Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a rare, severe, and contagious bacterial infection.

Causes
Leptospirosis is caused by exposure to several types of the Leptospira bacteria,
which can be found in fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine.
It occurs in warmer climates.
Risk factors include:

 Occupational exposure -- farmers, ranchers, slaughterhouse workers,

trappers, veterinarians, loggers, sewer workers, rice field workers, and
military personnel
 Recreational activities -- fresh water swimming, canoeing, kayaking, and
trail biking in warm areas
 Household exposure -- pet dogs, domesticated livestock, rainwater
catchment systems, and infected rodents

Leptospirosis is rare in the continental United States. Hawaii has the highest
number of cases in the United States.
Symptoms
Symptoms can take 2 - 26 days (average 10 days) to develop, and may include:

 Dry cough
 Fever
 Headache
 Muscle pain
 Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
 Shaking chills

Less common symptoms include:

 Abdominal pain
 Abnormal lung sounds
 Bone pain
 Conjunctivitis
 Enlarged lymph glands
 Enlarged spleen or liver
 Joint aches
 Muscle rigidity
 Muscle tenderness
 Skin rash
 Sore throat

Exams and Tests

The blood is tested for antibodies to the bacteria.
Other tests that may be done:

 Creatine kinase
 Liver enzymes
 Urinalysis
 White blood cell count

Treatment
Medications to treat leptospirosis include:

 Chloramphenicol
 Erythromycin
 Penicillins
 Tetracyclines

Complicated cases will need supportive care.

Outlook (Prognosis)
The outlook is generally good. However, a complicated case can be life-
threatening if it is not treated promptly.
Possible Complications

 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction when penicillin is given

 Meningitis
 Severe bleeding

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your health care provider if you have any symptoms of, or risk factors
for, leptospirosis.
Prevention
Avoid areas of stagnant water, especially in tropical climates. If you are
exposed to a high risk area, taking doxycycline may decrease your risk of
developing disease.