The Burmese Journal - Nov

jrefrmjynfom;pmapmif Ed0k ifbmv 2010
twGJ(7)/ trSwf(7) Edk0ifbmv 2010
a':atmifqef;pkMunfjyefvnfvwG af jrmufvmygNyD
(ed k 0 if b mv 13-&uf nae)
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdr0f if;xJukd yg}uJ';kd
um;oHk;pD; 0ifoGm;onfudk awG@&yg onf?
,if;um;rsm; jyefvnfxGufcGm oGm; +yD;
aemuf +cHa&S@rt S wm; tqD;rsm; z,f&mS ; jypf
aeonfudk awG@&ygonf? vlxk}uD;udk pnf;
urf;&Sd=uyg xkdif=uyg[k arwWm&yf cHaeyg
onf? aemufxyf ygusJ'dk; um;ESpfpD; xyfrH
0ifa&mufaeyg onf? vlxyk &dwf owf}uD;rSm
wuU o d k v f & d y f o mvrf ; r}uD ; wck v H k ;
jynf h a eygonf ? ,if ; ygusJ 'd k ; um;ES p f p D ;
tif;vsm;vrf; bufodk@ jyef vnfxGufcGm
oGm; ygonf? a':atmif qef;pk=unf +cHwcg;
zGifhay;aeyg+yD? vltkyf}uD;rSm wjznf;jznf;
jcH 0 if ; xJ o d k @ a&muf o G m ;yg+yD ? pmwrf ; ES p f
ckcswd q f xJG m; onfukd vnf;awG@ae&ygonf? pmrsuf E S m - 18 od k @ æ
cGetf m;tjynftm;rmef
h tjynfeh a':atmif
UJ qef;pkMk unf
OD ; 0if ; wif e J @ ar;cG e f ; rsm;
(Edk0ifbm 14/ 2010 rdk;rc) ,refae@ naeydkif;u jrefrmjynf&Jh
twdu k t f cHacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=k unf tus,cf sKyf&ufaphjyD; jyefvnf
vGwfajrmufvmygw,f? EdkifiHwumeJ@ trsm;jynfolw&yfvkH;u arSsmfvifh
axmufcHwJh 'Drdk ua&pDacgif;aqmifwOD; tusOf;usae&mu vGwfajrmuf
vmwJt h wGuf tm;vk;Hk u aomif;aomif;zszs }udKqdck =hJ uyg w,f? tJonfae@
jrifuGif;eJ@ tajctaeudk ygwD&Jh acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;0if;wifeJ@ awG@qkH
ar;jref;cJhygw,f? (Edk0ifbm 13 &uf nydkif; 10 em&D cef@u ar;jref;cJhwm jzpfygw,f) “a':atmifqef;pkk=unf vGwfajrmufvm+yD qdkawmh
bmtpDtpOfawG &So d vJ q&m” eufjzeftwGuf tpDtpOfawG pOf;pm;=uwmayg?h pmrsuf E S m - 19 od k @ æ
jrefrma&$ a
h jymif;= odap ([mo-0wˆ K wd k )
uAsm a-umif; (Public Health) aq;aygif;cwJh- n umwGef;
vGr;f csif;rdcif pmrsuf E S m - 5-rS 6od k @ æ pmrsuf E S m -7 rS 8 od k @ æ pmrsuf E S m (22)od k @ æ

"
edik if w
H umtvkyo f rm;or*rsm;tzGJ ch sKyfzJG p h nf;jcif;(4)ESpjf ynf/h
ausmif;om;wyfrawmfarG;ae /h jr0wDrS 'kuo Q nfrsm; rJaqmuf
ywf0ef;usifa&muf&adS omae /h jrefrmjynfwefaqmifwikd y f aJG wmfae /h
xdik ;f ekid if r
H ;D azmifar#myGaJ wmfae E
h iS hf jynfov l x
l k
“atmufwb kd mv”
mv”onf (31)&ufjzifh vukeq f ;kH ojzifh u|eykf w f @kd . jrefrmjynfom;pmapmifonf use&f adS o;aom ajymp&mqdpk &mrsm;udk
wifjy&OD;ayrnf? atmufwdkbmv (31)&ufae@onf 2006 ckESpfu pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom edkifiHwum tvkyform;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(ITUC). ESpyf wfvnfae@yif jzpfonf? (ITUC)taejzifh jrefrmedkifiHtwGif; tvkyform;tcGifh ta&;udpP/ t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;
apr_udpPrsm;tm; rnfodk@rnfyHk aqmif&Gufrnfqdkonfudk avhvmapmifh=unfh=u&ayrnf?
“edk0ifbmv”
mv”onf tm&Swkduf&Sd jynfolvlxktwGuf aqmif;&moDtcgor,yifjzpfonf? aqmif;&moDumvtcgor,wGif
awG@&cJhaomESif;jrLrsm;ESifh tm;upm;v[k owfrSwfxm;=uaomfvnf; ork'N&m0rf;wxGmtwGuf tjyifodk@ reufapmapmwGif vrf;
yifrav#mufekdif=uawmhaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; jrifa,mifrdayonf? ,ckvedk0ifbmv 8-9-10-11 ae@&ufrsm;wGif xkdif;-
jrefrme,fpyfrS jrefrmjynfbufjcrf;rS vlxkonf e,fpyfwkdufyGJrsm;a=umifh rdrdwdk@ touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk pGef@cGmum
toufvu k majy;=u&aom “vlxt k ajy;+ydKify”JG rsm;um; 2010 a&G;aumufyEJG iS t hf +ydKif rnfr#txd +rdKifqidk cf ohJ nfukd ,ckwidk f apmif=h unfh
ae=u&ayonf? rJaqmufEiS hf zkwzf &+rdK@e,frsm;qDo@kd a&muf&v dS maom ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;udk xkid ;f ESihf jrefrm a'ocHrsm;u apwem
arwWmrsm;oGe;f avmif;=uyH/k jrefrmppfwyfu aoewfjzifh arwWmxm;=ucsed Yf xdik ;f ppfwyfu &ifbwfjzifh arwWmxm;=uyHu k kd E_id ;f ,SOof ;kH
oyf=uum ,ckwikd f pkww f oyfoyfjzpfae=uqJ&adS vonf? ed0k ifbmv 13 &ufae@ naeydik ;f u vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonfudk }udKqdkae=uaom vlxk}uD;tm; axmuf&S_jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfolwdk@onf tajymif;tvJudk
rnfr#txdvdkvm;a=umif; oufaoaumif;rsm; jyocJh=uay+yD?
“ed0k ifbmv 1 &ufae@”onf 1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f &Spaf v;vH;k vlxt k a&;awmfy}kH uD;ESit hf wl wqufwpyfwnf; ayguzf mG ;
vmcJhaom jrefrmedkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;(ru'w)ausmif;om;wyfrawmf. 22 ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnf
ae@jzpfonf? “vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh vlxkwkdufyGJaygif;pyfatmifyGJcH=u” [lIvnf;aumif;/ “awmfvSefa&;onf igwdk@ausmif;/
igwdk@wuUodkvf”[lIvnf;aumif; cGyfa'gif;tm;rmefwdk@udk ,ae@wdkifawG@jrif&qJjzpfonf?
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vlwpfpk/ rlr_&,fwJh q,fukaÉqdkovdk tylay:tylqifhum rwifhw,fvSaom b0taxGaxGwdk@ESifh
&Sifoef&yfwnfae=u&aom jrefrmjynfolvlxk. wefaqmifwdkifyGJawmfae@onf (etz)ppftkyfpk tkyfcsKyfaeor#umvywfvHk;
t+yHK;awGa0pDeidk o f nf r[kwyf gav/ od@k &mwGif jrefrmedik if . H tdref ;D csi;f Ak'b < momekid if w H pfcjk zpfaom xkid ;f ekid if YH vl vGKd if;u&xke;f (ac: )
rD;ar#myGJawmfae@udk t+yHK;jrjr/ tvSa0a0qmqmjzifh usif;y=uawmhrnfjzpfonf?
wmcsDvdwfrS jrefrmjynfom;wdk@onf r,fqkdif+rdK@odk@vnf;aumif;/ jr0wDbufrS jrefrmjynfom;wdk@onf rJaqmuf+rdK@
odk@vnf;aumif;/ aumhaomif;bufrS jrefrmjynfom;wdk@onf &aemif;+rdK@odk@vnf;aumif; }uHK}udKufwkdufqkdifpGmvma&muf=uum xkdif;
edik if .
H wefaqmifwikd yf rJG sm;od@k taysmu f ;l um aysmjf rL;=u&Hrk w S yg; tjcm;a&$;p&m vrf;r&Sad cs? xdik ;f tm%mydik w f @kd u jr0wD/ wmcsv D w d /f
aumhaomif;wdk@bufrS jrefrmjynfom;tcsKd@udk zdwfac:vsuf oufqkdif&m ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk rJaqmuf/ r,fqkdif/ &aemif;+rdK@rsm;wGif
wifqufjyocJo h nfrsm;udk awG@jrif=u&ygO;D rnf? xkid ;f ekid if aH &muf jrefrma&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf vluv kd v l rkd tkycf sKyfaom (rdr. d
trsK;d bmom omoemudyk if wdu k cf u
kd of wfjzwf0ahH om)ppfrpd m> (etz)wd@k vufatmufrS ,m,Dvw G af jrmufvmonfh tcdu k tf wef@wiG f
xdik ;f ekid if .H ,Ofaus;r_rsm;twkid ;f vdrmR yg;eyfpmG pD;ar#mvku d yf gaysm&f i$ ef idk =f uygapownf;? xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfw&d;k ESihf jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f
vH;k udk Adv k u f svr$ ;f rd;k aeaom ppftpd;k &udk vlxw k u
dk yf EJG iS hf vufeufuikd w f u dk yf aJG ygi;f pyfum atmify&JG &dS mvrf;rrsm;qDo@kd twlwuGcsw D uf
ekdif=uygapownf;? ? *** jynfolrygæ t&m&m æ bmqdkbmrS r+yD;Edkifygæ?
*** jynfolonfomæ tc&mæ t&m&mudkajymif;vJEdkifonfæ?

*** cGeftm;r#a0æ 'dk@wawGonfæ rvGJraoG/ jynfolawGtwGufæ?
pmrsufEmS (2)
a&cwf}uHKcsdef oDa&;oD&m = uAsmpmrsufEm
S
qJAif;tvJAif;
u|efZmwfoGif;yGJ vGr;f csif;rdcif
"m;csi;f vScH si;f &ifqikd =f u ? ?
armifvGrf;%D
zGwf rdausmif;jzpfwa
hJ e h
1? zGwf rdausmif; jzpf

jrpf rcsrf;om
Armjynfysufr,fhae h[m
Ed0k ifbm ckEpS &f uf ae jh zpfw,f? (a':atmifqef;pk=unf jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmyg+yD )
cGJcGmcJhwm=umayrJh
2? "g;oGm;xufu ysm;&nfpufrsm; om;wkd@&ifxJrSm xm0&&Sdw,f
olcdk;vuf "g;&dk;urf;olrsm;&J h tar²²²²²²²²²²²
rdwaf qG ²² arSmifrdkufaewJh b0awGudk
&ifqdkifzdk@twGuf cGeftm;awGarG;ay;cJhwJh
taumif;jrif0g' xm;=unfhprf;yg
t&Sufw&m; uif;wJhpum; tar²²²²²²²²²²
rdom;pkqdkwmudk +ypfcGm
ppfusGeftjzpf EGHepfcH=ur,fholrsm; udk,fusKd;twGuf r=unfh
+idrf;csrf;a&;udk }udK;pm;cJhwJh
tvkt,uf wd;k a0S h
Armjynfysurf ,fh ae@qD wa&G ah &G ?h tar²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
cg;oD;wJh b0'%f
3? b,fvdkrsdK; wHqdyfawGuyf=uygap jyif;xefwJh uH=urRm
aumufuspfwJh ,kwfrmwJh &ifqdkifum ausmfv$m;cJhwJh
tar&JŒ owWdeJ@cGeftm;udk
tkypf zk JG h udu
k jf zwf r_awG xm0& OD;n$wfvSsufyg
Ed0k ifbm ckEpS &f uf ae eh J t
h wl
tar²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
aysmufuG,f ysufokOf; vljzpf&_H;ap&r,f 'Dae@²²²²²²²²²²²² 'D&uf²²²²²²²²² 'Dtcsdef rSm
om;wdk@&JŒ tem*wfudk
jynfol@&J h'%f t}udrf}udrftzefzefcH&awmhr,f? vSyaomae@awG xm0&ydkifqdkifzdk@
4? zGwf rdausmif; jzpf tarh&JŒ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²vufawGeJ@ xkqpfyHkazmfay;ygawmh
jrpf rcsrf;om tar²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²

tar²²²²²²usef;rmygap²²²²²²
Armjynfysufr,fhae@[m
Ed0k ifbm ckEpS &f ufae@ jzpfw,f? (uAsmvnf ; r[k w f y gbl ; ²²²²pmvnf ; r[k w f y gbl ; ²²²²²²²&if x J u
usaemfhwdk@&JŒrdcifacgif;aqmiftarpkudk ajymcsifwJhpum;awGudk
&J&ifhoufZGJ csa&;vdu
k w
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pmrsufEmS (3)
(a':atmifqef;pk-unf jyefvnfvw
G a
f jrmufvmyg_yD )
qHr
k w
S f b,folrS tvkyfrrsm;bl;av?
tar
tar²²² tarr&dSwkef; usGefawmfwdk@ em*pfudk odoGm;w,f
aeaumif;yg&JŒvm; tar²²² a&$0ga&mif/ tDvufxa&mepfOya'/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyf/
jcHeyH wf 54 udk a&G;aumufyGJ/ aejynfawmf - 'gawGeJ@vnf; &if;ESD;oGm;w,f
tarhvufeJ@ udk,fwdkifzGihfr,fhwae@udk tajymif;tvJawGuawmh
wuUodkvf&dyfomu opPmawmfrysuf trsm;}uD;ayghtar&,f
apmifhaeqJyg tar²²² &efukefrSm arG;cJhwJhvlawGu
&dSygw,ftar²²² EdkifiHjcm;om;vkyf+yD; jyefvm
usGefawmfholi,fcsif;awGvnf; &dSygao;w,f²²² Zmwdudk &GH&SmovdkvdkeJ@jyef=unhf
olwdk@vnf; aeaumif;=uyg&JŒ? rcsdayr,fh rajymomygbl; tar
wcsKdŒuawmh usGefawmfwdk@u edrfhyg;csdefu;dk?
EdkifiHom;ajymif;vJcH,l&if; tar
jrefrmjynfudk cspfae=uwkef;yJ tar usGefawmfwdk@ wdkufyGJrSm
Zmwdajrudk tvnftywfjyefwdkif; c%c%usqHk;ay;ae&wmu
“t&iftwdkif;yJaemf” vdk@ jyuQ'defpm&GufawGyg tar
0wfauswef;ausE_wfquf a[mwpf&Guf a[mwpf&GufeJ@
aps;0,frysuf=uygbl;? qkwf+zJypfaevdkuf=uwm ²²²
wcsKdŒuawmh tJ'g &uf&mZmawGcsnf;yJqdkwm
'kuQonfa,mifaqmif&if; usGefawmfwdk@ todaemufuscJhygw,f tar?
(olwdk@ta&;twGuf) 'dk@ta&; 'dk@ta&;eJ@ tar
e,l;a,mufuae ajym=unhfyg&ap
tarh vGwfajrmufa&; }udK;yrf;ae=uygowJh? usGefawmfarSsmfvifhaewmuav
tarhygwDvnf; &dSygao;w,f tar²²² 'Drdkua&pDvnf; [kwfcsifrS[kwfr,f
wcsKŒd u rJq, G wf ek ;f rSm wcsKŒd u rJray;zd@k ajym +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; ygcsifrSygr,f
ygwDzsufodrf;cdkif;umrS arG;ae@yGJvkyfeJ@ tpnf;ta0;vnf; wufcsifrSwuf&ygvdrfhr,f tar?
a=unmcsufrxkwfawmhwmuvGJ&if 'gayr,fh
t&ifvdk crf;crf;em;em;ygyJ tar²²²? EdkifiHom;awG EdkifiHjcm;om; jzpfp&mrvdkawmhwJhae@
&efukefuawmh jcLcsm&Smw,ftar²²² 'kuQonfawG 'kuQo,fp&mrvdkawmhwJhae@
OD;aESmuf,dkpD;r_udk ukpm;wkef; attdkif'Dtufpfjzpf ESpfa,muf&dS&if oHk;zGJ@ruGJawmhwJhae@
rD;pufarmif;oHawG=um;u “pcef;c%vdkufcJhyg” ac:vkdac: ynmwwf&if xrif;riwfwJhae@
q,fwef;orm;awGu tESdyfcef;rSmpmusuf ta&mifrwlwmudk &efolvdk@ rowfrSwfwJhae@
wcsKdŒu xrif;rcsufEdkifawmh tJ'aD e@uykd g tar?
xrif;&nf0,faomuf=u&w,f tar usGefawmfvJoGm;&if tarxlay;yg
bmyJajymajym tar tarhtm;eJ@ raerem;}udKpm;prf;yghr,f
&efukefrSm ausmfoleJ@ axmifrSL; usGefawmfwdk@tm;vHk; &efukefrSm jyefqHk=uzdk@av?
olwdk@ESpfOD;avmufawmh (urBm pd;k rif;)
pmrsufEmS (4)
jrefrma&$ hajymif; = odapa-
usef;rma&; aomhcsufrsm; ** Public Health **
aomh(1) WATER
reufa&wpfcGufaomufjcif;onf cE<mudk,fESifha& nDrSsap.?
aomh(2) SLEEP
tdyfcsdef nmapmif;I av;udkif;o¾meftdyfjcif;onf tdyfa&;0ap.?
aomh(3) APPETITE
tpmudk 7yHkrSsomt0pm;jcif;onf cE<mudk,ftm; usef;rmap.?
aomh(4) EXERCISE
tm;upm;vkyfjcif;onf pdwfcE<mtm; wuf=uGap.?
aomh(5) MUSIC.LITERATURE
*Dwonf ESvHk;udk¶$ifap.? pmzwfjcif;onf todOm%fudk wdk;ap.?
aomh(6) BEANS
yJt+rJpm;jcif;jzifh toufudkap&Snfonf?
aomh(7) VICES
aq;vdy/f t&ufukd vufjyE_wq f ufyg?
aomh(8) LOVE.SEX
vdifESifhtcspfudk nDrSsygap?
aomh(9) LONELINESS
txD;usefjcif;u &kef;xGufEdkifvSsif oifusef;rm+yD?
aomh(10) MIND
OD;aESmufudk rjywfoHk;ay;jcif;jzifh tdkrif;jcif;udk umuG,fEdkifonf?
aomh(11) TEA
a&aEG;=urf; t+rJaomufo;kH jcif;onf 0dwu f sap./ uifqmudk umuG,af y;./ t&G,w f if EkysKad p.?
aomh(12) SMILE
b0udk t+yHK;eJ@&ifqdkifyg?
ysif;a=umqef@jcif;
yifyef;EGrf;vscsdef ysif;a=umqef@jcif;jzifh aeomxdkifom&Sdaponf? tvkyfESifhvuf
rjywfolrsm;twGuf ysif;a=umqef@jcif;onf cE<mudk,ftwGuf taumif;qHk;
v_y&f mS ;enf;wpfrsK;d jzpfonf? vlcE<muse;f rmzd@k twGuf t"duta&;ygaomtcsurf mS yHrk eS af oG;vnfywfrj_ zpfonf? ta=umif;rSm
cE<mudk,ftpdwftykdif;rsm;odk@ tm[m&ay;a0jcif;/ rvdktyfonfht&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;jcif; ponfhtvkyfudk vnfywfaeonfhaoG;u
vkyfaqmifay;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ysif;a=umqef@jcif;onf cE<mudk,f&Sd=uGufom;rsm;udk usHKŒqef@ay;onf?
puUef@ydkif;rSs ysif;a=umtcgcgqef@ay;jcif;jzifh te,fxdkifaeaomaoG;rsm;u ESvHk;qDodk@jyefpD;+yD; aoG;vnfywfr_udk ydkrdkaumif;
rGefaponf? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif =uGufom;rsm;usHKŒqef@jcif;jzifh
=uGuo f m;twGi;f &Sd aoG;rsm;udv k nf; vnfywftm;aumif;aponf? =uGuo f m;twGi;f &Sd rvdt k yfonft
h &mrsm;udk o,faqmif
z,f&Sm;ay;ojzifh yifyef;anmif;nmr_udk aysmufap+yD; cE<mudk,fudk vef;qef;wuf=uGaponf?
xdk@tjyif ysif;a=umqef@csdef vltrsm;u vufESpfzufudk aemufodk@ qef@wef;wwfonfhtwGuf &ifbwfv_yf&Sm;r_udk vnf;jzpf
apygonf?
aomufoHk;&efroifhaom a&(5)rsKd;
(1) rD;zdkay:wGif tcsdef=umjrifhpGm qlyGufatmifxm;onfh a&aEG;
(2) "mwfAl;xJwGif &uf=umjrifhpGmxm;onfh rvwfqwfaoma&aEG;
(3) t}udrf}udrfqlAGufatmif }udKcJhaoma&aEG;
(4) wpfnvGefaoma&aEG;udk xyf}udKxm;aoma&aEG; (odk@) xyfr}udKxm;aoma&aEG;
pmrsufEmS (5)
(5) xrif;/ [if;aygif;cH&nf
4if;a&rsm; aomufo;kH &efroifjh cif;rSm t}udr}f udrf qlAu G +f yD;aoma&wGif u,fvpD,/H ruf*eDp, D /H *&d&k if;ESihf tjcm;owWKrsm;
ydkrdkwdk;vm+yD; ausmufuyfudk xdcdkufapEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? opfoD;rsm; tvGeftuGsHrpm;oifhay *syefEdkifiH Kyoto University
aq;ynmbmom&yf ya&mfzufqm Teng Tian Ichiro . ajym=um;csuft& opfoD;tvGefuGsHpm;oHk;ygu cE<mudk,fwGif; ADwmrif C
rsm;jym;ap+yD; oxalic acid udk tvG,fwuljzpfay:aponf? oxalic acid ESifh vlcE<mudk,f&SdacGs;rsm; aygif;pyf+yD; ta&jym;=urf;jcif;/
xdcdkufjcif;rsm; jzpfapwwfonf? jyif;xefygu aq;ESifhrwnfhaom ta&jym;a&m*grsm; jzpfapwwfonf? tar&duefynm&Sifrsm;.
qef;ppfcsufrSmvnf; xdkenf;twljzpfonf? rwlaom&moD/ rwlaoma&m*grsm;wGif opfoD; rsm;udka&G;cs,f pm;oHk;oifhonf[k ynm
&Sifrsm;u cef@rSef;=uonf? Oyrm- aqmif;OD;ESifhaqmif;&moDrsm;wGif pdkxdkif;r_enf;aoma=umif; opfawmfoD;ESifh tpma=uvG,faom
iSufaysmoD;/ yef;oD; rsm;udk pm;oHk;oifhonf? ESpf&Snfacsmif;qdk;olrsm; opfawmfoD;udk pm;ay;Edkifovdk ESvHk;tm;enf;ol/ aoG;wdk;&Sdol/
tpmra=u vG,folrsm; Crataegus udk t+rJpm;oifhonf? =uufOrsm; tvGeftuGsH rpm;oifhay tm[m&"mwfrsm; trsm;
tjym;yg0ifaom =uufOonf vlwikd ;f twGuf tm;wd;k aq;jzpf onf? =uufOpm;enf; rsm;pGm&Sad omfvnf; atmufygpm;enf; ESprf sK;d rSm
taumif;qHk;pm;enf;jzpfonf?
(1) =uufOtESpfudk [if;&nfcsufjcif; (odk@) a&aEG;qlxJ azmufxnfh+yD; pm;oHk;jcif;?
(2) =uufO[wfbdGKifa=umf&mwGif o=um;tenf;i,fxnfhjcif;jzifh ydktusKd;&Sdaom tm[m&udk&aponf? vlwcsKdŒu tm[m&"mwf
rsm;aom =uufOudk rsm;rsm;pm;oHk;ay;jcif;jzifh tm[m&rsm;pGm&Edkifonf[k xifrSwfrSm;wwf=uonf? vlwpfOD; rSm ae@pOf=uufOwpf
vHk;rSESpfvHk;xd pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh cE<mudk,ftwGufvdktyfaom y&dkwif;"mwfudk tvHktavmuf&Edkifonf?
rSm;
xrif;rpm;rD [if;&nfwpfcu G af omufz@kd rarhygEiS ?hf xrif;rpm;rD [if;&nfyyl l t&ifaomufjcif;jzifh cE<mud, k 0f wd tf m; xde;f odr;f
ay;onf? tar&duefynm&Sirf sm;u cE<mud, k f 0+zdK;olta,muf(1000)jzifh avhvmqef;ppf&mwGif xrif;rpm;rD [if;&nfyl aomufol
onf? pm;aomxrif;eyfwdkif;wGif u,fvdk&D 55uwf avSsmhenf;&&Sdaponf? omreftm;jzifh xrif;pm;jrefolonf t0vG,fonf?
ta=umif;rSm OD;aESmuftwGif;&Sd (tmom) csifjcif;tuef@rS “pm;0+yD” qdkonfhowif;&zdk@ tcsdeftenf;i,f,l&onf? xdktcsdef
,laepOftwGif;wGif tpm;jrefaomolu ydkvGefaomtpm;rsm; pm;oHk;+yD;jzpfonf? tu,fI xrif;rpm;rD [if;&nfwpfcGuf aomuf
jcif;jzifh xrif;tpm;enf;ap+yD; 0jcif;rSumuG,af y;Edik o f nf? taumif;qH;k a&aomufcsed f a,bk,stm;jzifh vlwpfO;D onf wpfae@vsS if
tenf;qH;k a&(1500cc) aomufoifo h nf? ESv;kH ESihf ausmufuyfaqmif&u G t f m;enf;olrsS vI GJ a&udvk akH vmufpmG aomuf oifo h nf?
txl;ojzifh ylaom(od@k ) avat;pufziG x hf m;aom aetdrEf iS &hf ;kH cef;wGif avxkajcmufuyfaom ae&mwGif ydrk kd aomufoifo h nf? ae@pOf
xrif;oH;k eyf=um;ESihf xrif;pm;csed w f iG f a&r=um c%aomufay;oifo h nf? od@k aomf wpf}udrw f nf; wGif tvGet f rif; raomufoifah y?
reufpm tpm;0&Hkru aumif;aumif;pm;oifhonf? “reufpm 00pm;/ ae@v,fpm aumif; aumif;pm;/ npm enf; enf;pm;”
qdkonfhtwdkif; “reufpm 00&if&+yD” [k vltrsm;u qdk=uonf? xdkxufomru reufpmonf wpfae@wmtwGuf ta&;yg aom
eyfwpf eyfjzpfonf? tm[m&jynfhaom/ y&dkwif;"mwf ygaom reufpmonf *vkukd@udk cE<mxJwGif =um&Snfxdef; xm;ay;Edkifonf?
reufpmwGif hot drink jzpfaom aumfz/D vufzuf &nftjyif aumufyo J ;D ESpH mrsm; (*sKH jzifph rD xH m;aom tpm;tpm)/ wd&p>mefr&S aom
y&dwk if;(EGm;Ed@k / 'decf sO/f =uufO)/ opfo;D (od@k ) opfo;D azsm&f nfEiS hf tcsK"d mwf/ tqD"mwfenf;aom tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oH;k oifo h nf?
reufpmudk t0pm;&Hkru taumif;pm;oifhonf?
Posted by Thulay
a&$z&Ho
k ;D 3=vH;k bwf 6000 wJA
h sKdŒ (ay;pm)
xkid ;f -jrefre,fpyf rJaqmuf+rdKŒawmifbufu zkwzf &m;+rdKŒe,frmS +yD;cJw h hJ atmufwb kd mvwke;f u a&$z&Hok ;D wpfv;kH cd;k rdwmeJ@
bwf 6000 avsmaf =u;ay;vdu k &f wJh jzpf&yfuav;udk pmzwfy&dowfrodcsi=f ubl;vm;? jzpf&yfu 'Dvykd gæ zkwzf &m;+rdKŒe,f ptdw k u kd ef ,f
&Gmwpf&GmrSm a&$z&HkoD; 3 vHk;udk rHk(arSsmh)ydkif&Sif&JŒ pdkufcif;xJuae udka&$jrefrmtvkyfor ESpfOD;u vlrodatmif cl;oGm;owJhAsm?
tJ'Dvdk cdk;+yD;awmh ygvmwJhtdwfxJ xnfhxm;wmaygh? tJ'Dvdk cdk;xm;xnfhxm;wmudk rHkvlrsKd; tvkyf&Sifudk,fwkdif pdkufcif;xJudk
a&Smifwcifa&mufvm+yD; olrwd@k EpS Of ;D udk vuf&zrf;rdwmayg?h 'gukd jrefrmjynfom;awGua&m? xkid ;f awGuyg ajyvnf&majyvnfa=umif;
nSKd E_id ;f ay;ayr,fh b,fvrkd S r&bl;AsKŒd ? 'Dvkd vdycf wJ nf;vJ tajctaerSm usaemfw@kd ptdw k u dk ef ,f jrefrm&Gmvl}uD;tzG@J e@J ptdw
k u kd ef ,f
&Jpcef;tzGJ@awGu rHkvlrsKd;tvkyf&Sifudk b,favmuf&&if auseyfrSmvJvdk@ ar;&awmhwmaygh? 'DtcgrSm wpfOD;udk bwf 6000 pD&rS
auseyfr,fv@kd rHt k vky&f iS u
f ajymawmhwmayg?h 'ge@J yJ usaemfw@kd u cd;k pm;wJh opfo;D ydck sKo
d vdk jzpfaeolawGukd oem;ayr,fh b,fvrkd S
=um;0ifaphpyf zsefajzay;vdk@r&wJhtqHk;rSm “wpfa,mufudk bwf 3000 pD(tm;vHk;aygif; bwf 6000)”eJ@yJ auseyfygvdk@ =um;xJu
ixGm;cg;emcH+yD; awmif;awmif;yefyef ajym&w,fAsKŒd ? usaemfw@kd jrefrm tvkyo f rm;awGtm;vH;k b,feikd if rH mS yJaeae tcsKt d acsmif&vd@k
vufujrif;csiw f phJ w
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f @kd E_;d aqmfvu dk yf g&apæ? ? =unfph rf;ygO;D ææ a&$z&Ho k ;D 3
vH;k bwf 6000 wJAh sKŒd ææ? =um;vd@k rS aumif;=uao;&JŒvm; t&yfuwd@k ææ? vif;a&mifjcnf atmifci kd f
pmrsufEmS (6)
'gawGpw d rf 0ifpm;ygb;l ? ESpaf ,mufom; wD;wd;k wdik yf if ae=uav&JŒ?
aq;aygif;cwJ=h n “aypd&m igajymovdkom vkyfprf;yguGm- 'D, =wm
([mo-0wˆ K wd k ) tvGefaumif;wJh ,=wmyg? rif;uighwynfh rdk@ay; wm/
(td»»»»
k»»»» +rdKŒrd/ +rdKŒz taygif;wdk@&,f»»»» »»»» usef; vlwkdif;udk igray;bl; odvm;? q&mwm}uD; qdkwm
rmawmf r l = u ygpuG , f »»»» » »»» csrf ; omawmf r l = u 'Dacsmif;&d;k wavSsmufrmS emrnf}uD; ygu”G aypdu &doo hJ hJ
ygpuG,»»»» f»»»» &efb,mab;/ uGma0;»»»» jrefjrefrmajy +yHK;&if; “emrnf}uD;w,fqw kd m emrnfukd pmvH;k }uD;}uD;eJ@
ta&;'d@k ta&;»»»» *Dw&dyo f m»»»» ud, k &hf yd f omrSm»»»» a&;vd@k vm; q&mwm}uD;” qdk vku d af wmhæ
awmuf »»»» awmuf»»»» »»»» awmuf»»»» »»»» awmuf*sdef;)2 “a[haumifæ awmfwefwdwf/ ig;a=umfyef;uef
r[maZmf wa,muf ,ae@ b,fvjkd zpfreS ;f rod/ atmuf zdwf tvkyu f kd pdw0f ifpm;prf; =um;vm;/ igajymwJt h wkid ;f vky&f if
ajrbHk&dyfomav;xJrSm wpfa,mufwnf; pmzwf&if; aysmfaerd.? ZD;*Guf ru rif;udk a=uGomG ;rSmrvGb J ;l ” q&mwm}uD; aypDtwGuf
bmha=umifhygvdrfh/ ta=umif;&if;udk&SmvdkufawmhrS/ rdrdrSm ydkufqH ,=wm vkyfay;aeygw,f? ol@&JŒ ,=wmuæ 0g;qpfydwf 0g;&if;
jywfomG ;I aysmrf ad =umif; odvm&.? vl trsm; ESiq hf ef@ usib f uf wkwftpdk 2 awmifwdwdjzwf/ ae@ 12 em&DrSm vrf;ab;uae
jzpfI? vlawGu ydu k q f &H vm&if/ ydu k q f aH wG ayg&if aysm=f u.? pm *gxm&G w f aemuf j yef a cgif ; ay:ausmf + yD ; rsuf p d r S d w f x m;+yD ;
a&;olu 'Dvdkr[kwf? ydkufqHoHk;p&m r&Sdawmh&if tvGefaysmfyg.? ypf & ef j zpf . ? q&mwm }uD ; u ol @ &J Œ tpG r f ; xuf * gxmud k
onf h t wG u f a =umif h v nf ; wa,muf w nf ; aysmf a ysmf & $ i f & $ i f a&SŒuwkdifay;.?
txufygocD si;f av;udq k &kd if;/ yg;pyfjrL;ZpfoaH v;eJ@ [mrdek v D udk +f yD;/ “aypd vku d q f udk mG (OHK txufrmS o=um;/ atmufrmS x
aysmaf erd&mu r=umrD wefaqmifrek ;f v a&muf awmhrnf? onfv nuf/ tv,facgifrSm ajryJ,dk)3 cgqdk+yD; rsufpdrSdwf aemufjyefypf
onf&moDa&muf+yDqdkrSjzifh i,fi,fwHk;u “wuf0if” &Gmav;&JŒ ayawmh/ rif;}udKufaewJh ZD;*Gurf rif;udak =uG+yD;omrSwaf yawmhæ”
wefaqmifwkdifn/ aq;taygif; y˜atmif aq;aygif;cwJhntjzpf “q&mw}uD; ajryJ,ckd snb hf J raumif;bl; ESr;f yspu f av; bmav;
uav;udk awG;rd&mu pmzwfolrsm;odk@ apwem a0jzmI a&$ay rygbl;vm;”aypdu ysufacsmfacsmfar;awmhæ? “a[haumifæ
v$mqufvkdufcsifwmu 'DvdkygwJh cifAsm;æ? aomufpum;rrsm;eJ@ ESrf;yspfu aoG;wdk;eJ@ rwnfhbl;”wJh?
'ga=umifh (udik ;f æ &Gmpm;ausm/f pdeaf bmhyifa&/ ykZeG v f ufr aypdwa,muf 0g;&if;wkww f pfacsmif;eJ@ ae@vnf 12 em&D
uufu&/ rsufESm0ESifh cGifnDawmh/ 0ifpnfawmf,Gef;) aAyHkxD;ef/ rSm xGufcGmoGm;yg+yD;? 'D,=wmatmifjrif&if ol}udKufaewJh t&D;
aAyHxk ;D efæ? wuf0if&mG qdw k m txuftnma&eHacsmif;+rdKŒe,f yif; aomhorD; ZD;*Gurf u ol@uakd =uG+yDqw kd hJ tawG;eJ@ avSsmuf vmvku d f
acsmif;em;rSm&Sdyg.? uwW&mvrf;ab;rSm &SdIvnf;? c&D;vrf; yrf; wm uwW&mvrf;ay:a&mufyg+yD? 'Dtcsed u f um;jywfcsed f qdak wmh
tquftoG,f aumif;ygonf? yif;acsmif;udk trSo D [JjyK+yD;/ udik ;f aypd vrf;ab;uyfrwfwyf&yf 0g;&if;wkwfudk aygif=um; uaecs
oD;ESHrsm;vnf; tvGefxGuf.? txl;ojzifh =uufoGefeD t"du vrf;ay:axmuf rsupf u d ykd w d x
f m;+yD; yg;pyfu *gxm&Gwf aevdu k f
xGufwJha'oyg? xnuf(xef;vsuf)eJ@ =uufoGefeDtrsm;tjym; wm ta0;u=unfh&if rwfwyf&yf+yD; &l&laygifaeovdk ygbJæ? (OKH
xGufawmh pD;yGm;a&;vnf; tqifajyygw,f? &Gmu tdrfajc 100 txufrSmo=um;/ atmufrSmxnuf/ tv,facgifrSm ajryJ,dk)3
ausmaf vmuf&w dS &hJ mG i,fav;yg? &Gmav;u i,fayr,fh jy\emu }udrfqdk+yD;wmeJ@ “atmif+yDa[h”atmf acgif;udkausmf+yD; aemufjyef
ri,fvyS gb;l ? t"du jy\emr=um r=um&Si;f ay;ae&wmuawmh? ypfvu dk w f m “0S;D ” “'kw”f “tm;æ atmifr,fav; ao yg+yDAs”
“udkwm}uD; eJ@ wynfhausmf aypd”ESpfOD;yg? udkwm}uD;u touf atmf oHeJ@twl pufbD;a&mvlygvJusoGm;wmu aps;0,fu
40 ygwf0ef;usif vlysKd}uD;/ &GmvnfacgifrSm udk,fhtdrfeJ@udk,f jyefvmwJh “qdwfodk;” qdwfodk;u pufbD;eJ@ta&muf/ aypd&JŒ
wpfa,mufwnf;orm;/ rdbtarG;tESpfjzpfwJh ,m/ udkif;wdk@udk 0g;&if;wkwu f vJ tuse@J qHrk ad vawmh qdwo f ;kd ezl;uG+J yD; iSuu f x
vkyfzufcspm; bmtvkyfrS r,fr,f&&rvkyfygbl;? aA'ifvdkvdk ndK}uD; qHk;jzwfcsuft& aypdcrsm r&SdrJh&SdrJhaiGxJu ig;axmifusyf
atmufvrf;vdkvdk tvkyfawGvnf;vkyf&JŒ/ tdrfa&SŒrSm qkdif;bkwf usyf avsmfvkduf&ygownf;? aypd vufravsmhao;yg? ol@q&m
a&;+yD; csdwfxm;wm=unfhawmh “q&mwm}uD; tmwy`EMaA'if/ udkwm}uD;udk tusKd;ta=umif; oGm;ajym&.?
aejrif vjrif a[mekid o f nf”wJ?h “q&mwm}uD; b,fvdkqufvkyf=urvJ”qdkawmh udkwm
'Dqkdif;bkwfudk=unfh+yD; &GmxJu “qdwfodk;”u ajymao; }uD; “rylygeJ@uGm- ig}uH+yD;om;yg? vl}uH&if x&Hawmifacs;okwf
w,f? “aeeJ@ veJ@ jrifwmuawmh acG;awGawmif jrifao;/ olajym caemif; jzpfw,fr[kwfvm;uG? 'Dawmhæ 'Dvdkvkyf&atmif 'Dn
rSvm;”wJh &GmxJu tysKdawGuvnf; “udkwm}uD; qdk a0; a0u vjynfhn/ aq;aygif;cwJhn 'gawGrif;wdk@odom;bJ/ tdrfrSm &SdwJh
a&Smif/ tdkatmif rqif;&J”vdk@awmif pmcsKd;=uw,f? udkwm}uD;&JŒ ypPn;f rqd/k 'Dnaq;zuf0ifw,fu/G rif;wd@k a*:rpGu H mvom; awGpk
tjzpfu tJoavmuf cspfuHacygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'Dt xm;/ pum;awmhvHkyapaemf/ 'DntpDtpOfu qdk+yD;” udkwm}uD;
ouf'Dt&G,fxdatmif a*:rpGH vlysKd}uD;jzpfaewmyg? 'Dae@vnf; aypdem; em;uyf/ wD;wd;k ajymae.? aypduvnf; acgi;f w+idr+hf idrehf @J æ?
wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhae@ &GmxJu vlawG ukodkvfaumif;r_vkyfzdk@ wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfn h . vrif;}uD;u xdex f ed o f mvSsu&f . dS ? wdrf
rD;xGef;zdk@/ uxdefyGJcif;bdk@/ wkdifyif=u/ vkyf=uudkif=u/ tkwftkwf jrLuif;I vrif;ta&mifrSm jzmxGufaeay&m wuf0if&Gmav;.
usuu f suf waysmw f yg;/ udw k m}uD;eJ@ wynfah usmf aypd wd@k u ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
pmrsufEmS (7)
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm; xGef;nSdxm;aom za,mif;wdkifrD;/ qDrD;rsm;ESifh “uJawmf+yD awmf+yD/ 'Davmufqkd rif;wd@k ajcmufa,muf
aygif;pyfvkdufygu tvGef=unfEl;p&maumif;vSay.? vdrf;avmuf+yD? ighoGm;awGvJ usifvS+yD? ay;prf; aq;cGuf”qdk+yD;
&Gmv,facgif udw k m}uD;tdrrf mS awmh aypde@J umvom;tzG@J prk yd g+yD? bk&m;aygifay:wif+yD; yg;pyfuvJ bmawG&GwfrSef;rod ElwfyG Elwf
“a[hæ rif;wd@k pk roGm;eJ@ wpfa,mufcsi;f xGu”f vd@k udw k m}uD;u yGe@J æ? watmifah vmuft=umrSmawmh udw k m}uD; bk&m;uyfxm;
ckdif;awmh “q&mwm}uD;b,fudkoGm;&rSmvJ”[k aypduar;.? wJh aq;cGuf(ac: )'eftdk; 'efcGuf ZGef;yef;uefawG aoG;xm;wJh/
“[dk;æ &Gmta&SŒu xef;awmodrfudkoGm;/ za,mif;wkdifrD;cspf t&nfnpfywfawG,l+yD; ol@wynfhawGudk ac:vkdufygw,f?
rsm;rsm;,l/ a&wyH;k eJ@ a&cyfomG ;=u” n &Spef m&Davmuf xef;awm “uJæ tm;vHk;wef;pD/ 'Daq;[m aq;aygif;cwJh ypPnf;
odrfrSm aypdeJ@tzGJ@pkrdyg+yD? odrfxJrSm bk&m;wifjyifacG oHk;ql&Sd.? awGeJ@ az:pyfxm;wJh tpGrf;xufaq; 'Dawmh rif;wdk@ ,Hk,Hk=unf
atmufrmS orHwvif;eJ@qakd wmh tawmf[efus.? tm;vH;k 0kid ;f xkid f =unfeJ@ rsufESmudkvdrf; ntdyf=u/ reufrdk;vif;&ifvJ rsufESmr
vdu k =f uyg+yD? udw k m}uD;u aq;aygi;f cwJh ypPn;f awG ppf.? 'eft;kd / opfeJ@OD;/ rif;wdk@ oabmusaewJh trsKd;orD;tdrfudkoGm;ayawmh
oHyef;uefjym;/ [if;yef;uef/ a=u;ZGef; ypPnf;rsm;pHkvifvS.? uJpvd@k &+yD”ajymvdu k w f meJ@ ol@xufig tvkt,ufvrd ;f vdu k =f u
“a[hæ h qdwo f ;kd rif;u bm,lvmcJw h ek ;f ”qdak wmh qdwf wm/ t&nfcGufvJukefoGm;yg+yD?
od;k u ol@yq k ;kd +cHKxJu ausmufi&kyu f snaf yG@}uD;udk axmifjy &if;æ “tm; q&mwm}uD;/ pyfw,fAs”qdak wmh udw k m}uD;uæ?
“tarhtvpfrmS ,lvmwmAs? jzpfw,fr[kwv f m; q&mwm}uD;” “at;æ pyfwmaumif;w,f/ pyfav/ aq;pGr;f xufavaygu h ”G vd@k
qdkawmh tm;vHk;0dkif;&,f=u.? “a[haumifawG wdk;wdk;vkyfprf;” tm;ay;ygw,f? “Elrvdv k ekd @J ud,
k yf suaf vjcif;” reufr;kd vif; csed f
q&mwm}uD;u aigu+f yD; wmeJ@ “uJ orHovif;udk a&qGw/f rif;wd@k rSmawmh wuf0if&mG wpf&mG vH;k wpfa,mufpum;/ wpfa,muf em;/
ypPn;f awGuv kd J a&qGw+f yD; ememaoG;/ aoG;+yD;om; aq;&nfawGt tkwt f w
k uf suu f suf jzpfuek yf g+yD? “atmifr,fav; ud, k u
f sK;d eJyg+yD
v,facgifu cGufcJudk tm;vHk;pkxnfh=u” awmh usKyf m ;av; rsuf E S m =unf h y gOD ; ” qd w f o d k ; tar id k o H /
“q&mwm 'DaoG;+yD;om; t&nfawG usKyfw@kd bmvky&f rSm aypdtazuvJ “b,frwkef;u iwm}uD; uav;awGudk ajrSmuf
wke;f ” ayvHuar;jyef.? “rif;wd@k rSwx f m;/ 'Dnu aq;aygi;f cwJh ay;w,f? ckawmh rsuEf mS awGa,mifuikd ;f uke+f yD/ rJyyk yf yk ef @J zg;jyKwf
n 'DaoG;xm;wJh aq;&nfawGudk bk&m;rSm igc% uyfr,f? ausmuke;f xvd@k aysmufatmifuak y;&ifay; ray;&if ige@J awG@ r,f?”
+yD;wmeJ@ rif;wdk@rsufESmrSmtm;&yg;&vdrf;/ tJ'g rsufESmyGifhaq;bJ/ 'Dvakd 'goxGu+f yD; udw k m}uD;udk &du
k rf ,f ykwrf ,f/ xd;k r,f
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ayawmh” (zspq f kd wmu udw k m}uD; vufazsmufw;D vku d f wmyg) nudk t&kyfqdk;atmif vkyfwJhtaumif/ rif;ndK}uD;ta=umif;
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ajym&if; w*spf*spf wAspfAspfeJ@ orHwvif;eJ@ tdk;cGufyef;uef xrif;0atmifpm;xm;/ xrif;pm;+yD;&if/ rif;a&aomuf”wJhæ?
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vGe;f I yg;pyfuv kd ufe@J ydwx f m;&.? udwk m}uD; aoG;+yD;om;t&nf
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ta+zuawmh &Si;f &Si;f av;yg ? olwŒdk uk, d u f sKd ;pD;yGm;uvG+J yD; bm aumufyGJ}uD; jzpfvmyg+yD? 'Dtcsdefxdvnf; wpfa,mufukd wpf
ukrd S tav;rxm;wJh +ynfoŒl vufxu J tm%mukd rw&m; odr;f a,muf vufndK;xkd; pGwfqGJae=uwkef;ygbJ? vuf&Sdtpkd;&u
ykud xf m;wJh ppftm%m&Sif pepfq;dk a=umifq h w dk m tm;vk;H odxm; aumufuspf,kwfrmwJh enf;vrf;awGukd trsdK;rsdK; tokH;cswm
=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ tckcsdefxd olwkdŒvufatmufrSm tm;vkH;od+yD;om;bJ?
&Sad eqJygb?J olwŒdk ukd bk&H efot l +zpf wku d cf udk af csre_ ;f =ur,fvŒdk xifay:ausmf=um;wJh tEkynm&SifawGukdokH;+yD; orkdif;ukd
a=uG;a=umfaewJh tcka&G;aumufyGJ 0ifrnfŒygwDrsm; tygt0if ajymif;jyefveS zf Œdk }udK;pm;w,f/ eHrnf}uD; pma&;q&mawGudk tokH
tzGJŒtpnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u a+ymqkdae=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh cs+yD; orkid ;f ukd apmufx;dk a&;ckid ;f w,f? tJ'v
D al wG uvnf; olwŒdk
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d nf; tcGifhta&;&&if +yD;a&mqkd+yD; tm%m&Sift vkdus vkdufvHaqmif
razmfaqmifEldif =uao;ygbl;? &Guf+yD; jynfolvlxk rsufvkH;ukd tqdyfeJ@yufaewmyg? aemufqkH;
vuf&Sdppftm%m&SifawG usifhokH;wJhpepfu e,fcsJŒawG b,favmuftxdq;dk vmvnf;qkad wmh jynfyu Elid if aH &;vkyf &Sm;
usio hf ;Hk wJph epfe@J ody+f yD;xl;+cm;r_r&Svd yS gb;l ? olwŒdk tm%m wnf+rJ aeol rSeo f rSsudk vkypf m;aeygw,fvŒdk pGypf aJG jymqkcd siw
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pmrsufEmS (8)
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkd vlrsdK;ukdawmif jynfolvlxku tjrifrSm; w,f? orkdif;rSm yk*~dKvfa&;awG xnfhawG;+yD; nSmwmpGm okH;oyf
atmif a&;omvmwmukd awGŒ&Sd&ygw,f? EldifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrSm vkduf&if tem*wfukd opPmazmuf&m a&mufw,fvkdŒ rSwfom;cJh
aexkid +f yD; jrefrmhEidl if aH &;ukd }udK;pm;yrf;pm; aqmif&u G af ewJh vlawG bl;ygw,f?
ukd odr;f }uHK;+yD; vkypf m;ae ygw,fvŒdk ajymwJv h al wG owd xm;oifh vuf&dS wwd, Elid if aH wGrmS jynfajy;vkŒd pGypf aJG +ymqkw d mukd
w,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm tvkyf tudik f rzefw;D ay;Elid v f Œdk Elid if w
H umrSm cHae=u&wJh vlawGubma=umifh jynfyElid if aH wGrmS wdr;f a&Smifae&
jrefrmEldifiHom;awG oef;eJ@csDxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfae=uygw,f? wmvnf;? olu, dk w f idk f rodwmawmh r+zpfEild yf gb;l / tpd;k & tvku d s
wkid ;f wyg;rSm a&muf&adS eayr,fh uk, d w
hf idk ;f +ynfudk wk;d wufapcsiv f Œdk odo}d uD;eJŒ csKd ;ESrd +f yD; a&;om;aewmyg? olwŒdk awG[m jrefrmjynfrmS
Elid if t
H a&;ukd vky&f mS ;aeolawG trsm;}uD;yg qkw d mukd olu, dk wf idk f 'Dru dk a&pD vrf;azmufzŒdk }udK;pm;cJ=h uvkŒd tm%m&Sif wkid ;f jynfudk
rodwmvm;/ od&ŒJ om;eJŒ wrifnpf+yD; a&;vku d w f mvm; ynm&Sif wnfaqmufcsifwJh vlawGu rw&m;zrf;qD; ESdyfpufwmudk rcH&
trnfcx H m;+yD; pma&; om;aewmukd pOf;pm;=unfŒvku d &f if tod atmif cwWwrd ;f a&Smifae&wJh vlawGyg? usaemf odoavmuf trSef
om}uD;yg? twkid ;f ajym&&ifawmh rw&m;r_udk acgi;f ikŒH oD;rcHEidl v f Œdk tm%m&Sif
'kŒkd wkid ;f +ynfrmS tvkyt f ukid af wG &Sm;yg;vmvkŒd wkid ;f wyg; awGudk wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; axmifxJrSmeJŒ jynfy
ukd jrefrmElid if o H m;awG tvkyx f u G f vkyaf e&wmukd b,fvedk nf; Elid if aH wGrmS yg? tck=uawmh ajymif;jyefAsm tpk;d & vufo;Hk pum;awG
eJ@tvkyt f ukid f zefw;D ay;=u&if aumif;rvJqw dk m ynm&Sif trnf ukd azmazm oDoD tok;H cs jynfy&muf 'Dru dk a&pD vky&f mS ;olawGu
cH,lxm; olawG taeeJ@ tpkd;&ukd ynmay;zkdŒ pOf;pm;=u&r,fh bJ jrefrmhEidl if aH &;ukd &efwu dk af y;aeovkv d dk tawG;tac:awG wifjy
tpm; wkdif;wyg;udk xGufcGmae=u&wmudk jypfwifajymqkdae=u vmwmukdawGŒ&awmh wu,f&ifemrdygw,f? vkyf&Sm;olawG=um;
wm ynm&Sifvm;/ tpkd;& tvkdawmf&Sd ynm&SiftrnfcH vkyfpm; rSm vkypf m;olawG &Sw d m rSeyf gw,f? tJ'v D b dk J tm%m&Sif todik ;f
olvm;qkdwm ukd,fhvkyf&yfeJŒ ukd,fjyef+yD; pOf;pm;=unfh=uyg? t0kdif;rSmvnf; trSefw&m;ukd cspfjrwfEld;olawG trsm;}uD;yg?
'DaeŒ vli,fawG rnHh=uygbl;qkdwm rSefw,f? tifwm jynfyukd a&mufrS Elid if aH &; pwifvyk =f uwm r[kwyf gb;l / jynfwiG ;f
eufudk tok;H jyK+yD; urBm}uD;eJŒ &ifabmifwef;+yD; owif;awG =um; rSm ppfrSefwJhowif;/ orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef/ todynmay;aqmif;yg;awG
od&wmvnf; rSefygw,f? ukd avhvmcGifhr&wJh usaemfwkdŒ EldifiHom;awG[m trSefw&m;udk
'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfrSm tifwmeufukd okH;pGJol ta& odvmwJh tcsdefrSm ukd,fodovkd olrsm;awGvnf; odygapqkdwJh
twGuf b,favmuf&Sdw,fqkdwmukd wpfckawmh xnfhoGif;pOf; qENawGeŒJ pwifvyk af qmifvm =uwmyg?
pm;zkŒd arhomG ;w,feŒJ wlygw,f? tJ'v D dk Elid if wH umu todynm usaemf uk, d w f idk f etz rD', D mawG eJŒ 27 vk;H vk;H =uD;jyif;
awG/ owif; tcsuftvufawG ykdrkd&&Sdav/ ukd,fhwkdif;+ynfukd vmcJŒ&wmyg? ygyrD vkd Zmwfum;rsKd ;ukd t[kwx f ifcw hJ ,f?h ABSDF
uk, d af &muf&adS ewJh wkid ;f jynfvdk jzpfapcsiw f hJ usaemfwŒdk wawG&ŒJ ukd t=urf;zufaomif;usef;olvkdŒ ,lqrdcJhw,f? wkdif;&if;om;
apwemukd ynm&SiftrnfcH+yD; ta&mifqkd;jyaewm ynm&Sif vufeufuidk f tzGŒJ tpnf;awGudk olyek v f Œdk xifrcd w hJ ,f? 'gawG[m
vm;? wu,fhtrSefw&m;udkajymif;jyefajymqkdxm;wJh etz rD'D,mawG
[kwfw,f/ EldifiHwumu owif;tcsuftvuf pmay eJŒom xdawGŒqufqcH &hJ vkŒd &&Sv d mwJh aemufqufwJG tusKd ;quf
awG/ enf;ynmawGudk oif,zl wf&&_ wJh tusKd ;qufu tck usaemf awGyg? tck Elid if jH cm;wkid ;f jynfuadk &muf orkid ;f jzpf&yfreS af wG zwf&KS /
'Dpmukd a&;om;&Jjcif;ygb?J rw&m;wmukd acgi;f ik@H caH y;zkŒd vrf;n$ef owif;tppftrSefawG=um;odcGifh&rS EldifiHta&;ukd ykdrkdpdwf0ifpm;
jyowm ynm&Sirf [kw?f trSew f &m;ukd qef@usizf Œdk ajymvku d w f m vmwmyg? uk, d Ehf idl if uH tpk;d &raumif;wm jynfwiG ;f rSmbJ cHpm;
ynm&Sif r[kwb f ;l ? tm%m&Sif tpk;d &ukd rwku d cf u
dk bf J tcsi;f ae&w,fvkdŒ xifae=u&if xyfrSm;tkH;r,f? 'DaeŒ EldifiHwumrSm
csif;wkdufckdufzkdŒ vrf;n$efjyoay;wm ynm&Sif r[kwfbl;? jrefrmvlrsdK;qkdwmtifrwef rsufESmi,fae&yg+yD? t&nftcsif;
wu,f orkid ;f trSeu f dk azmfxw k jf yocsiw f ,fq&dk if q&m csi;f wl&ifawmif jrefrmElid if o H m; qkd ESrd x f m;wwf=uwm tvky&f iS f
atmifoif;vkd e,fvSnfh+yD; pmaya[majymyGJawGrSm b,folrS wkid ;f &JŒ oabmxm;yg? bmjzpfv@dk vnf; jrefrmElid if o H m;awGqu D
ra&;ao;wJh orkdif;trSefawGukd azmfxkwfjyay;ygvkdŒ awmif;qkd w&m;0if tcGef ,lae=uwJh oH&;Hk qkw d m tvkyo f rm; jy\emwGudk
yg&ap? ocifbaomif;eJŒ nDtpfukd w0rf;uGJ q&matmifoif; pdwf r0ifpm;=ubl;av? tcGeaf y;csi&f ifawmif cc,,eJŒ awmif;
awmif olŒtrsKd ;ukd t"duxm;+yD; rcs;D =uL;bJ Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ukd yef+yD; ay;ae =u&wmukd Elid if w H umuvlawG odae=uw,f? vuf&dS
azmfxkwf csD;=uL; ajymqkdoGm;wmyg? 'gukdbJ ocifbaomif;u tm%m &Siaf wG tkypf ;dk orSs jrefrmElid if o H m;awG jynfawmf rjyefEidl f
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;xuf omoa,mmifa,mif tawG;tac:awGudk wmukd odae=uawmh 0kid ;f +yD; tESrd cf aH e&wmukd tonf;emvGe;f vkŒd
csjywmawmh wu,fraumif;ygb;l ? q&matmifoif; a[majymyGJ uk, d hf wkid ;f jynf wk;d wufapcsiw f hJ apwemeJŒ uk, d x
hf rif;uk, d pf m;+yD;
awGukdvnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; em;axmifbl;ygw,f? Elid if aH &; vkyw f m t+ypfvm;? jynfya&mufrS 'Dru dk a&pDvyk &f mS ;r_
ocifqkdwJhtrnf pwiftokH;jyKwm ocifbaomif;rSef ukd pwifvm=uwm usaemfwŒdk trSm;vm;? trSm;qkw d mukd odwhJ
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wkid ;f +ynf tusKd ;twGuf wu,fvyk af qmifcw hJ hJ tcsdefup+yD; trSm;ukd ausmckdif;cJh+yD; trSefw&m;ukd OD;xdyfxm;
ae&mrSmawmh AkdvfcsKyfukd rrSDygbl;vkdŒ usaemftmrcH+yD; ajym&Jyg cJhwm jrwfAk'<&JŒ vrf;n$efcsuf r[kwfbl;vm;?
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pmrsufEmS (9)
t&ifu bmoma&; rdwaf qGawGeŒJ awGŒwkid ;f usaemfudk ol&aJ umif; pdw"f gwaf wG arG;jrL;apcsiw f ,f? uk, d u
f sKd ;p$eŒf
EldifiHa&;buf bma=umifh ajymif;oGm;wmvnf; awmfawmfrsm; tepfemcHcJhwJh acgif;aqmifawGukd av;pm;cspfcif jrwfEld;apcsif
rsm;u ar;=uygw,f? jrwfA'k &< ŒJ vrf;n$ecf suaf =umifh vljzpf&jcif;&JŒ ygw,f? vl+zpf&wJh c%wmav;rSm vlyDoatmif aexkdifcsifwJh
&nf&G,fcsufukd em;vnf oabmaygufvmrdw,f? vlawGrsm;vm&if/ vljzpf&jcif;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufawG oabmayguf
vljzpf&jcif;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufukd oabmaygufvmawmh vmwJh vlawGrsm;vm&if usaemfwŒdk wkid ;f jynf r=umcif tm%m
vlyDocsifvmw,f? vl&,fvkdŒ jzpfvm&if ukd,fusdK;twWxuf &Sif pepfq;dk atmufu vGwaf jrmuf+yD; ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru
dk a&pD Elid if w
H nf
trsm;tusdK;ukd a&S;&_ygvkdŒ jrwfAk'<u vrf;n$efjyocJhwm w&m; aqmufEldifrSm taotcsmyg? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEldifiHom; tm;vkH;
awmfrsm;rSm txift&Sm; &Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh igqw dk hJ uk,
d u
f sKd ; vlyo D atmif aexkid =f uygpŒdk vkŒd av;pm;pGm wku d wf eG ;f El;d aqmfvu dk f
twWukd a&SŒwef;wif+yD; tm%m&SifawG tvkdus tokH;awmfcH &ygw,f?
b0awmh b,fawmhrS ta&mufrcHawmhb;l vkŒd qk;H jzwfxm;w,f?
'ga=umifhEldifiHa&; vkyfwmygvkdŒ jyefajzay;rdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh cifrifav;pm;vSsuf
Eldif&mwm0efukd xrf;wJhtaeeJŒ ukd,fodxm;orSsukd trsm;udk ArmhaoG;
vnf; odapcsifw,f? jrefrmEldifiHom;awG vlyDoapcsifw,f?
([mo)
Tt&monf }uHz
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ŒHG ikd jf zpfaoma-umifh
“T"mwfwkdifonf }uHhzGHŒydkif"mwfwkdif jzpfaoma=umifh &kuQpdk;? ? aumif;ygavhAsm? 'geJ@ }uHhzGHŒu 0efxrf;awGqDu
rnfonfah cG;rS ao;vmryef;&” [k a&;xm;aom pm&Guu f kd }uHzh ŒHG }udKwifraJ wGvnf; twif;tusyf vdu k af umuf aew,fq?kd
acgif;aqmif OD;odef;*defu "mwfwkdifwwdkifwGif uyfvdkufonf? ode;f *def? ? 'guawmhAsmæ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;eJ@ tnD aumuf
“Topfyifonf }uHhzGHŒydkif opfyifjzpfaoma=umifh rnf wmygAs?
onfh arsmufrS wufraqmh&” [lI opfyifwyifwGif uyfvdkuf &kupQ ;kd ? ? a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siu f ajymawmh }udKwifrq J w kd m
jyefonf? xdo k pfyifrmS &efuek o f @kd a&mufwek ;f a&mufcu kd f OD;&kupQ ;kd aumufcsifwdkif; aumufvdk@ r&bl;qdk?
wnf;aeus opfyifjzpfa=umif; OD;odef;*def roday? ode;f *de?f ? [kww f ,favAsm? aumufcsiw f idk ;f aumufv@kd awmh
pm&Gux f yf}uD;udk udik u f mopfyifatmufwiG f armarmESihf b,f&rvJ? vkdtyfwJh tajctaeawGeJ@ jynfhpHkrS aumufvdk@&wm
xdkifvdkufaom OD;odef;*defa&SŒY OD;&kuQpdk; udk,fxif jyvdkufonf? av? Oyrm - }uHhzGHŒygwDjzpf&r,fayghAsm? wjcm;ygwDawGawmh
ode;f *de?f ? atmifrav;As? vef@vu kd w
f m OD;&kupQ ;kd &,f? toHr aumufcsifwkdif; aumufvdk@ b,f&rvJ?
ay;bmray;eJ@? &kupQ ;kd ? ? awmfawmfav; w&m;rSswr_&ydS gvm;? 'ge@J æ ydu k q f H
&kupQ ;kd ? ? cifAsm; pm&Guf uyfuwnf;u usKyf 'Dopfyifay:uae vkdufacs;wm awmfawmf c&D;a&mufae+yDvm;?
=unfah ewm? 'g usKyf &efuek v f m&if wnf;aeus opfyifAs? b,f ode;f *de?f ? a&mufovm;awmh rar;eJ@? usKyfw@kd acs;wJh ydu k q f u H kd
wkef;u }uHhzGHŒydkif jzpfoGm;wmvJ? jynfolvlxku tm;wufoa&m ,loAs?
ode;f *def? ? (cyfwnfwnfEiS hf OD;&kupQ ;kd ud=k unfI h "mwfwidk u f kd &kupQ ;kd ? ? 'gqkd cifAsm;wd@k ygwu D kd vlawmfawmf odae+yDaygah emf?
vufnêdK;xdk;um) [dk "mwfwkdifudkvnf; =unfhvdkufOD;? "mwfwkdif ode;f *de?f ? odw,f/ odw,f? usKyfukd vlawGu vrf;rSmawGŒ&if
awmif }uHhzGH@ydkifwm opfyifavmufawmh ysif;oem;w,f? aiGw;kd ay;pm;wJh vl}uD;wJh ²²²? awmfawmfukd odae=u+yD?
&kuQpdk;? ? "mwfwkdif }uHhzGHŒydkifwmawmh [kwfyg+yD? bmjzpfvdk@ &kupQ ;kd ? ? Edik if aH wmfu ydu k qf aH wG tawmfuek af &mayg?h
b,facG;rS ao;ryef;&vd@k a&;xm;wmvJAs? acG;awGu pmzwfwwf ode;f *de?f ? ukecf suu f awmh ajymraeeJ@? aejynfawmfrmS 0ift
vdk@vm;? a&G;cHr,fh a&$yef;wd@k uvnf; vlawGukd zke;f awG tvum;ay;w,f/
ode;f *de?f ? tJ'v D akd wmh r[kwb f ;l avAsm? tck[mu urfyed ;f &efukefu atmifodef;ysif;wdk@qdkvnf; &SdorSsvrf;awG ysufysuf
umv r[kwfvm;? usKyfwdk@ }uHhzGHŒudk vlodrsm;av aumif;av rysufysuf tukefcif;w,f? e,fpGefe,fzsm;/ &yfuGuf}udK &yfuGuf
qdak wmh }uHzh ŒHG emrnfyg&if+yD;a&m pmwef;awG a&;+yD; vdu k uf yfwm =um;rSm ta&G;cHr,fah umifawGuvnf; Ekid if aH wmfyu kd q
f H uk,
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av? qHq+kd yD; vlwumudk aiGw;kd ay;w,f?
&kupQ ;kd ? ? bmjzpfv@kd }uHzh ŒHG ydik v f u dk vf yk af ewmvJAs? "mwfwidk w f @kd &kupQ ;kd ? ? awmfawmf wd;k wufr_ &Sw d o hJ abmayg?h
opfyifwdk@qdkwm trsm;ydkif jzpf&wm r[kwfbl;vm;? odef;*def? ? tr,fæ usKyfvlawGu vnfoAs? EkdifiHawmfu
ode;f *de?f ? OD;&kupQ ;kd u cufawmhwmyJ? i,fi,fu wkid Of ;D wrf; &efb;kH aiGæ tJavæ &efyakH iGawGukd oH;k csio f vdk oH;k w,fqakd yr,fh
rupm;zl;bl; xifw,f? usaemfw@kd }uHzh ŒHG u &&m ae&mvGwaf wGukd zdwfcsif;zdwf udk,fhtdwfxJ zdwfr,fqdkwJh yHkpHeJ@ oGm;wmaemf?
OD;xm;rS wjcm;ygwDawG rvmrSmayghAs? aemufudk vrf;qHkvrf;cG &kupQ ;kd ? ? &Si;f prf;ygO;D Asm?
awGrmS ADEikd ;f awG/ bDvb f w k }f uD; awGe@J 'Dxuf vlaomufjrifuyfæ odef;*def? ? 'DvdkavAsm ²²²? Oyrmæ atmifodef;ysif; qdk&if
tJav a,mifvdk@ 'Dxufvlydkodatmif vkyfOD;rSmAsm;? Ekid if aH wmfu yduk q f u H kd ol@tw
d xf J t&ifxnfh vdu k w f ,f? vrf;cif;zd@k
pmrsufEmS (10)
vdw k hJ ydu k qf u H akd wmh pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;&Siaf wGqu
D vnfyif;nêp+f yD; ode;f *de?f ? ordik ;f rSmwifrubl;æ c0J+cHrmS aum tif;pderf mS aum
awmif;w,f? vrf;rSm emrnfwyfawmh }uHzh @HG emrnfwyfw,f? tJ'D wurBmvkH;rSmyg =um;zl;rSm r[kwfbl;? 'gtopfAs?
oabmayghAsm? &kuQpdk;? ? wrsKd ;ygvm;?
&ku
k pQ ;kd ? ? wu,fq&kd if Ekid if aH wmf b¾moH;k +yD; rJq, G f pnf;&H;k &if ode;f *de?f ? t[rf;æ 'gu 'DvAkd s? wvkypf m;zl; ol@aus;Zl;qdw k m
ygwDzsufodrf;&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;? odw,fr[kwv f m;? }uHzh ŒHG qDu wckck ,l&ifyJ jzpfjzpf/ }uHzh ŒHG u twif;
odef;*def? ? [kwfw,favAsm? wjcm;ygwDawG qdk&ifawmh [kwf tusyf wckck twif;vkyaf y;wmudk vufccH sio f nfjzpfap vufrcH
wmaygh? 'gayr,fh rnfodk@yif jzpfapumrl tEkdif&atmif }uHzef csifonfjzpfap vufcH vdkuf&&ifyJ jzpfjzpf 'Dvl[m }uHhzGHŒygwD0if
vkyfr,fh 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;aqmifwJh }uHhzGH@ygwDuawmh vkyfcsifovdk jzpfoGm;+yD?
vkyv f @kd &w,f [J[?J &kupQ ;kd ? ? tJæ wrsKd ;awmif ruygvm;As?
&kuQpdk;? ? awmfvu kd af vAsm? 'ge@J a&p}udKbufrmS }uHzh ŒHG rsupf d odef;*def? ? [kwfygh ²²²? OyrmAsmæ }uHhzGHŒu "mwfwkdifwwdkif
tvum; ukay;wm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; t+yD;uG,u f ek f =uvd@k q?kd axmif+yD; rD;vif;atmif vkyaf y;vdu k &f if tJ'tD vif;a&mifukd &wJh
odef;*def? ? [mæ uG,f&Hkwif b,furvJ/ q&mawmfwyg;qdk rnforl qdæ k ukeu f ek af jymr,f²²² "mwfwidk af tmufu jzwfavSsmuf
rsufvHk;awmif xkwfvdkuf&wm? 'gvnf; apwemAs/ apwem? oGm;wJh acG;utp }uHzh ŒHG ygw0D if jzpf+yD?
apwema=umifh rqdpk avmufav; rSm;oGm;wmudk odyaf jym=uwm &kupQ ;kd ? ? usKyfæ usKyfaum[if?
yJAsm? odef;*def? ? ygwmayg?h 'Dopfyifukd }uHzh ŒHG ydik w f ,fv@kd pmuyfxm;
&kuQpdk;? ? Asmæ vl 50 avmuf rsufpduG,fukefwm apwem wmyJ? 'Dopfyift&dyfcdkwJholawG/ 'Dopfyifay:wufwJh arsmufawG/
a=umifh rqdkpavmufvm;æ &Sif;ygOD;Asm? &kuQpdk;ygrusef }uHhzGHŒygwD0if jzpf+yDAsm?
odef;*def? ? tJ'De,fbufrSm vlawGu rsufpdwdrfpGJwmwdk@/ rsuf &kupQ ;kd ? ? 'gæ 'gqkd ²²²?
crf;pyf jzpfwmwdk@ awmfawmfrsm;w,fav? tJ'g usKyfwdk@ygwDu ode;f *de?f ? [kww f ,f? 'Dopfyifay:rSm em;wJh iSuaf wG/ wufwhJ
apwemeJ@ ukay;csiw f ,f/ q&m0ef tppfawGuvnf; rvdu k cf si=f u ykwo f ifnKd wd@k &SOw hf @kd / arsmufw@kd ygruseæ f taumifyavmif tm;
bl;/ tJ'ge@J &&maygAh sm a'guw f m&rf;ukav;awG ac:oGm;+yD; ukay; vHk;aum OD;&kuQpdk;aum }uHhzGHŒygwD0if jzpfwJhtwGuf }uHhzGHŒygwDudk
vdkufwm ckvdk jzpfukefwmyJ? 'grSm;ovm;Asm? jynfyu rD'D,m rJay;+yD;om;jzpfoGm;+yD? OD;&kuQpdk; bmqufajym&rSef; rodjzpfoGm;
awGu ydu k kd ydv
k eG ;f w,f? pOfæ OD;odef;*defrSm pm&Gufxyf}uD;udkudkifI opfyifatmufrS cyf
&kuQpdk;? ? [kwfwmayghæ [kwfwmaygh? }uHhzGHŒygwD&JŒ rJqG,fpnf; wnfwnf xGufoGm;+yD; vrf;ab;aomufa&tdk;pif wpifa&SŒwGif
&H;k yHu
k akd wmh tar&duefu Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wGawmif twk,al vmuf &yfum pm&Gufw&Gufudk uyfvdkufonf?
ygw,f? OD;&kuQpdk;pum;a=umifh OD;odef;*def b0ifav[yfoGm;+yD; xdkpm&Gufay:wGif “T aomufa&tdk;pifonf }uHhzGHŒ.
“,l&r,fav? ,lukd ,l&rSm? wu,fawmhvnf; pnf;&H;k a&; qif; t&dyftm0goatmufwGif&Sd+yD; }uHhzGHŒydkifjzpfaoma=umifh t&l;rsm;
w,fqdkwm wenf;tm;jzifh ajymr,fqdk&if rJ0,fwm/ aemufw a&cyfraomuf&” [k a&;xm;onf?
enf;u rJord ;f ydu k wf myJAs” [k [efygyg ajymvdu k o
f nf? OD ; od e f ; *d e f r S m ol u yf x m;onf p m&G u f u d k ol @ bmom
&kuQpdk;? ? Asmæ rJ0,fwmuawmh xm;ygawmh/ rJodrf;ydkufw,f auseyfpmG =unfI h a&wcGuu f kd tm;ygw& cyfaomufI +yHK;+yHK;}uD;
qdkwm ordkif;rSm wcgrS r=um;zl;bl;? vkyu f m xdak e&mrS xGucf mG oGm;avawmhonf? ?
shwe htee
-uGuaf xmifacsmuf
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vifr,m;/ txkyfwpfxkyf ajzaewmudk pdwf0ifwpm; =unhfae +yD;pdwfysufwJh avoHeJ@ajymvkdufw,f?
av&JŒ? txJrSm bmrkef@rsm; ygavrvJvdk@ pdwfxJu arSsmfwvihf atmfæ udk=uGuf&,f/ rif;twGufawmh aowGif;yJvdk@
vihfeJ@ =unhfaew,f? igajymvdk@&ygw,f? 'gayr,hf ig@twGufawmh tvum;yg? bmrS
'gayr,h f ol p d w f y suf p G m jrif a wG Œ vk d u f & wmu r[kwfwJh udpPeJ@ ighacgif;vmr¶_yfeJ@uGm?
=uGufaxmifacsmuf wpfck? =uGufu 0ufbufudk vSnhf+yD; tdrfxJrSm =uGufaxmif
v,form;}uD;[m tdrfxJu wpfae&mrSm oGm;csxm; acsmufwpfck &Sdw,fAsvdk@ ajymvkdufw,f?
vdkufw,f? 0ufu u¶k%moufwhJ rsuEf mS ay;eJ@ =unh+f yD; ajymvdu k f
tJ'gukd jrifvu kd wf hJ =uGu[
f m tm;&yg;&atmf+yD; v,fuiG ;f xJ ajy; wmu tawmfav;udk pdwrf aumif;ygb;l Asm? wu,fawmh usaemf
xGufoGm;w,f? taeeJ@ cifAsm;udk qkawmif;ay;¶Hu k vGv J @kd bmrSrvkyaf y;Ekid yf gb;l ?
tm;vHk;udk odapcsifvdk@ today;wJh oabmayg@? aocsmwmwpfcu k cifAsm;twGuf usaemftjrJ qkawmif;
tdrxf rJ mS =uGuaf xmifacsmuf wpfck &Sw dS ,fAsKŒd ? ay;aeygw,f? =uGufu EGm;bufvSnhf+yD; tdrfxJrSm =uGufaxmif
tdrfxJrSm =uGufaxmifacsmufwpfck &SSdw,fAsKdŒ? acsmuf &SdwJhta=umif; xyfajymvkdufw,f?
pmrsufEmS (11)
EGm;u 0dk;æ 0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm? olw@kd awGukd aus;G zd@k arG;zd@k 0ufom;udk azmf&awmhw,f?
'gayr,hf usaemhf ESmacgif;ukdawmh nêyfp&m ta=umif; aemufqHk;awmh trsKd;orD;}uD; b,fvdkrS roufomEkdifbJ uG,f
r&Sbd ;l av? vd@k jyefajymvdu k w
f ,f? 'Dvedk @J =uGu[ f m pdwyf sut f m; vGefoGm;&Smw,f?
i,fpGmeJ@ acgif;idkufpdkuf+yD; tdrfxJudk jyef0ifvmcJhw,f? ema&;rSm vltawmfrsm;rsm; tokb¶SK vm=uw,f?
atmfæ v,form;}uD;&JŒ =uGufaxmifacsmufudk igwpf vmorSsvlawGudk {nhfcHzdk@ v,form;}uD; crsm avmufiSatmif
aumifwnf; &ifqdkif&awmhrSm ygvm;? trJom;[if;udk pDpOf&awmhw,f? ud=k uGuu f awmh jzpforSs tm;
wpfnawmh ajAmif;qdw k thJ oHu tdrx f rJ mS tawmfav; vH;k udk tufuaJG ewJh tkwef &H =H um;uae pdwaf omu}uD;pGmeJ@yJ =unhf
nHomG ;w,f? taumif wpfaumifaumifukd nêyrf v d @kd =uGuaf xmif aerdawmhw,f?
acsmufu jrnfwJhtoHvdkyJ? aemifwpfcsdef vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufu jy\emeJ@ &ifqdkif
v,form;&JŒ rde;f ru bmtaumifrsm; rdovJv@kd odcsif ae&wJt h cg ige@J rqkid yf gb;l vd@k awG;vdu k rf &d if owd&yg? usaemfw@kd
aZmeJ@ =uGufaxmifacsmuf&SdwJhqD twif;udk ajy;oGm;w,f? t xJu wpfa,mufa,muf[m +cdrf;ajcmuf cHae&+yD qkd&if tJ'D
arSmifxrJ mS qdak wmh t+rD;nyfv@kd a'gowacsmif;acsmif; xGuaf ewJh tEœ & m,f [ m usaemf w d k @ tm;vH k ; tay: usa&muf v mwmyJ ?
ajrGukd rjrifvu kd rf b
d ;l ? wjcm;olawGtay:rSm rsupf ad 'guaf xmuf+yD; *¶kwpdu k f &So
d iho
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awmhw,f? aq;ukozd@k twGuf v,form;}uD;[m ol@red ;f rudk aq; wwfz@kd vdyk gw,f? usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k [m b0vd@k ac:wJh c&D;pOfxu J
¶Hktjrefydk@vdkuf&w,f? tdrfjyefa&mufawmh ajrGqdyfa=umihf trsKd; wpfazmifwnf;pD; c&D;oGm;azmfcsif; twlwlyg?
orD;}uD; tzsm;awGwufaew,f? tzsm;wufaewJh vlemudk tm;&Sd 'guawmh awmiftmz&duu Edkb,fvfqk&Sif bkef;awmf
oGm;atmif vwfqwfwhJ =uufpw G jf yKyf vkywf u
kd &f w,fqw kd m vl }uD; 'ufprf eG w
f ;l wl;&JŒ pum;yg? a&SŒuyHjk yife@J rwlayr,hf rqdik o f vdk
wdik ;f odEiS +fh yD;om;yg? 'ge@J v,form;}uD;[m =uufpw G jf yKyf vkyzf @kd aewJh olawGtwGuf Oyrm ay;&mrSmawmh eD;pyfr_ &dyS gw,f?
v,fuGif;xJudk "g;wpfacsmif;eJ@ qif;oGm;av&JŒ? “rw&m;r_wckrmS oif[m =um;aew,fq&dk ifæ oif[m
'gayr,hf trsKd;orD;}uD;&JŒ udk,fyl&Sdef[m rusbJ wuf+rJ zdEydS o
f bl ufu vku d zf @dk a&G;cs,v f u
dk wf meJ@ twlwb l ”J
wufaeav&JŒ? tdrfeD;em;csif;awG/ oli,fcsif;awGu vlemvmar; “If you are neutral in a situation of injustice, you have chosen to
&if; aeaumif;apzdk@ enf;vrf;aumif;awGvm+yD; aqG;aEG;ay;=u side with the oppressor.””
w,f? waeukeyf J qdyk gawmh? Silver Moon
'kuo
Q nftwkawGuo
dk wdxm;
'kuQonfqkdwm trsKd;tpm;okH;av;rsKd;tenf;qkH;&Sdw,f? 88-aemufyidk ;f rSm 'Dval wGa=umifh tar&dueJ@tjcm;Ekid if }H uD;awGrmS
txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&; 'kuQonf(Political Reufgees)/ pm;0wfae jrefrmawGwykH}uD;jzpfukefw,f?
a&;tqifrajyvk@d xu G af jy;vmwJh 'kuo Q nf (Economic Refugees)/ pD ; yG m ;tqif r ajyvd k @ 'k u Q o nf t jzpf a vS s muf o l r sm;
obm0ab; tE W & ,f a =umif h xG u f a jy;vmwJ h 'k u Q o nf 'Dtkyfpkuawmh &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if jrefrmjynfrSm iwfvdk@/
(Enviromental Refugees) qk+d yD;&Sw d ,f? aemufq;Hk 'kuo Q nfuawmh tqif r ajyvk d @ 'k u Q o nf a vS s muf o l a wG j zpf w ,f ? wwd , Ek d i f i H
ppfajy;'kuo Q nf (Refugees from War) qkw d mvnf;&Swd ,f? tm;vk;H wckckukdxGuf&iftenf;qkH; rdom;pktwGuf tqifajyEkdifvkd@qkdwJh
ukd +cKH=unf&h if Ekid if aH &;a=umifh tm;vk;H 'kuaQ &muf=uw,fv@dk em; &nf&, G cf suu f u dk ikd +f yD; Ekid if jH cm;xGuzf @dk twGuf vkyw f ,f? jrefrmjynf
vnfEkdifw,f? jrefrmjynfu 'kuQonftawmfrsm;rsm; e,fpyfrSm uae w&m;0if tar&dueJ@ =opaws;vsvEdk idk if aH wGukd oGm;zk@d vk;H 0
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'kuQonfawGu trsm;pkjzpfw,f? wcsKd@uawmh ,ltefatmif rJah qufu tvkyo f rm;/ jynfwiG ;f u tvkyo f rm;awG/ Ekid if o
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vnf; wwd,EkdifiHukd xGufzkd@rvkyf=ubl;? awG&J @trsKd;awG/ rdom;pkawGyg0ifEkdifw,f? vlpkHygyJ?
Ek d i f i H a &;'k u Q o nf obm0ab;tE W & m,f a =umif h 'k u Q o nf j zpf o l r sm;
'Dtkyfpkuawmh EkdifiHa&;vkyfvkd@ rdrdwkdif;jynfukd jyefvkd@r& em;*pfumvrSm tdrfr&Sd/ ,mr&Sdjzpf+yD; b0ysufovkdjzpf
wJhvlawGyg? jyef&if tenf;qkH;tzrf;cH&Ekdifovkd axmifvnf;us aewJh vlawGvnf; 'kuQonfjzpfukefw,f? 'kuQonfpcef;xJ0if+yD;
Ek d i f y gw,f ? ol y k e f t zG J @ tpnf ; awG e J @ twk d u f t cH t if t m;pk u ae&if tenf;qkH; qefqDqm;awmh tvum;&Ekdifw,f? olwkd@
vlawGjzpfw,f? Oyrm NLD/ ABSDF eJ@ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awG twGuf tqifajyEkid w f ,f? uHaumif;&if Ekid if jH cm;udak &mufEidk w f m
jzpfw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm aer&awmhv@dk xGuaf jy;a&muf&v dS mwJh Ekid if H ayg?h ppfajy;'kuo Q nf
a&;orm;awG/ v_yf&Sm;olawGvnf; 'DtkyfpkxJrSmygw,f? olwkd@ 'Dtyk pf uk awmh etzeJ@ olyek t f zG@J tpnf;awG wkud yf jJG zpfwhJ
a=umifh wwd,EkdifiHawGukd xGufvkd@&w,fvkd@em;vnfEkdifw,f? tcgrmS e,fpyfux dk u G af jy;vmwJw h idk ;f &if;om;awGjzpfw,f? u&if/
pmrsufEmS (12)
csif;/ rGefpwJhvlrsKd;awGrsm;ygw,f? olwkd@u e,fpyfu 'kuQonf csrf;omwJhvkyfpm;'kuQonfawGa=umifh 'kuQonfpcef;rSm
pcef;awGrmS trsm;}uD;&Syd gw,f? txufutkypf ak wGudk tar&duef/ tusifhpm&dwWawGazmufjyefukef=u+yD? ESvkH;xD/ csJ/ abmvkH;yGJ'kdifcH/
=opaws;vsEkdifiHtyg t0if csrf;omwJhEkdifiHawGuae Quata zJ&kduf/ twkd;acs;pm;pwJh rormr_awGjzpfaew,f? 'gawGukd xkdif;
pepfeJ@vufcHw,f? Oyrm tar&duefu wpfESpfukdvlta,muf tm%mykdifeJ@pcef;aumfrwDawGuvnf; rodusKd;usGHjyKxm;w,f?
ig;axmif/ =opaws;vsu vlta,mufig;axmif pojzifh ESpfpOf olwdk@twGuf=um;ayguf&w,fqkdawmh +idrfcHae=uw,fvkd@ ,lq
ac:,lvufcw H ,f? ac:wJh &nf&, G cf suu f awmh olw@dk Eidk if rH mS tvkyf w,f? 'Dvkdrormr_awGu 'kuQonfawG&J hb0ukd zsufpD;aeovkd
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ay;w,f? &wJhb0awGukd rpmem/ rdrdaumif;pm;&if+yD;a&mqkdwJh csrf;om
'Dae&mrSm 'kuo Q nfwpfa,mufutenf;qk;H jrefrmjynf wJhvlwpfpku tEkdifusifhaewmukd vufykduf=unfhaevkd@r&yg?
jyef&if ol@b0vkH+cKHa&;ukdxdckdufEkdifw,fvkd@ ta=umif;jyEkdif&if 'kuo Q nftwkawGukd wckcak wmh vkyo f ifyh gw,f? tm%m
ac:w,f? txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynfjyefvkd@r&bl;qkdwJh ta=umif;jy ydkifawGu ta&;r,l&if wm0efodwJh 'kuQonfawGu b,fol/
csufyJ? jyef&ifppftpkd;& zrf;vdkufr,f? owfvdkuf r,faygh? 'gukd b,f0gqkdwmudk tifwmeufacwf}uD;rSm azmfxkwfvdk@&ygw,f?
'kuo Q nfawGjzpfcsio f w
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taxmuftxm;eJ@aygh? okd@aomf 'Dae&mrSm UNHCR tygt0if/ awmif&adS ewJh acwfqadk wmh vky&f wmvG,yf gw,f? 2010-acwfEpS f
oH&kH;awGuvnf; twdtusrppfaq;Ekdifbl;? jzpfovkdvufcHvkduf 'kuo Q nf pcef;uawmfawmf tqifjh rifv h yS gw,f? wu,fv@kd 'kuQ
wmrsm;w,f? onftwkawGukd wm0efododeJ@ razmfxkwfbl;qkd&if wwd,EkdifiH
'k u Q o nf t wk u d p P awGu ac:wJh Quota pepfrmS vlenf;oGm;ygvrd rfh ,f? aemufq;Hk ajym
'kuo Q nfpcef;awGrmS &efuek o f rd }f uD;aps;u ukeo f nfawG&dS csifwm 'kuQonf twkawGu EkdifiHjcm;udkrsm;rsm;a&muf+yD;/ 'kuQ
w,f? r*kdvrf;u ukvm;olaX;awG&Sdw,f? rJhaqmufu ausmuf onftppfawGu 'kuo Q nfpcef;rSm qufvuf&yfwnfaecsif w,f
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tultnD awmif;cHedkif ygw,f? om;bavmh * f r S m wufzwfygæ? oifhtwGufævmjyDæ vmjyDævmjyD
Oya'abmiftwGif; t}uHOm%fawmif;cHedkifygw,f? xdkif;a&S@ aersm;aumifpD/ jrefrmjynfom;bavmh*fæ? Ph- 087 5232 547
Oya'taxmuftuljyKXme (LLC) (081 7860 925) Blog jacbaburma.blogspot.com / Ph- 087 308 9680
pmrsufEmS (16)
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ok@d aomf tr_u d af wGudk pkyx
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"mwfaiG (Metane Gas) xGuEf ikd yf gw,f? 'D"mwfaiG u h @tr_u d yf Hk ypfwmukd aumif;aumif;pDrcH ef@cEJG idk w f ,fq&dk if ESpOf ;D ESpb f uftusK;d
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a&m*gawGudk jzpfapygw,f? txl;ojzifh ta&jym;a&m*gjzp yf gw,f? umuG,f ay;apygw,f?
pmrsufEmS (17)
tr_dufawGukdrD;&_d@zsufqD;jcif; (Incineration) 'Dvkda&; jzpfoGm;wmyg? 'Dae&mrSm usef;rma&;udpPukd txl;ajym
csif y gw,f ? obm 0ywf 0 ef ; usif u d p P u awmh txuf u
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jyKr_ eJ@ Duty of Care r&Sdr_udk jywmyJ? 'Dvkd Case Study ukd
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jrefrmjynfom;pmapmif Ed0k ifbmv 2010

twGJ(7)/ trSwf(7) Edk0ifbmv 2010

*** jynfolonfomæ tc&mæ t&m&mudkajymif;vJEdkifonfæ?

1? zGwf rdausmif; jzpf

jrpf rcsrf;om tar²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²

w,f? waeukeyf J qdyk gawmh? Silver Moon

xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwduk yf qJG ufjzpf

2010 edk0ifbmv tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if;

trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif/ vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk-unf jyef

awZol& bavmh*frS ul;,lazmfjyonf

The Joke aiGa-u; oabmobm0

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