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Endocrine system
1. Hypothalamus
• Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which are secreted into an
artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly to the
pituitary gland.
2. Pineal body
• The pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain.
• It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-
sleep cycle of the body.
3. Pituitary gland
• located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger
than a pea.
• When the pituitary gland does not produce one or more of its hormones or
not enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism.
• The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the
posterior lobe.
The anterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are regulated by the
hypothalamus:
A. Growth hormone
• Hormones that control sexual function and production of the sex steroids,
estrogen and progesterone in females or testosterone in males
F. Prolactin
The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated by the
hypothalamus:
B. Oxytocin - Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production
• The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the
brain and carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the
pituitary gland.
4. Thyroid gland
• Triiodothyronine
• Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)
• Calcitonin
5. Parathyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone
6. Adrenal gland
• The outer part is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called the
adrenal medulla.
• The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the
body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune
system, and sexual function.
7. Thymus
8. Reproductive gland
• In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen
and progesterone as well as eggs.
9. Pancreas
• The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen
behind the stomach.
• The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. One part of the
pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes.
• The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones
called insulin and glucagon.
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary glands
• Gonads
• Adrenal glands
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Pancreas
Assessment Techniques
Physical Assessment
Palpation
Laboratory Tests
• Stimulation/suppression tests
• Assays
• Urine tests
• Radiographic examinations
Hypopituitarism
• Collaborative Management
• Assessment
• Interventions include:
– Growth hormone
Hyperpituitarism
– Nonsurgical management:
• Drug therapy
• Radiation therapy
– Surgical management:
• Preoperative care
• Operative procedure
• Postoperative Care
• Sexual Dysfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
– Nephrogenic
– Primary
– Secondary
– Drug-related
• Assessment
• Dehydration and hypertonic saline tests used for diagnosis of the disorder
• Interventions
• Oral chlorpropamide
Interventions
• Fluid restriction
• Safe environment
Addisonian crisis
– Decreased pigmentation
– Hypoglycemia
Interventions
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Pheochromocytoma
Clinical manifestations:
Nonsurgical Management
Surgical Management
• Total hypophysectomy
• Preoperative care
• Operative procedure
• Postoperative care
– Pathologic fractures
– Gastrointestinal bleeding
Hyperaldosteronism
• Conn's syndrome
• Interventions include:
Pheochromocytoma
Hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Laboratory assessment
Thyroid scan
Ultrasonography
Electrocardiography
Drug Therapy
Surgical Management
◦ Hemorrhage
◦ Respiratory distress
Infiltrative Opthalmopathy
Provide diuretics.
Hypothyroidism
Clinical manifestations
Interventions:
Interventions:
Interventions:
Myxedema Coma
Emergency care
Thyroiditis
Surgical management
Thyroid Cancer
Collaborative management
Hyperparathyroidism
Nonsurgical management:
Surgical Management
Operative procedures
(Continued)
Hypoparathyroidism
Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism
Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
Hypomagnesemia