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MINIS,TRY OF HEALTH

MINISTRY OF WORK"~

HOUSING MANUAL 1'944

HIS l\1:kJESTY'1 STATIONERY O'FFICE T\VO 6j,HILLINGS NET

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M:INISTR. Y OF HI!AL'TH

PUBLICATIONS ON HOUSE DESIGN

RURAL HOUS1NO

R'eport of the Central Housing Advisory Committee. 1944. Is" (Is, 2d.)

DESIGN 'OF DWELLINGS

Report (if the Cent ral Housing Advis,ory Co.mmiUee. 1944. 'l s, (h. 2d.)

PR.IVATE ENTERPRISE HOUSING R.~flOl't ef the Central HQ!Usi:1l1ll: Advisory Committee. ]944, Is. (Is. 2~.)

MODEL BYE LA WS ~ SElUES IV. BUILDINGS. l~'38. h. 6d. (Is. :8d.)

TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING

'Model Clauses for use in. the PN.p"r~dOifi '(If Seheme:s {with. Not,es).

Hl39. 28. (1$. 2d .. )

(Note: The clauses are now under revision by th,= Ministry of 'fown and CQ1!Dintry PhllJuii:lg)

RURAL HOUSING MANUAL

HHII. ]s, 6d. (Is, 8d.)

.4 seleclirm tf)/pre-wtil' pubiicatiot.ls()11 house aes,jg1J amI layout is given betolw. 04# are iUl'W out ~ pr~~.

RI:PORf of the Commiue~ to' (!on$ider Building DoMlcue-lioo ill conR.CClioll wltb lhep:ro ... isieu of Dwcm:II~,~ for the Workil:l8 CLasses" TheTlldo.:I' WalltimiR.e~~.Locill. OGvemmco.t Board. 191 g,+

M"!NItIA.L 0111 11101 PrepiJlranon of Slate-aided HousinG Sch.emes:. Local (J'01;\emmmt Board. 19'19.

M",NUA:L OD the CoolO'eJ:s:ien of HiQuses ml;e,PI'al1!l fbr tlle 'WorkUilg CI!~. ~S"'9.

M)ll'!luAl. em 'UmlUfkwiSes aDd Unlread.tbf Areas. 1,919~2e.

TWi PUNS andEl~\I'aliO'J!Is IlIF H0\lUS d~~J!Ied. by the Mi!llstll' ,l,liBellhb .. l!n.O'.

Hotl:SllNG MllmJAL olltilu:: Design, 'C0'os:ImiIiCI:iO'JII SlIWRepWir or ])weUin&$.

m921. -

l\£-Ho1)5'1NO O'llEI!ATIONS, Typioo.l plans of Teaemears il:Rd oilier Dwell:iogs. ]933.

brnmm: AND' FIlWO!IL R'1iiPORililS &f fb~ 1!:leparlmJ:![I111~ Commtuce GO 1hl:'i Com:lni~ tiOtl (If Flats fill' the Workiog Classes. 1.9.U·7.

Hm:i9el WI!i LI"!(I! IN. 193f ..

s.o. C<tde No. 10454

MI, ISTR Y OF HEALTH I\r1.INISTR,Y OF WORKS

HOUSING MANUAL 1:944

LONDON

n.MS MAJESTY~8 STATIONElfV' OFlF.ICE

CONTETS,

• 'Y '0[1 UCT.u:n;;

SOOjle ill the M~lnII;ml, ~. SUIl'WYS, and Studies 1'l1ic Use er Sta.ndards .~

Th,e Loca]. AJiJtJ1.odty and. 'D::chniCit[ Advi:-ce, Studi~inP!)ogr-ess

J HOU.!l]NG AND ,sn~ PLAN:r~G The Neighbourhood ~

" a,yout of Sit'e$

De't:isity

Dwe.llil1llS ·of D]lferenit Sj~lt

H TO:E 'B:OUSl! n ... ITS SURROllNDINOS The HlJU;Se and the Road

S;pa.ce aboll!t liuHding;$ ,.,

P1anlmg and ,f'~~s-

rtf TUIl 'f:lilRlll'E.-B,:rn,DROOM HOUSE L:~.\lililg m tile l'Iou~e ~

711e- 'IIiroe HOIU.se Types Si~-afRooms

Poims in Plalimil1g

IV SO'Mf! Sl'.l'C·!AI. OCCIJIl"IIJoln Tht; Rural Worker

Sm'iI.1 Mdi La.r~ HousohoRds - Otd People

Smgle Pe~SOIlS

V FLATS PI:In:::lrng J:lls~alJaf~(').ns Jr'yp13S o,r 1Ilooks

VI E:f:I"U;::~IENCY U4 DUH.Dn"a DUli.!dillg Costs

M.Eliss Pil:Qd!UCUOIli

Strucu.lra[ Sfundal'ds

Sta:ndill'ds rOt Ma:liel'ials and Compmu::nts StalldaNl:s for Building Wad' -

VU NJ3w MATERH'i.l..S: ANJD MnuoDs WAy AI~eFriil,tivlil:. M~thods '!

Fr,am.ed Fio'UlJe$

Foamed Sfug Concreb;:

No· F'i:lies COIlc:ret1c

VIII THe llEA,T IN.sTAr.:I..AT'[O~ Fuels: and Applmnces *

Cookil1g

K.llom He-a.liIlg

Water Healmg

ClOi,he:'l, Wash in!::

SoHd 1'1;].[ StCl:l:'a,Ge

page 7 7 8 0;)

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17 17 19 20

21 2l 22 23

23 13 24

24 24 2j 26 17

17 2Si .28 29

HOUSING

IiANUAL

lX S:RRV~CES AN» E'Q:IUPMltNT Electricity and (J3S

Plumbing

K'itcilenEqwpme11t

Storage:

poge 36 ],7

::17 40

APPENDICES

A, SPACE SrANOAI\DS Bl.lild,inp 1!1I~d O~n Sp:'Iae:s Ro<!ds and -Palhs

Rooms, In D,:vellillg:;, -

Soma Drn:ails ,of House De;sign A:pp,lia.l!Il;@;s and Equipment

B, STRUCTURAL STANDARDS Sttfl1li1gtb~J[ld StabiJoity

R.esnstaw:;e to Pe.J"leliulilO'n of Muistu[\c Ther.lllaJlfiisulflUtlll

Sournd:~1ilSH]t'l1i:QIi

Fire Rlf:$i:stanre

:Ourabili ty <lrld Ease of Maintemmce Re-sistance to Vermin Iflr~ta:tion

9l 92 92 92 9:3

l Addi[Jg~D '" Village

.2. Ways of Liv£Dg i:ni. .'he HOU5e • 3 Ho't Walter Ins,tal'lati,t:Jins

4 'Sinilk lJEits,

SK.i:l:che:o, S,tol'a~ N,~l1tS

13 18 34-5 ;H~-9 4,]

ILL U STRA'TIONS

LAYOUT A D GROU~NG

6, TI:l"mce Holl.ses

1 Houses Sind ]fJa:1S

8 Oldl">eopl-e's n,,,,,ejUngs

9 Bl.!ilding Round Old n,ce,s 10, Flats w~lb Gardc:lilS

11 T~s' OlD, a ,HiJt

S'O(M:Il: D:l:UI(;ENT rUDU.EliU"IG 12: Houses by '!Co-okbam .R uml Dis,tric£. Council" B~. 1.3 N~~gbb~Qoc[' PJ!i!ooinlll

SJ~oPpi"fg Cemr-u

14 Speke Estate (Liverpoo] COlpc1<ltioiJ!l} • 1.5 Waillillg Esta:I~ (London COMly Conncil)

5] 51

GI'Olfpil.rg ,0/ Hi(}#$Il$ inR'eJ'atloll to Roads

Hi La,yOl1t in, C.n~·d~ac Farm. We!\vyn O:ilrden Ci~y 52

1''1 HO'u~ roand ,11, Greell.. Modic[ by students ofU\i'er.Il'OO,1 Ul'lf~,rsrly

School ,of Archi.lecHllt 52

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Il.L USl'.RATIONS

GroJ.iplng ()f Houses tIl ReilMi'(m ta Road'S gage

HOU.~~3 set hack from Road'. St_ Helier lEsm:!e, Mortim (Londo!} County

Council) jJ

] !ii' Road Bend. St Heller Estu¢:. Morden (Lon.don County Col,lf.lr:U"S3 _0 H QU'5CS· at Right-angles to Ro~d. H;arnmersmilh (Lond'on COllnty Coli.! neil) :53

Olllcn Spac(Js ill Cerllr.ai ~

:! I T~rraGl'l fronting 3. Paved Opel] Sl"lI1:le. KeolLmg;tQ£I (Du~hy ofCo:mwall) S<t 22 CreSCCD frontiru); a Paved o.pe:ll SP!l~. Ke:nlni:D8ton - 54

Prrsl!( I.'(1ti.(1.U of CXiS#flg Ti"e.~

23 Dj\l'~II1,D, ,ofBuildilllg line to' preserve an ecmsq Tree. W.etWYD Garde-iii.

City- ss

:!4 A 0 reen formed filtllld exisung T~',ees. s,Vvayth.lID£t, Southampton !is

i'Qlhs Qud P{1l,j'llf

::!j Wide Foon ... ay whh "free Pbnt.ins. We1wrn Garo~lI. CH), 36

26 Footpatih Access to HOIlS(\S n:nmd ;3 Gr-een. Roolampto.q 'CLOildoil

COIIDl'y Council) .::';6

FrOIll Gardens

_7 Uncrn:loSGd ]::'rollt. Gardens. Welwyn Garden (::ity 57' ~II f'ro:JiIt Gan;Ie;rn; f'reclo~d by Low Walh (BRldm;k Dis,U'kL Cow~.;;il. Hens,) :n

!nIlK Terrac'ES

29 Staverton. Devon ,5S:

30 Jl'adbIl.lrY. Ducks., (6ut::1cin,gham Rural Doisldot Council) S8

:1 ! R.oebl!mptotl (London Counrty Cmmcil) 58

Houses for rile Ttl'lI"ll Worker

31 Scmi-delaclled Houses, C:I:liEJsford (Lon.do.!! County CoLlncil) 59

:U Semj-de:mcllcd: Hou:oes. DO'nlli'[igtoll,~',enjD!lmll Rilrn1 nllil'~rict Coucil,

S!il!op) 5'

34 Terraoc HOUlle5: with Link Walk ~[1eb (LiwtPQol Corpo,rauon) Q)

35' Doorway Detail. Welw:ro Oard~f.1 azy 160'

36 St. Helie:r. Monhm. (London Ooun~y Council) 61

:3 7 Roeh .. ,mptoD (London Coanty Cou,ncil) 61

38 Terrace wilh flat J&oof (C.oventty Corporation) 62

39 :semJ·d~clled Hou~ with Flat Roofs. SWSllsea (WlU'time Ho !;iug for

J\.tmisrry of Sopply) ~ 62

40 Houses: by Cinmces(er Urbal] D'i!SmcE Cour.u;i!; Gtos, 63

4t ElQUS~ by Bebillglloll BorolJgh Council. ~es:IUrc 63

42 Long Vfe:w Sslatc (Liv~ool COllJO'm;t&on) 64

,43 Houses bl" Baldock Urn,all Distrk:[ .council, Harts, 64

Old PerSOIl3'· JJwdling:r

44 Si1l,gJc...s(:orey DloWllmil:S rOIil:i'id a oCourtyard (MIl'fU;hes(er CO'.I"POl1lti:OI:l) 6S

45 Single-Storey Dwellings shed amtms: other Housgs{BcblngtOD norou!l!h

Council, ChLlS!:itre) 6S

film/ref Iv" Agrlcu{tilft1( WOlI'keri : ~'YaJ'·tlme liniftl'1lif!IlCY Pn;gl'flmme

46 Cotta.ges. built W Whitew~b,eCl ~ri~ (B'order RllhmlllJ5tCti;;lt Olu~iJ.

Cumberland) 66

4,1 Cottages bl1iU in Col(1I.1!~I3:~d Brick whh Stoll= Doressin,F';s tCheh,ert~

ham Rllml Uistricl ,Coll!f)!:!il, cnos.J 5~

50

HOUSING MANUAL

4~, Cottages bla:ilt i11l. ICoJounva:sb.edi Bl'kJc\vitb 'lbatched Roof {lloru;~oD RUM Dlstitid CQUncil" !)G.von) -

,49- Cou~, bll.il:t in Sto.nc,Coloured CQI1~'0te Blocks witb Thatched Rio-of

(W;i~r 3.'llLd \' . esltmrry Rural District Council, W,ilts,) '0 Houses by Ca.rdiff Ruml District COLlTIcil. GJalIiOl"g:al'l1 51 Ho~ by B:ideford Rl'Ilral DiStrict Cowell. De'\fOA

52 Hou!>eS by W,ar[!'lillster ll'ild West.\nI[J;· R1l!r.d District C'oum;:il, Wlits. - 53 Houses ib]l W!i:Us Rural D&s.1:not Coum:iI, 5lp,1l1e1'SO't

Blocks of Fl(1fs

54· Tl:lr&~ andFoll~StotGY Blocks. KeImir'lgtol1 - ss Three-S~orell Blocb, Liruillcie. Odoro

56 Three-StOrey Blocks (li1'etpooJ CQ'tpora,tlofl)

57 Fj,w.stnrt.y lJloc'k-:s, Cli~,rd, Pair!;; (L,ondoll COtIlll'~Y COWl'll, - 58 Fi:ve-S.wlley :H1o<;k,s, Loug'Q:bomlJ:gh F;:J.lIk (Guhmw. Tl'Ust,).

59 H\I\e-S,'ro-.Iley 1I1ooks. 'Westboume Grove. I.,ollldon (Gas Ligb;t Imd Coke Co. Uti.)

~L~N ARRANGEMENTS Tlu!KildieJI-Livillg Ro(ml How;e'

&l-6J "r1ii.I"£C,Bcdn>om HmtSeS

VIe Working' Kilchfm House'

(12.-6-1 Three-Bedroom HOllses

11S:.691 Truee and FOlIif-Bedroom HOIll:Se5 70-711br~.lledwnm Houses

72 .A l'¥o-Bedro;o1n Il:o\1~e

'LIre Dining' Kite/uIII HOllse 73~76 'Ihree.-lIooiOom HoUISCS 17' A Two~De:droom Fklljsc'

Small Dwdlil.rg$ ,(lIld Fklts 78-81 Old PeoplejsDw~mlJ,gs

82 Flal:S in l"wo-Sw:rey Blllcks ~ 83 A Maisollette

84~S7 Flal's In. T1rree-l-St:CIii'ey 13:tocks- 88-&] FJats m Hi_gb Blocks -

92-93, The Bmer~'nc:y [)\veUinG

TIlt: ComJW£ite Hent lUi/it

94 'l'wo sides ,of the Compos.il!e IUl]iJt

9S Uni,ts, iii 'lhe Emergency Factmy Made JIlU!ll!':la!.I.'lM 96 Units in a l)eiJl1Qllistta(ion Flat

Ollle'r rI'lil'S

97 The Bctiroom Unh ~

98 The 1EIooromn Uni,t ~ns'!alled - Y9 A Kirchern.Il<l,uu·oom Urul

tOo A H~'t:ung.Su,~'e Unit HU A Ki'whe:n Unit

102 /it.. IG~cl'nen UriU illlstalll~d

67

67 611 68,

W 69

10 70 7l 71 n

75-1 1'1 78 78

79-&1 8~

81 82 82 82-3 84 85

HOIUSINGMANUAL 1944

INTRonUCTlfON

SCOPE OF 1'HS MANUAL

S HORT~ m-W pr,ogmmmes for bouse "Ilild.illig cO'li\erillglh~ transitional. period of two ya..vs afierth-e end! of tbe war in. EU!fgp'~ have already booD dta,\!I'I] up. _ I A u:!]lo"bies ~ave iJ.cq~d or are acq:uirin.g tbe: il,ec:e-ssary stl:cs,; the ronstm:ctiQD of looadsand SeweN. imd 'in some caSf:lStke, prorisioll of such ptlb~.ic services as water" dearldty,. a!IJidg-as" ils bdog carried oet during too prese.II'l y.eaf. 'Thus, if the collrne of .the: war pemliil'S, It wi] be p.~]blelo make;!!, start ill: f 943: with the aot1!l31 bull'ding (If bOU5~ •. 1lo,ll.6i'ri,g Marmol' .~ 944 is iJ:lileillded tarthe, g!llidOlru:::e: ,of Jo.c:a.l·G:lJJthlO'nlies ,;UIJ.'1 albers OOllCl1u'llildi. n 'has 'been prepared joil1ltly by the MiBi:s'uy of Dealt'll and 'the

linisUjl of \VIO'iks, The. Minislry of Fucl and Po,wer bas been cOIl~u1ted upon maUus m whl:ctl it has a; di!l'cct ~1:II1.e:i'es,t.:lin(l tlle. Mmlllal' indude'S m1i~edml cOIlih:',ibu~ed by tha:t Depan~l'd. The M1n:isuYQf Towill :a,n([ <COUDtry' PbUlll1iIQ.;g h<as ad!\I'j~ 'Olil :m1iJU:e@ ..,f site p1.'IDfli.Ijg and JayOI!l~ fI

lmforma,tioDi on 'the layou:t ana, phumms: ,of .ilQWi~ bas, bei3n giYl\1l in! previo'Lis manuals Issued by the Muwl_ry of Health, P:arJ:licl!lJac refe.re.ncc mR;.r Oe·ma.de to tille HfN1Sblg M~lllQl an llie J)'f:Sigfl'. Cow,m.l.ct/IJJ7 aim i?Japa11' of lJW(Jllhlf;~ (i£slIcd ln "] 927 and reprillted kt ]9J4) ami. to tile R_'nrol Hourillg Mamwl Issued ill ljli,}8. II] gemmiLI tho guidElince m Ui.ese IP.Il:lllu;J:ls stlll hQkI~ fliooo; siQ:ce most of it has now been absorbed in.to C"",nent p,rn'Cti';ce., ~t £s not propweo. to go ovwthe oom~ ground agaio ~Ili the f'olliow,ingpwgeS. .llor~fl!g M(Uluall~44 also g'iv:es some advice 0liI [he p.lli!Dlli~g ,O'f mats, and. a .Few typical pLans ,0001iC included. The ,~tiol1S 011 cOllStmC:liol1,.and mare espeC'hl~y Ole' iUustratiws and Appef:idJi~ reflltill,s re tbrun. are lllil:e-flded for' die aoS,-sioliLan'Ce ef il;EhHecls and othEr~echn:k.d, readers, For reasons whk:h <Ire ex,p13~.IJ.e.(Ibeilo'icv. the delail~d aclivil:C on eonstrll'Ction ,and i![)~talll!ttioltlS is cOlllill.ed 1)0. .bo~ and to ~wos storey blocks of 'fials, the ,construction 01' which is D1(jstly similar ~o' tilat or liJouses. [2

The mformaJt'ioD gi~, here 00 oomlru.ctjot'l"illst~1!aJtf0Il3 aed ,eq_-mpmSlitit 13 :!lO,t @ldIa,l[Ultivcaod :ruf~re.Il~ should be mill&: to tJIle !o'1ui,Ol!lS Acts of Parli:;ni1(!lltc btclaW'S.. I!.nd amer stattllory regulations illf~n.g 'bu[lding as well as to [ielievi!lnl 9ritish StaIildar.d§.ilI!1l:1 Brjtffi,1iI. Staod!ard Codllli ,ofPract.ke. Much of the i'Hforma:tioD 00. maleriab and, comtl:liCcloll'i _Iii~ been prepared by. ot wiilith~ ~l5l:anCe ,o.f, fttl!!, SuiId.i[lg R,eseal'cb StatiOf:l of (he: D,epllrtmcllIt of Sdel1ltitie a:nd Indiustri:1l R~sG.\'in:'1i.. which also undertook a. ge,ll.crai scOltiny of the lectmicai A[lIpelidioes" 1[3

S,tm,VE;!lSAND' STUDIES

In Older 't,o obtain '!he fullest amI! moSt 1J.p.to.da~e adVLre 'befOI~ ,prepa:[illg 1ft!) PR:SCllt .Mt11mal, tbe Minister ,of Hea:ltll MqOO1ltoo his Qm:I:!'a.1 Housing Advixcq OJ)J[im]u~ t010lNlsider th-e ~llm] qllestliM OlE [be design Qf dwellings. A 5:ubCooomiuee, undcr '1lIe CbirmaJ:lsbip.- ,of' J..Oil'dI Dud!ey. was <LPp'oi[f~ ·'[0 make reoo:mmendatiol1S as ta the dcsi:gn, pJ<I!DOinc" Jay.oll.t., standards of COllstruction, alld, equiJmrent of dwecllillgs forth'\> pwple tilrol.lghotlt llieooll.n.by.· j, This Sub-COmm:1u~ oomicdlout, a, compmb~DSivtm,'I"esligati()n liEd bMr,d~ ~dence f:rom <11. very n!lfa.Q lIll~nber

7

[4 ·,81

HOUSING MA,NlJIAL

(If otganisaI"ion:~ ,and persom willii'm inte['~ lin ho,)[lSmg. Muth ,01 the e;llidl91oc: iJlJustr,!lted ttUlI housewife 's, or' • "con91l:1i'I:'letr' • point laf'view. The report, of the Sub· IComt-ml~ was adopt.ed by !be ,mam Committee,alld. has beenpubtished under ther tWe De$!g:II: of D .... "'lilWs.1 The. 'report Is a most valuable dOClllllim.tw'Mch Mil be of grc.at lo,terest 10 local ::ulIlhoriti.es ;:!;IeU]. their o,ffio{tl'S. plarticula:rly inlhfl stress wbich it Ilirs ,00 Ih.oholLsev;.rnlC·$ poiIlt 'of vie;w. a, considtlxllItiDil1 wllich should always be p~s;senl in tilt!; mlIlds of those concerned in the de&lgJ.! of dwe'llin~. "[1re~S!O:Ol'lUll.eoda'~ tiO,as mnde rn the l'e'port fQm1 the I:la~i.s of much of Ibe. pres.efliL Hem/tol., [4

On,lihe tec,hnicaJ side. then: was an e-vw gre.1tcr nee.d for up-to-date,i.1iIf0T'!l18:tion.

Espe-e:i£lil,.. it ll,l".iS reali!ilw lhllft ir.tdtl5tli.es de'll0!opi,ng Ile'o" m~tcri1!lslW.d, me,tbods were too otl(in proceet;ling widfout a properly rd,efinat.l objectiw in view" amd lbat much lof their' work would be [U1Ig,:l10ry u'clc.ss lhe pr.nclicaJ requireme.:lltcS ~,o ~ met lWII~ deafly 'and aocurntdy stated. A.ccordfugly the Ministet Df Worb, wllo 11ad milllgJl;nned a CO'1U]lrelrensiw: scli!eme for the t.echnical s.tudy of 'pQsl"war ibuiHtingproblsms. )lOO:Posed to lJl:ie Ministei ,o;fHeilUh MId tile Secretary of Slate for Scotland mejoil'1J( 3,p.pOmtllldt, of Eli Committee Oal House Oms1ructiof.l, whlcb in due OOWS~ was set up with Su;' O~orge BUIt as Cbairman. ih~ first 'l'eiPoflOf 'this, Comrnitt,e;e waS, published in Marth 1944 ulildcr Hi!, tm~ HO'll!>e COI,rstrm::IfOI,I.'J. Tile report. contains a crittcal assesrotelilt of':~ Illlifllhe:r of ake:mativemetltods of COf}&tru,Ctioil. and makes r«olIllll,endatio,il!l D to desiian and wl:lrk.moos'lIip ill respcc,t of some Q/' the~ methods that axe .~~ 015; having ad,vanoed bey<;md tbs experlnumtal stage, [5,

As, a result o.f these [\~mmendatiol1s, tlile, NliniSt:er or Woiks IlWi amJ~~dl for a: group of deluo,nsU"llMIn bouS'eS t·o be: 'erected Oil a site on the NorthoU Grn~ge. 'I2~ta~~" Nortflolt. ~1id!dl.e&eiK.. Detailed records of costs; ami 1ll!Ul"holil"S of labour' are ooimg ke.pt for tilese, iJollis;e$, F01Purpos:eS of oomp:(u:isol'l,nomm:l .brick ho'Uses were bwtt ~t tile sametim.e, 50 that similar records mi~t hit bpl. Thls and 100ther WO\I'lnI\tion gathered during llie building <If u.~ dem o'Dstmti'oll houses w:m be made 3va:iIaMe 'in due CQUr:s:e. [6

In 1 ~42 the senior prol1essiormi iu,tituti.oll$ of 31!ohilects :Oiod e!l~l'Joomcol1lhinedi' with the eIlCOUIagemem err the; Minister of \Narks .and uru'll.:W his, spollSof!llip. to form the Codes of Practice Commj(teeFor <Civil EnsiTlEerrng, Public Works. Bllilding and Cons'l'n'!ctionliJWDi'k. The 'PI!i1POSt:l or the Commiuee is~o rormu1la'~e!l. com,pTete ~l'ies of codes of g.o<ld practic:e audw()rkmansbip harvilig '1M llUPPOri. and 8'P1ROva] of 1111 mWMSlts ,coDCerned. Like tbe Bun ,Colllmhtee, the <Godesof PradiClc CommiU~ lWls ,tbe: conaborath:m O'f IDe Building Resemt'l11 Station or the .Department ,O'f Sr:i~liltlfl.c: am:'! In[lIJ.S~ R.esearch \",'bose accamwa,lea knowled~ aDd axperienoe ibasbj:eo pl1lccci at lIS diispos1'l1. The rust :resuilt of '~e widcly OJ"<lpcmdi'IC studi'C!i \vas Hile pubrication in May" 1944" forpu:rpQscs of discussioll,. of sama provnsi,oll'1I1 cilarpt,ers of tile Code of FWlctiomd RiU!1:!iremenrm of Bu.!ldings; OtIlitr c:bapf.ar!l. and codes at'Ii'i k! folklw. The description of lilIUc~maJ, standanls set f01"tb. in Appendb: 'DO of 'this, Man~l is ~m1Jy based 0'11 IDC'reco,.mIDelldarions con:tained in tliI.e,se docwntllts LUJdI io the earlier publicatioo HOIISe CDflS~'rI~Cli,(iIl,. [1

THE USE OF SYANDAR...DS

The Standards eo.mwUee,. unde-r Ult! Oll.irmarn&mp of Mr'. SYdiW;Y Tatc'he1l.

F .. II..l.D.A., was appoill;l:ed b)' the Mininer O'f Works 1'0 study the app1i~don o·:f S'tan~

1 DuJ~1I .gl .[)w'(!,lli'ftfJ"S,. TIle Report l~ tht Cent');at Housing, Ad,"'i!lorj' OlmmiueQ ,of tlle Sull-Cornmi,tt~ Oil tlle D~$igII or nwc'rlings. PubliBhoo for the Mjnistry 01 H~a1l1il 'b,y KM. SUltio.n!:1)' Office; prroe 1 $ •. 1Ie.t,post free ls, 2111.

~ Holia~ CorISI\fh't'tioli. Tbe: Report of the Oomrninee 'on House Q:rrutCil£:l:io!:'!. (post-Wl'..i' ::Swlding Snudies, No, •. 1). Pl!.lbl1lslil.«1J for Ute Mil1iS'1ry,' ,of Works by H.M. 3!a.tiollery Olilb ; [lIice 25. !let, .I'05E free 211. 3d.

a

IN TROD UC1' ~ON

[S- Hl]

_ ,!ding \\lith theparticIlJm:' ,objGcr of CIl5tl:ri:Il~eoo:ilomIca' use of m"nerials in the -V,"3:f period, together 'With simplified ;Iud speedier proeedi'lru or co.nstnU::tiOIi •. Siud, .. e:re\1i" possi'biu, improved quality and desii.cR. T!le Committee is re~nl6Se.ntathre of ~. local gQwmm~fil. tb~ professions, lind various other inter"CS'ts, eoncerned, :.. 1;II:u.nbe:r orf :s'tIi1idil:rn~ [GCOii[iwendcd b,Y me CommiHee Mid 1l0~Y being formula!ed

delcil b}· U@ Britiih 8biirnda:rds, IostitL:D tiOll: am mferred to ilL1 lh'is Mantral. They are set out DlorefliJly i:n the Goll'lmiUOO;'Is fil'lt ~mye.ss xPO'f't rece[l~Jf publisbe~, under the title TlIe Use of Swtmaard;s Ilf lJuUdinl].3 The ,adoption of seuda1it1s will mlllbre :m 'Om.J:I'l ec.onom1es to' be made in the purebase of es~tial. ~U!pplies for hmlShl!!l', and

geneI;[]J~'y lead l(lgt,ea:ler speed and e.ll1dency in ceastruetlon, In many ~ the of standard prodl!lcts. ""m mean' 'Lhat more andMlt~req_l!IjjpmC'.n:t call be included

fudl] would have been possible by the order IDethods. [8

Special inrerest aUaches toll the standards to be adopted for hea:l.applmnces, DelUding J:ppl.iam:cs for ,ooOlcing, ;ooom limatillg, aed wate-r heatililg. It is 'ooIDlllm:lly k[lo\mlhal me ecol1ond~J ,,md ,MIiclIl,nt. '1iSe of fuel in the medern dwelling has been ~he Sll!bjLWt or COl1sidie:r:dlttl i~v~tigaH'olil dLllring recent ~.m., The rc51.1~ts of these jq,,,'csligatiQIIS l1!,e now gradually becOll:l~Pg It\lEltiable: ~[! the fo'fln of lJ.ppl1llJ1ce~ ca,]'Jab~~ of p,rodudn.& ~ same or. !I. N'I28!:er amount of h,ea1l. cmt ,of a smaller qU-<l:ntity of fue1. As FM as ootid ful·bumiin8 ~]tlP~ i:;m~ .:iI!e con~mctl" WJ:i.e1l an appliance. eonsemes Hwl m~l!:e

:ienUy and more complete!)'. them .is fe:ss ml!ri!>S.ion of smoke. Sorm. of '!he solid Iuel bClimng 1lI,e<lt appMnres discusse~ in (his Mammi lire of this 11 ish clliicil!nc,y t,ype,

no in the mteRSl of smoke ab.ate:n:tt::llt as, weill as of effideHC)' i,t il> of the wcatlo~t oopormlloe that appliallces used in. bOllsingshaU be selected, from lliis, range. DoUI dill'beIlsionail ,and pl9'foI'lnllIl()(l SiI:lhQc'I.anlc5 ar,O roqllLire.d far :rueL~bummg appli:m,cf's.. Some: WlUel'liiotrud itbn&tds !lave alfl!a.dy OO~l! laid down and specilk:ation £I!luwe,rs me .Iisted in thi:; MamlQ,l. At the 'ill'vi:tati:OII. 'of '!;be G ove:mlllellt, ~he: D';,itis.h SUUIdardsl.rn;timl:iollj wi'tb the MSBtMcs Q'f tlro indus:£r.ics cor,ccrned, are dmwiog lip perfol'mii!!1-Qf.:. stMlda:Fd~ 'Which will I!:!e publisilm from. time to [il],l~ ~ tIle Fuel RJ~h Stntil)'lli~e s·tudyilllg th.e w'ho]e q:l<I.e:&tiof! ,oft~t.wg r~ ~p.I,la.ntlcs. [9'

THE LOCAL AilIJTRORl'IY AND TE.CHN1CAL, ADVICE

Of' the,~hm~ J)ll'oblelUs deelt with iii this .si!,dam11.li tl1.~re are some. puticularly those: eonaeeied with standards 'of accommodatlcu, COl'IitnlCtiOIl" ,e.qui,p~nt,and FiI ']jilllg, en whlch !iptcilic advice can be givell. There all'e Qthe.fS\. plUiticlllady lh~~ C'-otll'lec~ed with thfl tay~::lU!tofsitcS and Ute pJan:IlIDl:!l ofll ilUSCS, Oil 'which oe'JIl[;II guidance calIDot be so 'specilk becaase stlcces'!i nUJ:.'i[ depend on the skill, knowledge" al1.djlLldgmellt ~1ao1lVl.t j,ln. tbe appli.c<lUOO @f genera] pril'lcil)les~o ,<IC pa:rticulltr site. This musr ~ left to the :person [0 whom the des],gn of the scheme is ~lrJJstec!. Success'ive M nnis(ers of IH~lth haw dJr.",.~)ro iltiEIltkml ~ the: imporhmce..or t'mpw;Ylng qw:il~fi~d l1:1'ichit~b on hO'lilsing worl(. TM Ji'Ql!nt 'bilS iboon ftlfth~rst.ress.ed ill, the two m;:'M,1 ~ypubli$hed, reporls oFtnecentl"alHou:rJlIC Advisory Cornj]]iu~, DeJlgil 1)/ D ~velt1l1,{Js ;and! Ruml flOtl3ing~. It. is ~nlia.l that the hOlllli1lg &:hemespromored by locat au:thon,lies should set a good] staIld1i!~ for the co UllUy" ,as .ma.!il)' have a1re."u:I~' done, and that this ~tllDdard shOLild apply. not only to' a~Qmmod.ll.LioJj; 8lld CCiilstmctlon whkhcaf.llaTg~ly be, proscribed. IDUl, alse (0' qucsliclIlS of a!"ra'llgem~nl, tasffi" and harmony with t~ SU'ITOUIlrnDItS, whIch largely depend 011 professional, knllil.vlooge and its right app,lication.

I Tim Use. of Sltllidards til Bi~ilaing:. The 'First PCCll~~ !tejlwt .or tile" StiJiodor'!:ls Qommi~wc.

PubliShed ror Ihe Mi'niS'lry (if Works by H..M. SmtiO'oofol!' Offl'Oe- " price 6d •. 'lifet, post free 'iii. 4 Rural .H.artJ{IlK. l'il~ Report liD 'the Central HOI.l:iirng Advi:sory Comm.iUee of the Ruml Iiou~iM: S'ub-O;nnl'l1ittre .•. Published .for the Mi[llistry ,of Jlc.dO:! 'by H.IVr. St~'tiQll~ry 0:I1l00 ; p:rice I s~ mel,. post [;rec J s, 2'dl,

HOUSI.NG lU,NUA

The Services of a: 'ql.l1O![ified archi,tect should l.11el'-do'lle 'bel s\t(Ured by 10c";I11. nUaoti'lies, for their hollsm.g, schWas.. [lO

V/lfI.1etc. <!Inarchltect bss been appomb:d. it is of spedaJ ~Itance tllat there s:bQu1d be effective co:-CIperalioll between ]rim, a[ld ilM: s!iLn'C:yor :1:0 the [«:;'II aliltbodly. The arebile(:it 'owli gaji]se; tha.tthe.sur'l'e}\M knows nu~. l0Cil4 charmcrerfstiC.s3nd diiliicliIJties of the sllte, alld ~he; dt'll:IllIlnds \?o'Itich ma,y be ,tm!l;losed Ol!'l UlclayoUlI, by lievel:s', ecx!sting servioes,the llatl1.rre or '!hegrollind; etc'., and that 1m 'will ,Q'fle:ra. be.,esiJ:Klnsib~e ror the I:I'l!amt,ef.Lance of tiLl: estate. Tbe SUf'\'GJ(O! ;,vill1 m;ognille th.a:t btiildillgs and 'tilleiJr a,pprQi.Il~hes, ~'Ilould 00 tbought of f.ogellier, tba,tEhe hOIlSGS are UIi!' mos.t impoftaDt part ,of [he. i(:h>e'l11'ei.I:hM tl1¢ roads :aodsewe:rn a.nl to S~ the b.o,uses, and !t1iJat hO\ve~'tl 'efficiellt Ih,(t l'a:YOlit, maybe from <l1Il ~mlil;lL}(id.l.'lg' ]Joint 100f !li~y. where all arcl:litwis designing ti:J~~.the 'best result w.mnot be achj~vcd if the ~ite plan is dete,rmined widUJil't bis, oo.-opero:liofl. {II

STUDIES IN PROGR_ESS

Advice on a n'um'ber of s11lib~,e;;;ts whiL!liii iio.. yarious ~:!i,ons CiOWdoot pr,operly Il;w dealt with :if:l the Pf~l:'It M'ani'fa!\v.iI!I ba given, if m·~a:ry., m. publi.cadollS t,o. 'be [~edIRll!"r. [1.2 The Mjnisny 'of T,o",'" and COlmWPhmmrliS ]w in 'pf~araQOl'i a I.'lu.blkatiqn Oill roquil'em.e:_n,t,s :FartoWD. andneicJ:'ibol!!1rhooCi p,lallll!illg:; al1d 'the selection 0IF.s1tes. [13

Provcisi;onal infQ:rm3,tiotl on ;ijo.me nClW materials and methods for bouse CQllStmc.liclll wiU be found ~G Section VB and :if! APPmldix C.'I1m pubUcartion Q.f flllletliechnicaiJ, ,g&l'idM~ Dlust Q.;'vait,th~compl.edOD. of the MWstry 'ef Wl.u'b;· ,study ·of UtI!! wriow demCl115trn,ti:olil ,ho1!1ii¢s and .of Uli!! ~p~rimellilalho1i!se5ll1ow ~g: C(l;astmc~ed by a numbeI' of commercial undertakings. These 'homes, wil'l be crltiealb examined. 'lIDdi ,conlm.e[U~ liIil(;l!1. by the'! Burt IComrniUee in :l'w1lIe t reporl$ to l1le pU:b]jsh~d. [14

Tll£' ~tal IDrob!ems of flat CQ[lstno~tion n:re. also heiD! studie:d by tile Blurt Com,., ,min~, 'iNihlchhas ~n ask~d by 'the three Minful¢rS concerned ,. ,to examine ili~ fCCOHittilmd.a!i(!I1s, concerning the oill1swd;ion of fla~, made by tl1J.e Cen!tral. HORsing; Ad'll'jso~ Committee :and the Sootti$h Bo.usi:J:Ig Advisozy ,Comflltuec: to review dle ind.i.ngs of t.he. z...'uniiSl"ry of .E-Ie:ildl De:parlmel!i.tal CommiUee. in 1935 ailld ID931 :; ~nd to advise: HiS 110 the roos:~ 'effic:ie<lIlt ,3nd econoIllk:a.1 mef'F!.ods of ctJmtru'Ctiol'lin rel<1lii01l, to t]].I!i V'arious tj'J,'le$ ,of la'ls, 3,lld in paftkular to jO:\l\e:M;.Gfl~e wl1ethef' b~' <IllY mea.ns 'me cost ofRmt 'CQJ:lsil:mc:rJiOI'l ~ be bro.l!Ight ml,o c'tQ~r .reJatiooohip widl (he ClOS.t of cmillinary llomi:ii,g. '" Adi ... lee 01:1 the COIls,truclil:m of ibl.ock.$ of tlats will bep!IJbiished ,ag ,R SlJipplclllen:t ,tiO, IDe Murmol ,,,,he,nthe Ministers have :r~i.ved and conoS'i*red the findings 'of the Cornmitlee. [Ii

1. HOUSING AND SITE P'LAN ING

'IHlIE. NlncnmSmmOOD'

WHERE, hig ,GlUdlO'riues m'U!l,t :b'lli:ld a very Ia:rFDumbBr of IiIQW liIouse-s~ it Iiml¥ be possible to plan it IlBW self~ontaintd cm:mIluuity baoWd on a new cenlI~ of ~p]oyme.nt. In su-ch ,3: oomnnJl!Iii~,y (IDe reg;;J!rdmllisit ~ pwd to u. t1Stcial, s:aci:a1;, 'educarwnal. and 'recreati,orrn] centres ,iilP('I their rehu.jons 100 the: I1~W e.-elopmell't as ",rellas to iicCOliI:1rmodatkmt:'QI" die dilfere.nt cliass.es ofpeopJewho mat,!

po a we[l.baila.iiic~d residential nei~lbol:lriw(Jd. Tlie scilC'!lle must. not be p!rnlned slimpl)' ;;0.; a dOl'Mit,O'ry witiElout a ll!COgnisaO:te ootItte; :it sJ)ouldmcludic shopping facUilie;s. ~hoo~ chllICChes. lind tiEle oth,e.r cornmumd IbiUiMil:l.!lS fre~!u~nted ill e,~a)" ur~ so as 'Ulr m~t Pi'RCtJ."caI needs <rnd a,t ,tl:i.e samelimC! le."ld to ,3: seeee of Ileighbowliil'less among the farnili.es wllQ' go t,o' I h.r,e tber¢., SOil:J,C; ,ar Ih~e fnci.li,uIC,S, maybe' pr,o.vlded 0:1' the local J.iltlIority. ,others bydiffelient or,~llisIl,t.ioJliS OlE by priWIIe tmteFPcise, but whichever the methoo. mrery ,e:lfort ,5brn.l1d be .ma:d-e 'too enSlne (bat so far as possihl0 'the nwm!.'jes ace teady by the time the bulk of tile nol.lws rure eeeupied, Tlli,c am~ceOiI' .SlJiC:h fadlI:lies ,:H '~liIe outse>t ,ime'l(ita.b!y '~llSeS discontent afiiOID',!; die tp:Rfln'l;!; Mid gh'e;s tha .IHWi' ,oommuphy ,('I bad s1art. A J;lQPu:laJt,ioll ofrou,ghly 5,.000 'mo mO,.()OOaflbr&:EI COIllve;n:lieIlt basis 'b'l Il nei~ltboW:hood. In SU'l;:baliild~b!lI.I!r'llood mere snO!ldd be II vatiel}, 'of fwmbi' t;:l'Pes: di~g no e}l~erie!'lre and OtlJtJ:ook ,RS well ,:1I!s.:iill slse, n ls l:ttrg.e ,emo11il1n. eo requme a;nd sllI.pporta. faiely c(lmple~e r.1l)Lge of cOlllrn1!lIla1i facilities and yet small moll.Sh '1lObrillg every M'U~ witW.ll, easy diSitai!!D"~ of tile, main miiglitholHhood ~hoppl:mI:S illUI. SO~ CCj]/tce:, It is also a. cOIl!o'ellkntWljt an which to basa lire iPII'ovi&ion of ~hoo'ls, [l'ti

Where Ule scnleof;prqjooted bu.ildilllg ojmmliom; ~ likely to lC$ult till tile estfiblislllil'teIlit of ,s. new neigl'liJOlJrh.aod, t.he broad outlillGS of Ule neigihboLllI'boodl~ the l~tiollor hOllSell), sch.ooo:s. inil ,other roc1a1 centres. MJO;P5' and otbeJ: C1:lUllmiUCia] kIiI~iNI~ !'i1!ld of iinduS<tI)' Wl:'liifC pr,Qvjslon ro[" wdllsby js to be made, s.oo'l!Ild be planned from IDe: 01lltset, eiVel:l if o.n:b'<IpO-llwn f5 ~o be buUf at, '0'I],w aod. SQ'.lI"i'e of th~ bLiil1dif.i1g5 are 'to be '~kldby persons oth~ 'Iha:..o the 3.1I1Uiori'l:y. Tt~e :,uUbodty must cOJJ!Sl:ill bcforer ~d. tl:i!o;sc g;;esp()ll1~i.·bJe fo.r the [ptlJbLic utility serl,lllCC$ aad fm the I'l:l'ovis~of.l of 'ed'll.C<luO:I1Iii'l1. healilh, aad s.otial services, <rnd ascertaill llu:, need fur fina, Pl'ac.t.1cabili:ly of pt1l)Vjdil!lg them. It w,ill u$!.i..'llly b[i most ,conwniell~, for the wiJole or the la:nd reqo~f@d. to be, pUrChased, by tJile !loMing; 1l1!fI:hority I arra:ngemellts. hemg m"de as neCCiSiIifY fur appropriation for otherpW'p.o,se.!l. [J.,

Wi~b mosL lecal a!J!lhor:li:ies the :s.ca:rc or hO'l1llSing operatiomis not likely to lire so large as to [lesuU in. 'the erearion ora !leW ocighbow'oood with. a population ofan.ytbjng approachiing '5~OOl The mel'" h,o'UsiTlg siie mny well, l1o,we:w:t. be ef ~~h lit\ size as '~O render the e.xisling SQcial and cdu"ln!iO:llal fad.litlcs il'ILkevicinity madegU[I'e for the m.cfC1l.Sed pop1l!:£ati.o!!l. In Ilt~!m.£; tlle S'iteill COt:ls,yUR'tial'l w.ith Ute: p.laruli:l'lg ailll:ho.rily" Cii[fetu~ :!tudy sllo'lJ~d lle given to ilts ,re:falioll to cl'd$ting centres afpo,Pula.fiof.l. It is '1!I]l;d~jr~b'le thalt th!:lie 8h()~:ld be ,o.ewl.oped, :R mew ,e$Ia'kl ,of a ,s~ wldctl is i:nsuftlcier.U to justify (ne pl)ovillioEi ,of separa:lc~ socia] and cdllCational fa,cilities or its own, lIndi SQ' s:it~as I~O be l.so.lOl't'ed fl)o;m and utlsb.te toparticipa~:e m. ei'&lioG facili'rtes. The <lJuthodty ~o,u~d aim at acquiriD~ a: site, whi.cb whe:n de\l\e!CJP"..iI would '00 an addltlon w,3IId cou'ld be ,wCOIpomt:ed in an e,xiS'ling cen'lre of po-pula.tioll in sltlcn a way (bat tba· n:ew3Sazy is:erviOiiS mnd atmnities CilnreaJdily be luade Olv,l1Ii1a.lbi.c'. SometM[jl~S m~ <EII(]dli,tiol1. to dle, poPulation ma particular area may in'lllolVl} ,e)(tei'iS100 ·of e~till,g ~rvjces1 sQ"r.IlIctimes n Imty be just efiOlllgh 'to\V<liITant Ihe ~t<tbli8b_me:1lI,t of ii, [Jew servib:C:. [18

nis importoot tiud the same ead)' consultation \loi:th oth~1' ;~nlJiiN:s,u; should! tallm prace.as ~ 5usgcswd 'whcnlli'e e;S[ablisbmll[1iI or a rQeW' meighbourhoQd is in QIleSaon"

:II

R,ECENT

FIG. 12. Heuses by Coolkham R'Yr;a'l IDistrlct CQIUidl, Serb,

The geJ:le'rnl adv]ce gi\I\e.:D. in S~don II and ,cbewhere in this Mwural is here :iIJ[lS:lrat~d byrefercnce :aQ, cx«utoo, work. The 48pilOt:ogmphllreproduced, 0'11 fuI'S aad follo\!!oi:llg ~ages were C!b.osen bccau~ in. ~ncb pbotograph Ul.em is e%,~Rlplil1ed 5-ot1'1eprinciple of siti.1l8. WOllpmg Oil desiGII to which it I;S de:sirred to QU, it'UentioD. W.ith tbe ,e;.:\;.Wpt!oti ·of Fic;.~, 7. aplwtol8:rn:ph 'Of a model, the subjects areal! 'existl:l!,S buiIdin:g5.

Most of the mUiSlradomi ar~ of lecal alltiJ;O'rity housing: CIlmled out in vatieus parts >or England and Wales bLifove tire war. Figs. 38 and ,39' arc of wartime rndustria] bou-'S'ins,an.d Figs.. 46 110 ,53 show ii, iii.umber of house,s, for ,a,gdcultuml, work:ers buill ulld,ertne 1.943 wanime 'eme:rgenq !;ll'llgr:am:m", 1I~ Ii!. ~umoor of lll,ese "",airtime iHwllratoons th@ i.'l.>ck of trees Bifid bodgecs is part.iol!l.lady [I,Odceable. U maybe ~ssi.l:med tlmt Hmim:portnnre of ,careful pla:nlifl!g,to \v'hicl1rer~1m,OO is, made ln para.graph 42 of this MOJ!ual, bas ]lot: been ove41o[)li:ed by Uw atulloriries r-espons:ible. and that in diue tilne' thcsettil:l;g of Lae heuses ~1lI. :folr ,exampl.e, Figs., 38: and 39. wiU CODIC t.o' rese,mbJe ti1a(, show.n .ill Figs. 2'7 and 3 ~ i}lIldio. others amGDl,i!: the older examples.

NEJGHBOUIRHOOD :PLANNING

FIG. 13. Aerial view of Hampstead GardC:fl Suburb. _ An eady e,xiI,mple, of neig,nbomiloodi pilili:f1IIling, ill th'~ Lo,ndon ilw~a, showing dev'el,opment reuad _" f'lC:i,ghbourllcod centre. ln 'thhi: lPal"tl'cWlla,r ease ,only some of the fadlit.ies $uggest!ed In 1P31"l!-

g ra,ph 1,6 were pn':I'I{'ld'ed. _

50

SHO,PPING CENTRES

fiG. 14. Sj:leke Eu.a:tl! (llvlZrpool c.orpcllr1.ltj.Qf1).

FI;G. 1:S. Wat'lin.g: Estate (Londo'li Co.unty Counclll) •

. 51

GROUPING O'F HOUSES

FIG. ~ 6. Layout I" ~UlI·de"'l5ac form.. We,lwyn Garden Ci~y.,

F~G. 1'7. Ho,use>s: round iii G r<een" M'odd Iby Stud e n:tS or

.lIverpool Uliliver~I'ty School of Archlr;ec~!.!i'e:.

52

r R,:ELATION TO R:OA[)!S

FIGi. 18. Houses seC back from road. 'St. Hellier IE~t~te, Morden, (lonG 0'1'1 CO'1i! flty COllln,elll,.,

:FIG. 19. RO;<I!d1.b,end. S'~. Heher Est<lJte, H'ord,en (london Cou1lnty COUlI1G;;ill).

FI Goo 20'• HQIJ:ii~s a;t righ~ii.ngi eS 'E/O roadl. Ham m,er:smj th ,(lOliidolil CO'lIl'1ty COllnclll).

5,3

fiG. ll.l'errace frclnit!l'lg a paved epen SPJ}c~. iK;e111 nlngc,on (Duch'y 'of Cornwall).

fiG. 22. Cr'llso:nt fl"ollt:in,g a: paved open space. Kennington (Duchy of COlrrnwall). -

,54

PRES:E R. V ATION OF EXi S.TI N (3, l'wtlE ES

IF~G. 2;]" Dliver:sionof buHd~ng llne ~D preserve: ;a,1i\l existing tree.

Wc~wyn Garde:nl CIty.

BLOCIKS OIF FlATS

FIG. St. FI ve""5[,O re ~ .B~ odks,. CIU~so~ d Pa r k (Lon,e! 0 U1I Co u nty Coullu:.ill).

11

BLOCKS OF !FLATS

70

AN

,A R R,A N G ElM E IN TS

md other speci:al conditic:lIls govern: th~ p.lm:mit1S and des:i.gn of buildmgs • .:: (.~ ~. U'iId.iliol'ls. and 'p,rofere!Wes of the oocupier and his family;' !:hcfie social and ~stbelic {-elations ,err the beuse tiD its, envko.Imlent i Umw are .... ""~''''-''''',...... :hara,c:tcristic.s of the. si'le such as, Je'llets, as;pect. subsoJl. raiil1fuLi. e;qro81l11e • . and sumlificr tempmtlures: : ,and! 'tn,er-e iu',e mateda& and ~Oll!OJni.C fu~o~., rall area fiX«!. fClr the dwel1iQg. dle. ]imilt ,of eest, 'the a.vaJibd;,iliil;y ,i1ndpri.ce - urld materials, and Qif sef'll'iQiliS and filS'!"

'_--~l:!% has been made, in, this .. ,MalIlMI to se:t dow,n, st:alldards of lWco:mmodatioo .. ~""""""""' ... '111 t ia <I form' hid'), will. allow as 'Iilru~h freedom as possible '1.0 the designer.. - - ro:sghrcll in Seclio!:!8 III and IX and jn AppendiX A llave ~D drnfied ""__;;" '. and tho (y~)i,call, plan an.angemellits reproduoe<iin the, foUo~!ili'!lg P1'lgcs bili!;\e :sm with a. vieww il.lm.lradng the wIde va:ri-e:iy of sotutions tha,taliep~ibte ~ standards.

_ dr.iI' '11 to' ;11, ullifonnsca1c:, the pla1ll5ue sltictly dMgm:mmaHc, i.e .• the rQQm~ ~. u outlined oIlly ,instead of e-I1,cloS¢d, by oo'JiIOOttly drawn waRs. [0 emphasise ~ fa; givillg,iipecill.l ,ootl.sideratioll to e>roll' planrWlig plicblem. Other strut:t'Uml • ~':!i".l~b asihlll~s have also l'lee:r:l o~i.u,tld. Wmdow ,o-peni.ogs a;re. :sh.ownby syolbols ~ and 1I.r~ !l@t jnt¢f.I,ded!.o ~ivc. allY pNCi.se indication ,of size and position. The

~ sugge-swd fo]' cooking" room himtio.g~ and '\Vater .hc:fullg iI[\ealso Ir,epre~ b)' :s.j\ll:lbols.

has been erxpielmed in para,!lfaphs. 4S-51.the plam, Fal] i[JItQ three basic gro,ups, :e-..mnined •. in tbe main, bYlhe; arftlll,gem,eniJ:S fol:' 'coolting: andeati'og meals. ThIZ . pas ofkitcbetl embodying th~e aaan~Il1oots are shown dia:gnoolll:aticaliy nO! Fi.g. 2.

The plans range fwm a dwelling for two peLSOB 'hatviJlg !l flo.G'_' Mea of 420 sq. ft. ,;.:J _ ,nouse far <11. family of s;e.VI1:11 I:i!l.v'.iflg lie floW' ar-e3. ofM&O sq. n.

The [plamfor' the 3vcrage,sizoD hO'~£e for 5 'pe;~QllS .,UIg,t'l fnma the minIlmu_m bouse if 00 sq. ft. '1:0 the fl.i!~~ 900 sq. ft r«o~llded ill: liu:: Re:port lJesfg,~ 0/ JhJ!~flillg$ .• At~Dti.O\t'l is {I.m,wn i(lparagrapbs 65 and 69 to the importance of the outside: stere, \if, I. hi!Jl mOIl'!: easee wil[be provided as. amaUer of course. J!3xoep,t ~!lr Pip. 16-8

.! oufbiliiildings have been ,Q,miUed kl aU tb~ p)<!!!Il$. .

The Roor areas given for I;lnlillc houses illld.flat.s,a,e ·Ihe gross <!;r-ea!l:w"iti'a.in the (ji]tc;r -aIls OIl an floors. For indi~id1!lal rooms me areas llndude ~tlj1l~in oupbollrds. The rlimCll.s:ion-s for frontages, and depths arre also iD~mm'l.

Ii, Bedroom F. F'Il.eI, Store R Eeri:lse
'It! Broom. CupbQ.rrrd H Hall S ScuHery
lEI.AL Ba.ticl:lIlY KL Kitci.ten·Livillg s Sink.
Bill BatbroOUl R.oom Sn: SWing Room
e CupboiU'd L Lift ST Store
C:W 'uOntmOfi Wash l Larilil:r t, Tub
H01l.l:le 1'c Unw. Cupboard W Wa~ Iiou$e
d Dresser LR LiviDgR:()O'm w Wa.l'll Boiiler
DK Di:I!I:iD!S: K.itcben p Pram we WOller Closet
DS D;illling :SP<l~ PAS. Pa~ WI( Working K.i~chelil
13 p