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• Contents summary
– Definition of Acceleration
– Technologies
– Terminology
– Effect of Tilt
– Typical applications
– Summary
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Acceleration Fundamentals
• What is Acceleration?
∂v ∂ 2 x
– Definition: the time rate of a= = 2
change of velocity ∂t ∂t
– A.K.A.: the time rate of change
of the time rate of change of
distance
• What are the units?
– Acceleration is measured in (ft/s)/s or (m/s)/s
• What is a “g”?
– A “g” is a unit of acceleration equal to Earth’s gravity at sea level
• 32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2
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More Notes on Acceleration
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How to find velocity from distance traveled
1.200
V(t=1.160) = 0 m/s
1.000
Distance Traveled (meters)
0.800
0.600
0.400
V(t=0.640) = 1 m/s
0.200
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
Time (seconds) 4
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How to find acceleration from velocity
3.000
a(t=0.960) = 0 m/s2
2.000
a(t=1.040) = -10 m/s 2
1.000
Velocity (meters/second)
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
-1.000
-2.000
V(t=0.640) = 1 m/s
-3.000
-4.000
V(t=1.160) = 0 m/s
-5.000
-6.000
-7.000
Time (seconds) 5
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Acceleration vs. Time
10.000
5.000
0.000
Acceleration (meters/sec^2)
-10.000
a(t=0.960) = 0 m/s2
-15.000
-20.000
a(t=1.040) = -10 m/s2
-25.000
-30.000
-35.000
-40.000
-45.000
Time (seconds) 6
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Acceleration in Human Terms
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What’s the point?
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Common Types of Accelerometers
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What Type of Acceleration Sensor
Does TI Produce and why?
CAS
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Acceleration Sensor Terminology
(TI Convention)
• +1g: Output of the sensor with the base connector
pointed up
Linearity = Vout , 0 g −
1
(Vout ,+1g + Vout ,−1g )
2
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Acceleration Sensor Terminology
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Example: Sensitivity & Linearity
∆Vout Vout , +1g − Vout , −1g 1.1V − 2.5V 1.1V − 2.5V Volts
Sensitivity = = = = = −0.7
∆g 2g 2g 2g g
Linearity = Vout , 0 g − (Vout , +1g + Vout , −1g ) = 2.1 − (1.1 + 2.5) = 0.3Volts
1 1
2 2
2.800
2.600
CAS output, Vout, (V)
2.400
2.200
2.000 Theoretical
1.800 Actual
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
-1g 0g +1g
g Position 13
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Acceleration Sensor Terminology
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Important Setup Requirements
for your CAS Device
• Rigid Mounting
– Bees Wax
– Double Sided tape
– Bolt(s)
• No Loose Wires
– Loose wires can create false signals
– Secure wires firmly to mounting body
• Weight of Sensor
– Should be approximately an order of magnitude less than object
being measured
• Example: CAS = 47g; accelerating object should be more than 470g
• Don’t drop the sensor!
– Extreme jarring accelerations can cause permanent errors in device
output
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Effect of Tilt
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Why is device sensitive to
tilt in the 0g orientation?
Gx θ
Gn=G*Cos(θ)
θ Gx G
G g level going from θ
Gn
1g to some % of 1g
Gn
Gn = G*Sin(θ)
θ g level going
+1g Position from 0g to some 0g Orientation
(-1g Position uses same equation) value θ = 1° →
Gn = 1.7x10-2*G
θ = 1° →
Gn = 0.9998*G
500mV/g Device
Degrees
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Typical Accelerometer Applications
• Tilt / Roll
• Vibration / “Rough-road” detection
– Can be used to isolate vibration of mechanical system from outside
sources
• Vehicle skid detection
– Often used with systems that deploy “smart” braking to regain control of
vehicle
• Impact detection
– To determine the severity of impact, or to log when an impact has
occurred
• Input / feedback for active suspension control systems
– Keeps vehicle level
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Summary
• Acceleration is a measure of how fast the speed of
something is changing
• It is used as an input to control systems
• Sensor voltage output should be determined as a
percentage of voltage input for consistency
• The device is sensitive to tilt in the 0g position
– 1o tilt in 0g = 10o of tilt in the +1g and -1g positions
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