A Seminar on

“The Effect of Inrush Current on Transformer Protection”

Guided By: Presented By:

Mr. Virendra Sangatani Tushar Lilani
Associate Professor IV Year, EE
Department of EIC
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ISI-6 RIICO INSTITUTIONAL AREA, GONER ROAD,
SITAPURA, JAIPUR
 CONTENTS
• TRANSFORMER
• TRANSFORMER FAULTS
• TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
• DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
• OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
• INRUSH CURRENT
• HARMONIC RESTRAINT RELAY
• CONCLUSION
 TRANSFORMER
Transformer is an AC machine that
a)Transfers Electrical Energy.
b)Without the change in frequency.
c) Electromagnetic Induction.
d)Electric circuits linked by common magnetic
circuit.
ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER FAULTS
• External Faults/Through Faults : Beyond the
protected zone of transformers.
• Internal Faults : Primary consideration for
transformer protection. Further divided into
two groups
a) Short circuit in the transformer winding
and connections.
b) Incipient Faults.
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
• The development of modern power systems
has been reflected in the advances in
transformer design.
• This has result in a wide range of transformers
with sizes ranging from a few kVA to several
hundred MVA being available for use in a wide
variety of applications.
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The choice of protection for any given power
transformer depends upon a number of
factors such as
• Size
• Importance
• Tap Changer(On Load or Off Load)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
• For small size transformers up to 1 MVA
simple fuses are employed.
• For medium size transformers below 10 MVA
over current protection is used.
• For large size transformers above 10 MVA
differential protection is used.
• Other protections are earth fault, over
heating, over fluxing , parallel transformers.
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Principle of Differential Protection
• Fault within an electrical equipment would cause
the current entering it to be different from the
current leaving it.
• By comparing the two currents either in
magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be
determined.
• It is an attractive option if both the ends of the
apparatus are located near each other.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential relay responds to vector difference
between two or more similar electrical
quantities.
Applications
• Protection of Transformers
• Protection of Generators
• Protection of Generator-Transformer Unit
• Protection of Feeders
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Principle of Over Current Protection
• When the current in a system exceeds a
predetermined value, it indicates the
presence of a fault.
• Relaying decision is based solely on the
magnitude of current.
• Used in radial distribution systems.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Over current relay operates when load current
exceeds a preset value. EM Relays are widely
used.
Applications
• Protection from Overloads.
• Short-Circuit Protection.
• Backup Protection with Differential Protection
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
 INRUSH CURRENT
When an unloaded transformer is switched on
to normal voltage on its primary side or when
a short circuit occurs on its secondary side a
transient rush of current may take place this
phenomenon is referred to as switching in
phenomena or inrush phenomena.
 INRUSH CURRENT
Factors which influence the magnitude an
duration of magnetizing inrush current are
• Size of transformer.
• Size of power system.
• Type of magnetic material in the core.
• Residual flux in transformer before switching.
• How the transformer is energized.
INRUSH CURRENT
INRUSH CURRENT
INRUSH CURRENT
INUSH CURENT

Φ = Φdc - Φm cos ωt
OR
Φ = Φm (1 - cos ωt)
 HARMONIC RESTRAINT RELAY
Harmonic contents in the inrush current are as
follows
• DC Component 40% - 60%
• Second Harmonics 30% - 70%
• Third Harmonics 10% - 30%
Relay used is made insensitive to magnetizing
inrush current.
 HARMONIC RESTRAINT RELAY
• Operating principle is to filter out the harmonics
from the differential current.
• A tuned circuit is used which allows only the
fundamental component of the current to pass
through operating coil.
• Relay do not operates if 2nd harmonics exceeds
15% of the fundamental.
• Over current relay operates above maximum
inrush current.
HARMONIC RESTRAINT RELAY