EFFEICTSI rOlF' ,A'RC MODELAN,DI T'RAP'P'ED

.

CH,ArRGE OIN VErRY FAST' TRANS.IENT'

, .

OVER V'OLTAG,IE liN. GIS

..

BY

Soll.ail Aftab Qureslli IMu'ha,m-r,-, ~ d Ahm-d-

____ Ria __ _ __ 8

I' ~ "'~ _ •• ~ ~~'I ••• _.,_ ._ •• _. r=~ '" ..... I~ ~~ ••• _ _ _= ==~~~.

EFFECTS OF ARC MODEL ANJI) TRAPP/ED CHARGE ON VERY fAST TRANSiENT OVER VOL TAGES[N ets

Dr. Suhail Aftab 'Qlme~1 M,uhMunad Ahmad!

.ABSlRACT

Gas insulated subs~m~oli'ls (OIS) ambit by short .n.sc""time ~iemti., 'whem, a e~B., h:md break. switll:"1il or a dii5C()!!UU switch (iso~ator) ~soperaited" These: n:am;ien:tshav,e ve:f}j' short wavefmr~t duri31tion (5-15) ns, CiO[lsrudera~le high frequency (fmm KHl"; [0 MRz) and relatsvely lower ,~~npljtudes >( <: 2p,u). Among these cha.rac~eristics. their shorn wavefmnt d urati on is the most damflgi.~tg one" titfljlt iswby these transients ar~ termed 08 Very Fast Transients o vervoltages (VVIO). As disconaeet switch operation ~g the' dominaot souece or these tr~iI1[oiients.therefore~ in this paper on~y discount s?vri~ch produced VFTO are discussed.

This ~r sWdies he illrl1u~nces of va:ri.3ltimll of. the G~S system p3mBleters on the s:e"eri~.~{ of ~h~ trnnsielilts. The.selwo pm:ameter-ii are an;. ]iesis~a MU.iba'_pped chu,gl:.

. .

A. typh::31 G~S 'WlidJ :3 small nlm1iw o:f ,elen~ents .has been oonsidcred. FastF,(')uftel'

Tr:msrf)~ solutIon l.edmique is appiied dLrough a :s:pecial1y devised, ~ompuleT pmg!mm {AhL'Md 1'998)., in. fORTRAN ~uguage, on Ulls GISn.etworkro assess Ute patterns of voUage:s,pruducedat diWere:nt bxatloill'o:;> d.uc 10 'Vmi~~iOrui in. are reS~Slml.cfO snd tmpped.

~NTRODUCTION

~n the !ii'ludy of blnue:n:~~s of om paJf,amelDers onvery fast ~rrulsieuts. p1.lif,ame:te:rs like spaoers,. arc re:si'~umoe;. spark col! apse time ~T:'diWGd. charges, s hort bus 's~ubs. ski~. efJ'ect and such other paramekfs are usooUy considered. In this p~per tke 'effects 0:(" are resistanee and ml!p;ped charGe' are considered ,only. As [OJ![ as the ,aR deve~.oped. at. the teDiJl ~n3ibl. oli' a disoo.RIi1Iool swi tch is eeacemed, n1 Oil/l[ ofllhepr-evio!JS "·o<d, OO'l1!S iders i~ ,mffici em IlOI ~ncorpo:rates mllly a censtant re:sisQfice ~uflepoirn~ of an to g~t die- m'iesw [S. HIJIII. ,as ~ I!Il aUell' ofraC'[, aft: R'.SI5tmc:e: does, vaIIJ'wiili lime dlMinsdJe p~or p:restrik ing nr res"tfwking, a~ ~Iile diseeaaector ., In [h~s studyhoth the tiffU:-iii:l.wriml are resi stance models are oOr!iSidcred.

Trapp(;d dHl'L'ge (vo~~age len OID ~be pan of it G] S """hi'ch isdi seenneeted through a discormector from an energizedpaet of an electrical system) is another m:Iljor parame1er which directly defines the exucn~ of magnitude of lhe' overvoltages developed in G~S .

.ARC RES~STANClE MODELS AND THEm.:INCLUS.ION IN TI IE ANALYSIS

It has been ob:->e'rvt:d: fromthe previous research that ~l s is very imnpofl,antro include me arc resistanee ~1I1 ~oniSjder:atiol'1l ~{hllcpe.rforriJling fast ttaru;ielillt uruysls of (as. The pmb~clIn is the selection or a. ,roper:md preeise mode' of 1he'arc resl stance" .A. num~1i' of

Aswcmte r~~rc»olC. UI'I'¥el"SfI) nn..ngmcmn_g &. T~hnufog}· .. L..a'Jmre. - [It'c~rl\_'n' r",~i"~'~r_ Wapda.

385

· ~ ~~ ~,,~~ ~. ~~ ,,~ ~. . ,,~ '-'~"':' ~ "~ _,. " .•

difleren! publications have. been oonsulted'for finding out the different models/values of arc resistance considered by different scient ists and researchers.

According to OTH~ of these studies, the arcing can sufficiently be simulated by a constant residual arc resistance of approximately 1 to :3 ohms (Beeck 1987). In another 'publication the initial collapse across the disconnector gap has been modeled by a time-varying resistance derived from Toepler law (Uglesis 1989).

According to the .. publication (Ogawa 1986) variations of the peak value of the; surge voltage caused by the existence and the non-existence of2Q is appoximately 0.1 p .. u, (i .. e. 10%), according to the calculations. Another study suggests that simulation of the arc is an important parameter to be discussed. In a particular case examined, a simple resistor of a bout I n are arc res istance resu l ts adeq uate (Pi gini I. 983).

After gong thFOILI.gb. different publications it is quite deal' that the inclusion of arc resistance, in the. calculation of fast transients developed in the GIS is important, in order to obtain realistic estimation of voltages, developed in the GIS under fault conditions.

In the following networks, spacers are simulated by capacitors, and. Hue sections and bus, bars by their equivalent transmission lines. Trensformer . and bushing b theirequivalent RLC and LC circuits respectively, Below node-46 is the transformer and above this is. the bushing. Transient wave entering the GIS network due to the operation of a discount switch has been simulated by the .injection of a unit-step voltage SI(.)UfCe connected at nOde-2.patterns of voltages at 'node-Zl (VOC) and at nQde~46- (VTR) are chosen for

an~ly.sis. .'. .

.. " .. '

/

386

Transformc t

Rl =20.5 (n). R.2""29'.5 (QJ, RJ-.=22 .. S "C!1). R4'"'3(10 (0). Cl-:,O.77 (nF), C2==94Q (pF). C3-",] .25· {nFl, C4~33JI (.Ill" ),. U=+.02 (~~H), L2=-=7.3.1 (~~H} •. l.3"'55.5 (pH).

Values cf R. L .& OJ stances .

Resistances between nodes 45-'1·6=250 (Q), 9-10 &IO~ll=iO (.0) & between al.1 others=l lO (Q). InductCl[lc;:e- between nedes 44~45""O.1 (!liM) .. Distance bet ...... sen nodes 45-46== I (m) while between all others=Xm), Oapa.citanoos at each 1fi;Qde'="JIO (pf'),

Fig[i(\it 1. A typical GIS substation laY!Hlt (Qureshi, 1993)

ANAL YSIS WliTH TIME~INV ARIANl' ARC ·RESIST ANCE VALUES

Inclusion of the arc resistance in the program. is very simple, we insert a resistance "Rue" in series. with the equivalent circuit of the. GIS network -. The variation of the voltage (VaC & VTR) C(}t different values ofarc resistaece, is shown. in Fig.Z ..

RESULTS·

fI'OHl the present study it ]S observed the arc resistance is an important perameter, lobe considered in the calculation offast transients in GIS.

387

.:u

l~ .211kl>1! ~m ~

i[m~ ~I~'

J.S ,..--"~----~""""":""~------,

1 I

i LS I i 1

"i 1H: >

,~,~ . ~,5!!'i3 n~ ~ ~2S j.ilQ(j,

1ri'Ri: (~~)

~. ~'JOC' ~.vn;:

~ r---------~~-------_,

2.S

~ ~itl ~l4~ m~ .j~ot;

Tid'~~ ~ R~)

-.vot"

-~~-VTIiI:

{b) R..n: = 0.25 0

I s
~
--
j ~.S
~ ~s ~------~~--------~--~

. . o· ,.R.L

-vo(:

-~Vl'l!:

(if!.) 1"t,'M: =' 20.0 Q

The variarion In the arc resistaace changes the penern of the voltages (VO Cand vtR) ito, a great exteor if theresistance is varied. framO.On to 20.0.0. After going through the different Flecommendmtions for ·as$]gning the value of arc resistance to be included in the

.. GlS analysis and observing the results obtained from our study, it seemsthat a value of 4\,.on for the arc resistance (if time-inva:riamt arc resistance model is considered), is good enough for reasonable approximate results,

ANAL YSIS WITH TIME~ VARIANT AJR:C RESISTANCE MODEL

Before assigning an. ex:ac~ time varia1)!~ mode] OfaJIK resistence, a relationship of variation of arc resistance with. tirne is needed .. The spark resistance 00 the place of breakdown was taken h'ffito account according to the To epler law (U glesic ] 98:9):

". .', -..

R:(t) '"' lKT ! 0 ~J idt

Where A. = Spark length, and KT == Toeplercoeffieient (OA ~ H}Vs/cm was taken in. the

. .

calculations)... It wasebserved that ·~he spark resistance was 2 .. 80 on]y 20 ns after the

. breakdown and. atter 7.Sp;s remained 0.050 (Uglesic li989).

~n one of'the GIS fast transient s(uai'es, ( Yanabo l~QO) aJru arc tesistance b

erween 1 g and. 100 wm, Hmmed.but i'llt was .li1iot. suffri.ci:ent~o e'Om.,:letely simulate 1he attentioD, 'OfmC3S!!Ired 'rii'iJV,eform. Therefore. ~t, was sugges<tm th~t im order 10 maw: aeeurate res'UiUswe musllllSe' tilillle-varia areresistanee " Ym'labo 1990)'.

A.pmpased mod.e I of v,arianon (!If ,m'iCl)esistutce witihtime is sllrl.€l<'WD ia Fig, 1 (Ue,lesic 1989).On.dle basis .rJf this Junposed c~e~an at1.en1ipl hasbeea mad:e to i~nle a - ti:me:-\fmant arc n':ii~.sl;nl~emnodtl. fo[dJisana~sls o:.f £runtrnHierus ~n GIS. The ''Nave form patterns ;M',e, shown ~ ill fi:!; . .4.

]; L-~ .........

1tJi;1

"100.,;1",.

---"I~

RESULTS

1. Arc resistance is active mainly in the iFili~]a] period, reducing the first peak,

2. After the initial period, where the flEC resistance varies abruptly, damping of the waveform is like that ofthe patterns considering the: constantarc resistance.

3. There 131]0 remarkable difference in the tate of the rise of the first peak either of V OC or VTR. with respect to the results OIl the basi s of constant arc resistance.

4.. Damping, with time.Jn VTR]s more pronounced than that o:fVnc"

TRA.PPEO CHARGE PHENOMENON AND ITS INCLUSliON IN THE CALClJLA TION OF VITO

The precise number and amplitude distribution of steps. during a typical switching will depend. firstly on the specific DS ( Disccnnector Switch) designand operating speed, secondly on the behavior of the GIS after every restrick spark extinction and thirdly On specific GiS funcrional procedures. The third case is only important in rare cases where a specific operational mode, involving die opening of a circuit breaker) can leave a floating busbar charged (AlviOO1 [989).

When a disconnect switch is opened on a floating section of switchgear, which is a COmiUQn moille of operation, a trapped charge may be left em the floating section. The.

potential cal!~ sed by .

the traippedd.ru-ge win normally decay very. slowly (hour to days) as a result of leakages

through (OF across) spacers. .

A trapped caused by I p.u .. implies that the first breakdown upon the closing the disconnect switch wi]! occur att 2 p.u. across the switchcontacts and may lead to conductor-to-ground overvoltages ofup to 2.5 p.u_.

S wi tchgear reliabil i ty . cfln be improved by assuring that di sconnect switches minimize thetrapped charge on the switchgear, although obviously, thismust not be at the expense

of the dielectric integrity of the switch (Boggs 1982). .

Direct measurements indicates that VFTO do not exceed 2 p .. u, at the point of measurement and the trapped charge Ieft on the load side is less than 0.3 p.u, (Boggs 1982). lin praetice, a

-'

·390

2 ~------------------------,

~ 5

~ US

'0

:;. (t

.as '--------~-------..........!

'0

781

IS6J. :n'14

TiJne{ros)

---voe ~VTIi!.

'; 2 § r.s ~ .';l

~ 0.5

Q

.\l s b..,_~ -----'

(I

-""'DC I

--VfR

(c) Trapped Charge"" 0.7 {po 11.}

-

~ I ~

~ I

~ O~ .

;;> 01

.O.S IL..... --~------'

o

1'Sl

---vor

--~TR..

.u

31J5

---V()~'

--vn!

Quick estimate _is possible by assuming that. a. typic a] worst-case magnitude for the transient granted by the .diseonnector is O.8p:u. (relative to the peak ae voltage) which correspondslo US inter contact breakdown 'voltages of. ] -6 p.u, (trapped charge of 0.6 p.u., which h approximately the. "worst case" for 1lL typical DS and assumes equal impedance On either sides of the- switch (Fujimoto 1987).

The estimate maximum FTO (Fast Transient Overvoltages) level resulting from measurement was 2_7 p_U_,. and an FrO of more than 2.0 p .. U. appeared only at the open

. end of the busbar, On the contrary. FOoT levels near the disconnectors operated were below l , 7 p.u.tYanabo 1990) .. Under trapped charged conditions the amplitudesrelated to crest value of the a.c. operating voltage, phase-to-ground ranges normally up to ].7 p. u. Only in rare cases this, value exceeded and maximum amplitudes of 2.5 p.u, had been found (Boeck 1989).

Fortunately, however, for low speed DS of conventional design, the trapped charge left when opening a pure capacities load (busbar) gives remaining voltages ranging from 0: 1 to 0.5 p.u, peaked around 0.3 p._u • This produces values of fl.~. at first strike of 1.1 to 1.S p.u, 'Once again peaked around 1.3 p.u:. Fast operating DS on the other hand can leave

391

trapped charge levels eorresponding to 1.0 p.ll. in a non-negligible number of cases giving rise to 811 values up to 2.01 p .. u (Alvian 1989). In this light of above references, the variation of the voltage in the GIS for different values of trapped charge conditions is observed in the followingsection,

RESULTS

On the basis of plots, following conclusions can be drawn from the above fig.S~.

L

Magnitude of vue and VTR increases proportionally with the increase in the (voltage caused by) trapped charge.

2.

Withev,ezy decrease in trapped' charges, value, damping of VOC and VTR

. .

Increases.

3.

Wi~h every increase in the trapped charge value, the rate of rise 0 f the first peak and maxinrum peak ~nCX1e&,;eS-

4.

Waveforms become smoother with ev,ery decrease in trapped charge value.

CONCLUSIONS,

The main Q b~ ecti ve of this paper was to observe the effects, due to the incl usion and variation of arc resistance. and jrapped charge V<3J] ues di fferent on the results of calculations of fast transients (using' FFT program). in the O[S. Arc resistance is found to be an important paremeter to be included in, the calculations of fast transients in GIS .

. Di fferen; mode 1 s of arc resistance have been considered and the results are summarized as follows:

J. Variation in thearc resistance varies the peak values, of the voltages developed in different parts of GIS., quite apparently. These voltage peaks are found decreasing with increase ill the arc resistance value ..

2. Damping out of these voltages are found increasing with increase in the value of the .. arc resistance ..

1. Rate of rise of voltages (dv/dt) decreases with merease In the value of arc resistance .

4. To simulate arc as aconstant resistance; was found insufficient to completely simul ate the attenuaticm of the- measured. waveform. Therefore, it. was. suggested that in order to have accurate results' we must use time- variant arc resi stance (Yanabo 1990).

Another important parameter is trappedcharge; which can be simulated by considering a

392

cerresponding electric potential on the floating section.ofthe busbar; The. result in this regard aile summarized as follows:

.]. Magnitude of either VOCp[ VTR increases proportionately with the increase in . the trapped charge, on the floating section of busbar and waveforms become smoother with every decrease in. trapped charge value.

2. . With every increase inthetrapped charge value, the rate of rise of the first peak increase but the damping of VOCood VTR decreases.

REfERENCES

. I. Ahmed, M.;1998. Influence:s of GIS parameters on very fasttraasients m gas :i n:sola~ed substations, M .Se, thesis, BET, Lahore,

2. Alvian (S£)., Ardito OT)~ Boeck (DC)~ Feser (n£)Fujim.oto (CH).,. Grandi (CH) and Koenig (DE)~ I 9'89. Ve:ry fast transiem phenomena aSs0ci~ted with gas insulated substations. CU}RE Report, presented ~,t the study committees 33 and 13 by working group 33113 .. 09,1989.

3. Boeck,. WSI!!1dWitzmooH. It [987. Main influences on the rast transient deve~opme:nt in gas insulated substations (GIS).. Fffth international symposium on hlgh voltage engineeringBrauoschweig. 24~28 ..

4.

Boeck, W and w.itzmann) R.] 989" Crlticel GI S conflgnrations w~t~ respect to VFTO. :S ixth lo:tematkJinat symposium"

5. Boggs" S.A and Fujimoto, NJ 9'82. Disconnect SWUCh induced transients and. trapped charge in. g~ insulated substations, Ontaeie H yi&m Research Division Toronto, Canadia,.IEEE.

6. Fujimoto, N. and Boggs, S.A 1987. Characteristics of O~S diseoneector induced short .rise- thl1.e transients incident On ex.temaUy GOJlrtlede~. power system components, Ontario Hydro Research.Division Toronto, Canada .lliEEE.

7.. Ogawa;. ~~t~ Haginomori, .E., Nishiwa:ki, S., Yoshida, T and Terasaka, K.1986.

Estimation of restriking transient overvoltage on disconnecting switch for GIS. IEEE transactions 00 power systems. VoLPWRD- t , No.,. 2.

8. Piglni,. A., _ Perrino, A. and SaitagoslifiO. G.J 983~ Fast 'transiensscaused by the operation of diseormeeting s\v:itches( stress ood strength), ClORE Report, Group

33,CIORE :H.83 (SE) 05.3 .~. rwn, ._

9., Qureshi, S .AJ993. Calculation of fast transients ill GIS .. Ph.D thesis. UM~ST Manchester.

393

10. Uglesic, 1.19:89, A mathematical mode] of the on-site testing of GIS, Sixth ime.nmliol:1lfll symposiumon high voltage engineering New Oreleans LAJJSA"

, .

] L Yanabo S., Murassae,"H.,A6Y,agi. H .. Okubo.H and Kawaguehi.Yd 99il Estimation

of fast transient overvoltages ]H gas i nsulated substation. IEEiE transaction on

power system delivery, VoL5 ~o.4~. . .

"

' .....

. _.

.J' ..

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