Topic—casting(basics of moulding)

In foundry work, the terms cope and drag refer respectively to the upper and lower parts of a
two-part casting flask, used in sand casting. The flask is a wood or metal frame, which contains
the molding sand, providing support to the sand as the metal is poured into the mold. In flaskless
molding, the same terms are used, cope for the top or upper piece and drag for the bottom or
lower piece.

In the simplest sand casting procedure, the drag is placed on a board, around a pattern of the part
to be cast. The pattern is a model of the desired casting. Sand is sifted over the pattern until the
model is covered by a few inches of sand. More sand is then dumped into the drag, and rammed
with a wooden wedge, or mechanically vibrated to pack the sand down. The sand is then struck
level with the top edge of the cope, using a wooden or metal strake. A board is then placed on
top of the drag and the drag is flipped over.

Then, the cope is placed on the drag, and dowels (or pins) are put in the sand to make holes for
the sprue and one or more risers. Sand is again sifted over the pattern, and rammed to fill the
cope. The pins are then carefully pulled out of the sand, and a gate is cut into the sand. The
critical part of the operation is to separate the cope and drag to remove the pattern. The pattern is
lifted from the sand, leaving a molding cavity. A passageway for metal to enter the mold, called
a "gate", is then cut from the sprue hole to the void left by the pattern, and a runner is cut from
the sand to allow metal to flow into the riser.

The flask is then put back together, and metal can be poured into the mold. The metal will flow
down the sprue, into the mold cavity, and back up the riser (of which there may be several).
Once the metal has cooled enough to solidify, the flask can then be separated again, and the sand
removed to reveal the rough casting. The rough casting is separated from the sprue and riser(s)
either by sawing them off, or just breaking the thin metal of the gates and runners.

In some cases the part design is more complicated, and intermediate flasks and mold sections are
needed between the cope and drag. These sections are called cheeks.