Presentation Overview

• Introduction & objective

• LDC & its functions
• Load Generation Balance
• SCADA system
• Southern & Kerala grid
• Cascade tripping
• Madakkathara s/s details
• D.I.P
• MiPower software
• Special Protection Scheme
• Load flow study (peak hours)
• SPS implementation
• References & conclusion
 DESIGN OF SPECIAL
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR
315 MVA TRANSFORMER AT
TRICHUR 400KV s/s

By
Jerry J Moolan
Nikita Gomez
Nirmal S
Sreedevi
Prabhakaran
 Introduction
• Madakkathara 400 kv s/s is an important link in the
Kerala Power Grid, connecting our state to TN grid.

• At present there are two 315 mva, 400/220 kv

transformers at Madakkathara, loaded at 75%.

• If one transformer trips, the load on the second

transformer goes upto 1.5 times full load value leading to
the tripping of that transformer.

• Results in the failure of entire supply at Thrissur s/s and

beyond north of it.
LDC; its functions and Load
Generation Balance

By
Nirmal S
 OBJECTIVE

The project aims at conducting load flow

studies to counter the menace of tripping.
Results obtained from the studies are used as
inputs for constructing some islanding
schemes to prevent the tripping of healthy
transformers.
Load Dispatching and its Functions

• LDC is an important link between generation and

transmission
• Coordinates the power requirements of the consumers
• Power requirement of different consumers differ at
different times
• Effective power system management is the key to
exercise proper control over the generation and loads.
• This calls for current real time data from all grid system
components.
• Strong and reliable communication network required for
data transmission to LDC and system control instructions
from LDC.
 Requisites of a LDC

• Reliable and far reaching communication

network.
• Accurate SCADA system.
• Fast data processor and data formatting system.
• Reliable power supply 24x7 at LDC.
• Visual display systems for data streaming in and
out.
• Integrity of efficient engineers well versed in
operations.
• Basic amenities, utilities and logistics.
 Functions of LDC

• Load generation balance and quality of supply.

• Maintenance scheduling of generating units and transmission lines.
• Economic load dispatch.
• Grid discipline.
• Load forecasting or demand estimations.
• System security and islanding facility.
• Black start preparedness.
• Communication and SCADA management.
• Energy distribution and load study pattern.
• Event analysis and preventive measures.
• Coordination with neighbor grids.
• Public relations and consumer interaction.
 Load Generation Balance
• To maintain the frequency at 50z the demand and generation should
balance each other.

• If demand + losses = generation then the frequency is 50hz.

• If demand > generation, frequency is less than 50hz and in case of

demand < generation, frequency is more than 50hz.

• Power number of southern grid is around 1000MW.

• Frequency of grid @ 49.5hz implies generation is around 500MW

short.
• LGB is one of the important functions of LDC.

• In order to restore this balance, the LDC should control the generation
or cut the loads to maintain the frequency of the system at the set
standard.
 Frequency-Voltage Dynamics

• Frequency is not a local phenomenon, it’s uniform throughout the

grid.
• Voltage is a local phenomenon controlled in each node or bus.
• Rated voltage is available when reactive power requirement and
supply matches.
• If reactive requirement is more than supply, voltage declines from
the rated and if reactive power supply is more than required, voltage
exceeds the rated.
• LDC maintains the voltage in the grid by controlling reactive power
generation from machines, switching capacitors, charging additional
lines etc.
• Over voltage problem can be tackled by switching off some of the
transmission lines also.
SCADA and Grid systems

By
Nikita Gomez
 SCADA

• It stands for Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition.
• It generally refers to a a computer system
monitoring and controlling a process.
• This system is a networked distributed processing
environment consisting of one or more
interconnected processing nodes.
• These nodes are configurable in order to meet
system requirement.
• It monitors and control HVAC, access and
energy consumption.

• Uses different bus architectures in

distributed and networking processors and
interconnected systems in order to
optimize system performance and
expandability.
• Distributed system processing permits full
capability for inter program control and
communication program executing on prime and
backup CPUs.

• Supports full access to system files, real time

database, and user interface from backup CPUs.

• System can be expandable in both hardware

and software to meet future functional or
performance requirement.
 System components:

• Human-Machine interface (HMI)

• presents data to a human operator

• Helps human operator to monitor and

control the process
Supervisory (computer) system :
• gathering data
• sending commands (control) to the
process.

Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) :

• connects to sensors in the process
• converting sensor signals to digital data
• sending digital data to the supervisory
system.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs):

• used as field devices because they are

more economical, versatile, flexible, and
configurable than special-purpose RTUs.

Communication infrastructure:
• connects the supervisory system to the
Remote Terminal Units
The SCADA/Energy Management System (EMS) package
under ULDC is designed for providing state of art control
centers with hierarchical levels of co-ordination planned in
system operation as shown in figure.
Other applications of SCADA:

• manufacturing
• production
• fabrication
• refining
 What is a Grid?

A grid consists of generating stations, substations,

transmission lines and distribution system with
proper interconnection between these systems.

Tie lines connect a a generating station to a

substation or a substation to a substation or a
generating station to another generating station in a
grid.
 SOUTHERN GRID
Consists of:
1)Kerala grid,
2)Tamil Nadu grid,
3)Karnataka grid,
4)Andhra grid
5)Pondy & Goa grid.

• Interconnected by tie lines at 440, 220 and

110kv levels.
• All grids except Southern grid, i.e. Northern,
Western, Eastern and North-Eastern grid, work
in integrated mode.

• While islanding Kerala & TN maybe in integrated

mode; Karnataka and TN may be in integrated
mode.

• Each state in itself may be in integrated mode if

the entire tie lines to that particular state trips.
• Southern grid is interconnected
asynchronously to Eastern & Western
grids through HVDC lines.

• At 30,000MW evening peak load,

Southern grids accounts for 30% of
All-India peak demand, which’s at
1,00,000MW
 Kerala Grid
Kerala grid is connected to the southern grid through the
following interstate tie lines.

Voltage
No. Inter State Lines Levels Connect Kerala to
1 Udumelpet – Thrissur I and II 400 kV Tamil Nadu
2 Madurai – Pothencode I and II 400 kV Tamil Nadu
3 Idukki – Udumelpet I and II 220 kV Tamil Nadu
4 Sabarigiri – Theni I and II 220 kV Tamil Nadu
6 Edamon – Kayathar I and II 220 kV Tamil Nadu
5 Kadakola – Kaniampetta I and II 220 kV Karnataka
7 Mangalore – Konaje I and II 110 kV Karnataka
8 Parassala – Kuzhithura I and II 110 kV Tamil Nadu
 Cascade tripping,
Madakkathara s/s, D.I.P and
MiPower software

By
Sreedevi Prabhakaran
 Cascade Tripping/ Blackout
• The phenomenon of tripping of generators
in series is called cascade tripping.

• When a generator trips the frequency will

drop and the load will be divided amongst
the generators those are working.

• Overload causes the remaining machines

to trip resulting in total supply failure in the
grid.
• Tripping of generators leads to overloaded tie-
lines, causing them to trip too.

• Connectivity to other state grids gets lost in this

process, which may even lead to entire southern
grid blacking out with major tie-line trips or huge
generational losses in the grid.

• Special protection schemes are thus required to

safeguard the system as its very hard to restore
supply after cascade tripping.
• The other 220KV outgoing tie lines at
Madakkathara are
1) Madakkathara-Shornur-220KV line
2) Madakathara-Malaparambu 220KV line and
3)Madakkathara-Arecode 220KV line.

• During evening peak hour the load at

Madakkathara is around 800MW.
• The load tripping is intended in the following 110kv
feeder at Madakkathara.
1)Madakkathara-Valappadu -110KV feeder
2)Madakkathara-Cherpu – 110KV feeder
3)Madakkathara-Shornur No.1 110KV feeder
and
4)Madakkathara-Shornur No.2 110KV feeder

• In addition to 315 MVA transformer there are 2 No.

of 200MVA/110KV transformers at Madakkathara
DIP 5000 [Digital Protection Relay]
• The DIP 5000 provides comprehensive digital
tele-protection for power networks.

• Offers highest level of security and

dependability. It is easy to install and
commission.

• Has the highest level of security and

dependability using the latest signaling
processing technology and advanced coding
algorithm.
• Performs continuous testing of the
equipment and communication link, and
provides alarm and event recorder files
with 1ms accuracy.

• Can be customized to a project’s specific

requirements.

• Highly modular and offers extensive

monitoring features and a wide range of
communication interfaces.
 MiPower s/w Tool
• As electric utilities have grown in size, and the number of
interconnections has increased, planning for future expansion has
become increasingly complex.

• Detailed studies of the system, based on assumptions like, normal

and abnormal operating conditions, peak and off-peak loadings, and
present and future years of operation to be considered.

• Large volumes of network data must also be collected and

accurately handled.

• To assist the engineer in this power-system planning, digital

computers and highly sophisticated computer programs are
indispensable.

Contd.
• MiPower is one of such indispensable
customised program.

• A highly interactive, user friendly windows

based Power System Analysis software
package.

• Includes a set of programs for performing

a range of power system design and
analysis study.
 MiPower includes the following major power
system application programs:

• Load flow

• Short circuit

• Transient stability

• Dynamic stability

• Sub synchronous resonance

• Relay coordination

• Over voltage study

• Network reduction

• Line and Cable parameter calculation

• Long Term load forecasting

• Free Programmable Blocks

Thank
You.
SPS, Load flow study and
Implementation

By
Jerry J Moolan
Special Protection Scheme [SPS]

A SPS or special protection scheme is a safeguard

measure used to maintain Load Generation Balance
in the system, when there is generation failure or
overload tripping of power system element.

The common protection schemes are over current relay,

earth fault relay, distance protection, differential
protection, under frequency protection, df/dt protection
etc.
 The Talcher Case
• Talcher-Kolar HVDC system has SPS implemented in two steps.
• In bipolar mode 2000MW is the power transfer capability.

• When a pole trips the capacity is reduced to 1000MW.

• Since there’s a generational loss of 1000MW, there should be

equivalent load relief in the grid to maintain the LGB.

• Some protection schemes are employed to trip off 1000MW load in

various parts of the southern region.

• Moreover the generation at Talcher is reduced by 1000MW by

tripping of one or two machines

• The trip is sensed by a relay and the signal is transmitted to various

points by communication channels to trip some radial loads.
SPS requirement at Madakkathara s/s
• There are two 315MVA transformers (400/220kv) at Madakkathara.
• Almost fully loaded at evening peak hours.
• When one of the transformers trips, the other gets overloaded and
trips too.

• Failure of main source at Madakkathara leads the entire load to

Lower Periyar- Madakkathara feeder causing it to trip.

• Since all 220kv sources are dead, entire load falls to generators at
Kuttiady & Kozhikode leading to blackout.

• Madakkathara s/s limits and entire Northern Kerala blacks out.

• In order to prevent this SPS has to be implemented at

Madakkathatra.
315MVA TrFr SPS (local tripping scheme)

Contd.
Local tripping scheme
• When current reaches 1000A in any one of the
transformer the overcurrent relay contact is closed.

• This leads to the SPS activating.

• The auxiliary contact of the circuit now gets closed.

• Closing of the circuit leads to the energisation of the trip

circuit.
Following feeders are identified for remote tripping using digital protection
coupler and carrier inter trip.

SUBSTATION FEEDER NAME PEAK LOAD MW

Palakkad 220kv 110kv Kozhinjampana 20
110kv Kollenpode 11
Shornur 220kv 110kv Panali 26
110kv Ottappalam 38
Nallam 220kv 110kv Kizhissery 46

Kanhirode 220kv 110kv Mundayad #1 30

110kv Mundayad #2 30
Taliparamba 220kv 110kv Payyannur 28
110kv Cheruvathoor 21
The trip signal generated at Madakkathara
may be multiplied using a contact
multiplier relay & the available signal may
be used for local tripping as well as
transmitting to other stations.
Project Implementation methodology

• Conducting load flow studies of Kerala

Power System in the following cases,
a) At off-peak hours.
b) At day time.
c) At evening peak hours
to find out actual load on 315MVA
transformer, when one of them trips.
• Design of SPS at Madakkathara 400kv s/s.

• Conducting load flow studies after the SPS

has acted.

• Ascertaining that the design is properly

working.
 References

[1] S.B. Lele, “Power System Management and Load

Dispatch”. Central Techno Publications, Nagpur, India.
First Edition: Nov.2003.

[2] PRDC, “MiPower: Design and application”. Power

Research & Development Consultants Private Ltd.,
Bangalore, India. May 1998-99.