Professional Documents
Culture Documents
•Introduction
•Instrumentation System
•Errors
•Transducers
•Other Measurements:
flow, level, pressure, temperature, miscellaneous
Objectives
Specific Objective
• Define the basic concept of instrumentation :
– Measurement
– Calibration
– Primary and Secondary Standards
• Describe the measuring system by block diagrams representing:
– Transducer
– Signal Conditioner
– Display unit /recorder
• Explain various classification of the above objective
• Explain instrumentation system performance with reference to :
– Static performance
– Dynamic performance
Measurement System
A measurement system converts the unknown
quantity under measurement to a numerical unit
using instrument.
Number + measured unit
6.8 kg/(ms)2
Instrument
• 1) Instrumentation is the application of
instruments for monitoring, sensing and
measurement .Some of its applications are
• a) product testing
• b) monitoring- health, safety, costing
• c) control system
• d) R&D
Instrument
• 2) The advantage of electronic instrument over
mechanical instruments,
• a) rapid response
• b) flexibility of electrical signal –amplitude,
distance
Calibration
Calibration can be performed in two ways :
Terms
•Measurement - Comparison between an unknown
quantity and a predefined standard
Transducer
• a) Transducer- an element which converts physical
quantity being measured.
• b) Signal conditioner – modify the tranduced signal
in a form that can be recorded.
• c) Recorder /display – to record or display the
measured quantity.
• Example: Bourdon gauge - Bourdon tube
(transducer), Links and gear(Signal conditioner),
Graduated scale and pointer (Display )
Transducer
•A device to which change or converts
physical quantity in a more easily measurable
quantity
Transducer
(Input) (Output)
Sensor Actuator
Sensor
A device which senses and detects the physical
quantity of measurand and converts to electrical
form.
Example of sensors:
Electrical : Potentiometer
Chemical : Thermocouples
*All sensors are transducers but not all transducers are sensors
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14
May 2007 /
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Actuator
A device that senses and detects the electrical
quantity and converts to physical form.
Example of actuator:
• Valve in heat exchanger system
• Motor speed control where the motor is driving the
conveyor belt
• Magnetic relays that turn on/off of the fans
Example of converters:
Example:
Amplifier : Signal gain
Buffer : Unity conversion
Signal conditioning
• Operation performed on the signal to bring it to the
desired form.
• Include variable conversion & variable manipulation
element.
Example:
Filter, amplifier, comparator circuit, differential circuit,
ADC, multiplexer and etc.
Telemetry
Transmission of data from remote sources to
serve specific purposes.
Example:
Remote control, coaxial cable, wireless
transmission, optical fiber cable and etc...
Essential Devices
These following devices must always present for all
instruments:
Power supply : To supply power(current)
to instruments
Pulse generator : To generate clock to
digital system
Performance Indication
An ideal measuring system is one where the output
signal has a linear relationship with the measurand.
Error is the difference between the indicated value
and the true value. Measuring and control system
performance can be examined in two ways ,
• Static performance –when steady or constant input
signals are applied
• Dynamic performance – when changing input signals
are applied
Error Calculation
• Accuracy can be stated in terms of errors
introduced
EXAMPLE
A measuring system consist of a transducer , an
amplifier and a recorder, with an individual
sensitivities as follows :
• Transducer sensitivity 0.2 mV /0 C
• Amplifier gain 2.0 V/mV
• Recorder sensitivity 5.0 mm /V
• Determine the overall system sensitivity
• K= K1 x K2x K3
• = 0.2 mV/0C x 2.0V/mVx 5.0 mm/V
• =2.0 mm/0 C
EXAMPLE
A 0 to 10 bar pressure gauge was found to have an error of ±
0.15 bar when calibrated by the manufacturer .Calculate (a)
the percentage error of the gauge and (b) the possible error as
a percentage of the indicated value when reading of 2.0 bars
was obtained in a test .
Percentage error = 0.15/10. x 100 = ± 1.5%
Possible error = ± 0.15%
∴ error at 2.0 bars = 0.15/10. x 100 =± 7.5%
EXAMPLE
• For a general measuring system where the errors in
the transducer, signal conditioner , and recorder are ±
2 % , ± 3%,and ±4 % respectively, calculate the
maximum possible system error and the probable or
root- sum –square error.
• Maximum possible error = ± (2+3+4)% =±9%
• Root –sum-square error = ± √(22+32+42)%
• = √ 29% =± 5.4%
• Thus the error is possibly as large as ± 9% but
probably not larger than ± 5.4%.
Transducer
• Resistance transducers
• Resistance strain gauge
• Resistance temperature transducer
• Photo-emisive cell
• Capacitive transducer
• Inductive transducer
• Linear variable differential transformer
• Piezos-electric transducer
• Electromagnetic transducers
• thermoelectric transducer
• Photoelectric cell