11,479
14.0
70,361
86.0
2010
11,479
14.4
68,021
85.6
2011
11,470
14.4
68,030
85.6
2012
11,532
14.5
67,968
85.5
2013
11,532
14.5
67,968
85.5
2009
7,809
7.6
95,341
92.4
2010
7,809
7.6
95,295
92.4
2011
7,809
7.6
95,295
92.4
2012
7,809
7.6
95,291
92.4
2013
7,771
7.5
95,329
92.5
2009
247,793
31.3
543,291
68.7
2010
250,860
31.6
542,160
68.4
2011
250,860
31.6
542,160
68.4
2012
250,860
31.6
542,160
68.4
2013
250,860
31.6
542,160
68.4
2009
654,625
50.5
640,941
49.5
2010
654,625
50.5
640,975
49.5
2011
649,741
50.1
645,859
49.9
2012
649,739
50.1
645,861
49.9
2013
655,362
50.6
640,238
49.4
2009
3,698
9.6
34,633
90.4
2010
1,767
6.1
27,433
93.9
2011
1,767
6.1
27,433
93.9
2012
2,049
7.0
27,151
93.0
2013
2,049
7.0
27,151
93.0
2009
4,305,512
57.5
3,182,052
42.5
2010
4,305,512
57.5
3,182,052
42.5
2011
4,305,512
57.5
3,182,052
42.5
2012
4,435,990
60.3
2,926,010
39.7
2013
4,435,990
60.3
2,926,010
39.7
154

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.5: Kawasan berhutan dan tidak berhutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (samb.)
Table 4.5:
Forested and non-forested areas, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (contd)
Negeri
State
Berhutan
Tidak Berhutan
Forested
Non-Forested
Tahun
Year
Hektar
Hectares
Sarawak

(%)
Hektar
Hectares
(%)
2009
8,064,646
65.5
4,250,954
34.5
2010
7,912,330
64.2
4,403,270
35.8
2011
7,887,330
64.0
4,428,270
36.0
2012
7,886,500
64.0
4,429,100
36.0
2013
7,846,700
63.7
4,468,900
36.3

Source:
155


KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 4.6: Keluasan hutan simpanan kekal, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.6:
Area of permanent reserved forest, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
13,119,072
13,085,343
13,078,092
13,048,958
13,081,861
4,930,569
4,919,685
4,912,434
4,893,613
4,936,290
Johor
438,751
432,678
432,208
432,208
432,209
Kedah
342,613
342,613
342,613
325,463
341,976
Kelantan
623,849
623,849
623,849
623,849
623,849
5,080
5,079
4,818
5,151
5,151
157,058
153,837
153,459
154,578
154,676
1,562,902
1,562,902
1,562,902
1,562,902
1,562,902
Perak
991,436
987,511
986,262
983,136
1,003,616
Perlis
10,808
10,808
10,799
10,799
10,799
6,098
6,098
6,098
6,098
6,060
Selangor
247,793
250,129
250,129
250,129
250,129
Terengganu
544,118
544,118
539,234
539,232
544,855
63
63
63
68
68
Sabah2
3,604,894
3,606,647
3,606,647
3,609,249
3,614,730
Sarawak3
4,583,609
4,559,011
4,559,011
4,546,096
4,530,841
State
Malaysia
Semenanjung Malaysia1
Peninsular Malaysia
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Pulau Pinang
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Hutan simpanan kekal di Semenanjung Malaysia

terdiri daripada hutan darat, paya gambut,
paya laut dan ladang hutan

Source:
Permanent reserved forest in Peninsular Malaysia

consists of inland forest, peat swamp forest,
mangrove forest and forest plantation

Hutan simpanan kekal di Sabah terdiri daripada

hutan darat, paya gambut, paya laut dan bukit
Permanent reserved forest in Sabah consists of
inland forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest and hill
Hutan simpanan kekal di Sarawak terdiri daripada

paya gambut, paya laut dan bukit
Permanent reserved forest in Sarawak consists of
peat swamp forest, mangrove forest and hill
156

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.7: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.7:
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Meter padu
Cubic metres
Negeri/Kawasan
Kayu balak
Kayu gergaji
Papan lapis
Venir
Kayu kumai
State/Region
Year
Logs
Sawn timber
Plywood
Veneer
Moulding
Malaysia
2009
18,309,807
3,888,305
4,155,312
845,672
301,786
2010
17,797,313
4,301,467
4,279,783
796,891
342,719
2011
15,994,871
3,994,762
3,887,414
1,026,241
368,345
Peninsular Malaysia
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Tahun
2012
15,891,901
3,965,742
4,099,065
928,461
352,000
2013
14,396,675
3,572,327
3,905,119
397,992
165,384
2009
3,686,717
2,080,706
357,490
7,685
141,973
2010
4,161,568
2,659,253
382,884
34,632
160,928
2011
4,171,971
2,675,384
403,262
54,991
235,500
2012
4,467,667
2,790,071
415,466
61,774r
243,968
2013
4,084,454
2,501,722
380,518
92,016
76,672
2009
70,740
231,574
1,397
2,776
1,185
2010
72,777
422,361
3,529
1,424
2011
70,790
409,120
2,231
1,132
2012
50,951
418,005
5,138
1,058
2013
90,775
429,482
4,917
2009
209,330
54,884
125,096
10,660
2010
202,477
72,791
144,728
13,307
2011
367,822
71,057
133,746
14,297
2012
304,078
67,340
113,454
972
2013
227,543
44,395
115,246
2009
1,265,291
438,156
23,364
1,438
3,616
2010
1,269,968
575,005
96
26,220
6,236
2011
1,128,921
543,392
19,581
50,308
6,545
8,483
2012
1,111,040
542,982
24,040
48,036
2013
1,050,474
424,496
29,513
61,040
785
2009
679
33,815
2010
778
34,991
1,237
2011
1,163
39,553
2012
31,987
2013
16
28,151
2009
87,843
177,158
6,030
1,235
2010
67,377
199,074
9,600
1,889
2011
112,162
227,677
9,037
1,327
2012
112,661
265,066
9,100
8,600
869
2013
85,187
228,556
8,441
8,068
169
2009
1,174,658
464,607
153,305
2,755
14,484
2010
1,374,041
613,380
143,640
3,206
12,531
2011
1,407,351
587,975
144,053
2,452
32,980
2012
1,661,572
585,078
157,439
21,356
2013
1,604,992
547,188
129,395
12,275
15,310
157

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.7: Pengeluaran produk kayu-kayan utama mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (samb.)
Production of major timber products by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (contd)
Table 4.7:
Meter padu
Cubic metres
Negeri/Kawasan
Tahun
Kayu balak
Kayu gergaji
Papan lapis
Venir
Kayu kumai
Year
Logs
Sawn timber
Plywood
Veneer
Moulding
2009
567,594
234,323
29,412
1,604
2010
609,461
216,754
37,518
2,095
2011
656,264
255,324
57,654
2,317
2012
660,289
374,138
71,187
2,054
2013
576,468
321,518
68,591
5,716
1,154
2009
2010
218
2011
461
2012
424
2013
787
2009
47,240
3,849
16,884
State/Region
Perak
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Selangor
Terengganu
Sabah
Sarawak
2010
94,605
24,738
15,777
2011
946
101,024
34,353
37,021
2012
2,736
58,106
39,156
75,573
2013
96
43,430
28,485
14,199
2009
6,193
103,420
12,306
716
68,298
2010
4,333
90,744
17,520
440
83,710
2011
2,596
119,220
2,167
115,417
2012
2,064
110,707
1,090
106,140
2013
1,072
103,174
847
26,865
2009
304,389
295,529
2,731
24,007
2010
560,138
339,548
5,044
23,959
2011
423,495
321,042
2,671
24,464
2012
561,852
336,662
27,463
2013
447,044
331,332
18,190
2009
4,251,951
741,251
1,033,508
163,604
145,355
2010
3,483,928
515,023
1,020,924
130,728
166,036
2011
2,212,466
355,649
776,461
138,481
123,372
2012
1,965,671
325,671
713,599
106,687
99,532
2013
2,101,143
270,605
690,601
114,976
80,612
2009
10,371,139
1,066,348
2,764,314
674,383
14,458
2010
10,151,817
1,127,191
2,875,975
631,531
15,755
2011
9,610,434
963,729
2,707,691
832,769
9,473
2012
9,458,563
850,000
2,970,000
760,000
8,500
2013
8,211,078
800,000
2,834,000
191,000
8,100
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur

Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Nota: Data merujuk kepada data syarikat yang berdaftar dengan

Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia,
Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Hutan Sarawak dan
Perbadanan Kemajuan Perusahaan Kayu Sarawak sahaja

Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, Jabatan Hutan Sarawak dan
Perbadanan Kemajuan Perusahaan Kayu Sarawak
Source:

Sabah Forestry Department, Forests Department Sarawak and
Sarawak Timber Industry Development Corporation
Note: Data refers to data of establishment registered with Forest

Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry Department,
Forests Department Sarawak and Sarawak Timber Industry
Development Corporation only
158

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.8: Keluasan hutan yang dilesenkan untuk pengusahasilan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.8:
Forest area licensed for harvesting by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Negeri
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
409,307
393,840
495,845
437,255
438,109
86,344
98,635
110,520
93,164
80,568
Johor
4,317
5,473
4,059r
6,284
3,165
Kedah
4,031
5,602
6,308
3,265
5,883
24,831
23,750
24,555
20,212
10,280
57
38
356
4,196
2,640
6,706
2,810
1,228
Pahang
30,211
30,881
39,457r
35,912
36,295
Perak
11,678
17,617
19,292
12,045
12,770
Perlis
15
21
72
24
65
179
205
737
180
128
259
6,794
11,920
9,858
11,952
10,607
Sabah
130,962
143,934
145,788
127,541
127,541
Sarawak
192,001
151,271
239,537
216,550
230,000
State
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pulau Pinang
Selangor
Terengganu

Source:
159


TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.9: Keluasan bertanam bagi tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.9:
Planted area of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar (000)
Hectares
Tanaman
Crops
Kelapa sawit
Oil palm
Getah
Rubber
Padi
Paddy
Lada
Pepper
Koko
Cocoa
1
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
4,691.1
4,853.8
5,000.1
5,076.9
5,229.7
1,015.1
1,015.2
1,012.8
1,059.7
*698.6p
674.9
677.9
687.5
684.5
688.2e
13.6
14.2
14.7
14.8
15.1
18.0r
20.1r
20.9r
11.7
13.7e
Kelapa sawit, Getah dan Koko meliputi keluasan

estet dan kebun kecil.
Sumber: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani,

Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia,
Lembaga Kenaf dan Tembakau Negara,
Lembaga Koko Malaysia, Lembaga Lada Malaysia,
Lembaga Getah Malaysia dan Pihak Berkuasa
Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah
Oil palm, Rubber and Cocoa covers an area of estates and

smallholdings.
*
Data keluasan Getah pada 2013 merujuk Laporan

Awal Banci Pekebun Kecil RISDA 2013
Source:
Planted area of rubber in 2013 refers to early report on

RISDA Smallholdings Census 2013
160
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry,

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB),
National Kenaf and Tobacco Board,
Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysian Pepper Board,
Malaysian Rubber Board and Rubber Industry Smallholders
Development Authority

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.10: Pengeluaran tanaman utama, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.10:
Production of major crops, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik (000)
Tonnes
Komoditi
Commodity
Minyak sawit mentah

Crude palm oil
Getah
Rubber
Beras
Rice
Lada
Pepper
Minyak kelapa (mentah dan

bertapis)
Coconut Oil (crude and
refined)
Biji koko (mentah/disalai)

Cocoa beans (raw/roasted)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
17,564.9
16,993.7
18,911.5
18,785.0r
19,216.4
857.0r
939.2
996.2
922.8
826.4
1,620.0r
1,588.0r
1,660.0r
1,675.0r
1,694.0e
21.9
24.2
25.6
26.0
26.5
41.9
45.6
37.6
60.9r
65.3
18.2
15.7
4.6
3.6
2.8
Sumber: Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani,

Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia, Lembaga Kenaf
dan Tembakau Negara, Lembaga Koko Malaysia,
Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah,
Lembaga Getah Malaysia dan Pihak Berkuasa
Source:
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry,

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), National Kenaf and
Tobacco Board, Malaysia Cocoa Board, Malaysian
Rubber Board and Rubber Industry Smallholders
Development Authority (RISDA)
Jadual 4.11: Indeks Pengeluaran Perindustrian, Malaysia, 2010-2013

Table 4.11:
Index of Industrial Production, Malaysia, 2010-2013

Tahun asas (2010=100)
Base year
Wajaran
2010
2011
2012
2013
100.0
100.0
102.4
106.7
110.3
28.92
100.0
94.8
96.2
97.0
65.89
100.0
105.7
111.3
116.0
5.19
100.0
102.0
107.2
113.1
Weights
Indeks keseluruhan
Overall index
Perlombongan
Mining
Pembuatan
Manufacturing
Elektrik
Electricity
161

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.12: Pengeluaran galian mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.12:
Production of minerals by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Galian
Minerals
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2,412
2,668
3,340
3,725
3,697
1,470,186
3,557,813
8,077,879
10,886,022r
12,134,258
263,432
124,274
188,141r
121,873
208,770
15,983
19,039
28,782
22,275
16,043
2,794.2
3,765.9
4,219.3
4,624.9
3,822.7
6,380
1,000
500
22,966,036
27,543,322
28,383,719r
30,689,951
29,830,904
356,620
363,006
322,029
482,906r
314,399
463,736
473,273
442,550r
438,923r
293,480
22,165,099
22,431,147
23,533,922
18,068,782
4,323
4,515
4,245
3,967
4,363
17,382,050
30,698,267
37,339,082
28,592,007
35,577,567
161,115
855,868
1,097,275
1,119,906r
1,243,660
86,497,394
101,809,657
118,509,699
110,339,370
153,173,432
2,138,390
2,397,340
2,915,788
2,951,037r
2,907,963
Mineral berlogam
Metallic minerals
Timah dalam konsentrat1

Tin-in-concentrates
Bijih besi
Iron ore
Bauksit
Bauxite
Ilmenit
Ilmenite
Emas mentah ('000 gram)

Raw gold ('000 grams)
Mineral bukan berlogam

Non-metallic mineral
Barit
Barytes
Tanah liat & bahan tanah

Clay & earth materials
Feldspar Natrium
Sodium Feldspar
Kaolin
Batu kapur (untuk simen)
Limestone (for cement)
Mika
Mica
Pasir dan kerikil

Sand and gravel
Silika
Silica
Agregat
Aggregates
21,832,159
Mineral tenaga
Energy mineral
Arang batu
Coal
1
Timah dalam konsentrat adalah merujuk kepada

kandungan timah dalam konsentrat bahan-bahan mentah
atau bijih timah
Sumber: Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains

Source:
Minerals and Geoscience Department
Tin-in-concentrates refers to tin content of tin within the tin ore concentrates
162

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.13: Penjanaan tenaga elektrik mengikut kawasan dan stesen, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.13:
Electricity generated by region and station, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Juta KWH
Million KWH
Kawasan
Region
Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Sabah
Sarawak
Stesen
wap
Stesen
diesel
Stesen
hidro
Turbin
gas
Lain-lain1
Jumlah
Year
Steam
stations
Diesel
stations
Hydro
stations
Gas
turbines
Others
Total
2009
32,382.5
1,958.1
6,625.1
63,231.2
2,918.9
107,115.8
2010
259.4
2,043.9
6,251.3
61,449.9
46,803.1
116,807.6
2011
261.4
5,056.6
7,647.7
52,201.6
53,621.2
118,788.4
2012
365.9
3,868.7r
9,069.2
57,081.8r
54,859.7r
125,245.3r
2013
368.2
2,828.7
11,620.4
64,674.2
52,578.2
132,069.8
2009
32,149.9
308.7
5,795.0
56,927.1
165.8
95,346.6
2010
0.0
348.1
5,231.6
54,227.5
43,463.9
103,271.1
2011
0.0
3,632.6
5,926.4
44,336.2
50,404.0
104,299.3
2012
0.0
2,612.9
5,519.8
49,107.3
51,663.1
108,903.2
2013
0.0
1,537.3
5,391.6
56,333.0
49,326.3
112,588.2
2009
232.5
1,354.9
369.0
2,678.6
105.0
4,740.0
2010
259.4
1,433.1
478.0
2,776.9
158.0
5,105.4
2011
261.4
1,180.1
467.0
3,432.5
173.0
5,514.0
2012
365.9
1,080.1
425.3
3,812.4
163.0r
5,846.7r
2013
368.2
1,143.1
452.0
3,834.0
206.0
6,003.3
2009
0.0
294.5
461.0
3,625.6
2,648.1
7,029.2
2010
0.0
262.7
541.7
4,445.5
3,181.3
8,431.1
2011
0.0
243.9
1,254.3
4,432.8
3,044.1
8,975.2
2012
0.0
175.8r
3,124.1
4,162.0r
3,033.6r
10,495.4r
2013
0.0
148.4
5,776.8
4,507.2
3,045.9
13,478.2
Tahun
Semenanjung Malaysia merujuk kepada stesen penjanaan

bersumberkan arang batu dan minyak, Sabah merujuk kepada
biomas dan Sarawak merujuk kepada arang batu
Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn.

Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad dan Pengeluar
Tenaga Bebas
For Peninsular Malaysia refers to the coal and oil sourced generating station,
Sabah refers to biomass and Sarawak refers to coal
Source:
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd.,

Sarawak Energy Berhad and Independent Power
Producer
163

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.14: Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan dan digunakan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.14:
Electricity supplied and consumed, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2009
2010
2011
Transaksi
2013
2012
Unit
Transaction
Juta KWH
Million KWH
Malaysia
Tenaga elektrik yang dijana
107,115.8
116,807.6
118,788.4r
125,245.3 r
132,069.8
0.1
324.1
1.1
4.2
107,115.8
116,807.7
119,112.5r
125,246.3 r
132,074.0
1,913.9
1,891.9
2,026.0
2,349.5 r
2,461.4
19,533.0
21,296.5
21,671.8
23,321.5
24,853.6
31,338.8
33,769.3
35,343.6
37,167.1
39,064.8
39,738.0
43,402.1
46,276.6r
47,438.8
50,736.0
1,190.0
1,190.3
1,260.6
1,366.7
1,433.9
91,799.8
99,658.2
104,552.6r
109,294.0
116,088.3
91.8
147.6
10.2
12.6
17.4
13,310.4
15,110.0
12,523.7r
13,509.2 r
13,506.9
107,115.8
116,807.7
119,112.5r
125,246.3 r
132,074.0
Tenaga elektrik yang diimport

Electricity imported
Jumlah bekalan
Total supply
Kegunaan tenaga elektrik:Consumption of electricity:-
Kegunaan sendiri oleh

pemasangan swasta
Own consumption by private
installations
Edaran oleh pemasangan awam

mengikut jenis pengguna:Distribution by public installations
by type of consumers:-
(i) Kediaman
Domestic
(ii) Perniagaan
Commercial
(iii) Perindustrian
Industrial
(iv) Lampu awam

Public lighting
Jumlah edaran
Total distribution
Tenaga elektrik yang dieksport

Electricity exported
Kehilangan dalam pancaran dan

perbezaan perangkaan
Losses in transmissions and
statistical discrepancies
Jumlah
Total
Sumber: Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad
dan Pengeluar Tenaga Bebas
Source:
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak Energy Berhad and
Independent Power Producer
164

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 4.15: Jalan raya mengikut jenis dan bidang kuasa , Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.15:
Roads by surface type and jurisdiction, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Kilometer
Kilometre
Bidang kuasa
Jenis
Jurisdiction
Type
Jumlah
Total
Persekutuan
Berturap
Federal
Paved
Negeri
Jumlah
State
Total
Berturap
Paved
Kelikir
Gravel
Tanah
Earth
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
135,216
144,403
155,427r
180,882r
202,333
16,936
17,254
17,475
17,610r
17,625
118,280
127,149
137,952
163,272
184,708
92,438
98,915
108,301
123,585
138,543
16,796
18,480
19,424
25,803
30,370
9,046
9,754
10,227
13,884
15,795
Tidak termasuk jalan di bawah tanggungjawab Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan
Sumber: Jabatan Kerja Raya
Excludes roads maintain by Local Authorities
Source:
165
Public Works Department

Jadual 4.16: Peruntukan dan perbelanjaan pembangunan hutan, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 4.16:
Forest development allocation and expenditure, Malaysia, 2009-2013

RM juta
RM million
Bidang
Kuasa
Negeri
State
Jurisdiction
Malaysia
Jumlah
Total
Perkara
Items
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Negeri
State
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Persekutuan
Federal
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Peninsular Malaysia
Jumlah
Total
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Negeri
State
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Persekutuan
Federal
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Sabah
Jumlah
Total
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Negeri
State
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Persekutuan
Federal
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Sarawak
Jumlah
Total
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Negeri
State
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
Persekutuan
Federal
Peruntukan
Allocation
Perbelanjaan
Expenditure
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
149.1
152.8
88.9
131.3
125.1
139.2
147.8
83.5
119.1
116.3
71.7
72.8
66.7
98.3
99.7
65.7
69.1
61.5
87.0
83.2
77.4
80.0
22.2
33.0
25.4
73.5
78.7
22.0
32.1
25.2
63.1
59.7
52.2
85.4
75.3
59.8
57.6
47.4
75.8
67.5
42.0
37.1
41.3
67.5
59.4
39.0
35.2
36.5
57.9
51.7
21.1
22.6
10.9
17.9
15.9
20.8
22.4
10.9
17.9
15.8
43.3
45.0
26.6
35.0
37.9
40.7
44.4
26.4
34.4
37.4
22.5
29.0
18.4
23.6
31.9
20.9
28.6
18.3
23.0
31.5
20.8
16.0
8.2
11.4
6.0
19.8
15.8
8.1
11.4
5.9
42.7
48.1
10.1
10.9
11.9
38.7
45.8
9.7
8.9
11.4
7.2
6.7
7.0
7.2
8.4
5.8
5.3
6.7
6.1
8.0
35.5
41.4
3.1
3.7
3.5
32.9
40.5
3.0
2.8
3.5
Source:
166

Jadual 4.17: Pembangunan sumber hutan dan pemeliharaan/pemuliharaan alam sekitar, Semenanjung
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 4.17:
Forest resource development and environmental conservation/rehabilitation, Peninsular Malaysia, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Sumber
Resource
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
14,360
12,297
13,295
14,806
17,645
7,136
7,986
5,797
4,396
4,768
715
2,781
1,039
1,852
948
1,765
2,172
794
3,074
2,508
129
130
130
131
131
396,248
19,863
7,721
63,693
2,063
15
11
34
156
..
991,614r
733,817r
198,203r
22,387r
34,036
Silvikultur dan pemuliharaan hutan

Silviculture and forest rehabilitation
Inventori selepas tebangan

Post felling inventory
Rawatan memotong akar/Pepanjat

Cutting of lianas (CL)/Treatment
Tanaman mengaya1
Enrichment planting
Kutipan biji benih2 (kg)

Seeds collections
Perhutanan masyarakat
Community forestry
Hutan lipur dan hutan taman negeri (bil.)

Amenity forest and state park forest (no.)
Hutan bandar (pokok)

Urban forestry (trees)
Hutan pelajaran (bil.)

Education forest (no.)
Tanaman tumbuhan ubatan

Planting of medicinal plants
Pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar

Environmental conservation and rehabilitation
Tanaman persisiran pantai3(pokok)

Coastal planting (trees)

Source:
Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia
Termasuk kawasan dirian hutan miskin, kawasan terosot dan lapang (bekas matau, bekas tapak kongsi, lorong penarik dan kawasan
tanaman pindah)
Includes poor forest stand, degraded and open areas (former log landing areas, former logging camp sites, skid trails and shifting cultivation areas)
Maklumat kutipan biji benih hanya meliputi Tapak Semaian Lentang

Seeds collection data from Lentang Nursery
Tanaman pokok bakau dan spesies yang sesuai di persisiran pantai negara
Planting of mangroves and other suitable tree species along the national coastline
Nota: (..) merujuk kepada data yang belum diperoleh

Note: (..) refers to the data that is not yet available
167

Jadual 4.18: Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sabah, 2009-2013

Table 4.18:
Forest resource development, Sabah, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Sumber
Source
Tanaman mengaya
Enrichment planting
Ladang hutan
Forest plantation
Tanaman bakau
Mangroves
Rawatan silvikultur
Silviculture treatment
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
24,965
29,092
32,936
40,203
40,203
211,399
217,215
225,682
239,112
239,112
542
738
738
752
24
126,857
151,932
174,207
194,329
194,329
Sumber: Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah

Source:
Sabah Forestry Department
Jadual 4.19: Pembangunan sumber hutan, Sarawak, 2009-2013

Table 4.19:
Forest resource development, Sarawak, 2009-2013

Hektar
Hectares
Sumber
Source
Ladang hutan
Forest plantation
Tanaman bakau
Mangroves
Tanaman kawasan pantai

(bilangan pokok)
Coastal plantation
(number of trees)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
30,568
22,028
18,421r
21,002r
20,219
88
97
177,775
195,957
Sumber: Jabatan Hutan Sarawak

Source:
168
Forests Department Sarawak

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 5.1: Anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun, Malaysia, 2010-2014

Table 5.1:
Mid-year population estimates, Malaysia, 2010-2014
Negeri
2010
2011
2012
2013p
2014e
Annual population growth rate (%)
State
('000)
Malaysia
Kadar pertumbuhan
penduduk tahunan
2012/2013
2013/2014
28,588.6
29,062.0
29,510.0
29,915.3
30,261.7
1.4
1.2
Johor
3,362.9
3,410.5
3,450.4
3,493.7
3,532.8
1.2
1.1
Kedah
1,949.3
1,971.8
2,001.1
2,030.3
2,057.7
1.4
1.3
Kelantan
1,589.9
1,618.8
1,651.0
1,681.9
1,707.0
1.9
1.5
823.6
833.2
843.2
852.0
860.5
1.0
1.0
Negeri Sembilan
1,029.5
1,047.4
1,057.7
1,069.6
1,081.6
1.1
1.1
Pahang
1,501.9
1,526.8
1,547.1
1,564.4
1,584.5
1.1
1.3
Perak
2,379.0
2,402.7
2,427.0
2,443.0
2,459.9
0.7
0.7
Perlis
235.8
237.3
239.4
242.1
244.0
1.1
0.8
Pulau Pinang
1,575.9
1,601.0
1,623.2
1,645.0
1,662.8
1.3
1.1
Sabah
3,260.0
3,345.5
3,432.7
3,489.6
3,540.3
1.6
1.4
Sarawak
2,487.1
2,527.9
2,569.7
2,608.1
2,633.1
1.5
1.0
Selangor
5,502.1
5,600.3
5,702.4
5,796.2
5,866.4
1.6
1.2
Terengganu
1,055.4
1,079.0
1,094.1
1,110.1
1,123.8
1.5
1.2
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1,674.8
1,693.0
1,702.1
1,717.3
1,732.5
0.9
0.9
W.P. Labuan
88.2
89.4
90.5
91.6
92.5
1.1
1.0
W.P. Putrajaya
73.4
77.5
78.3
80.5
82.2
2.7
2.2
Melaka
169

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 5.2: Kepadatan penduduk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.2:
Population density by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Bilangan orang bagi setiap km2
2
Number of persons per km
Negeri
State
2009
Malaysia
2010
2011
2013p
2012
85
86
88
89
91
Johor
172
175
179
181
184
Kedah
202
205
209
212
215
Kelantan
104
105
107
109
111
Melaka
486
495
504
510
516
Negeri Sembilan
152
154
157
159
161
41
42
42
43
43
Perak
112
113
114
115
116
Perlis
285
287
299
301
305
1,484
1,504
1,553
1,574
1,595
Sabah
44
44
45
46
47
Sarawak
20
20
20
21
21
Selangor1
660
679
706
719
731
80
81
83
84
86
6,808
6,892
6,976
7,013
7,076
W.P. Labuan
950
969
976
988
999
W.P. Putrajaya
n.a.
1,498
1,571
1,588
1,632
Pahang
Pulau Pinang
Terengganu
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Termasuk W.P. Putrajaya pada 2009

Includes W.P. Putrajaya in 2009
170

LATAR BELAKANG
BACKGROUND
Jadual 5.3: Bilangan penduduk mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2013
Table 5.3:
The number of population by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2013

Lelaki
Perempuan
Jumlah
Male
Female
Total
Kumpulan umur
Age group
Bilangan
Number
Bilangan
%
('000)
Jumlah
Bilangan
%
Number
Number
('000)
('000)
15,427.3
100.0
14,488.0
100.0
29,915.3
100.0
04
1,314.9
8.5
1,234.7
8.5
2,549.7
8.5
59
1,307.6
8.5
1,241.6
8.6
2,549.2
8.5
10 14
1,370.1
8.9
1,298.6
9.0
2,668.6
8.9
15 19
1,464.6
9.5
1,377.3
9.5
2,841.9
9.5
20 24
1,594.9
10.3
1,464.6
10.1
3,059.5
10.2
25 29
1,564.5
10.1
1,392.6
9.6
2,957.1
9.9
30 34
1,309.6
8.5
1,163.5
8.0
2,473.1
8.3
35 39
1,055.0
6.8
961.0
6.6
2,016.0
6.7
40 44
936.6
6.1
905.4
6.2
1,842.0
6.2
45 49
857.0
5.6
828.4
5.7
1,685.4
5.6
50 54
770.7
5.0
719.1
5.0
1,489.8
5.0
55 59
616.0
4.0
593.3
4.1
1,209.3
4.0
60 64
469.4
3.0
457.9
3.2
927.3
3.1
65 69
328.5
2.1
332.8
2.3
661.2
2.2
70 74
210.4
1.4
219.3
1.5
429.7
1.4
75+
257.4
1.7
298.0
2.1
555.4
1.9
Total
Jadual 5.4: Nisbah personel perubatan terlatih - penduduk, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.4:
Trained medical personnel-population ratio, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Personel perubatan
Medical personnel
Doktor
Doctor
Doktor gigi
Dentist
Jururawat
Nurses
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
1:914
1:859
1:791
1:758
1:633
1:7,820
1:7,437
1:6,810
1:6,436
1:5,676
1:470
1:410
1:387
1:345
1:333
Source:
171
Ministry of Health

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.5: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut industri, 2009-2013
Table 5.5:
Quantity of scheduled wastes generated by industry, 2009-2013
Industri1
2009
Industry
Jumlah
Total
1,622,031.5
1,708,708.8
1,387,861.64
98.5
259.2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
15,848.0
32,899.8
66,418.3
58,161.3
25,816.43
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,343.3
n.a.
3,760.5
3,594.0
3,704.1
3,978.8
n.a.
104,656.8
107,020.7
124,245.5
98,754.8
105,294.27
6,057.8
1,066.0
1,080.4
2,186.9
7,520.46
9,500.3
11,625.6
11,804.5
12,221.5
n.a.
196,808.6
274,582.8
181,754.5
162,237.7
80,324.6
45,075.5
20,316.6
31,320.9
18,206.68
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,125.8
n.a.
5,321.5
6,523.6
2,218.9
3,386.2
n.a.
36,548.72
42,208.0
27,069.3
37,534.8
50,746.92
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3,820.0
n.a.
235,812.6
31,003.0
254,777.9
47,241.7
50,765.10
n.a.
n.a.
36,058.5
52,723.4
2,091.90
524,750.2
768,411.4
445,915.8
473,985.4
162,781.28
1,976.2
6,385.2
3,071.1
3,064.5
n.a.
126,763.7
166,938.1
127,349.6
177,185.4
166,545.73
5,748.3
7,249.6
7,646.7
12,116.9
9,411.04
2,342.4
4,221.8
3,816.7
7,548.4
n.a.
30,057.5
27,329.0
32,602.7
28,350.0
31,704.96
102,586.5
32,248.9
33,437.0
33,465.2
n.a.
42,595.9
44,275.5
38,719.0
31,874.0
34,305.35
168,107.0
260,636.8
164,510.9
412,800.0
502,556.51
991.6
475.7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1,559.0
1,198.0
1,624.6
2,962.1
2,933.90
3,091.8
5,700.8
33,888.8
8,138.0
43,626.60
Paper based
Asas tani
Agro based
Bateri
Batteries
Berasaskan kayu
Wood based
Cat
Paint
Elektronik/Elektrikal
Electronic/Electrical
Farmasi
Pharmaceutical
Fotografik
Photographic
Gas industri
Industrial gas
Getah & plastik

Rubber & plastic
Gentian Kaca
Fibre glass
Janakuasa
Power station
Kilang Minyak Sawit

Palm Oil Mill
Kimia
Chemical
Kristal
Glass
Logam
Metal
Makanan
Food
Mineral/Seramik/Jubin/Plaster
Mineral/Ceramic/Tiles/Plaster
Pencetak & pembungkusan

Printing & packaging
Perkapalan
Shipping
2013
2012
1,880,928.5
Asas kertas
Workshop
2011
1,705,308.1
Asbestos
Bengkel
2010
173,555.38
Petroleum & Oleokimia
Petroleum & Oleochemical
Premis yang ditetapkan

Prescribed premises
Resin & perekat

Resin & adhesive
Tekstil
Textile
Lain-lain
Others
1
Merujuk kepada Malaysia Industrial Classification (MIC) 1972
Refers to Malaysia Industrial Classification (MIC) 1972
Source:
Merujuk kepada data asas getah+plastik
Refers to rubber based + plastic data
Data petroleum + oleokimia bermula 2010

Data petroleum + oleochemical is commencing 2010
Nota: Tidak termasuk buangan terjadual yang dihantar untuk pengurusan khas
Note: Does not include scheduled wastes sent to special management
172

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.6: Kuantiti buangan klinikal yang dikendalikan untuk pemusnahan di insinerator mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.6:
Quantity of clinical waste handled for destruction at incinerators by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Tan metrik
Tonnes
Negeri
State
Malaysia
2009
2010
2011
2013
2012
16,559.0
16,781.1
17,795.5
18,055.0
19,490.8
1,639.9
1,795.2
1,850.1
2,015.5
2,276.7
Kedah
847.9
880.4
970.7
1,030.8
1,114.7
Kelantan
845.4
857.9
650.3
970.8
706.0
Melaka
683.5
734.0
776.4
848.4
935.4
Negeri Sembilan
651.7
729.8
783.5
757.7
880.5
Pahang
768.1
790.4
846.2
946.8
1,046.4
Perak
1,390.1
1,328.5
1,412.9
1,554.3
1,653.6
Perlis
146.3
153.2
161.6
186.8
193.6
1,111.1
1,150.4
1,281.4
1,341.4
1,383.8
Sabah
889.3
956.6
1,041.0
1,814.6
1,174.9
Sarawak
924.3
969.5
1,076.9
638.0
1,315.1
Selangor
3,699.9
3,477.5
3,707.5
3,205.9
3,624.9
453.1
460.0
711.7
561.9
646.3
2,479.1
2,469.2
2,494.4
2,147.6
2,507.7
29.5
28.5
31.1
34.5
31.2
Johor
Pulau Pinang
Terengganu
W.P. Kuala Lumpur1
W.P. Labuan
1
Source:
173

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.7: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Table 5.7:
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Negeri
Tahun
State
Year
Malaysia
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri
Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Kecederaan
Casualties

Road accidents
Kecederaan1
Kematian
Jumlah
Injury
Death
Total
2009
397,330
24,672
6,745
31,417
2010
414,421
21,397
6,872
28,269
2011
449,040
18,693
6,877
25,570
2012
462,423
17,522
6,917
24,439
2013
477,204
12,985
6,915
19,900
2009
51,747
2,497
1,060
3,557
2010
55,381
2,220
1,076
3,296
2011
59,501
1,746
1,073
2,819
2012
62,316
1,842
1,073
2,915
2013
64,600
1,589
1,128
2,717
2009
17,701
2,564
550
3,114
2010
17,966
2,266
532
2,798
2011
19,699
1,937
515
2,452
2012
19,935
1,560
548
2,108
2013
20,228
1,284
517
1,801
2009
10,118
3,076
453
3,529
2010
9,707
3,008
380
3,388
2011
9,603
2,619
392
3,011
2012
9,968
2,486
392
2,878
2013
9,748
1,691
378
2,069
2009
13,275
1,157
248
1,405
2010
14,110
851
235
1,086
2011
14,720
704
240
944
2012
15,195
677
243
920
2013
16,083
405
258
663
2009
18,369
2,230
377
2,607
2010
19,407
1,962
399
2,361
2011
21,157
1,789
374
2,163
2012
22,146
1,615
352
1,967
2013
23,066
1,486
396
1,882
2009
17,068
1,472
512
1,984
2010
17,315
1,232
574
1,806
2011
19,001
1,108
563
1,671
2012
20,554
961
540
1,501
2013
20,130
840
592
1,432
2009
32,327
3,768
829
4,597
2010
32,072
2,856
820
3,676
2011
33,506
2,529
811
3,340
2012
34,714
2,318
753
3,071
2013
35,408
1,582
770
2,352
Kecederaan merujuk kepada kecederaan ringan dan parah

Injury refer to minor and serious injuries
174

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.7: Bilangan kemalangan jalan raya dan kecederaan yang dilaporkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia,
2009-2013 (samb.)
Table 5.7:
Number of road accidents and reported casualties by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013 (contd)
Negeri
Tahun
State
Year
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Sabah
Sarawak
Selangor
Terengganu
W.P. Kuala
Lumpur
Kecederaan
Casualties

Road accidents
Kecederaan1
Kematian
Jumlah
Injury
Death
Total
2009
1,633
585
90
675
2010
1,548
553
66
619
2011
1,791
547
79
626
2012
1,881
600
71
671
2013
1,895
526
72
598
2009
33,719
967
395
1,362
2010
34,306
643
370
1,013
2011
37,158
577
392
969
2012
37,851
401
400
801
2013
39,361
241
381
622
2009
16,655
1,440
345
1,785
2010
17,253
1,477
447
1,924
2011
16,585
1,385
398
1,783
2012
17,446
1,476
450
1,926
2013
17,438
1,182
420
1,602
2009
15,798
1,145
332
1,477
2010
16,192
1,015
365
1,380
2011
17,964
972
442
1,414
2012
18,578
1,040
443
1,483
2013
18,700
810
421
1,231
2009
107,429
2,159
976
3,135
2010
115,565
1,493
1,061
2,554
2011
128,876
1,373
1,070
2,443
2012
129,106
1,202
1,102
2,304
2013
135,024
624
1,019
1,643
2009
9,549
1,149
348
1,497
2010
10,106
1,082
314
1,396
2011
10,684
826
292
1,118
2012
10,861
906
301
1,207
2013
10,996
579
320
899
2009
51,942
463
230
693
2010
53,493
739
233
972
2011
58,795
581
236
817
2012
61,872
438
249
687
2013
63,077
104
235
339
Kecederaan merujuk kepada kecederaan ringan dan parah
Injury refer to minor and serious injuries
Source:
175

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.8: Bilangan kes dan kadar kejadian Penyakit Bawaan Makanan dan Air, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.8:
Number of cases and incidence rate of Food and Water Borne Diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Keracunan
makanan
Disentri
Dysentery
Tahun
Food poisoning
Kolera
Tifoid
Cholera
Typhoid
Viral Hepatitis A
Year
Kes
(KI)
Kes
(KI)
Kes
(KI)
Kes
(KI)
Kes
(KI)
Cases
(IR)
Cases
(IR)
Cases
(IR)
Cases
(IR)
Cases
(IR)
2009
154
0.5
10,238
36.2
276
1.0
303
1.1
40
0.1
2010
104
0.4
12,519
44.2
443
1.6
210
0.7
39
0.1
2011
44
0.2
16,292
56.3
586
2.0
242
0.8
496
1.7
2012
86
0.3
13,182
44.9
282
1.0
219r
0.8
464
1.6
2013
83
0.3
14,202
47.8
171
0.6
218
0.7
121
0.4
Nota: KI - Kadar kejadian bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk
Note: IR - Incidence rate per 100,000 populations
Source:
Ministry of Health
Jadual 5.9: Kadar kejadian keracunan makanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.9:
Incidence rate for food poisoning by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Bagi setiap 100,000 penduduk
Per 100,000 population
Negeri
2009
State
2010
2011
2013
2012
Malaysia
36.2
44.2
56.3
44.9
47.8
Johor
26.6
29.1
97.6
43.2
41.6
Kedah
36.3
32.7
43.5
51.0
55.2
Kelantan
85.1
142.4
104.0
37.3
68.3
Melaka
55.5
64.2
88.7
108.6
82.7
Negeri Sembilan
13.7
18.4
64.1
63.8
42.1
Pahang
56.6
47.3
44.5
42.8
31.9
Perak
52.9
60.0
57.8
57.8
71.7
Perlis
7.5
13.4
72.4
102.3
75.4
Pulau Pinang
38.7
26.2
34.5
22.3
34.1
15.3
39.4
42.5
41.4
59.6
Sarawak
8.0
52.6
55.2
49.2
44.3
Selangor
19.7
27.5
29.9
36.8
37.6
83.4
107.5
91.3
78.2
52.3
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
72.1
12.9
11.9
12.9
25.8
W.P. Labuan
n.a.
n.a.
1.1
Sabah
Terengganu
2
Bagi 2009 dan 2010 termasuk W.P. Labuan
For 2009 and 2010 includes W.P. Labuan
Source:
Ministry of Health

176

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.10: Kadar kejadian kolera mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.10:
Incidence rate for cholera by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
2009
State
Malaysia
2010
2011
2013
2012
1.0
1.6
2.0
1.0
0.6
0.1
1.2
0.4
0.1
Negeri Sembilan
0.2
Perak
0.0
0.0
1.6
13.1
13.0
5.0
4.8
Sarawak
6.1
4.4
Selangor
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.6
0.2
n.a.
n.a.
1.1
Kedah
Kelantan
Sabah
Terengganu
2
W.P. Kuala Lumpur

W.P. Labuan
1
Source:
Ministry of Health

Jadual 5.11: Kadar kejadian tifoid mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.11:
Incidence rate for typhoid by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Negeri
State
2009
Malaysia
2010
1.1
2011
0.7
2013
2012
0.8
0.8
0.7
Johor
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
Kedah
0.9
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
Kelantan
5.2
3.0
5.2
1.9
2.5
Melaka
0.4
Negeri Sembilan
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.6
Pahang
0.3
0.2
2.0
0.4
0.3
Perak
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.2
Perlis
0.9
1.2
Pulau Pinang
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.6
Sabah1
1.6
2.5
1.5
1.1
1.6
Sarawak
0.3
0.2
0.3
1.4
0.6
Selangor
1.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
Terengganu
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
W.P. Kuala Lumpur2
0.4
0.7
0.4
2.0
0.4
W.P. Labuan
n.a.
n.a.
4.3
Source:
Ministry of Health

177

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.12a: Bilangan kes demam denggi mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.12a:
Number of cases of dengue fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Negeri
2009
State
Malaysia
2010
2011
2013
2012
38,749
42,140
18,466
21,181
42,572
2,324
3,776
1,397
1,599
4,750
Kedah
749
779
493
801
808
Kelantan
824
3,299
705
1,227
1,411
Melaka
646
1,177
432
436
1,423
Negeri Sembilan
956
1,373
691
547
1,193
Pahang
882
1,572
854
627
721
Perak
2,651
2,256
1,377
1,683
2,501
Perlis
187
215
110
171
223
Pulau Pinang
2,432
1,813
1,538
770
1,009
Sabah
1,186
2,093
374
573
699
Sarawak
4,476
4,078
941
1,370
1,275
Selangor
17,023
14,412
7,091
8,742
23,512
915
1,389
569
692
546
3,498
3,908
1,878
1,740
2,489
n.a.
n.a.
16
203
12
Johor
Terengganu
2
W.P. Kuala Lumpur

W.P. Labuan
1
Source:
Ministry of Health

Jadual 5.12b: Bilangan kes demam denggi berdarah mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.12b:
Number of cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Negeri
2009
State
Malaysia
2010
2011
2013
2012
2,737
4,031
1,418
719
774
204
630
186
51
78
21
16
Kelantan
207
279
38
18
16
Melaka
123
308
18
13
82
Negeri Sembilan
101
128
46
Pahang
25
116
40
14
Perak
83
32
34
33
18
Perlis
12
21
41
21
44
17
28
15
25
Sarawak
14
162
33
39
17
Selangor
1,653
1,955
667
371
340
53
83
106
47
54
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
248
297
160
74
81
W.P. Labuan
n.a.
n.a.
Johor
Kedah
Pulau Pinang
Sabah1
Terengganu
2
Source:
Ministry of Health

178

KEADAAN
STATE
Jadual 5.13: Bilangan kes malaria mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.13:
Number of cases of malaria by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Negeri
State
2009
Malaysia
2010
2011
2013
2012
7,010
6,650
5,307
4,725
3,850
Johor
108
145
91
87
61
Kedah
69
122
62
33
46
276
176
240
174
377
Melaka
10
13
15
18
Negeri Sembilan
90
84
170
98
54
176
196
292
216
179
Perak
70
81
164
104
101
Perlis
86
111
88
37
39
Sabah
4,012
2,644
2,033
2,057
1,606
Sarawak
1,823
2,802
1,761
1,571
1,004
Selangor
209
196
286
270
301
Terengganu
30
21
49
34
41
W.P. Kuala Lumpur2
49
58
54
23
32
n.a.
n.a.
Kelantan
Pahang
Pulau Pinang
1
W.P. Labuan
1
Source:
Ministry of Health

Jadual 5.14: Bilangan kematian mengikut jenis penyakit, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.14:
Number of deaths by type of diseases, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Demam denggi
berdarah
Tahun
Demam denggi
Year
Dengue fever
Dengue haemorrhagic
fever
Cholera
Kolera
2009
82
26
2010
16
118
33
2011
36
11
18
2012
35
16
2013
92
14
Malaria
Tifoid
Typhoid

Source:
179
Ministry of Health

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 5.15: Bilangan kenderaan bermotor yang berdaftar mengikut jenis, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.15:
Number of motor vehicles registered by type, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Jenis kenderaan
Vehicles type
Jumlah berdaftar
Total registered
Bas
Buses
Kenderaan barang
Goods vehicles
Motokar
Motorcars
Motosikal
Motorcycles
Teksi dan kereta

sewa
2009r
2010r
2011r
2012r
2013
18,934,747
20,092,819
21,304,818
22,616,566
23,819,256
55,039
57,106
59,511
60,951
62,784
954,055
994,942
1,034,660
1,075,402
1,116,167
8,144,362
8,724,666
9,324,276
9,952,515
10,535,575
8,909,425
9,407,466
9,949,774
10,559,370
11,087,878
95,728
102,961
109,214
146,104
153,875
748,893
772,363
796,806
822,224
862,977
Taxis and hired cars
Lain-lain
kenderaan1
Other vehicles
1
Merangkumi kenderaan seperti karavan, kenderaan bomba

kerajaan & swasta, kenderaan sekolah memandu, kenderaan
mayat, kenderaan orang cacat, kenderaan kerajaan, kenderaan
pihak berkuasa tempatan, ambulan dan kenderaan kedutaan
Sumber: Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan

Source:
Road Transport Department
Includes vehicles such as caravans, government & private fire vehicles,

driving school vehicles, hearse, vehicle for disabled, government vehicles,
local authority vehicles, ambulance and embassy vehicles
180

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 5.16: Bilangan ketibaan dan pelepasan kapal laut yang terlibat dalam perdagangan luar negeri di
pelabuhan terpilih, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.16:
Number of arrivals and departures of ocean-going vessel engaged in foreign trade at selected ports, Malaysia,
2009-2013
Pelabuhan
Ketibaan
Berlepas
Arrivals
Departures
Port
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
40,574
43,691
43,303
41,653
39,555
40,947
43,839
43,477
41,138
38,944
Bintulu
2,563
2,524
2,172
2,155
1,753
2,741
2,886
2,386
2,290
1,965
Kerteh
749
788
730
847
644
749
788
730
847
644
13,820
14,592
14,912
15,151
14,841
13,820
14,592
14,912
15,151
14,841
Kota
Kinabalu
319
306
325
413
422
319
306
325
413
422
Kuantan
2,049
2,078
2,108
2,059
1,971
2,049
2,078
2,108
2,059
1,971
Kuching
1,292
1,488
1,423
1,435
1,494
1,108
1,143
1,143
1,019
1,124
Melaka1
..
1,237
763
763
1,449
..
1,207
875
875
1,390
556
664
807
728
401
614
729
872
770
453
8,946
8,515
8,452
6,205
6,120
8,814
8,517
8,237
6,023
5,666
634
606
558
563
459
593
580
585
542
442
2,798
3,296
3,099
3,333
3,340
3,374
3,597
3,512
3,317
3,547
948
1,035
878
889
815
878
881
768
754
658
Sandakan
1,618
1,844
1,729
1,561
1,543
1,618
1,844
1,729
1,561
1,543
Tanjung
Pelepas
2,218
2,496
3,296
3,019
3,328
2,206
2,469
3,244
2,985
3,303
719
900
683
977
975
719
900
683
977
975
1,345
1,322
1,368
1,555
..
1,345
1,322
1,368
1,555
..
Jumlah
Total
Klang
Miri
Pasir
Gudang
Port Dickson
Pulau
Pinang
Rajang2
Tawau
W.P.
Labuan
1
Merujuk kepada Pelabuhan Melaka, Sungai Udang

dan Tanjung Bruas
Termasuk pelabuhan di Sibu, Bintangor,

Sarikei dan Tanjung Manis
Sumber: Jabatan Laut Negeri Sembilan, Jabatan Laut

W.P. Labuan, Lembaga Pelabuhan Klang,
Lembaga Pelabuhan Johor, Lembaga Pelabuhan
Sabah, Suruhanjaya Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang,
Johor Port Berhad, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd., Kuantan
Port Consortium Sdn. Bhd.
Includes port at Sibu, Bintangor, Sarikei and Tanjung Manis
Source:
Refers to Port of Melaka, Sungai Udang and Tanjung Bruas

2
181
Marine Department Negeri Sembilan, Marine Department

W.P. Labuan, Port Klang Authority, Johor Port Authority,
Sabah Port Authority, Penang Port Commission, Johor
Port Berhad, Penang Port Sdn Bhd., Kuantan Port
Consortium Sdn. Bhd.

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 5.17: Perangkaan kereta api, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Table 5.17:
Railway statistics, Malaysia, 2009-2013
2009
Hitungan rel kereta api (km)

Length of railroad track
Bilangan perjalanan penumpang (000)

Number of passenger journeys
Hitungan kilometer penumpang (000)

Passenger kilometers
Berat barang-barang berbayar (000 tan metrik)

Tonnage of paying goods traffic (000 tonnes)
Hitungan tan kilometer barang (000)

Total tonnes kilometres good traffic
2010
2011
2012
2013
1,792
1,792
1,792
1,792
1,792
4,451
4,386
4,279
3,655
3,393
1,525,568
1,532,185
1,428,004
1,218,194r
1,098,720
5,388
5,531
6,096
6,142
13,323
1,384,380
1,482,799
1,535,662
1,564,609r
1,761,955
Sumber/Source: Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad dan Keretapi Negeri Sabah
Jadual 5.18: Jumlah penumpang yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.18:
Total number of passengers handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Bilangan penumpang
Number of passengers
Penumpang yang dikendalikan

Passengers handled
Jumlah
Total
Berlepas
Embarked
Mendarat
Disembarked
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
52,293,198
58,529,853
64,871,836r
68,176,856r
81,228,522
26,281,399
29,264,637
32,493,914r
34,140,494
40,723,198
26,011,799
29,265,216
32,377,922
34,036,362r
40,505,324

Source:
182

TEKANAN
PRESSURE
Jadual 5.19: Jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.19:
Total cargo handled at airports, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Kargo yang dikendalikan
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
6,111,912
7,768,591
6,716,093
4,314,601r
898,084
2,801,360
3,417,067
3,369,965
2,100,715
452,354
3,310,552
4,351,524
3,346,128
2,213,886
445,730
Cargo handled
Jumlah
Total
Turun
Discharged
Dihantar
Loaded

Source:
183

Jadual 5.20: Buangan terjadual yang diuruskan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.20:
Scheduled waste managed by state, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Negeri
State
Malaysia
2009
2010
2011
2013
2012
1,705,308
1,880,929
1,622,032
1,708,708
1,387,861
Johor
338,101
295,207
345,342
344,157
170,406
Kedah
53,496
147,349
117,057
103,266
31,765
1,846
2,064
1,877
2,013
1,910
16,800
21,243
21,298
25,579
50,279
236,345
55,573
198,711
27,889
32,406
7,334
69,407
106,248
84,535
21,923
Perak
182,332
224,786
49,392
243,174
249,569
Perlis
873
2,116
1,932
2,503
1,433
257,089
273,370
194,279
146,637
138,690
4,563
5,297
7,054
5,380
8,315
Sarawak
32,486
54,932
42,775
140,392
22,732
Selangor
197,923
211,411
212,247
219,981
231,562
Terengganu
367,701
506,227
302,641
357,094
413,273
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
7,359
9,537
18,662
3,861
5,071
W.P. Labuan
1,060
2,410
2,518
2,247
8,525
Kelantan
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Pulau Pinang
Sabah

Source:
184

Jadual 5.21: Kuantiti buangan terjadual yang dieksport mengikut jenis buangan, Malaysia, 2009-2013
Table 5.21:
Quantity of scheduled waste exported by type of waste, Malaysia, 2009-2013

Tan metrik
Tonnes
Jenis buangan
Type of waste
Malaysia
Bahan blasting terpakai
Used blasting material
Buangan bateri nikel-kadmium

Nickel cadmium battery waste
Buangan elektrik & elektronik

Electrical & electronic waste
Buangan mengandungi formaldehid

Wastes containing formaldehyde
Buangan mengandungi merkuri

Solid waste containing mercury compound
Dross zink
Zinc dross
Enapcemar hidroksida logam

Metal hydroxide sludge
Mangkin terpakai
Spent catalyst
Pelarut organik
Waste organic solvent
Resin fenolik
Phenolic resin
Toner terpakai
Used toner
Unrefined Semiconductor Material1
2009
2010
2011
2013
2012
2,920
1,517
1,993
4,145
3,709
25
123
57
32
115
51
976
794
1,240
1,473
913
88
32
1,300
1,561
1,186
267
158
90
452
199
13
187
688
140
150
155
55
66
405
88
90
110
116
260
413
187
n.a.
n.a.
29
Data bermula pada 2011

Data commences on 2011

Source:
185

Maps 1: Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 2013
Peta 1: Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 2013
PETA
MAPS
189
Maps 2: Total production of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 2003 and 2013
Peta 2: Jumlah pengeluaran air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2003 dan 2013
PETA
MAPS
190
LAMPIRAN 1
APPENDIX 1
MODEL RANGKA KERJA TEKANAN-KEADAAN-TINDAK BALAS

PRESSURE-STATE-RESPONSE FRAMEWORK MODEL
Aktiviti manusia memberi tekanan kepada alam sekitar dan menukar keadaannya. Masyarakat respon kepada
perubahan keadaan ini dengan membangunkan dan melaksanakan dasar
Human activities exert pressure on the environment and change its state or condition.
Society responds to this changed state by developing and implementing policies
Sumber: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD) Environmental Indicators
Source:
193

LAMPIRAN 2
APPENDIX 2
Senarai Ahli JAAMPAS

List of IACES Members
1.
2.
3.
Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE)
- Pengerusi
Economic Planning Unit (EPU)
- Chairman
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia
- Urusetia
Department of Statistics, Malaysia
- Secretariat
Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS)

Department of Environment (DOE)
4.
Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN)

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)
5.
Jabatan Bekalan Air, Malaysia

Department of Water Supply, Malaysia
6.
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia

7.
Jabatan Perikanan, Malaysia

Department of Fisheries, Malaysia
8.
Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains

Minerals and Geoscience Department
9.
Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan

Local Government Department
194

LAMPIRAN 3
APPENDIX 3
Perbandingan nilai IPU dengan tahap pencemaran dan kawalan kesihatan

Comparison of API values with level of pollution and health measures
Indeks
Pencemaran
Udara (IPU)
Status
Tahap pencemaran
Kawalan kesihatan
Level of pollution
Health measures
Baik
Pencemaran rendah yang tidak

ada kesan buruk terhadap
kesihatan
Tidak ada sekatan aktiviti bagi semua lapisan orang.

Amalkan gaya hidup yang sihat seperti tidak merokok,
kerap bersenam dan mengamalkan pemakanan yang
sesuai.
Good
Low pollution and has no ill-effects on

health
No restriction of activities for all groups of people. To practice

healthy lifestyle e.g. not to smoke, exercise regularly and to
observe proper nutrition.
Sederhana
Pencemaran sederhana dan tidak

ada kesan buruk terhadap
kesihatan
Tidak ada sekatan aktiviti bagi semua lapisan orang.

Amalkan gaya hidup yang sihat seperti tidak merokok,
kerap bersenam dan mengamalkan pemakanan yang
sesuai.
Moderate
Moderate pollution and has no illeffects on health
No restricition of activities for all groups of people. To

practice healthy lifestyle e.g. not to smoke, exercise regularly
and to observe proper nutrition.
Tidak Sihat
Tanda-tanda sederhana yang

menyebabkan bertambah teruk di
kalangan orang berisiko tinggi,
iaitu mereka yang menghidap
sakit jantung dan paru-paru
Sekatan aktiviti kegiatan luar terhadap bagi orang

yang berisiko tinggi. Penduduk amnya perlu
mengurangkan
aktiviti
yang
lasak.
Unhealthy
Mild aggravation of symptoms among

high risk persons, i.e those with heart
or lung disease
Restriction of outdoor activities for high risk persons.

Population should reduce vigorous outdoor activity.
Sangat
Tidak Sihat
Tanda-tanda
ketara
yang
menyebabkan bertambah teruk
dan toleransi senaman rendah di
kalangan orang yang mengidap
sakit jantung atau paru-paru
Warga tua dan orang yang mengidap penyakit jantung

atau paru-paru dilarang keluar dan kurangkan aktiviti
fizikal. Penduduk amnya mesti mengelakkan dari
aktiviti luar yang lasak. Sesiapa yang menghadapi
masalah
kesihatan
perlu
rujuk
doktor.
Very
Unhealthy
Significant aggravation of symptoms

and decreased exercise tolerance in
person with heart or lung disease
Elderly and persons with known heart or lung disease should

stay indoors and reduce physical activity. Population should
avoid vigorous outdoor activity. Those with any health
problems to consult doctor.
Berbahaya
Tanda-tanda yang menyebabkan

bertambah
teruk
dan
membahayakan
kesihatan
Warga tua dan orang yang mengidap penyakit jantung

atau paru-paru dilarang keluar dan kurangkan aktiviti
lasak. Penduduk amnya mestilah mengelak daripada
aktiviti
luar
yang
lasak.
Hazardous
Severe aggravation of symptoms and

endangers health
Elderly and persons with existing heart or lung disease

should stay indoors and reduce physical activity. General
population should avoid vigorous outdoor activity.
Melebihi 500
Kecemasan
Tanda-tanda yang menyebabkan

bertambah
teruk
dan
membahayakan
kesihatan
Penduduk amnya dinasihatkan mengikut peraturan

oleh Majlis Keselamatan Negara dan sentiasa
mengikut pengumuman melalui media massa.
Above 500
Emergency
Severe aggravation of symptoms and

endangers health
General population are advised to follow the orders of the

National Security Council and follow the announcements
through the mass media.
Air Pollutant
Index (API)
0 50
51 100
101 200
201 300
301 500

195

LAMPIRAN 4
APPENDIX 4
Punca dan kesan bahan pencemar udara kepada manusia dan tumbuhan
Sources and effects of air pollutants on human and plants
Bahan
Punca
Kesan kepada kesihatan manusia dan ekologi
Pollutant
Source
Human health and ecological effects
Ozon (O 3 )
Ozone
Motosikal dua lejang,

kenderaan bermotor
dan punca-punca
industri.
Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan fungsi pernafasan dan penurunan prestasi atlit
yang melakukan senaman lasak dan bahaya penyakit barah
kulit
Two stroke motor cycles,

motor vehicles and
industrial sources.
Impairment of respiratory function and decreasing performance by

some athletes exercising heavily and skin cancer risks
Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan dan mengurangkan pengeluaran
tanaman
Damage vegetation and reduces crop production
Plumbum (Pb)
Sektor pengangkutan
Lead
Transport sector
Manusia/Human
Pendedahan yang berlarutan boleh mengakibatkan gangguan
sistem saraf
Long-term exposure can lead to nervous disorders
Karbon Monoksida (CO)
Sektor pengangkutan
Carbon Monoxide
Transport sector
Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan mereka yang merokok dan yang mengidap
masalah peredaran darah dan anemia
Affects smokers and people with circulatory and anaemic problems
Industri minyak dan

gas, pengeluaran
tenaga, pembakaran
arang, proses industri
dan industri
berasaskan
pembakaran
Manusia/Human
Menambahkan derita pesakit yang mengidap asma dan
bronkitis
Oil and gas industry,

energy production, coal
burning, industrial
combustion and industrial
process
Damages vegetation
Pengangkutan,
penjanaan kuasa dan
industri berasaskan
pembakaran
Manusia/Human
Menjejaskan fungsi pernafasan
Transport, power
generation and industrial
combustion
Tumbuhan/Plants
Menyekat pertumbuhan tanaman
Habuk Halus (PM 10 )
Pembakaran terbuka
Particulate Matter
Open burning
Manusia/Human
Melemahkan fungsi pernafasan
Sulfur Dioksida (SO 2 )

Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO 2 )

Nitrogen Dioxide
Aggravates asthmatic and bronchitis patients
Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan
Affects respiratory function
Suppresses vegetation growth
Impairs respiratory function
Tumbuhan/Plants
Memusnahkan tumbuhan
Damages vegetation
196

LAMPIRAN 5
APPENDIX 5
Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air

Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index
Indeks
Index
Parameter
Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA)

Water Quality Index (WQI)
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD 5 )

Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH 3 -N)

Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Pepejal Terampai (SS)

Suspended Solids
Bersih (B)
Sederhana Tercemar (ST)
Tercemar (T)
Clean (C)
Slightly Polluted (SP)
Polluted (P)
81 100
60 80
0 59
91 100
80 90
0 79
92 100
71 91
0 70
76 100
70 75
0 69
Source:
197

LAMPIRAN 6
APPENDIX 6
Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air

Water Quality Index classification
Kelas
Parameter
Class
Unit
I
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH 3 -N)

Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD 5 )

Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oksigen Terlarut
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Suspended Solid
III
IV
mg/l
< 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.9
0.9 - 2.7
> 2.7
mg/l
<1
1-3
3-6
6 - 12
> 12
mg/l
< 10
10 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 100
> 100
mg/l
>7
5-7
3-5
1-3
<1
> 7.0
6.0 - 7.0
5.0 - 6.0
< 5.0
< 5.0
mg/l
< 25
25 - 50
50 - 150
150 - 300
> 300
> 92.7
76.5 - 92.7
51.9 - 76.5
31.0 - 51.9
< 31.0
pH
Jumlah Pepejal Terampai (SS)
II
Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA)

Water Quality Index (WQI)
Kelas air dan kegunaan

Water classes and uses
Kelas
Kegunaan
Class
Uses
Kelas I
Pemuliharaan alam semula jadi
Class I
Conservation of natural environment
Bekalan Air I Hampir tiada rawatan diperlukan

Water Supply I Practically no treatment necessary
Perikanan I Spesis akuatik yang sangat sensitif

Fishery I Very sensitive aquatic species
Kelas IIA
Class IIA
Bekalan Air II Memerlukan rawatan secara konvensional sahaja

Water Supply II Conventional treatment required
Perikanan II Spesis akuatik yang sensitif

Fishery II Sensitive aquatic species
Kelas IIB
Kegunaan rekreasi yang melibatkan persentuhan badan dengan air
Class IIB
Recreational use with body contact
Kelas III
Bekalan Air III Memerlukan rawatan yang ekstensif
Class III
Water Supply III Extensive treatment required
Perikanan III Spesis tertentu yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi biasa

Bekalan air minum haiwan ternakan
Fishery III Common, of economic value and tolerant species
Livestock drinking
Kelas IV
Pengairan
Class IV
Irrigation
Kelas V
Tiada seperti di atas.
Class V
None of the above

198

LAMPIRAN 7
APPENDIX 7
Kriteria standard dan kualiti air marin

Marine water quality criteria and standards
Parameter
CLASS 1
CLASS 2
CLASS 3
CLASS E
Beneficial uses
Preservation, marine
protected areas,
Marine Parks
Marine Life, Fisheries,

Coral Reefs,
Recreational and
Maricullture
Ports, Oil & Gas Fields
Mangroves,
Estuarine &
River-mouth Water
Temperature (C)
<2 C increase over

maximum ambient
<2 C increase over

maximum ambient
<2 C increase over

maximum ambient
<2C increase over

maximum ambient
Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/L)
>80% saturation
5.0
3.0
4.0
Total Suspended Solid

(mg/L)
25 mg/L or < 10%

increase in seasonal
average, whichever is
lower
50mg/L (25 mg/L)

or < 10% increase
in seasonal average,
whichever is lower
100 mg/L or <10%

increase in seasonal
average, whichever is
lower
100 mg/L or < 30%

increase in
seasonal average,
whichever is lower
Oil and Grease (mg/L)
0.01
0.14
0.14
Mercury* (g/L)
0.04
0.16 (0.04)
50
0.5
Cadmium (g/L)
0.5
2 (3)
10
Chromium (Il)(g/L)
10
48
10
Copper (g/L)
1.3
2.9
10
2.9
Arsenic (III)* (g/L)
20(3)
50
20(3)
10
Lead (g/L)
4.4
8.5
50
8.5
11
Zinc (g/L)
15
50
100
50
12
Cyanide (g/L)
2.0
7.0
20
7.0
13
Ammonia (unionized)
(g/L)
35
70
320
70
14
Nitrite (NO 2 ) (g/L)
10
55
1,000
55
15
Nitrate (NO 3 ) (g/L)
10
60
1,000
60
16
Phosphate (g/L)
75
670
75
17
Phenol (g/L)
10
100
10
18
Tributyltin (TBT) (g/L)
0.001
0.01
0.05
0.01
19
Faecal Coliform
(Human health
protection
for seafood
consumption)
- (MPN)
70 faecal
coliform/100ml
70 E.coli/l00 ml
100 faecal coliform

/100ml
(70 faecal coliform
/100ml)
100 E.coli/100ml
(70 E.coli/l00ml)
200 faecal coliform

/100ml
200 E.coli/100ml
100 faecal coliform

/100ml
(70 faecal coliform
/100ml)
100 E.coli/100ml
(70 E.coli/100ml)
20
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAHs)
ng/g
100
200
1,000
1,000
( ) Piawaian dan Kriteria Air Marin (MWQCS) bagi kawasan pantai dan air marin di mana makanan laut diterima untuk penggunaan manusia.
Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard (MWQCS) in parentheses are for coastal and marine water areas where seafood for human consumption
is applicable.
199

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Clean river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
BATU PAHAT
BENUT
ENDAU
JOHOR
JOHOR
PALOI
SEDILI BESAR
BATU PAHAT
JOHOR/
NEGERI SEMBILAN
KEDAH
MUAR
KEDAH
KISAP
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. AMRAN
77
82
II
B/C
SG. BANTANG
93
91
II
B/C
SG. MEREK
87
85
II
B/C
SG. PARIT HJ.

YASSIN
83
85
II
B/C
SG. ENDAU
86
86
II
B/C
SG. JASIN
92
94
B/C
SG. KAHANG
88
86
II
B/C
SG. MAMAI
82
88
II
B/C
SG. PALOH
88
83
II
B/C
SG. SELAI
90
92
II
B/C
SG. TAMOK
89
86
II
B/C
SG. BELITONG
86
82
II
B/C
SG. BKT. BESAR
88
85
II
B/C
SG. JOHOR
82
81
II
B/C
SG. LAYANG
92
85
II
B/C
SG. LAYAU KIRI
86
85
II
B/C
SG. LINGGIU
84
83
II
B/C
SG. PANTI
90
85
II
B/C
SG. PAPAN
83
81
II
B/C
SG. PELEPAH
89
90
II
B/C
SG. PENGGELI
85
83
II
B/C
SG. REMIS
82
83
II
B/C
SG. SAYONG
82
82
II
B/C
SG. SELUYUT
86
82
II
B/C
SG. SEMANGAR
86
84
II
B/C
SG. TELOR
87
85
II
B/C
SG. PALOI
87
86
II
B/C
SG. AMBAT
84
81
II
B/C
SG. DOHOL
87
90
II
B/C
81
88
II
B/C
80
83
II
B/C
SG. AIR PANAS
94
91
II
B/C
SG. JUASSEH
92
90
II
B/C
SG. LABIS
83
88
II
B/C
SG. SEGAMAT
85
85
II
B/C
SG. JANING
93
93
B/C
SG. PDG TERAP
78
81
II
B/C
SG. PEDU
88
87
II
B/C
SG. TEKAI
79
87
II
B/C
SG. KISAP
91
94
B/C
SUNGAI
RIVER
SG. PASIR
PANJANG
SG. TEMUBOR
KANAN
200
STATUS (2013)

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Bersih yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013 (samb.)
Water quality status within Clean river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013 (contd.)
NEGERI
STATE
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. MELAKA
KEDAH
84
84
II
B/C
SG. PETANG
94
92
II
B/C
SG. TOK PAWANG
88
87
II
B/C
SG. TUPAH
88
90
II
B/C
SG. CHEPIR
86
89
II
B/C
SG. KARANGAN
KEDAH
87
84
II
B/C
SG. KETIL
86
89
II
B/C
SG. MUDA
89
87
II
B/C
SG. PEGANG
91
94
B/C
SG. SEDIM
84
83
II
B/C
SG. GOLOK
87
89
II
B/C
SG. LANAS
89
90
II
B/C
SG. BELATOP
77
84
II
B/C
SG. BER
91
89
II
B/C
SG. BEROK
86
84
II
B/C
SG. BETIS
92
89
II
B/C
SG. GALAS
88
88
II
B/C
SG. KELANTAN
85
85
II
B/C
SG. KERILLA
92
92
II
B/C
SG. LEBIR
87
87
II
B/C
SG. NAL
91
88
II
B/C
SG. NENGGIRI
86
86
II
B/C
SG. PERGAU
92
92
II
B/C
SG. RELAI
87
89
II
B/C
SG. SOKOR
86
86
II
B/C
SG. TUANG
95
92
II
B/C
KEMASIN
SG. SEMERAK
87
84
II
B/C
PENGKALAN CHEPA
SG. RAJA GALI
80
83
II
B/C
DUYONG
SG. GAPAM
91
88
II
B/C
KESANG
SG. CHOHONG
87
91
II
B/C
SG. BTG. MELAKA
87
83
II
B/C
SG. DUSUN
90
89
II
B/C
SG. KEMUNTING
89
83
II
B/C
SG. TAMPIN
92
93
B/C
SG. BATANG
PENAR
94
92
II
B/C
SG. PEDAS
89
87
II
B/C
SG. REMBAU
84
82
II
B/C
SG. ANAK ENDAU
86
82
II
B/C
SG. MERBA
81
82
II
B/C
SG. SERAI
71
82
II
B/C
MELAKA
MERBOK
KEDAH/
PULAU PINANG
MUDA
GOLOK
KELANTAN
KELANTAN
MELAKA
MELAKA
NEGERI SEMBILAN
LINGGI
ANAK ENDAU
PAHANG
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
BEBAR
SUNGAI
RIVER
201
STATUS (2013)

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
BERTAM
CHERATING
KUANTAN
MERCHONG
PAHANG
PAHANG
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. BERTAM
69
86
II
B/C
SG. BURUNG
87
91
II
B/C
SG. HABU
91
92
II
B/C
SG. LENGGOK
90
87
II
B/C
SG. RINGLET
90
90
II
B/C
SG. TELOM
80
84
II
B/C
SG. TERLA
86
89
II
B/C
SG. TRINGKAP
80
90
II
B/C
SG. CHERATING
76
81
II
B/C
SG. KENAU
88
85
II
B/C
SG. KUANTAN
86
83
II
B/C
SG. PANDAN
88
88
II
B/C
SG. TALAM
77
81
II
B/C
SG. MERCHONG
91
87
II
B/C
SG. BENTONG
91
87
II
B/C
SG. BENUS
93
91
II
B/C
SG. BERKAPOR
89
87
II
B/C
SG. JELAI
84
89
II
B/C
SG. JEMPOL
85
88
II
B/C
SG. KELAU
89
90
II
B/C
SG. KERTAM
85
89
II
B/C
SG. KOYAN
88
91
II
B/C
SG. LEPAR
86
88
II
B/C
SG. LIPIS
88
92
II
B/C
SG. LUIT
86
87
II
B/C
SG. MARAN
88
90
II
B/C
SG. PAHANG
84
86
II
B/C
SG. PERTING
91
92
II
B/C
SG. SEMANTAN
SG. T. PAYA
BUNGOR
SG. TAHAN
85
85
II
B/C
86
87
II
B/C
89
92
II
B/C
SG. TANGLIR
89
89
II
B/C
SG. TASIK CHINI
85
86
II
B/C
SG. TEKAL
81
83
II
B/C
SG. TEKAM
85
82
II
B/C
SG. TELANG
85
89
II
B/C
SG. TEMBELING
87
91
II
B/C
SG. TERANUM
95
91
II
B/C
SG. TERAS
94
89
II
B/C
SG. TERIS
82
88
II
B/C
SG. TRIANG
85
86
II
B/C
SUNGAI
RIVER
202
STATUS (2013)

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
NEGERI
STATE
PAHANG
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
ROMPIN
BRUAS
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. AUR
87
86
II
B/C
SG. KERATONG
85
86
II
B/C
SG. PONTIAN
89
84
II
B/C
SG. PUKIN
92
87
II
B/C
SG. ROMPIN
85
82
II
B/C
SG. BRUAS
82
84
II
B/C
SG. DANDANG
85
87
II
B/C
SG. ROTAN
89
91
II
B/C
SG. ARA PERAK
93
92
II
B/C
SG. KURAU
78
82
II
B/C
SG. BATANG
PADANG
88
86
II
B/C
SG. BIDOR
87
82
II
B/C
SG.
CHENDERIANG
85
86
II
B/C
SG. CHEPOR
96
91
II
B/C
SG. KAMPAR
89
90
II
B/C
SG. KANGSAR
86
86
II
B/C
SG. KERDAH
83
81
II
B/C
SG. KINJANG
91
92
II
B/C
SG. KINTA
81
82
II
B/C
SG. KLAH
89
85
II
B/C
SG. KUANG
88
87
II
B/C
SG. PELUS
90
84
II
B/C
SG. PERAK
88
88
II
B/C
SG. RAIA
87
88
II
B/C
SG. SUNGKAI
88
91
II
B/C
SG. MANJONG
76
85
II
B/C
SG. NYIOR
90
94
B/C
SG. BATU TEGOH
86
88
II
B/C
SG. JANA
93
90
II
B/C
SG. LIMAU
88
92
II
B/C
SG. TEMERLOH
89
89
II
B/C
SG. TRONG
91
93
B/C
SG. BERNAM
87
89
II
B/C
SG. INKI
90
93
B/C
SG. SLIM
86
88
II
B/C
SG. TROLAK
90
92
II
B/C
SG. JARUM
83
82
II
B/C
SG. JERNIH
87
86
II
B/C
SG. NGULANG
77
83
II
B/C
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
KURAU
PERAK
PERAK
RAJA HITAM
SEPETANG
PERAK/
SELANGOR
PERLIS
BERNAM
PERLIS
203

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
NEGERI
STATE
PERLIS
PULAU PINANG
PULAU PINANG/
PERAK
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. PELARIT
93
91
II
B/C
SG. WANG KELIAN
94
91
II
B/C
JAWI
SG. JUNJONG
90
90
II
B/C
KLUANG
SG. ARA PP
86
88
II
B/C
PERAI
SG. KULIM
85
85
II
B/C
PINANG
SG. AIR TERJUN
92
92
II
B/C
KERIAN
SG. KECHIL
90
91
II
B/C
APAS
SG. APAS
85
86
II
B/C
BALUNG
SG. BALUNG
91
88
II
B/C
BENGKOKA
SG. BENGKOKA
86
88
II
B/C
SG. BANDAU
92
88
II
B/C
SG. BINGKONGAN
90
90
II
B/C
SG. MENGGARIS
90
90
II
B/C
SG. TANDEK
89
84
II
B/C
BONGAWAN
SG. BONGAWAN
87
86
II
B/C
BRANTIAN
SG. BRANTIAN
92
87
II
B/C
KALABAKAN
SG. KALABAKAN
88
86
II
B/C
KALUMPANG
SG. KALUMPANG
87
87
II
B/C
SG. KEDAMAIAN
91
92
II
B/C
SG. TEMPASUK
92
91
II
B/C
SG. WARIU
91
92
II
B/C
SG. KIMANIS
87
86
II
B/C
SG. KARAMUAK
90
90
II
B/C
SG.
KINABATANGAN
88
86
II
B/C
SG. KOYAH
89
87
II
B/C
SG. MENANGGUL
89
84
II
B/C
SG. KINIPIR
92
93
B/C
SG. LABOK
90
87
II
B/C
SG. LIWAGU
93
91
II
B/C
SG. MALIAU
93
92
II
B/C
SG. TUNGUD
88
89
II
B/C
SG. LAKUTAN
91
87
II
B/C
SG. INANAM
84
85
II
B/C
SG. MENGGATAL
86
89
II
B/C
SG. BUKAU
89
84
II
B/C
PERLIS
BINGKONGAN
KEDAMAIAN
KIMANIS
SABAH
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
KINABATANGAN
LABOK
LABOK
LAKUTAN
LIKAS
LINGKUNGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
SG. LINGKUNGAN
92
85
II
B/C
MEMBAKUT
SG. MEMBAKUT
85
84
II
B/C
MENGGALONG
SG.MENGGALONG
90
87
II
B/C
MEROTAI
SG. MEROTAI
89
82
II
B/C
MOUNAD
SG. MOUNAD
91
88
II
B/C
204

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
NEGERI
STATE
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. MOYOG
90
91
II
B/C
SG. BUNSIT
93
91
II
B/C
SG. LIAWAN
92
89
II
B/C
SG. PADAS
85
84
II
B/C
SG. PANGATAN
88
88
II
B/C
SG. PEGALAN
90
89
II
B/C
SG. TANDULU
92
89
II
B/C
PAITAN
SG. PAITAN
84
85
II
B/C
PAPAR
SG. PAPAR
89
88
II
B/C
SAPI
SG. SUALONG
89
87
II
B/C
SEGALIUD
SG. SEGALIUD
87
83
II
B/C
SEGAMA
SG. SEGAMA
89
86
II
B/C
SILABUKAN
SG. SILABUKAN
90
87
II
B/C
SG. BONGKUD
94
91
II
B/C
SG. LOHAN
94
90
II
B/C
SG. MERALI
92
91
II
B/C
SG. SUGUT
91
89
II
B/C
TAWAU
SG. TAWAU
88
84
II
B/C
TENGHILAN
SG. TENGHILAN
90
88
II
B/C
TINGKAYU
SG. TINGKAYU
91
87
II
B/C
SG. DAMIT
89
90
II
B/C
SG. SONG SAI
90
88
II
B/C
SG. TUARAN
93
89
II
B/C
TUNGKU
SG. TUNGKU
88
89
II
B/C
UMAS-UMAS
SG. UMAS-UMAS
91
87
II
B/C
BARAM
SG. TUTUH
82
82
II
B/C
LAWAS
SG. LAWAS
90
87
II
B/C
LIMBANG
SG. LIMBANG
88
84
II
B/C
SG. AI
83
87
II
B/C
SG. SEKERANG
87
83
II
B/C
SG. UNDUP
78
84
II
B/C
SG. PADANG LIKU
86
85
II
B/C
SG. NIAH
80
82
II
B/C
SG. SEKALOH
79
81
II
B/C
SG. BINATANG
82
87
II
B/C
SG. JULAU
83
82
II
B/C
SG. SARIKEI
81
82
II
B/C
SADONG
SG. SADONG
76
81
II
B/C
78
81
II
B/C
SARAWAK
SG. SARAWAK
KANAN
SG. SARAWAK KIRI
81
84
II
B/C
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
MOYOG
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
PADAS
SABAH
SUGUT
TUARAN
LUPAR
MIRI
SARAWAK
NIAH
RAJANG
205

LAMPIRAN 8A
APPENDIX 8A
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
STATUS (2013)
SARAWAK
SG. SEMADANG
80
85
II
B/C
SARIBAS
SG. LAYAR
72
83
II
B/C
SIMILAJAU
SG. SIMILAJAU
84
83
II
B/C
TRUSAN
SG. TRUSAN
90
85
II
B/C
CHUAU
SG. CHUAU
87
82
II
B/C
SG. JIJAN
84
84
II
B/C
SG. LUI
90
94
B/C
SG. SEMENYIH
88
90
II
B/C
SG. BATANG KALI
90
88
II
B/C
SG. KANCHING
92
86
II
B/C
SG. KERLING
93
91
II
B/C
SG. SELANGOR
84
83
II
B/C
SG. SERENDAH
90
87
II
B/C
SEPANG
SG. SEPANG
71
84
II
B/C
TENGI
SG. TENGI
76
81
II
B/C
BESUT
SG. BESUT
90
91
II
B/C
SG. BUNGKUS
76
81
II
B/C
SG. IBOK
83
81
II
B/C
SG. RUANG
76
81
II
B/C
SG. DUNGUN
91
90
II
B/C
SG. CHERUL
87
82
II
B/C
SG. KEMAMAN
85
88
II
B/C
KERTIH
SG. KERTIH
85
88
II
B/C
MARANG
SG. MARANG
84
85
II
B/C
SG. PAKA
83
85
II
B/C
SG. RASAU
82
86
II
B/C
SG. CHALOK
83
81
II
B/C
SG. SETIU
88
89
II
B/C
SG. BERANG
86
90
II
B/C
SG. NERUS
82
84
II
B/C
SG. PUEH
88
85
II
B/C
SG. TELEMONG
87
89
II
B/C
SG. TERENGGANU
84
85
II
B/C
SG. PENCHALA
86
88
II
B/C
SG. SEMELAH
85
83
II
B/C
SARAWAK
LANGAT
SELANGOR
SELANGOR
CHUKAI
DUNGUN
KEMAMAN
TERENGGANU
PAKA
SETIU
TERENGGANU
W.P. KUALA
LUMPUR/
SELANGOR
KLANG
206

LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
BATU PAHAT
BENUT
ENDAU
JEMALUANG
JOHOR
JOHOR
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. BATU PAHAT
68
63
III
ST / SP
SG. BEKOK
82
78
II
ST / SP
SG. BERLIAN
78
77
II
ST / SP
SG. CHAAH
84
76
III
ST / SP
SG. LENIK
84
79
II
ST / SP
SG. MERPO
75
78
II
ST / SP
SG. SEMBERONG
68
62
III
ST / SP
SG. SIMPANG
KANAN
66
60
III
ST / SP
SG. SIMPANG KIRI
69
66
III
ST / SP
SG. BENUT
71
72
III
ST / SP
SG. PINGGAN
61
63
III
ST / SP
SG. ULU BENUT
67
71
III
ST / SP
SG. JEBONG
72
68
III
ST / SP
SG. LENGGOR
81
80
II
ST / SP
SG. MELATAI
61
68
III
ST / SP
SG. MENGKIBOL
74
74
III
ST / SP
SG. PAMOL
73
62
III
ST / SP
SG. SEMBERONG
81
77
II
ST / SP
SG. SINGOL
76
72
III
ST / SP
SG. JEMALUANG
85
79
II
ST / SP
SG. ANAK SG.

SAYONG
81
77
II
ST / SP
SG. CHEMANGAR
86
71
III
ST / SP
SG. LEBAM
73
70
III
ST / SP
SG. SANTI
83
79
II
ST / SP
SG. SEBOL
79
73
III
ST / SP
SG. SEMENCHU
65
78
II
ST / SP
SG. TEMOH
85
76
III
ST / SP
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
SG. TIRAM
81
78
II
ST / SP
KAW. PASIR
GUDANG
SG. LATOH
54
61
III
ST / SP
KIM-KIM
SG. KIM-KIM
64
65
III
ST / SP
MERSING
SG. MERSING
85
80
II
ST / SP
69
67
III
ST / SP
70
69
III
ST / SP
75
74
III
ST / SP
SG. PULAI
82
76
III
ST / SP
PONTIAN BESAR
PONTIAN KECIL
SG. AIR HITAM

JOHOR
SG. PONTIAN
BESAR
SG. PONTIAN
KECIL
PULAI
SG. ULU CHOH
66
64
III
ST / SP
SANGLANG
SG. SANGLANG
52
60
III
ST / SP
SEDILI BESAR
SG. SEDILI BESAR
79
78
II
ST / SP
SEDILI KECIL
SG. ANAK SEDILI

KECIL
76
75
III
ST / SP
207

LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Sederhana Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013 (samb.)
Water quality status within Slightly Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013 (contd)
NEGERI
STATE
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. BAHAN
79
77
II
ST / SP
SG. SEDILI KECIL
79
80
II
ST / SP
SG. MELANA
66
67
III
ST / SP
SG. SKUDAI
69
71
III
ST / SP
SG. BALA
57
61
III
ST / SP
SG. PANDAN
59
63
III
ST / SP
SG. PLENTONG
60
61
III
ST / SP
SG. TEBRAU
66
64
III
ST / SP
SG. GEMENCHEH
89
79
II
ST / SP
SG. MEDA
82
79
II
ST / SP
SG. MUAR
82
78
II
ST / SP
SG. SARANG
BUAYA
58
65
III
ST / SP
SG. KEDAH
63
65
III
ST / SP
SG. PENDANG
76
78
II
ST / SP
SG. BONGKOK
62
69
III
ST / SP
SG. MERBOK
64
77
II
ST / SP
SG. PETANI
58
68
III
ST / SP
MUDA
SG. JERONG
72
67
III
ST / SP
KEMASIN
SG. KEMASIN
81
73
III
ST / SP
SG. ALOR B
59
68
III
ST / SP
SG. ALOR LINTAH
48
66
III
ST / SP
SG. KELADI
83
78
II
ST / SP
76
79
II
ST / SP
75
80
II
ST / SP
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
SEDILI KECIL
SKUDAI
JOHOR
TEBRAU
JOHOR/
NEGERI SEMBILAN
MUAR
KEDAH
KEDAH
MERBOK
KEDAH/
PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
PENGKALAN CHEPA
PENGKALAN DATU
DUYONG
SG. DUYONG
76
72
III
ST / SP
KESANG
SG. KESANG
71
78
II
ST / SP
SG. DURIAN
TUNGGAL
82
74
III
ST / SP
SG. MELAKA
76
75
III
ST / SP
SG. REMBIA
61
64
III
ST / SP
SG. CHEMBONG
83
80
II
ST / SP
SG. KEPAYONG
80
75
III
ST / SP
SG. KUNDUR
BESAR
74
75
III
ST / SP
SG. LINGGI
74
75
III
ST / SP
SG. SIMIN
69
74
III
ST / SP
SG. SIPUT
82
78
II
ST / SP
SG. BALOK
69
69
III
ST / SP
SG. PANJANG
77
75
III
ST / SP
BEBAR
SG. BEBAR
61
64
III
ST / SP
KUANTAN
SG. BELAT
79
79
II
ST / SP
MELAKA
MELAKA
NEGERI SEMBILAN
SG. PENGKALAN
CHEPA
SG. PENGKALAN
DATU
LINGGI
BALOK
PAHANG
208

LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
NEGERI
STATE
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
SG. CHARU
84
79
II
ST / SP
SG. RIAU
82
75
III
ST / SP
SG. BERA
78
80
II
ST / SP
SG. CHINI
78
77
II
ST / SP
SG. JENGKA
79
80
II
ST / SP
SG. KUNDANG
76
76
III
ST / SP
SG. MENTIGA
77
70
III
ST / SP
SG. SERTING
75
74
III
ST / SP
SG. TASIK BERA
83
79
II
ST / SP
SG. TONGGOK
70
73
III
ST / SP
SG. KEPAYANG
75
63
III
ST / SP
SG. NYAMOK
76
68
III
ST / SP
SG. PARI
79
70
III
ST / SP
SG. PINJI
68
68
III
ST / SP
SG. SELUANG
62
61
III
ST / SP
SG. SEROKAI
64
64
III
ST / SP
SG. TUMBOH
64
66
III
ST / SP
RAJA HITAM
SG. RAJA HITAM
57
69
III
ST / SP
SEPETANG
SG. SEPETANG
76
76
III
ST / SP
SG. DERALIK
72
76
III
ST / SP
SG. WANGI
77
78
II
ST / SP
SG. PERLIS
64
67
III
ST / SP
SG. BAYAN LEPAS
67
73
III
ST / SP
SG. TIRAM
74
72
III
ST / SP
SG. MACHANG
BUBOK
79
74
III
ST / SP
SG. KILANG UBI
69
71
III
ST / SP
SG. PASIR
61
63
III
ST / SP
SG. RELAU
74
76
III
ST / SP
SG. JARAK
72
73
III
ST / SP
SG. KELADI KEDAH
79
79
II
ST / SP
SG. PERAI
62
60
III
ST / SP
SG. AIR ITAM
59
67
III
ST / SP
SG. DONDANG
61
67
III
ST / SP
SG. PINANG
56
60
III
ST / SP
SG. KERIAN
77
79
II
ST / SP
SG. SELAMA
72
76
III
ST / SP
LIKAS
SG. LIKAS
79
79
II
ST / SP
SAPI
SG. SAPI
87
80
II
ST / SP
SEMBULAN
SG. SEMBULAN
67
78
II
ST / SP
TELIPOK
SG. TELIPOK
79
77
II
ST / SP
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
STATUS (2013)
KUANTAN
PAHANG
PAHANG
TONGGOK
PERAK
PERAK
WANGI
PERLIS
PERLIS
BAYAN LEPAS
JAWI
JURU
PULAU PINANG
KLUANG
PERAI
PINANG
PULAU PINANG/
PERAK
KERIAN
SABAH
209

LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
STATUS (2013)
BALINGIAN
SG. BALINGIAN
76
72
III
ST / SP
BARAM
SG. BARAM
73
75
III
ST / SP
KAYAN
SG. KAYAN
71
73
III
ST / SP
SG. KEMENA
79
79
II
ST / SP
SG. SIBIU
80
77
II
ST / SP
SG. KERIAN
65
70
III
ST / SP
SG. SEBLAK
65
76
III
ST / SP
SG. LUPAR
72
74
III
ST / SP
SG. SETERAP
72
75
III
ST / SP
SG. ADONG
63
62
III
ST / SP
SG. LUTONG
72
67
III
ST / SP
SG. MIRI
64
65
III
ST / SP
MUKAH
SG. MUKAH
75
72
III
ST / SP
OYA
SG. OYA
75
70
III
ST / SP
SG. BALOI
84
78
II
ST / SP
SG. KANOWIT
86
79
II
ST / SP
SG. MERADONG
74
79
II
ST / SP
SG. RAJANG
11
79
77
II
ST / SP
SG. SALIM
79
72
III
ST / SP
SG. KARANGAN
79
78
II
ST / SP
SG. KUAP
70
71
III
ST / SP
SG. MAONG KIRI
69
63
III
ST / SP
SG. SAMARAHAN
69
73
III
ST / SP
SG. SARAWAK
77
80
II
ST / SP
SG. SEMENGGOH
65
64
III
ST / SP
SG. TABUAN
69
70
III
ST / SP
SARIBAS
SG. SARIBAS
72
79
II
ST / SP
SEMUNSAM
SG. SEMUNSAM
70
79
II
ST / SP
SG. KABULOH
71
69
III
ST / SP
SG. KEJAPIL
85
80
II
ST / SP
SG. SATAP
72
63
III
ST / SP
SG. SIBUTI
79
75
III
ST / SP
SUAI
SG. SUAI
76
79
II
ST / SP
TATAU
SG. TATAU
86
78
II
ST / SP
BULOH
SG. BULOH
56
60
III
ST / SP
CHUAU
SG. ANAK CHUAU
75
70
III
ST / SP
SG. BATANG NILAI
71
68
III
ST / SP
SG. LANGAT
73
72
III
ST / SP
SG. PAJAM
75
70
III
ST / SP
SG. SEMBAH
67
68
III
ST / SP
KEMENA
KERIAN
LUPAR
MIRI
SARAWAK
RAJANG
SADONG
SARAWAK
SIBUTI
SELANGOR
LANGAT
SELANGOR
210

LAMPIRAN 8B
APPENDIX 8B
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
SUNGAI
RIVER
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
STATUS (2013)
CHUKAI
SG. CHUKAI
77
80
II
ST / SP
IBAI
SG. IBAI
78
75
III
ST / SP
KEMAMAN
SG. RANSAN
50
73
III
ST / SP
KLUANG
SG. KLUANG
80
73
III
ST / SP
MERANG
SG. MERANG
82
64
III
ST / SP
MERCHANG
SG. MERCHANG
65
70
III
ST / SP
SG. AMPANG
74
66
III
ST / SP
SG. ANAK AIR

BATU
76
74
III
ST / SP
SG. BATU
75
76
III
ST / SP
SG. DAMANSARA
69
76
III
ST / SP
SG. GOMBAK
78
73
III
ST / SP
SG. JINJANG
65
60
III
ST / SP
SG. KEROH
78
75
III
ST / SP
SG. KLANG
64
65
III
ST / SP
SG. RASAU
77
75
III
ST / SP
TERENGGANU
W.P. KUALA
LUMPUR/
SELANGOR
KLANG
211

LAMPIRAN 8C
APPENDIX 8C
Status kualiti air di dalam lembangan sungai Tercemar yang diawasi, Malaysia, 2012 dan 2013
Water quality status within Polluted river basins monitored, Malaysia, 2012 and 2013
NEGERI
STATE
LEMBANGAN
SUNGAI
RIVER BASIN
STATUS (2013)
2012
2013
KELAS
CLASS
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
AIR BALOI
SG. AIR BALOI
50
49
IV
T/P
DANGA
SG. DANGA
55
47
IV
T/P
SG. BULUH
48
48
IV
T/P
SG. MASAI
51
54
III
T/P
SG. PEREMBI
56
58
III
T/P
SG. TUKANG BATU
35
38
IV
T/P
KEMPAS
SG. KEMPAS
55
49
IV
T/P
PONTIAN BESAR
SG. AYER MERAH
29
32
IV
T/P
RAMBAH
SG. RAMBAH
59
58
III
T/P
SEGGET
SG. SEGGET
58
52
III
T/P
SG. SEBULUNG
44
48
IV
T/P
SG. SENGKUANG
36
37
IV
T/P
SG. TAMPOI
50
57
III
T/P
MERLIMAU
SG. MERLIMAU
52
45
IV
T/P
SERI MELAKA
SG. SERI MELAKA
55
57
III
T/P
JAWI
SG. JAWI
44
55
III
T/P
SG. JURU
47
55
III
T/P
SG. RAMBAI
53
57
III
T/P
SG. KEREH
50
52
III
T/P
SG. PERTAMA
47
48
IV
T/P
PINANG
SG. JELUTONG
36
35
IV
T/P
MIRI
SG. DALAM
69
56
III
T/P
SG. BUNOS
65
59
III
T/P
SG. TOBA
61
59
III
T/P
SG. UNTUT
63
48
IV
T/P
KAW. PASIR
GUDANG
JOHOR
SUNGAI
RIVER
IKA
WQI
BILANGAN
STESEN
NO.OF
STATIONS
TEBRAU
MELAKA
JURU
P.PINANG
PERAI
SARAWAK
W.P. KUALA
LUMPUR/
SELANGOR
KLANG
212

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
NEGERI
STATE
Kedah
Pulau
Pinang
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Pantai Merdeka
71.62
71.62
59.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Langkawi Island
Resort
73.60
73.60
60.61
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Kok
60.45
60.45
69.04
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Kuah
74.13
74.13
62.02
Pantai Pasir
Tengkorak
72.87
72.87
84.28
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good
Pantai Teluk Burau
56.11
56.11
81.59
Baik /
Good
Pantai Teluk Nibong
54.93
54.93
74.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tengah
69.04
Sederhana /
Moderate
Gertak Sanggul
82.18
58.29
56.60
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kawasan
Perindustrian Bayan
Lepas I
62.54
61.00
50.26
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kawasan
Perindustrian Bayan
Lepas II
63.09
62.33
51.17
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kawasan
Perindustrian Bayan
Lepas III
58.78
55.65
49.12
Tercemar /
Poor
Pantai Bersih
72.19
52.38
61.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Miami
83.37
65.52
50.22
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Pasir Panjang
74.15
63.02
58.66
Sederhana /
Moderate
Batu Feringgi
61.16
81.13
53.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
Luar Pantai Teluk

Bahang
84.28
68.52
74.79
Sederhana /
Moderate
Persiaran Gurney
61.85
68.05
51.75
Sederhana /
Moderate
Rumah Pam Baru

Perai
64.92
50.48
50.53
Sederhana /
Moderate
Rumah Pam Lama

Perai
66.63
61.60
51.02
Sederhana /
Moderate
Selat PP Selatan
(Jelutong)
61.49
58.13
60.52
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tanjung Bungah
61.61
51.98
51.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Teluk Tempoyak
74.03
77.99
57.00
Sederhana /
Moderate
72.34
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
Batu Maung
213

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pantai, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Coastal Water Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (contd)
NEGERI
STATE
Perak
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
Negeri
Sembilan
Melaka
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pantai / Coastal
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Pantai Pasir Bogak
62.23
55.69
51.75
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk Dalam
87.90
39.94
65.64
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk Batik
88.55
60.35
63.86
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Batu
40.32
40.32
56.32
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Pasir Panjang
63.16
63.16
64.09
Pantai Bagan Lalang
63.51
90.57
86.08
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good
Pantai Morib
52.18
75.03
53.76
Sederhana /
Moderate
Selat Pulau Babi
63.47
90.98
65.21
Sederhana /
Moderate
Selat Klang Utara
65.82
89.14
64.28
Sederhana /
Moderate
Bagan Pinang
72.47
72.47
67.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Telok Sinting
65.90
65.90
72.29
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Bandar
66.45
66.45
75.97
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Batu 4
68.60
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Batu 5
81.60
81.60
68.41
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Batu 6
89.61
89.61
73.31
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Batu 7
64.49
64.49
71.36
Sederhana /
Moderate
Port Dickson Batu 8
75.72
75.72
94.06
Terbaik /
Excellent
Port Dickson Batu 10
66.34
66.34
94.40
Terbaik /
Excellent
Port Dickson
Janakuasa TNB
66.19
66.19
74.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Telok Pelanduk
80.93
80.93
91.62
Terbaik/
Excellent
Pantai Cermin
89.19
89.19
92.36
Teluk Gong
55.02
79.24
45.18
Terbaik/
Excellent
Tercemar /
Poor
Pulau Melaka Point A(i)
43.76
50.24
42.39
Tercemar /
Poor
Pulau Melaka Point A(ii)
49.15
49.15
40.67
Tercemar /
Poor
Pulau Melaka Point B(i)
48.08
48.31
41.95
Tercemar /
Poor
Pulau Melaka Point B(ii)
49.61
49.61
42.32
Tercemar /
Poor
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
214

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
NEGERI
STATE
Johor
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pantai / Coastal
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
2011
2012
2013
Tanjung Bin
87.65
88.98
88.26
Baik /
Good
Pelabuhan Tanjung
Pelepas
88.09
86.35
85.67
Baik /
Good
Hadapan Jabatan
Laut
54.77
66.86
78.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Stulang Laut
70.74
61.36
61.19
Sederhana /
Moderate
Jeti Teluk Jawa
64.70
62.37
65.03
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pelabuhan Pasir
Gudang
66.24
61.48
63.94
Sederhana /
Moderate
Hadapan HSAJB
66.66
54.37
63.48
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Lido
67.01
55.94
64.32
Pantai Teluk
Mahkota
80.46
78.57
82.96
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good
Pantai Tanjung
Leman
82.79
78.72
83.06
Pantai Sri Pantai
80.26
80.02
59.57
Tanjung Merak
81.54
82.82
49.56
Tanjung Pengelih
82.93
83.31
76.20
Baik /
Good
Pantai Tanjong
Stapa
78.24
81.10
57.47
Sederhana /
Moderate
84.07
60.72
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Air Papan
87.02
82.50
79.08
Sederhana /
Moderate
Jeti Kukup
62.69
86.43
58.52
Jeti Tanjong
Belungkor
80.14
84.21
80.31
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good
Pasir Gogok
69.26
83.94
71.97
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tanjung Buai
86.44
84.61
60.45
Pantai Desaru
92.51
85.33
82.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good
Tanjung Sepang
90.82
84.86
81.78
Baik /
Good
Tanjung Penyusup
89.52
82.21
82.02
Baik /
Good
Pantai Sungai Lurus
52.07
81.76
64.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
Punggur
52.45
68.18
49.47
Tercemar /
Poor
Pantai Teluk Gorek
215
Baik /
Good
Sederhana /
Moderate
Baik /
Good

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
NEGERI
STATE
Pahang
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pantai / Coastal
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
2011
2012
2013
Pantai Cherating
(Club Med)
79.44
70.48
73.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Cherating
(Club Med)
70.48
70.48
73.83
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Cherating
(Legend)
75.73
70.02
73.76
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Cherating
(Legend)
70.87
70.87
73.96
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Muhibbah
Balok
52.06
51.16
72.82
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Muhibbah
Balok
51.04
51.04
71.03
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Batu Hitam
71.20
69.36
73.09
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Batu Hitam
71.08
71.08
73.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Berserah
67.48
70.90
73.62
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Berserah
55.11
55.11
73.84
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk
Cempedak
67.99
64.29
73.96
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk
Cempedak
46.56
46.56
73.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk Gelora
52.24
50.21
55.80
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk Gelora
50.49
50.49
61.48
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sepat
75.78
70.11
73.52
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sepat (B)
73.78
73.64
73.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Legenda (A)
64.74
70.92
73.62
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Legenda (B)
70.44
70.97
73.62
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Kuala Api-Api
68.19
70.71
72.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Batu
58.64
70.50
72.65
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Batu Buruk
53.47
57.66
66.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Bukit Keluang
76.96
70.00
63.44
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Chendering
57.99
51.76
66.03
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Rantau Abang
85.50
70.11
68.06
Sederhana /
Moderate
KIPC Utara
83.71
50.19
65.02
Sederhana /
Moderate
KIPC Tengah
86.08
63.65
64.23
Sederhana /
Moderate
KIPC Selatan
83.63
51.70
69.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
216

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
NEGERI
STATE
Kelantan
Sarawak
Sabah
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pantai / Coastal
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Pantai Seri Tujuh
65.76
65.76
66.22
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Cahaya Bulan
61.83
61.83
66.00
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sabak
63.46
63.46
58.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Irama Bachok
70.50
70.50
56.77
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Bisikan Bayu
62.00
62.00
50.28
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sematan
82.78
67.79
59.58
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Pandan
85.21
60.43
57.94
Pantai Pasir Putih
70.33
69.60
44.04
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tercemar /
Poor
Pantai Bako
78.38
73.63
69.65
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Damai
73.06
70.20
58.34
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung
Kembang
69.44
70.40
69.32
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Harmoni
Mukah
50.30
69.90
53.42
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Batu
34.98
34.98
62.49
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Likau
48.22
48.22
51.99
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Emas
34.98
34.98
63.45
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Piasau
66.78
66.78
54.53
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Brighton
57.31
52.45
54.84
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Esplaned
53.47
53.47
54.97
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Beraya
72.00
72.00
70.12
Pantai Bungai
72.35
72.35
53.41
Pantai Belawai
54.17
52.44
76.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Teluk Brunei 1
72.36
72.36
71.27
Sederhana /
Moderate
64.45
64.45
70.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
72.96
72.95
69.26
Sederhana /
Moderate
73.71
73.71
73.17
Sederhana /
Moderate
75.38
75.38
73.94
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
217

LAMPIRAN 9A
APPENDIX 9A
NEGERI
STATE
Sabah
W.P.
Labuan
KLASSIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pantai / Coastal
Pantai / Coastal
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
2011
2012
2013
66.58
66.58
74.56
Sederhana /
Moderate
Borneo Golf
Seawater
73.39
73.39
79.01
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Manis Papar
85.29
85.29
81.64
Baik /
Good
Pantai Melinsung
84.09
84.09
78.52
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Aru

(Rest Lido)
78.28
78.28
77.54
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Aru

(Roll Skating)
74.49
74.49
76.46
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tanjung Aru

(No. 3)
69.93
69.93
65.33
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Lok Kawi
64.61
64.61
67.48
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Dalit Tuaran
86.22
86.22
70.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Mangrove Paradise
68.82
68.82
77.51
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sabandar
80.54
80.54
72.57
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Bak-Bak
Kudat
89.28
89.28
81.06
Baik /
Good
Pasir Putih Sandakan
85.12
85.12
73.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai TLDM
56.26
56.26
75.20
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Batu Sapi
89.99
89.99
74.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Ulu Tungku
88.17
88.17
72.82
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Sarina Kunak
89.32
89.32
72.77
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Kg. Lamak
89.01
89.01
71.67
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Tinagat
91.28
91.28
74.51
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pulau Papan
49.12
65.11
65.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kiamsam
62.67
66.37
61.69
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sungai Pagar
48.21
66.10
63.05
Sederhana /
Moderate
Layang-Layangan
55.39
68.15
62.22
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tanjung Aru
61.99
65.93
66.59
Sederhana /
Moderate
218

LAMPIRAN 9B
APPENDIX 9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013
NEGERI
STATE
Perlis
Kedah
Pulau
Pinang
Perak
Selangor
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Kuala Sungai Baru
52.61
52.61
55.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Perlis
54.66
54.66
48.76
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Kedah
65.38
65.38
84.21
Baik / Good
Kuala Jerlun
65.38
65.38
74.29
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Jawi
57.37
61.04
50.49
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Juru
49.58
60.11
49.72
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai Kerian
64.38
60.42
80.43
Baik / Good
Kuala Sungai Pinang
62.90
60.49
50.97
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Perai
49.39
55.11
61.88
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Tengah
61.08
81.36
63.34
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Pinang

(Balik Pulau)
50.43
48.51
37.63
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai
Manjung
89.28
33.36
60.32
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Gula
22.92
35.12
50.92
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Kurau
41.58
41.58
67.63
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Tanjung

Piandang
38.67
38.67
52.25
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Sepetang
23.35
23.55
32.33
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai Perak
66.49
46.34
66.08
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Sepang
81.79
87.09
88.35
Baik / Good
Kuala Sungai Sepang

(Kecil)
63.92
90.46
89.61
Baik / Good
Kuala Sungai Sepang

(Kawalan)
61.62
89.35
72.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Langat

(Jugra)
53.02
73.81
53.62
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Klang
55.23
75.12
50.83
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Langat

(Lumut)
63.87
75.03
61.85
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Buloh
66.52
74.69
53.82
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Selangor
66.57
87.24
51.01
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
219

LAMPIRAN 9B
APPENDIX 9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (contd)
NEGERI
STATE
Selangor
Negeri
Sembilan
Melaka
Johor
Terengganu
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Kuala Sungai Tengi
52.21
74.03
47.95
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai Bernam
66.32
88.52
70.11
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Linggi
64.27
64.27
75.46
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Lukut
67.94
67.94
66.78
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Melaka
49.89
56.78
35.12
Kuala Sungai Sri

Melaka
Kuala Sungai
Merlimau
48.65
56.51
34.00
64.06
47.57
35.41
Kuala Sungai Kesang
67.08
61.71
45.29
Kuala Sungai Sebatu
62.82
54.16
45.37
Tercemar
Poor
Tercemar
Poor
Tercemar
Poor
Tercemar
Poor
Tercemar
Poor
Kuala Sungai Segget
67.50
57.21
61.50
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Skudai
68.16
61.32
60.73
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Melayu
67.84
63.94
63.73
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Tebrau
67.64
61.54
59.46
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Kim-Kim
83.54
60.34
66.47
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Johor
91.60
59.45
83.38
Kuala Sungai Batu

Pahat
62.99
82.33
59.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Muar
62.63
82.37
49.41
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai Mersing
67.41
82.88
75.62
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Besut
61.13
61.22
61.30
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Dungun
53.15
51.70
49.72
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Sungai Ibai
53.31
52.08
51.26
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Kerteh
74.31
57.50
52.34
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Marang
71.49
57.59
70.04
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Paka
80.99
62.71
59.15
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Setiu
49.83
56.41
61.10
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Terengganu
58.42
51.06
63.64
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
Kuala / Estuary
220
/
/
/
/
/
Baik / Good

LAMPIRAN 9B
APPENDIX 9B
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Kuala, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Estuary Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (contd)
NEGERI
STATE
Terengganu
Kelantan
Sarawak
Sabah
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Kuala / Estuary
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
2011
2012
2013
Kuala Sungai
Kemaman / Chukai
82.32
49.76
49.06
Tercemar /
Poor
Tioxide Utara (Kg.

Bukit Kuang, Kijal)
86.37
70.52
64.84
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tioxide Tengah
(Pupuk Semangat,
Kijal)
88.57
70.32
66.61
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tioxide Selatan (KSB,

T. Kalong)
88.02
69.60
66.52
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pulau Duyung
65.29
50.15
64.80
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Golok
56.01
56.01
64.02
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Kelantan
45.08
45.08
53.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Pengkalan Chepa
48.16
48.16
54.67
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Pengkalan Datu
59.05
59.05
51.07
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Kemasin
59.36
59.36
50.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Semantan
79.45
72.01
55.06
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Sarawak
61.59
67.11
51.47
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Bako
59.67
55.69
53.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai
Santubong
86.81
70.00
66.57
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Batang Krian

(Kabong)
70.39
70.39
53.09
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Batang Rejang
70.81
70.81
86.75
Kuala Mukah
59.31
59.31
34.57
Tercemar /
Poor
Kuala Batang
Kemena
56.56
56.56
63.94
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Tanjung
Similajau
41.75
41.75
63.98
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Panipah
88.78
Baik / Good
Kuala Pantai Nyalau
90.10
Terbaik /
Excellent
Kuala Sungai Baram
64.13
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Sungai Miri
64.63
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kuala Penyu
55.42
55.42
77.68
Sederhana /
Moderate
Muara Sungai
Inanam
58.76
58.76
59.15
Sederhana /
Moderate
221
Baik / Good

LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011-2013
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011- 2013
NEGERI
STATE
Kedah
Pulau
Pinang
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Singa Besar
72.54
79.56
74.45
Sederhana /
Moderate
Dayang Bunting
68.99
27.51
75.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Payar
81.67
81.67
83.73
Baik / Good
Kaca
81.67
81.67
85.84
Baik / Good
Pantai Kuah
63.95
73.88
74.45
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Chenang
74.63
87.61
83.07
Baik / Good
Tanjung Rhu
78.74
94.68
69.05
Sederhana /
Moderate
Teluk Ewa
74.88
73.36
81.15
Baik / Good
Segantang
84.69
Baik / Good
Dayang Bunting
68.99
27.51
75.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Batu Maung
95.58
76.78
49.71
Tercemar /
Poor
Padang Kota
96.00
54.29
50.50
Sederhana /
Moderate
Aman
63.01
63.01
83.95
Baik / Good
Jerejak
64.88
64.88
75.63
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kendi
86.35
86.35
73.86
Baik / Good
Rimau
89.88
89.88
85.96
Baik / Good
51.06
Sederhana /
Moderate
Gedong
67.21
67.21
84.97
Baik / Good
Pantai Teluk Gedong
87.21
73.35
54.52
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pantai Puteri Dewi
78.34
83.00
74.58
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pangkor Laut
85.62
68.44
72.07
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sembilan
54.44
69.63
80.45
Baik / Good
Tukun Perak
94.18
68.69
82.35
Baik / Good
Ketam
80.16
88.92
87.70
Baik / Good
Angsa
91.18
84.89
92.07
Terbaik /
Excellent
Lumut
39.93
84.89
56.73
Sederhana /
Moderate
Teluk Bahang
Perak
Selangor
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
222

LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C
Indeks Kualiti Air Marin bagi Status Air Kawasan Pulau, Malaysia, 2011-2013 (samb.)
Marine Water Quality Index for Island Water Quality Status, Malaysia, 2011- 2013 (contd)
NEGERI
STATE
Negeri
Sembilan
Melaka
Johor
Pahang
Terengganu
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
2011
2012
2013
Arang
81.24
81.24
68.56
Sederhana /
Moderate
Upeh (Point A)
51.52
38.05
43.76
Tercemar /
Poor
Upeh (Point B)
61.00
54.88
41.08
Tercemar /
Poor
Besar (Point A)
75.70
72.07
56.27
Sederhana /
Moderate
Besar (Point B)
65.99
66.67
46.81
Tercemar /
Poor
Undan (Point A)
76.02
80.44
47.02
Tercemar /
Poor
Undan (Point B)
51.22
68.95
55.18
Sederhana /
Moderate
Setindan
94.57
96.10
85.80
Baik / Good
Babi Tengah
97.00
96.20
86.92
Baik / Good
Dayang
96.37
95.98
87.03
Baik / Good
Nanga Besar
96.56
95.80
86.64
Baik / Good
Sibu Tengah
96.96
94.85
86.35
Baik / Good
Pemanggil
96.90
96.63
85.95
Baik / Good
Kukup
75.78
90.43
82.27
Baik / Good
Pisang
80.64
93.45
84.29
Baik / Good
Tioman (Teluk Salang)
97.75
61.15
71.84
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tioman (Kg. Nipah)
97.85
61.35
73.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tulai
97.91
61.52
73.99
Sederhana /
Moderate
Labas
97.91
61.64
73.88
Sederhana /
Moderate
Cebeh
97.86
53.38
73.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sepui
97.86
58.86
73.90
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sembilang
97.87
55.26
73.91
Sederhana /
Moderate
Seri Buat
97.97
56.05
73.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tokong Bahara
50.12
50.12
74.00
Sederhana /
Moderate
Gemia
81.96
77.43
61.96
Sederhana /
Moderate
Perhentian Besar (South)
32.69
68.70
69.03
Sederhana /
Moderate
Perhentian Besar (West)
55.87
71.08
67.88
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
223

LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C
NEGERI
STATE
Terengganu
Kelantan
Sarawak
Sabah
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pulau / Island
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
KAWASAN
AREA
2011
2012
2013
Perhentian Kecil
59.55
71.68
64.88
Sederhana /
Moderate
Redang (North)
71.77
66.91
66.65
Sederhana /
Moderate
Redang (South)
65.48
65.48
68.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Lang Tengah
87.63
70.44
65.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Pinang
88.56
62.99
68.11
Sederhana /
Moderate
Ekor Tebu
73.82
62.83
67.51
Sederhana /
Moderate
Lima
68.38
69.85
66.19
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kapas
88.14
68.50
67.89
Sederhana /
Moderate
Panjang
76.01
62.79
65.20
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kundur
82.47
61.16
69.22
Sederhana /
Moderate
Satang
61.21
92.00
58.98
Sederhana /
Moderate
Talang-Talang Kecil
58.71
92.17
70.35
Sederhana /
Moderate
Talang-Talang Besar
78.87
92.58
70.87
Sederhana /
Moderate
Gaya
80.56
80.56
67.05
Sederhana /
Moderate
Mabul
70.17
70.17
82.35
Baik / Good
Sipadan (N)
66.01
66.01
81.39
Baik / Good
Sipadan (W)
70.55
70.55
67.73
Sederhana /
Moderate
Sapi
81.51
81.51
69.67
Sederhana /
Moderate
Manukan
76.35
76.35
69.13
Sederhana /
Moderate
Tiga
69.73
69.73
77.13
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kalampunian Besar
64.74
64.74
66.79
Sederhana /
Moderate
Kapalai
69.74
69.74
81.32
Baik / Good
Molleangan Besar
54.93
54.93
86.61
Baik / Good
Banggi (South)
60.59
60.59
84.16
Baik / Good
Banggi (East)
55.57
55.57
85.67
Baik / Good
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
224

LAMPIRAN 9C
APPENDIX 9C
NEGERI
STATE
Sabah
W.P.
Labuan
KLASIFIKASI
STESEN
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
Pulau / Island
Pulau / Island
Nilai IKAM
MWQI Value
2011
2012
2013
KATEGORI
CATEGORY
(2013)
Balambangan
80.08
80.08
84.95
Baik / Good
Selingan
64.77
64.77
68.34
Sederhana /
Moderate
Gulisan
67.76
67.76
81.40
Baik / Good
Bakungan Kecil
64.19
64.19
84.07
Baik / Good
Mantanani Besar
83.41
Baik / Good
Kuraman
60.23
83.10
81.63
Baik / Good
Rusukan Besar
62.15
85.26
84.15
Baik / Good
Rusukan Kecil
63.35
86.21
81.68
Baik / Good
Pohon Batu
66.08
90.71
78.08
Sederhana /
Moderate
Water Front
56.90
71.80
72.81
Sederhana /
Moderate
Lubuk Temiang
63.45
86.23
79.85
Sederhana /
Moderate
Ranca-Ranca
63.15
86.19
88.04
Baik / Good
KAWASAN
AREA
225

LAMPIRAN 10
APPENDIX 10
NOTA DAN SIMBOL

NOTES AND SYMBOLS
tiada / kosong / tiada kes

nil / blank / no cases
..
tidak diperoleh
not available
n.a.
tidak berkenaan
not applicable
0.0
kurang daripada setengah unit terkecil yang ditunjukkan

less than half the smallest unit shown
pindaan
revised
anggaran
estimate
permulaan
preliminary
i.e.
iaitu
that is
PM10
Habuk Halus
Particulate Matter
CO
Karbon Monoksida
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioksida
NO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozon
O3
Ground Level Ozone
Sulfur Dioksida
SO2
Sulphur Dioxide
g/m
mikrogram setiap meter padu

microgram per cubic metre
ppm
bahagian setiap juta

parts per million
ppb
bahagian setiap billion

parts per billion
km
kilometer persegi
square kilometres
mg/l
miligram setiap liter

milligram per litres
JKPS
juta kaki padu standard
MMscf
million standard cubic feet
226

LAMPIRAN 10
APPENDIX 10
bil.
bilangan
no.
number
max.
maksimum
maximum
min.
minimum
RM
Ringgit Malaysia
FDES
Rangka Kerja untuk Pembangunan Perangkaan Alam Sekitar

Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics
ILP
Institut Latihan Perindustrian

Industrial Training Institute
IPD
Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah
JAAMPAS
Jawatankuasa Antara Agensi mengenai Perangkaan Alam Sekitar
IACES
Inter-agency Committee on Environment Statistics
MPOB
Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia

Malaysian Palm Oil Board
PERHILITAN
Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara
DWNP
Department of Wildlife and National Parks
UPE
Unit Perancang Ekonomi
EPU
Economic Planning Unit
UNEP
Program Alam Sekitar Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu

United Nations Environment Programme
USM
Universiti Sains Malaysia
W.P.
Wilayah Persekutuan
NOTA
NOTE
Pembundaran:
Jumlah bagi komponen mungkin berbeza dengan jumlah besar dalam

jadual penerbitan disebabkan oleh pembundaran angka.
Rounding:
The sum of components may not add up to the totals in the tables presented in this
publication due to rounding.
227

LAMPIRAN 11
APPENDIX 11
RUJUKAN
REFERENCES
Buletin Perangkaan Bulanan

Monthly Statistical Bulletin
Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

National Policy on Climate Change
Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia

Forest Biodiversity Scientific Expedition, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 1984, United Nations
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES), Malaysia 1998
Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2013
Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2013
Organisations for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Environmental Indicators
Laman web rasmi Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (http://www.water.gov.my)

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia official web site
Laman web rasmi Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia (http://www.dmpm.nre.gov.my)

Department of Marine Parks Malaysia official web site
Laman web rasmi Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (http://www.forestry.gov.my)

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia official web site
228

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Air payau:
air yang mengandungi garam yang mana kepekatan garamnya kurang daripada
kepekatan garam dalam air laut. Kepekatan jumlah garam yang terlarut
biasanya dalam lingkungan 1,000-10,000 miligram per liter (mg/l).
Brackishwater:
water containing salts at a concentration significantly lower than that of sea water. The
concentration of total dissolved salts is usually in the range of 1,000-10,000 milligrams per
litre (mg/l).
Air tawar:
air bersih semula jadi yang mengandungi kurang kepekatan garam. Pada
amnya ia sesuai untuk pengeluaran dan dirawat supaya menjadi air bersih yang
sesuai untuk minum.
Freshwater:
naturally occurring water having a low concentration of salts. It is generally accepted as

suitable for abstraction and treatment to produce portable water.
Akuakultur:
akuakultur ialah proses pengeluaran yang melibatkan pengkulturan (termasuk

tuaian) organisma akuatik (ikan, moluska, krustasia, tumbuhan) dengan
menggunakan teknik yang direka bentuk untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran
organisma tersebut melebihi kapasiti persekitaran semulajadinya.
Aquaculture:
aquaculture refer to the production process involving the culturing or farming (including
harvesting) of aquatic organisms (fish, molluscs, crustaceans, plant) using techniques
designed to increase the production of the organism beyond the natural capacity of the
environment.
Atmosfera
jisim udara yang mengelilingi bumi yang sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada
oksigen dan nitrogen.
Atmosphere
mass of air surrounding the earth, composed largely of oxygen and nitrogen.
Background:
stesen kualiti udara yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan (berdasarkan keadaan

kualiti udara) kepada stesen pengawasan kualiti udara yang lain.
air quality monitoring stations are used as a reference (based on air quality) to other air
quality monitoring stations.
Bahan pencemar udara:
bahan yang terkandung di dalam udara pada kepekatan yang cukup tinggi,
boleh memudaratkan kesihatan manusia, haiwan, tanaman dan harta benda.
Pencemar udara adalah termasuk bahan yang hampir kepada bentuk asal atau
kandungan tiruan yang wujud terapung di udara. Ia boleh terdiri daripada
pepejal, titisan cecair atau gas atau gabungan kesemuanya.
Air pollutants:
substances in air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm human beings,
animals, vegetation or material. Air pollutants may thus include forms of matter of almost
any natural or artificial composition capable of being airborne. They may consist of solid
particles, liquid droplets or gases or combination of these forms.
Bahan pencemar:
bahan yang terdapat dalam kepekatan yang boleh membahayakan organisma

(manusia, tumbuhan dan haiwan) atau melebihi standard kualiti alam sekitar.
Istilah ini sering digunakan seiring dengan pencemar.
Pollutant:
substance that is present in concentration that may harm organisms (humans, plants and
animals) or exceed an environmental quality standard. The term is frequently used
synonymously with contaminant.
Banjir:
kuantiti air yang melimpah keluar dari tebing sungai, tasik atau sistem
perparitan sedia ada yang disebabkan oleh curahan hujan yang lebat, air laut
pasang dan halangan pada sistem saliran.
Flood:
a body of water, rising, swelling and overflowing land not usually thus covered. Also,
overflowing of the bank of a stream, lake or drainage system of water onto adjacent land
as a result of storm tidal action and channel obstruction.
231

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Buangan terjadual:
merupakan buangan toksid dan berbahaya yang dihasilkan oleh industri,

pertanian, bengkel, kontraktor buangan terjadual, aktiviti domestik dan buangan
klinikal dari hospital. Kategori sisa adalah yang tersenarai dalam Jadual
Pertama Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual) 2005.
Scheduled waste:
defined as toxic waste and hazardous generated by industries, agriculture, workshop,

scheduled waste contractors, domestic activities and clinical wastes from hospitals. The
waste category listed in the First Schedule Environmental Quality Regulation (Scheduled
Waste) 2005.
Disentri:
disentri adalah cirit-birit akut yang mengandungi darah di dalam najis. Disentri
kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh spesies Shigella (disentri bacillary) atau
Entamoeba histolytica (disentri amoebic).
Dysentery:
dysentery is acute diarrhea with visible blood in the stool. Dysentery is most often caused
by Shigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery).
Fauna:
semua kehidupan haiwan.
Fauna:
all animal life.
Flora:
semua kehidupan tumbuhan.
Flora:
all plant life.
Habuk Halus (PM):
partikel pepejal atau titisan cecair dalam udara atau pelepasan yang saiznya
0.01-100m, contohnya habuk, asap, wasap, semburan dan kabut.
Particulate Matter (PM):
solid particles or liquid droplets in the air or emission 0.01-100m size, eg: dust, smoke,
fume, spray and mist.
Habuk Halus (PM10):
partikel terampai berukuran kurang daripada diameter 10 mikron. PM10 boleh

berbentuk pepejal atau cecair dan ia termasuk aerosol, debu, asap dan
debunga. Partikel ini berpunca daripada stesen janakuasa, proses industri dan
aktiviti pembakaran terbuka.
Particulate Matter (PM10):
respirable particles of less than 10 micron in diameter. PM10 can be in solid or liquid form
and it includes aerosol, dust, smoke and pollen. These particles originate from power
plants, industrial processes and open burning activities.
Hakisan:
proses penghausan permukaan fizikal. Biasanya dikaitkan dengan kehilangan

tanah disebabkan air, salji atau angin. Hakisan berlaku secara semula jadi dan
menyebabkan bertambah buruk akibat pembersihan tanah yang berkaitan
dengan aktiviti manusia seperti pertanian, perumahan atau perindustrian.
Erosion:
wearing away and transport of the soil by wind or running water, glaciers or waves.
Erosion occurs naturally but is often intensified by human land-clearing activities related to
farming, residential or industrial development.
Hutan bandar:
menanam, memelihara dan mengurus pokok di kawasan awam seperti

taman rekreasi, taman permainan dan kawasan lapang termasuk sepanjang
lebuhraya.
Urban forest:
planting, protecting and managing trees in public areas such as recreational parks,
playgrounds and open spaces includes the route along the highway.
Hutan simpanan kekal (HSK) :
mana-mana tanah (tanah berhutan dan tidak berhutan) yang diwartakan atau
disifatkan sebagai HSK untuk tujuan perhutanan di bawah seksyen 7, 8 dan 9,
Akta Perhutanan Negara.
Permanent reserved forest (PRF):
any land (forested and non-forested land) that have been enacted or deemed PRF for
forestry purposes under sections 7, 8 and 9, the National Forestry Act.
Indeks Kualiti Air:
purata pemberat bagi kepekatan ambien bahan pencemar terpilih biasanya

berkait kepada pengkelasan kualiti air.
Water Quality Index:
weighted average of selected ambient concentrations of pollutants usually linked to water

quality classes.
232

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY

(IPU):
satu indikator yang dicipta berdasarkan kepada penilaian saintifik bagi

memaklumkan dengan cara yang mudah difahami kehadiran pencemaran
udara dan impaknya terhadap kesihatan manusia. Nilai IPU dikira berdasarkan
kepekatan purata setiap pencemar udara iaitu SO2, NO2, CO, O3 dan PM10.
Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan tertinggi diambilkira sebagai
pencemar yang akan menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan (PM 10)
adalah yang tertinggi berbanding dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini
menentukan bacaan IPU.
Air Pollutant Index (API):
an indicator which is created based on scientific assessment to provide user friendly

information about the presence of air pollution and its impact on human health. API value
is calculated based on the average concentration of each air pollutant SO 2, NO2, CO, O3
and PM10. Dominant of air pollutant with the highest concentrations of pollutants are
accounted for as that will determine the value of the API. In general, concentrations of
PM10 are the highest compared to other concentrations and this determines the API
readings.
Insinerator:
relau untuk membakar bahan buangan di bawah keadaan terkawal.
Incinerator:
furnace for burning wastes under controlled conditions.
Kadar mortaliti bayi:
nisbah bilangan kematian bayi di bawah umur 1 tahun dalam sesuatu tahun
kepada jumlah bilangan kelahiran hidup dalam tahun itu (bagi setiap seribu
kelahiran hidup).
Infant mortality rate:
the ratio number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age in a given year to the total
number of live births in that year (per thousand live births).
Kapasiti pengeluaran:
keupayaan pengeluaran air bagi loji yang beroperasi sepenuhnya dalam tahun
berkenaan. Kapasiti pengeluaran berbeza setiap tahun tertakluk kepada
rekabentuk loji.
Production capacity:
the ability to produce water by fully operated plants in the respective year. The production
capacity varies every year according to the design of the plants.
Karbon Monoksida:
tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan gas beracun yang dihasilkan oleh
pembakaran bahan api dan fossil yang tidak lengkap.
Carbon Monoxide:
colourless, odourless and poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion.
Kawasan bandar:
kawasan yang diwartakan serta kawasan tepubina yang bersempadan

dengannya dan gabungan kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai penduduk
seramai 10,000 atau lebih. Kawasan tepubina didefinisikan sebagai kawasan
yang terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang diwartakan dan mempunyai
sekurang-kurangnya 60 peratus (berumur 15 tahun dan lebih) yang terlibat
dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.
Urban area:
gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which had a combined
population of 10,000 or more. Built-up areas were defined as more. Built-up areas were
defined as areas contiguous to a gazetted area and had at least
60 per cent of their
population (aged 15 years and over) engaged in non-agricultural activities
Kepadatan penduduk:
jumlah bilangan penduduk setiap unit per segi di kawasan muka bumi.
Population density:
total number of inhabitants per square unit of surface area.

(BOD5):
ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang diperlukan oleh organisma untuk mengurai
bahan organik yang terdapat di dalam air. Biasanya bacaan diambil dalam
tempoh 5 hari.

(BOD5):
dissolved oxygen required by organisms for the aerobic decomposition of organic matter
present in water. This measurement is usually taken within 5 days.
Keperluan Oksigen Kimia

(COD):
indeks pencemaran air yang digunakan sebagai ukuran kepekatan jisim

oksigen yang diperlukan untuk mengurai bahan organik dan bukan organik.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the
chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
233

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Kolera:
penyakit usus pada umumnya disebabkan oleh pencemaran najis daripada air
dan makanan.
Cholera:
intestinal disease generally caused by faecal contamination of water and food.
Kutipan biji benih
biji benih pokok hutan yang dikutip secara terus dari atas pokok.
Seeds collections
seeds of forest trees collected directly from the tree.
Ladang hutan:
kawasan yang ditanam dengan pokok atau tumbuh-tumbuhan hutan, sama ada
daripada spesies tempatan atau dagang, dengan kaedah tanaman secara
terbuka yang luasnya tidak kurang daripada 50ha. Ladang hutan boleh
merangkumi kawasan yang terletak di dalam atau di luar HSK.
Forest plantation:
area planted with trees or forest plants, whether from local or foreign species, the method
of cultivation as wide open no less than 50 ha. Forest plantations can include areas that
are located within or outside the PRF.
Logam berat:
logam bertoksik yang digunakan dalam proses industri, sebagai contoh,

arsenik, kadmium, kromium, tembaga, plumbum, raksa, nikel dan zink. Ia boleh
merosakkan kehidupan tumbuhan dan haiwan pada kepekatan yang rendah
dan cenderung untuk berkumpul dalam rantaian makanan.
Heavy Metals:
potentially toxic metals used in industrial processes, for example, arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. They may damage plant and animal life
at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.
Nilai pH:
ukuran kepada keasidan untuk nilai alkali dalam cecair. Nilai pH di antara
lingkungan 0 ke 7 menunjukkan asid, nilai pH di antara lingkungan 7 ke 14
menunjukkan alkali, dan nilai pH 7 menandakan neutral.
pH Value:
measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid. A pH value in the range of 0 to 7 indicates

acidity, a pH value in the range of 7 to 14 indicates alkalinity, and a pH value of 7 signifies
neutrality.
Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)
nitrogen dioksida terbentuk di persekitaran udara melalui pengoksidaan

Nitrogen Monoksida (NO). Gas bertoksik berwarna merah keperangan ini
mempunyai bau yang kuat dan tajam.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
nitrogen dioxide is formed in the ambient air through the oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide
(NO). This reddish brown toxic gas has a sharp and pungent odour.
Oksigen Terlarut (DO):
jumlah gas oksigen (O2) yang berada dalam air, dikira mengikut kandungannya
dalam isipadu air (miligram O2 se liter) atau jumlah peratusnya dalam air tepu.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) actually present in water expressed in terms either of its
presence in the volume of water (milligrams of O2 per litre) or of its share in saturated
water (percentage).
Ozon (O3):
gas yang mengeluarkan bau yang tidak menyenangkan, tidak berwarna dan
bertoksik yang menyumbang kepada fotokimia asbut (campuran asap dan
kabut). O3 terbentuk hasil daripada reaksi kimia antara Sebatian Organik
Meruap (VOC) dan Nitrogen Oksida (NOx). Pada lewat tengahari atau awal
petang, lazimnya kepekatan ozon adalah tinggi dan mendominasi bacaan IPU
di sesetengah kawasan. Di bawah pengaruh cahaya matahari,
NOx dan VOC yang dilepaskan dari ekzos kenderaan bermotor dan industri ia
bertindakbalas bagi membentuk ozon di permukaan bumi.
Ground Level Ozone (O3):
a pungent, colourless and toxic gas that contributes to photochemical smog. O3 is formed
as a result of chemical reaction in the air between Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx). By the late afternoon or early evening, usually O3
concentration is high and dominating API readings in some areas. Under the sunlight
influence, and reaction between NOx and VOC that released from motor vehicles exhaust
and industrial which form the O3 in the earths surface. Under the influence of sunlight,
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from motor
vehicle exhaust and industry react to form O3 in the earth's surface.
234

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Pelepasan:
pembuangan bahan pencemar ke atmosfera dari punca tetap seperti cerobong

asap dan lain-lain, kawasan komersial atau perindustrian dan juga berpunca
daripada punca bergerak seperti kenderaan bermotor, lokomotif dan pesawat.
Emission:
discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as smokestacks,
other vents, surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources, for
example, motor vehicles, locomotives and aircraft.
Pemantauan kualiti udara:
bacaan standard dan pemerhatian terhadap udara yang diambil secara

berterusan atau kerap yang digunakan sebagai peringatan dan kawalan.
Air quality monitoring:
continuous or frequent standardised measurement and observation of the air, often used
for warning and control.
Pemuliharaan ex-situ
mengekalkan spesies di luar habitat asal mereka dalam kemudahan seperti

zoo, arboreta, taman botani dan taman herba.
Ex-situ conservation
to maintain species outside their original habitats in facilities such as zoological gardens,
arboreta, botanical and herbs parks.
Pemuliharaan in-situ:
mengekalkan tumbuhan dan hidupan liar di habitat asalnya seperti taman

negara, hutan simpanan kekal, taman-taman laut dan pusat pemuliharaan
hidupan liar.
In-situ conservation:
to maintain plants and animal in their original habitats such as parks, permanent reserved
forest, marine parks and wildlife conservation center.
Pencemaran marin:
pengenalan langsung atau tidak langsung oleh manusia atau tenaga ke dalam
alam sekitar marin (termasuk muara), menghasilkan kemusnahan kepada
sumber kehidupan, berbahaya kepada kesihatan hidupan, halangan kepada
kegiatan marin termasuk memancing, merosakkan kualiti air laut dan
mengurangkan keselesaan.
Marine pollution:
direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy into the

marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to
human health, hindrances to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality
of sea water and reduction of amenities.
Pencemaran udara:
kandungan sesuatu gas, cecair atau zarah yang terampai di udara ambien yang
boleh menjejaskan kehidupan atau memberi kesan negatif kepada manusia,
tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan.
Air pollution:
Content of a gas, liquid or particles suspended in the ambient air that could
affect life or a negative impact on humans, plants and animals.
Penempatan penduduk:
konsep penyatuan yang terdiri daripada (a) komponen fizikal tempat berteduh
dan infrastruktur dan (b) perkhidmatan yang mana menyokong penyediaan
elemen fizikal. Ini boleh dikatakan seperti perkhidmatan komuniti seperti
pendidikan, kesihatan, kebudayaan, kebajikan, rekreasi dan pemakanan.
Human settlements:
integrative concept that comprises (a) physical components of shelter and

infrastructure and (b) services to which the physical elements provide support, that is to
say, community services such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and
nutrition.
Pengawasan kualiti air:
bacaan standard dan pemerhatian terhadap air yang diambil secara berterusan
atau kerap yang digunakan sebagai peringatan dan kawalan.
Water quality monitoring:
continuous or frequent standardised measurement and observation of the water often

used for warning and control.
Penyiasatan migrasi:
memungut maklumat tempat tinggal biasa penduduk pada dua titik masa
(tarikh tertentu), di mana tempoh antaranya genap satu tahun. Pertukaran
lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa pada dua titik masa ini dianggap sebagai migrasi.
Penduduk yang bertukar lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa merentasi sempadan
negeri adalah migran antara negeri.
Migration survey:
collects information on respondents' usual place of residence at two specific points of time
which are exactly one year apart. Changes in the usual place of residence locality at
these two points in time constitute migration. Population that changes its usual place of
residence across state boundary is known as inter-state migrant.
235

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Perangkaan alam sekitar:
statistik yang menerangkan keadaan dan arah aliran alam sekitar, meliputi
media alam sekitar semula jadi (udara/iklim, air, tanah), biota dalam media dan
penempatan penduduk. Perangkaan alam sekitar mengukur aktiviti manusia
dan kejadian semula jadi yang membawa kesan kepada alam sekitar, kesan
daripada aktiviti-aktiviti dan kejadian ini, reaksi masyarakat kepada kesan alam
sekitar dan kualiti kesediaan aset semula jadi. Definisi lengkap termasuk
petunjuk alam sekitar, indeks dan perakaunan.
Environment statistics:
statistics that describe the state and trends of the environment, covering the media of the
natural environment (air/climate, water, land/soil), the biota within the media, and human
settlements. Environment statistics are integrative in nature, measuring human activities
and natural events that affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events,
social responses to environmental impacts, and the quality and availability of natural
assets. Broad definitions include environmental indicators, indices and accounting.
Perubahan iklim:
istilah yang kerap digunakan merujuk kepada kepanasan sejagat berkaitan

pelepasan gas rumah kaca hasil kegiatan manusia.
Climate change:
term frequently used in reference to global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions
from human activities.
Rangka Kerja Pembangunan

Perangkaan Alam Sekitar:
konsep rangka kerja bagi membantu membangunkan, menyelaras dan

menguruskan perangkaan alam sekitar dan perangkaan berkaitan dengan
sosial ekonomi dan demografi. Ia dibangunkan oleh United Nations Statistics
Division dalam tahun 1984, dan ianya berdasarkan kepada prinsip
tekanan-tindak balas impak alam sekitar.
Framework for the Development of

Environment Statistics (FDES):
conceptual framework that assists in development, coordination and organisation of

environment statistics and related socio-economic and demographic statistics. It was
developed by the United Nations Statistics Division in 1984, and is based on stressresponse principles of environmental impacts.
Sistem bekas lombong:
sistem untuk menternak ikan di mana-mana tanah yang pernah (tetapi tidak
lagi) diberi atau dikeluarkan pajakan lombong atau sijil lombong di bawah
mana-mana undang-undang bertulis mengenai perlombongan.
Ex-mining culture system:
system of fish culture on any land in respect of which a mining lease or certificate were
once but no longer granted or issued under any written law relating to mining.
Sistem kandang:
sistem yang merupakan suatu kepungan yang dibuat daripada bahan

pengadang yang dilekatkan pada tiang yang ditanam ke dasar laut.
Pen culture system:
system of fish culture in an enclosure made of any screening material attached to poles
staked to the seabed.
Sistem kolam:
sistem ternakan ikan di dalam kolam.
Culture system:
system of fish culture in ponds.
Sistem sangkar:
sistem untuk menternak ikan di dalam suatu kepungan yang dibuat daripada
apa-apa bahan saringan yang diikat pada struktur yang dilabuhkan pada dasar
perairan sungai atau mana-mana tempat di darat.
Cage culture system:
system of fish culture in an enclosure on whatever shape or size made of any screening
material and attached to floating structures which are anchored to the sea-bed.
Sistem tangki:
sistem ternakan ikan di dalam tangki di atas tanah.
Tank culture system:
system of fish culture in tanks on land.
Standard kualiti udara:
kepekatan sesuatu bahan cemar yang dibenarkan dalam atmosfera oleh

undang-undang untuk meminimumkan kesan mudarat.
Air quality standards:
levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a
specified time in a defined area.
Subbandar:
stesen pengawasan kualiti udara yang terletak di kawasan Subbandar
Suburban:
air quality monitoring stations located in the Suburban
236

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Sulfur Dioksida (SO2):
berat, tajam, gas tidak berwarna terbentuk terutamanya oleh pembakaran

bahan api fosil. Ia adalah berbahaya kepada manusia dan tumbuh-tumbuhan
dan menyumbang kepada keasidan dalam hujan.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
heavy, pungent, colourless gas formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. It is
harmful to human beings and vegetation and contributes to the acidity in precipitation.
Tanah Bencah-Ramsar:
kawasan yang berpaya, fen, tanah gambut atau berair samada semula jadi atau
buatan manusia, kekal atau sementara, mengandungi air yang tidak mengalir,
mengalir, air bersih, air tawar atau masin termasuk kawasan perairan laut, di
mana dalamannya tidak melebihi enam meter.
Wetland-Ramsar:
areas of marshes, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or

temporary, with water that is static, flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of
marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.
Tanah bencah:
kawasan dari lapisan tanah rendah yang mana aras air bumi yang berada atau
berhampiran dengan permukaan tanah pada kebanyakan masa. Tanah bencah
termasuk semua tanah berpaya, tanah berlumpur, fen dan muara.
Wetland:
area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface most of the time.
Wetlands include swamps, bogs, fens, marshes and estuaries.
Tanah berhutan:
tanah yang merangkumi lebih daripada 0.5 hektar dengan pokok-pokok yang
lebih tinggi daripada 5 meter dan litupan kanopi melebihi 10%, atau pokok yang
mampu untuk mencapai tahap in situ- (FAO 1998; FRA 2000). Ia tidak termasuk
tanah di bawah penggunaan tanah pertanian atau bandar (dirian pokok di
kawasan pertanian, taman dan sebagainya). Keluasan kawasan berhutan ini
dibahagikan kepada Hutan Simpanan Kekal (HSK), Hutan Tanah Kerajaan
(HTK), Hutan Hidupan Liar di luar kawasan HSK, lain-lain Rizab Berhutan dan
Tanah Berimilik.
Forested land:
a land area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
metre with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent. It does not include land under
agricultural or urban land use (stand of trees in agricultural areas, parks, etc.). Forested
land is divided into Permanent Forest Reserve (PRF), Forest Land Government (FLG),
Forest Wildlife outside the PRF, others Forested Reserve and Alienated Land.
Tanaman buluh:
buluh digunakan secara meluas dalam industri pembuatan perabot, kraftangan,

bekas barangan, tikar, pulpa, kertas, bahan bakar, pembinaan dan peralatan
rumah.
Bamboo plantation:
bamboo is a widely used in the furniture manufacturing industry, handicrafts, container

products, matting, pulp, paper, fuel, construction as well as home appliances.
Tanaman mengaya:
merupakan suatu rawatan pemulihan hutan ke atas kawasan hutan miskin dan
kawasan lapang yang dilaksanakan ke atas kawasan di dalam HSK yang telah
diusahasil bagi membantu meningkatkan isi kandungan hutan tersebut supaya
mencapai tahap yang dikehendaki.
Enrichment planting:
a forest restoration treatments on poor forest areas and open spaces that are performed
on the areas in PRF which has been harvested to help improve the content of the forest to
reach the desired level.
Tanaman rotan:
salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu utama. Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan stok
tumbuhan dalam kawasan HSK yang sesuai bagi memastikan pengeluaran
sumber ini secara berkekalan untuk menampung keperluan industri perabot
rotan tempatan.
Rattan plantation:
one of the main non-timber forest products. The plantation is to increase the stock of this
plant in the PRF appropriate to ensure sustainable production of these resources to meet
the needs of the local rattan furniture industry.
Tanaman tumbuhan ubatan
spesies tumbuhan yang mempunyai nilai perubatan dan ditanam secara

ladang.
Planting of medicinal plants
species of plants that have medicinal value and cultivated fields.
237

GLOSARI
GLOSSARY
Tapak pelupusan:
pemindahan terakhir bahan sisa di dalam atau di atas tanah yang dikawal atau
tidak dikawal mengikut cara kebersihan yang berbeza, perlindungan alam
sekitar dan keperluan keselamatan yang lain.
Landfill:
final replacement of waste in or on the land in a controlled or uncontrolled way according

to different sanitary, environmental protection and other safety requirements.
Tapak semaian:
menghasilkan anak benih dan anak pokok untuk digunakan bagi projek-projek
penghutanan semula, penyelidikan, perhutanan bandar dan aktiviti landskap.
Nursery:
produce seedlings and saplings to be used for reforestation projects, research, urban
forestry and landscape activities.
Topografi:
bentuk fizikal kawasan permukaan, termasuk muka bumi atau ketinggian relatif
dan kedudukan bentuk muka bumi buatan manusia dan semula jadi.
Topography:
physical feature of a surface area, including its relief or relative elevations, and the
position of human-made and natural features.
Viral Hepatitis A:
penyakit akut biasanya termasuk demam, dedar, keletihan melampau,

anoreksia, loya, jaundis akut dan kuadran atas kanan abdomen dengan
pertambahan lebihan alanine aminotransferase melebihi 2.5 kali kadar biasa.
Viral Hepatitis A:
acute illness typically including fever, malaise, extreme fatigue, anorexia, nausea, acute
jaundice and right upper quadrant of abdomen tenderness with raised alanine
aminotransferase more than 2.5 times normal rate.
238

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ISSN 1511-3396

Compendium of Environment Statistics

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

KOMPENDIUM PERANGKAAN ALAM SEKITAR

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar 2014 membentangkan perangkaan alam sekitar,

Jadual dan carta dimuatkan dalam penerbitan ini bagi memudahkan

pengguna menganalisis data.

DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

The Compendium of Environment Statistics 2014 presents statistics on environment,

This publication is an effort towards the development of a database for environmental

DATUK DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN HASAN

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

RANGKA KERJA KOMPENDIUM

FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPENDIUM

Purata kelembapan relatif

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

Status kualiti udara

Indeks Pencemaran Udara

Bahan pencemar udara

Punca pencemaran udara

Sources of air pollution

Pelepasan bahan pencemar daripada punca utama

Emission of pollutants from main sources

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

Dasar Perubahan Iklim Negara

ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: DARAT

Kualiti air sungai

Indeks Kualiti Air

Status kualiti air sungai

River water quality status

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia

Punca pencemaran air

Sources of water pollution

Sumber air mentah

Raw water resources

Pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar

The use of fertilisers

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

Kempen Kesedaran Penjimatan Air Kebangsaan

National Water Conservation Campaign

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

ALAM SEKITAR AIR/AKUATIK: MARIN

WATER/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: MARINE

Kualiti air marin

Marine water quality

Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pantai

Status kualiti air marin di kawasan kuala

Status kualiti air marin di kawasan pulau

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN ALAM SEKITAR

Zon Industri Akuakultur (ZIA)

Aquaculture Industry Zone (ZIA)

TANAH/ALAM SEKITAR TERESTRIAL

Jenis tanah bencah

Hutan paya gambut

Hutan paya laut

Kepelbagaian biologi daratan

Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, 2014