Bermuda Triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle

Coordinates: 25°N 71°W

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Bermuda Triangle

Triangle, is a region in the western part of the North
Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface
vessels allegedly disappeared mysteriously. Popular
culture has attributed these disappearances to the
paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings.[1]
Documented evidence indicates that a significant
percentage of the incidents were inaccurately reported or
embellished by later authors, and numerous official
agencies have stated that the number and nature of
disappearances in the region is similar to that in any other
Classic borders of the Bermuda Triangle
area of ocean.
Classification

Grouping Paranormal places

Description

1 The Triangle area Also known as Devil's Triangle

2 History Country International waters, The Bahamas
2.1 Origins
2.2 Larry Kusche Status Urban legend
2.3 Further responses
3 Supernatural explanations
4 Natural explanations
4.1 Compass variations
4.2 Deliberate acts of destruction
4.3 Gulf Stream
4.4 Human error
4.5 Hurricanes
4.6 Methane hydrates
4.7 Rogue waves
5 Notable incidents
5.1 Flight 19
5.2 Mary Celeste
5.3 Ellen Austin
5.4 USS Cyclops
5.5 Theodosia Burr Alston
5.6 Spray
5.7 Carroll A. Deering
5.8 Douglas DC-3
5.9 Star Tiger and Star Ariel
5.10 KC-135 Stratotankers
5.11 SS Marine Sulphur Queen
5.12 Raifuku Maru
5.13 Connemara IV
5.14 Carolyn Cascio
6 Triangle authors
7 See also

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8 References
9 Other sources
9.1 Newspaper articles
9.1.1 Flight 19
9.1.2 Raifuku Maru
9.1.3 SS Cotopaxi
9.1.4 USS Cyclops (AC-4)
9.1.5 Carroll A. Deering
9.1.6 Wreckers
9.1.7 S.S. Suduffco
9.1.8 Star Tiger and Star Ariel
9.1.9 DC-3 Airliner NC16002
disappearance
9.1.10 Harvey Conover and
Revonoc
9.1.11 KC-135 Stratotankers
9.1.12 B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
9.1.13 Charter vessel Sno'Boy
9.1.14 SS Marine Sulphur Queen
9.1.15 SS Sylvia L. Ossa
9.2 Website links
9.3 Books
10 External links

The boundaries of the triangle cover the Straits of Florida, the

Bahamas and the entire Caribbean island area and the Atlantic east
to the Azores. The more familiar triangular boundary in most written
works has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Miami,
San Juan, Puerto Rico; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with
most of the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary
around the Bahamas and the Florida Straits.
The area of the Triangle varies by
The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the author
world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas,
Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful,
and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown
route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from
points north.

Origins

The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950
Associated Press article by Edward Van Winkle Jones.[2] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea
Mystery At Our Back Door",[3] a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and
ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission.
Sand's article was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19

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alone would be covered in the April 1962 issue of American Legion Magazine.[4] It was claimed that the
flight leader had been heard saying "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where
we are, the water is green, no white." It was also claimed that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated
that the planes "flew off to Mars." Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight
19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis's article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle"
argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region.[5] The
next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book, Invisible Horizons.[6]

Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis's ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of
the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);[7] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[8] Richard Winer (The Devil's
Triangle, 1974),[9] and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by
Eckert.[10]

Larry Kusche

Lawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda
Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975)[11] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often
exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and
inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others
involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as
the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman Donald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a
mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as
lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost three days out of a port with the
same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of the incidents that sparked
allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was
simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly
relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.

Kusche concluded that:

The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater,
proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the
most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious; furthermore, Berlitz and other writers
would often fail to mention such storms.
The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for
example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in
1937 off Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers
revealed nothing.
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either
purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.[11]

Further responses

When the UK Channel 4 television program "The Bermuda Triangle" (c. 1992) was being produced by John
Simmons of Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurer Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually
large number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's of London determined that large
numbers of ships had not sunk there.[12]

United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances
is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.[11]

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The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their
inquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In
one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg in the Gulf of
Mexico, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[13] in contrast with one
Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found
sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup.[7]

The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical,
stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates.
Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the
first place... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the
world."[14]

David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say
I claim that a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is
not true. You can even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a
claim untrue. The burden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they
got their information from, to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left
anything out."[14]

Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[15] and Barry Singer,[16] have noted how mysteries and the
paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on
topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is
often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that
the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and
against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.

Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda
itself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.[citation needed] The
city of Freeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000
flights annually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.[17]

Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins
the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the
Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the
Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take
his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini
Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be
of natural origin.[18]

Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[19] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction
film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.

Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses
in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[8]

Compass variations

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Compass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that
unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[20] such anomalies have not been shown to exist.
Compasses have natural magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have
known for centuries. Magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a
small number of places - for example, as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running
from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico.[21] But the public may not be as informed, and think there is
something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally
will.[11]

Deliberate acts of destruction

Deliberate acts of destruction can fall into two categories: acts of war, and acts of piracy. Records in enemy
files have been checked for numerous losses. While many sinkings have been attributed to surface raiders or
submarines during the World Wars and documented in various command log books, many others suspected
as falling in that category have not been proven. It is suspected that the loss of USS Cyclops in 1918, as well
as her sister ships Proteus and Nereus in World War II, were attributed to submarines, but no such link has
been found in the German records.

Piracy—the illegal capture of a craft on the high seas—continues to this day. While piracy for cargo theft is
more common in the western Pacific and Indian oceans, drug smugglers do steal pleasure boats for
smuggling operations, and may have been involved in crew and yacht disappearances in the Caribbean.
Piracy in the Caribbean was common from about 1560 to the 1760s, and famous pirates included Edward
Teach (Blackbeard) and Jean Lafitte.[citation needed]

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico
and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In
essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry
floating objects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per
second (5.6 mi/h).[22] A small plane making a water landing or a boat having
engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.

Human error
False-color image of the
One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any Gulf Stream flowing north
through the western
aircraft or vessel is human error.[23] Whether deliberate or accidental, Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)
humans have been known to make mistakes resulting in catastrophe, and
losses within the Bermuda Triangle are no exception. For example, the Coast
Guard cited a lack of proper training for the cleaning of volatile benzene residue as a reason for the loss of
the tanker SS V.A. Fogg in 1972[citation needed]. Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey
Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on
January 1, 1958.[24]

Hurricanes

Hurricanes are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives
lost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502
was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of
incidents related to the Triangle.

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Methane hydrates

Main article: Methane clathrate

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the

presence of vast fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on
the continental shelves.[25] Laboratory experiments carried out in
Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model
ship by decreasing the density of the water;[26] any wreckage
consequently rising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the
Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methane Worldwide distribution of
eruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions confirmed or inferred offshore gas
of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequate hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.
buoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an area forming Source: USGS
around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.

Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge
area, off the southeastern United States coast.[27] However, according to another of their papers, no large
releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[12]

Rogue waves

In various oceans around the world, rogue waves have caused ships to sink[28] and oil platforms to
topple.[29] These waves, until 1995, were considered to be a mystery and/or a myth.[30][31]

Main article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents

Flight 19

Flight 19 was a training flight of TBM Avenger bombers that went missing on
December 5, 1945 while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight path was
scheduled to take them due east for 120 miles, north for 73 miles, and then
back over a final 120-mile leg that would return them to the naval base, but
they never returned. The impression is given[citation needed] that the flight
encountered unusual phenomena and anomalous compass readings, and that
the flight took place on a calm day under the supervision of an experienced
pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Adding to the intrigue is that the Navy's
report of the accident was ascribed to "causes or reasons unknown."

Adding to the mystery, a search and rescue Mariner aircraft with a 13-man
crew was dispatched to aid the missing squadron, but the Mariner itself was
never heard from again. Later, there was a report from a tanker cruising off US Navy TBF Grumman
Avenger flight, similar to
the coast of Florida of a visible explosion[32] at about the time the Mariner
Flight 19. This photo had
would have been on patrol. been used by various
Triangle authors to
While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate,
illustrate Flight 19 itself.
some important details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the (US Navy)
end of the incident, and naval reports and written recordings of the
conversations between Taylor and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not

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indicate magnetic problems.[33]

Mary Celeste

The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the 282-ton brigantine Mary Celeste is often but inaccurately
connected to the Triangle, the ship having been abandoned off the coast of Portugal. The event is possibly
confused with the loss of a ship with a similar name, the Mari Celeste, a 207-ton paddle steamer that hit a
reef and quickly sank off the coast of Bermuda on September 13, 1864.[34][35] Kusche noted that many of
the "facts" about this incident were actually about the Marie Celeste, the fictional ship from Arthur Conan
Doyle's short story "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (based on the real Mary Celeste incident, but
fictionalised).

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail
with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further
that the derelict reappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board.
A check from Lloyd's of London records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the
Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that
would suggest a large number of missing men were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.[36]

USS Cyclops

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat
occurred when USS Cyclops, under the command of Lt Cdr G.W. Worley, went missing without a trace with
a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no
strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some
capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[37][38]

Theodosia Burr Alston

Theodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. Her
disappearance has been cited at least once in relation to the Triangle.[39] She was a passenger on board the
Patriot, which sailed from Charleston, South Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was
never heard from again. The planned route is well outside all but the most extended versions of the Bermuda
Triangle. Both piracy and the War of 1812 have been posited as explanations, as well as a theory placing her
in Texas, well outside the Triangle.

Spray

S.V. Spray was a derelict fishing boat refitted as an ocean cruiser by Joshua Slocum and used by him to
complete the first ever single-handed circumnavigation of the world, between 1895 and 1898.

In 1909, Slocum set sail from Vineyard Haven bound for Venezuela. Neither he nor Spray were ever seen
again.

There is no evidence they were in the Bermuda Triangle when they disappeared, nor is there any evidence of
paranormal activity. The boat was considered in poor condition and a hard boat to handle that Slocum's skill
usually overcame.[11]

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Carroll A. Deering

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was

Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as
seen from the Cape Lookout
lightvessel on January 29, 1921,
two days before she was found
deserted in North Carolina. (US
Coast Guard)
found hard aground and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, near Cape
Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at
the time indicated the Deering was a victim of piracy, possibly
connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and
possibly involving another ship, S.S. Hewitt, which disappeared at
roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamer sailed
near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all
signals from the lightship. It is speculated that the Hewitt may have
been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's
disappearance.[40]

Douglas DC-3

On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San
Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was ever found. From the
documentation compiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's
disappearance was found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were
inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot
while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical failure will never be known. However, since
piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery powered
ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.[41]

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE
Star Ariel disappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro
Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways.[42] Both planes were operating at
the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching
the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[11]

KC-135 Stratotankers

On August 28, 1963 a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the
Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[5][8][9]) of this story specifies that they did collide and
crash, but there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However,
Kusche's research[11] showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that
the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a
mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.

SS Marine Sulphur Queen

SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last heard from on February
4, 1963 with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. Marine Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in
Vincent Gaddis' 1964 Argosy Magazine article,[5] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown", despite
the Coast Guard report, which not only documented the ship's badly-maintained history, but declared that it
was an unseaworthy vessel that should never have gone to sea.[43][44]

Raifuku Maru

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The Japanese vessel Raifuku Maru (sometimes misidentified as Raikuke Maru) sank with all hands in 1925
after sending a distress signal which has never been fully understood. She left Boston for Hamburg,
Germany, on 21 April and was caught in a severe storm in the North Atlantic, nowhere near the Triangle.
RMS Homeric unsuccessfully attempted a rescue,[45] and a photograph of the vessel sinking appeared in the
New York Times. Nonetheless, some writers speculated that a waterspout was the likely cause of the sinking
(Winer).

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually
stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer[8][9]) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during
three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season lists only one storm coming near Bermuda towards the
end of August, hurricane "Edith"; of the others, "Flora" was too far to the east, and "Katie" arrived after the
yacht was recovered. It was confirmed that the Connemara IV was empty and in port when "Edith" may
have caused the yacht to slip her moorings and drift out to sea.[11]

Carolyn Cascio

Allegedly, a Cessna piloted by Carolyn Cascio, on June 6, 1969, with one passenger, attempted to travel
from Nassau, Bahamas to Cockburn, Grand Turk Island. The plane was witnessed by many air traffic
controllers in Cockburn's airport to circle the island for 30 minutes, after which, it flew away apparently for
another island. All attempts from the ground to raise Cascio on the radio failed. A search of National
Transportation Safety Board reports (http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/) contains no record of this incident. The
database includes 7 incident involving Cessna 172's during the 1960s; two of which were fatal. The two fatal
crashes involved older men, one of whom ditched at sea after running out of fuel.

The incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some
incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:

Gian J. Quasar (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest
Mystery ((Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6) ed.). International Marine / Ragged
Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X.
[8]
Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
[11]
Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus
Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
[7]
John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
David Group (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire:
Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.
[35]
Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers.
ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
[9]
Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
Richard Winer (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0553024647.
[39]
Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.

List of Bermuda Triangle incidents

Atlantis
Chuck Wakely Incident

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Devil's Sea (or Dragon's Triangle)

The Michigan Triangle
Sargasso Sea
SS Cotopaxi
The Triangle (TV miniseries)
Vile Vortices

1. ^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). "Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia". Journal of
Teacher Education 54: 275. doi:10.1177/0022487103256793 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1177%2F0022487103256793) .
2. ^ E.V.W. Jones (September 16, 1950). "unknown title, newspaper articles". Associated Press.
3. ^ George X. Sand (October 1952). "Sea Mystery At Our Back Door". Fate.
4. ^ Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Lost Patrol". American Legion.
5. ^ a b c Vincent Gaddis (February 1964). "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" (http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo
/BermudaTriangle/vincentgaddis.txt) . Argosy: 28–29, 116–118.. http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo
/BermudaTriangle/vincentgaddis.txt.
6. ^ Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons.
7. ^ a b c John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.
8. ^ a b c d e Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.
9. ^ a b c d Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.
10. ^ "Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003" (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2
/summary_0286-12789881_ITM) . Skeptic (Altadena, CA). March , 2004. http://www.accessmylibrary.com
/coms2/summary_0286-12789881_ITM.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus
Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.
12. ^ a b "Bermuda Triangle" (http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/bermuda.html) . Gas Hydrates
at the USGS. Woods Hole. http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/bermuda.html.
13. ^ "V A Fogg" (http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/boards/vafog.pdf) (PDF). USCG. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-
m/moa/boards/vafog.pdf.
14. ^ a b "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. PBS. 1976-06-27.
15. ^ Taves, Ernest (1978). The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): pp. 75–76.
16. ^ Singer, Barry (1979). The Humanist XXXIX (3): pp. 44–45.
17. ^ CIA World Factbook -- Bahamas, The (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
/geos/bf.html)
18. ^ "A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers" (http://www.csicop.org
/si/2004-01/geologists-adventures.html) . Skeptical Inquirer. January 2004. http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-01
/geologists-adventures.html.
19. ^ "UFO over Bermuda Triangle" (http://ufos.about.com/od/classicufocases/a/bermudatriangle.htm) .
Ufos.about.com. 2008-06-29. http://ufos.about.com/od/classicufocases/a/bermudatriangle.htm. Retrieved
2009-06-01.
20. ^ "Bermuda Triangle" (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm) . US Navy. http://www.history.navy.mil
/faqs/faq8-1.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
21. ^ "National Geomagnetism Program | Charts | North America | Declination" (http://geomag.usgs.gov/charts
/IGRF2000.dec.na.pdf) (PDF). United States Geological Survey. http://geomag.usgs.gov/charts
/IGRF2000.dec.na.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
22. ^ Phillips, Pamela. "The Gulf Stream" (http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/student/phillips/) . USNA/Johns Hopkins.
http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/student/phillips/. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
23. ^ "Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue" (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002
/12/1205_021205_bermudatriangle.html) . National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002
/12/1205_021205_bermudatriangle.html. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
24. ^ Scott, Captain Thomas A.. Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo.
25. ^ "Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE" (http://www.osti.gov
/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=616279) . OTSI. http://www.osti.gov/energycitations
/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=616279.

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Bermuda Triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle

26. ^ "Could methane bubbles sink ships?" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3226787/) . Monash Univ..

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3226787/.
27. ^ Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, (1981). "Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the
Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern United States" (http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates
/usgspubs.html) . Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates
/usgspubs.html.
28. ^ Broad, William J. (July 11, 2006). "Rogue Giants at Sea" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science
/11wave.html?8dpc) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/science/11wave.html?8dpc.
Retrieved March 31, 2010.
29. ^ [1] (http://www.uscg.mil/hq/gm/moa/boards/oceanranger.pdf)
30. ^ "ESA Portal - Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites" (http://www.esa.int/esaCP
/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html) . Esa.int. 1995-01-01. http://www.esa.int/esaCP
/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
31. ^ "Secret to Towering Rogue Waves Revealed" (http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/080804-rogue-
waves.html) . LiveScience. 2008-08-04. http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/080804-rogue-waves.html.
Retrieved 2009-06-01.
32. ^ "The Loss of Flight 19" (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm) . [2] (http://www.history.navy.mil/) .
http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm.
33. ^ "The Disappearance of Flight 19" (http://www.bermuda-triangle.org
/html/the_disappearance_of_flight_19.html) . Bermuda Triangle .org (http://www.bermuda-triangle.org) .
http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/the_disappearance_of_flight_19.html.
34. ^ "Mari Celeste Wreck" (http://www.shipwreckexpo.com/bermudashipwrecksmariceleste.htm) .
Shipwreckexpo.com. http://www.shipwreckexpo.com/bermudashipwrecksmariceleste.htm. Retrieved
2009-06-01.
35. ^ a b Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.
36. ^ "Ellen Austin" (http://bermuda-triangle.org/html/ellen_austin.html) . Bermuda Triangle .org
(http://www.bermuda-triangle.org) . http://bermuda-triangle.org/html/ellen_austin.html.
37. ^ "Bermuda triangle" (http://website.lineone.net/~dmerrill/html/bermuda_triangle.html) . D Merrill.
http://website.lineone.net/~dmerrill/html/bermuda_triangle.html.
38. ^ "Myths and Folklore of Bermuda" (http://www.bermudacruises.net/bermuda-information/myths_folklore.htm)
. Bermuda Cruises. http://www.bermudacruises.net/bermuda-information/myths_folklore.htm.
39. ^ a b Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.
40. ^ "Carroll A Deering" (http://www.graveyardoftheatlantic.com/Deering/CADeeringHome.html) . Graveyard of
the Atlantic. http://www.graveyardoftheatlantic.com/Deering/CADeeringHome.html.
41. ^ "Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948" (http://www.avsaf.org/reports
/US/1948.12.28_AirborneTransport_DouglasDC-3.pdf#search=%22Airborne%20Transport
%2C%20December%2028%2C%201948%2C%20Miami%2C%20Florida%22) (PDF). Aviation Safety.
http://www.avsaf.org/reports/US/1948.12.28_AirborneTransport_DouglasDC-
3.pdf#search=%22Airborne%20Transport%2C%20December%2028%2C%201948%2C%20Miami
%2C%20Florida%22.
42. ^ "The Tudors" (http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/the_tudors.html) . Bermuda Triangle .org
(http://www.bermuda-triangle.org) . http://www.bermuda-triangle.org/html/the_tudors.html.
43. ^ "Marine Sulphur Queen" (http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/boards/marsulqueen.pdf) (PDF). USCG.
http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/boards/marsulqueen.pdf.
44. ^ "The Queen with the Weak Back" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,896573,00.html) .
TIME. March 8, 1963. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,896573,00.html. Retrieved April 26,
2010.
45. ^ "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. PBS. 1976-06-27.

Newspaper articles this website, registration is required, usually through a

Proquest [3] (http://proquest.umi.com) has newspaper
source material for many incidents, archived in .pdf
format. The newspapers include the New York Times,
Washington Post, and the Atlanta Constitution. To access
library connected to a college or university.
Flight 19
"Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In

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Bermuda Triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Five Planes Off Florida," New York Times,
December 7, 1945.
"Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes,"
Washington Post, December 7, 1945.
"Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men,"
Washington Post, December 9, 1945.
Raifuku Maru
"Japanese Ships Sinks With A Crew Of 38; Liners
Unable To Aid," New York Times, April 22, 1925.
"Passengers Differ On Homeric Effort To Save
Sinking Ship," New York Times, April 23, 1925.
"Homeric Captain Upheld By Skippers," New
York Times, April 24, 1925.
"Liner Is Battered In Rescue Attempt," New York
Times, April 25, 1925.
SS Cotopaxi
"Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As "Missing," New York
Times, January 7, 1926.
"Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail," Washington
Post, December 6, 1925.
"Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship,"
Washington Post, December 7, 1925.
"53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved,"
Washington Post, December 13, 1925.
USS Cyclops (AC-4)
"Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage,"
Washington Post, March 11, 1918.
"Collier Overdue A Month," New York Times,
April 15, 1918.
"More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops," New
York Times, April 16, 1918.
"Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops," New York
Times, April 17, 1918.
"Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board;
Enemy Blow Suspected," Washington Post, April
15, 1918.
"U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The
War," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.
"Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said," Washington
Post, April 16, 1918.
"Fate Of Ship Baffles," Washington Post, April 16,
1918.
"Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course,"
Washington Post, April 19, 1918.
Carroll A. Deering
"Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3
American Ships," New York Times, June 21, 1921.
"Bath Owners Skeptical," New York Times, June
22, 1921. piera antonella
"Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation,"
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle
New York Times, June 22, 1921.
"More Ships Added To Mystery List," New York
Times, June 22, 1921.
"Hunt On For Pirates," Washington Post, June 21,
1921
"Comb Seas For Ships," Washington Post, June 22,
1921.
"Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly,"
Washington Post, July 10, 1921.
Wreckers
"'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That
Flourished 100 Years Ago," New York Times,
March 30, 1969.
S.S. Suduffco
"To Search For Missing Freighter," New York
Times, April 11, 1926.
"Abandon Hope For Ship," New York Times, April
28, 1926.
Star Tiger and Star Ariel
"Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost
Airliner," New York Times, January 31, 1948.
"72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner," New York
Times, January 19, 1949.
DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance
"30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From
San Juan To Miami," New York Times, December
29, 1948.
"Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner," New
York Times, December 30, 1948.
"Airliner Hunt Extended," New York Times,
December 31, 1948.
Harvey Conover and Revonoc
"Search Continuing For Conover Yawl," New York
Times, January 8, 1958.
"Yacht Search Goes On," New York Times,
January 9, 1958.
"Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, January
10, 1958.
"Conover Search Called Off," New York Times,
January 15, 1958.
KC-135 Stratotankers
"Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets,"
New York Times, August 31, 1963.
"Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted," New York Times,
September 3, 1963.
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Bermuda Triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt,"
Washington Post, August 30, 1963.
B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
"U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success,"
New York Times, October 16, 1961.
"Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New
Area," New York Times, October 17, 1961.
"Bomber Hunt Pressed," New York Times,
October 18, 1961.
"Bomber Search Continuing," New York Times,
October 19, 1961.
"Hunt For Bomber Ends," New York Times,
October 20, 1961.
Charter vessel Sno'Boy
"Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea," New
York Times, July 7, 1963.
"Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In
Caribbean," New York Times, July 11, 1963.
"Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In
Caribbean," Washington Post, July 6, 1963.
"Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat,"
Washington Post, July 7, 1963.
SS Marine Sulphur Queen
"Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard," Washington
Post, February 9, 1963.
"Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker
Missing Off Florida," New York Times, February
11, 1963.
"2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster," Washington
Post, February 19, 1963.
"Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery," New York
Times, April 14, 1964.
"Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million
Suit Here," New York Times, June 4, 1969.
"10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End," New
York Times, February 4, 1973.
SS Sylvia L. Ossa
"Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On
Voyage To U.S.," New York Times, October 18,
1976.
"Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed
To Be Lost At Sea," New York Times, October
19, 1976.
"Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor
Missing For 17 Days," New York Times, October
31, 1976.
Website links
The following websites have either online material that
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle
supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or
documents published from official sources as part of
hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the
United States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies
of some inquiries are not online and may have to be
ordered; for example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS
Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States
Naval Historical Center.
Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by
Vincent Gaddis (http://www.physics.smu.edu
/~pseudo/BermudaTriangle/vincentgaddis.txt)
United States Coast Guard database of selected
reports and inquiries (http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-
m/moa/reportindexcas.htm)
Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle
researcher Gian Quasar (http://www.bermuda-
triangle.org)
U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle
FAQ (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm)
U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle:
Startling New Secrets (http://www.history.navy.mil
/faqs/faq8-2.htm) , Sci Fi Channel documentary
(November 2005)
Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19
(http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm)
on losses of heavy ships at sea
(http://www.docksideconsultants.com
/wavessup.html)
Bermuda Shipwrecks
(http://www.aquaexplorers.com
/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm)
Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck
listings page (http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html)
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
(http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/)
List of lost aircraft (http://www.bermuda-
triangle.org/html/aircraft_losses.html)
Books
Most of the works listed here are largely out of print.
Copies may be obtained at your local library, or
purchased used at bookstores, or through E-Bay or
Amazon.com. These books are often the only source
material for some of the incidents that have taken place
within the Triangle.
Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth
Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J.
Quasar, International Marine/Ragged Mountain
Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of
missing craft as researched in official records.
(Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN
0-07-145217-6).
The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN
0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's
commonly available second-hand.
The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975).
1/2/2003 4:52 AM
Bermuda Triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle

Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)
Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN
0-686-10658-X)
The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984),
David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)
The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN
0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.
Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN
0-9616167-4-1)
The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN
0553106880); this particular book sold well over a
million copies by the end of its first year; to date
there have been at least 17 printings.
The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer
(ISBN 0553024647)
From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw
(1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553108603)
Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares,
Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer
(ISBN 0425175480)
The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent
Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0446599611)

"Database of selected reports and inquiries" (http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/reportindexcas.htm) .

United States Coast Guard. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/moa/reportindexcas.htm.
"Bermuda Triangle Mystery" (http://www.bermuda-triangle.org) . Gian Quasar, author of Into the
Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery. http://www.bermuda-
triangle.org.
"Bermuda Triangle FAQ" (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm) . US Navy Historical Center.
http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-1.htm.
"Selective Bibliography" (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm) . US Navy Historical Center.
http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq8-2.htm.
"The Loss Of Flight 19" (http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm) . US Navy Historical Center.
http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq15-1.htm.
"On losses of heavy ships at sea" (http://www.docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html) .
http://www.docksideconsultants.com/wavessup.html.
"Bermuda Shipwrecks" (http://www.aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm) .
http://www.aquaexplorers.com/Bermuda_shipwrecks.htm.
Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page" (http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html) . Association of
Underwater Explorers. http://uwex.us/wreckinfo.html.

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Categories: Bermuda Triangle | Nautical lore | Urban legends | Paranormal places | Paranormal triangles |
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