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Parameters
Population mean = μ = ( Σ Xi ) / N
Population variance = σ2 = Σ ( Xi - μ )2 / N
Standardized score = Z = (X - μ) / σ
/ σy ] }
Statistics
Sample mean = x = ( Σ xi ) / n
Sample variance = s2 = Σ ( xi - x )2 / ( n - 1 )
Pooled sample standard deviation = sp = sqrt [ (n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22 ] / (n1 +
n2 - 2) ]
2
sy ] }
Correlation
/ sy ] }
μY) / σy ] }
Standard error of regression slope = sb1 = sqrt [ Σ(yi - ŷi)2 / (n - 2) ] / sqrt [ Σ(xi -
x)2 ]
Counting
Probability
Random Variables
In the following formulas, X and Y are random variables, and a and b are constants.
Chi-square statistic = Χ2 = [ ( n - 1 ) * s2 ] / σ2
Var(Y)
E(X) + E(Y)
4
Sampling Distributions
n2) ]
Standard Error
[ (1/n1) + (1/n2) ] }
Standard error of difference of sample means = SEd = sd = sqrt[ (s12 / n1) + (s22 /
n2) ]
d)2 / (n - 1) ] } / sqrt(n)
5
Pooled sample standard error = spooled = sqrt [ (n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22 ] / (n1 +
n2 - 2) ]
(N-1)]
6
Linear Transformations
For the following formulas, assume that Y is a linear transformation of the random
variable X, defined by the equation: Y = aX + b.
Estimation
statistic
Hypothesis Testing
7
statistic)
Degrees of Freedom
The correct formula for degrees of freedom (DF) depends on the situation (the nature
of the test statistic, the number of samples, underlying assumptions, etc.).
One-sample t-test: DF = n - 1
n2)2 / (n2 - 1) ] }
Sample Size
Below, the first two formulas find the smallest sample sizes required to achieve a
fixed margin of error, using simple random sampling. The third formula assigns sample
to strata, based on a proportionate design. The fourth formula, Neyman allocation,
uses stratified sampling to minimize variance, given a fixed sample size. And the last
formula, optimum allocation, uses stratified sampling to minimize variance, given a
fixed budget.
σ2 / (N - 1) ] }
q/N]
nh = n * [ ( Nh * σh ) / sqrt( ch ) ] / [ Σ ( Ni * σi ) / sqrt( ci ) ]