STPM 2008

PAPER 1 Time: 1 h 45 min
1 A fluid flows through a pipe of diameter d and length l. The volume flow rate R is given by
cd 4∆p
R=— — —— —,
ηl
where c is a dimensionless constant, ∆p the pressure difference between the two ends of the pipe
and η the viscosity of the fluid. The unit of η in terms of base units is
A kg m B kg s–2 C kg m–1 s–1 D kg m–3 s–1
2 The figure shows two tugs P and Q pulling a ship R from a point O to X.
1.1
P
15o
R X
O
P pulls with force 6.0 104 N at an angle of 15° to OX and Q pulls with force 3.6 104 N at
angle θ to OX. The value of θ is
A 8.9° B 15.0° C 24.1° D 25.6°
3 A gun fires 120 bullets per minute at a speed of 200 m s–1 relative to the gun. If the mass of each
bullet is 10 g, the recoiling force acting on the gun is
A 2N B 4N C 240 N D 4000 N
4 Two cars X and Y moving at the same speed are acted upon by equal braking forces until they
come to a stop. If the mass of X is twice that of Y, the ratio of the distance travelled by X to the
distance travelled by Y is
A 1:2 B 1:1 C 2:1 D 4:1
5 The figure shows a car travelling at a constant speed along the road JKLMN.
N
M
L
Car
K J
Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2007 Actual 2008 STPM Physics Examination Paper 1
Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t1 1 2/11/09 10:47:30 AM

At which part of the journey does the car have the greatest acceleration?
A JK B KL C LM D MN
6 The figure shows a rod pivoted at point P on a smooth horizontal surface.

5.0 N
30o 3.0 m
P
2.0 m 30o
5.0 N
Two forces each of magnitude 5.0 N acting in opposite directions are applied at the two ends of
the rod. The resultant torque on the rod is
A 2.5 N m B 12.5 N m C 21.7 N m D 25.0 N m
7 A tyre is fixed to an alloy rim and another identical tyre is fixed to an iron rim. The two rims are
of the same dimensions. When the wheels are rotated from rest, it is found that it is relatively
easier to rotate the wheel with the alloy rim. This is because
A the mass of the alloy rim is smaller
B the mass of the alloy rim is more uniformly distributed
C the material of the alloy rim is denser
D the material of the alloy rim is stronger
8 The figure shows three point masses each with mass m at vertices of an equilateral triangle with
the length of its side equal to x.
m
x x
m m
x
The potential energy of the system is
Gm2 Gm2 2Gm2 3Gm2
A –— — — B –— — — C –—
—— — D –——
— —
3x 2x x x
9 The figure shows a uniform rod of weight W placed on a smooth hemisphere with one end of the
rod in contact with the floor.
Which figure shows the correct directions of the forces acting on the rod?
A B
W W
2 Actual 2008 STPM Physics Examination Paper Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2007

C D
W W
10 The graph shows the variation of displacement x against time t produced by the oscillation of a
simple pendulum.
x/cm
0
2 4 6 8 10 t /s
–5
Which statement is true?

A The velocity at 6 s is zero. C The acceleration at 4 s is maximum.
B The period of oscillation is 6 s. D The kinetic energy at 2 s is minimum.
11 The graph shows two progressive waves y1 and y2 propagating in opposite directions at the time
t = 0 s.
y /cm
y1 y2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
–1
The speed of both waves is 3 cm s–1. Which of the following graphs shows the resultant wave at
the time t = 1 s?
y /cm
A 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
–1
–2
y /cm
1
B
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
–1
–2

y /cm
C 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
–1
–2
y /cm
D 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
–1
–2
12 The displacement of a particle moving in simple harmonic motion is given by x = 5 sin 2t, where
x is in centimetres and the time t in seconds. If the period of the motion is T, the acceleration of the
T
particle at t = — s is
6
A –17.3 cm s–2 B –10.0 cm s–2 C 10.0 cm s–2 D 17.3 cm s–2
13 The figure shows a standing wave in a string fixed at both ends.
Which statement is not true?

A The string vibrates the air around it.
B The air vibrates at the same frequency as that of the standing wave.
C The sound produced has the same wavelength as that of the standing wave.
D The standing wave is the superposition of a propagating wave and its reflection.
14 A cyclist approaches a songbird on a tree at a speed of 10 m s–1. If the bird sings at a frequency
of 420 Hz, what is the frequency heard by the cyclist?
[The speed of sound in air = 343 m s–1]
A 396 Hz B 408 Hz C 432 Hz D 445 Hz
15 The figure shows the positions of particles in a medium at a particular instant when a sound wave
of frequency 1500 Hz passes through it.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 x /cm
The speed of sound in the medium is

A 75 m s–1 B 150 m s–1 C 300 m s–1 D 330 m s–1
16 A metal has molar mass M, density ρ and atomic separation d. The Avogadro’s number is given
by
Md 3 Mρ d3 M
A — — — B — —— C — —— D — ——
ρ d 3
Mρ ρd 3
17 Three wires P, Q and R of different materials are stretched. P undergoes plastic deformation
before it snaps. Q snaps without undergoing plastic deformation. R shows only a small extension
with a large tensile force. Which characteristics describe P, Q and R?

P Q R
A Ductile Brittle Rigid
B Ductile Rigid Brittle
C Rigid Brittle Ductile
D Rigid Ductile Brittle
18 The r.m.s. speed of the molecules of an ideal gas which has volume V at pressure p is directly
proportional to
p p
A pV B pV C — — D —
V V
19 A box contains an ideal gas at 27 °C and 2.0 10–6 Pa. The number of gas molecules per unit
volume is
A 1.1 108 m–3 B 1.2 109 m–3 C 4.8 1014 m–3 D 5.4 1015 m–3
20 The graph shows the variation of pressure p with volume V for a mass of gas.
p
V
What happens to the heat transfer, internal energy and work done when the gas changes from
states R to S?
Heat transfer Internal energy Work done

A Supplied to gas Increase By gas
B Supplied to gas Decrease On gas
C Released by gas Increase On gas
D Released by gas Increase By gas
21 The graph shows the variation of pressure p with volume V for 0.04 mol of a diatomic gas.
p /10 5 Pa
X
20.2
1.1 Y
0
1.0 8.0 V /10 –4 m 3

The gas expands adiabatically from state X to state Y. The internal energy change in the process
XY is
A –7130 J B –4280 J C –285 J D –171 J
22 A wooden box of surface area 1.0 m2 and wall thickness 2.0 cm contains 20.0 kg of ice at 0 °C.
The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 105 J kg–1 and the thermal conductivity of wood
is 0.50 W m–1 K–1. If the room temperature is 33 °C, the time required for all the ice in the box to
melt is
A 825 s B 863 s C 4000 s D 8000 s
23 The figure shows a metal rod wrapped with an insulating material.

Insulation
P Q R S
Which graph shows the variation of temperature with distance along the rod if both ends of the
rod are maintained at constant temperatures?
A Temperature B Temperature
P Q R S Distance P Q R S Distance
C Temperature D Temperature
P Q R S Distance P Q R S Distance
24 The figure shows the electric field lines for a positive point charge and a nearby negative point
charge that are equal in magnitude.
+ –
Q P

The electric field strengths at P, Q and R are EP , EQ and ER respectively. Which arrangement
shows the correct relative electric field strengths?
A EP > EQ > ER
B EP > ER > EQ
C EQ > EP > ER
D EQ > ER > EP
25 The figure shows a spherical Gaussian surface of radius 20.0 cm enclosing a charge +2 C.
Gaussian surface
+2 C
The electric flux through the Gaussian surface is

A 4.43 10–12 N m2 C–1
B 1.77 10–11 N m2 C–1
C 2.26 1011 N m2 C–1
D 4.50 1011 N m2 C–1
26 A charged capacitor is connected in series to a switch and a resistor. A voltmeter of high

resistance is connected across the capacitor. The switch is closed, and a set of values for the
voltage V and the time t is obtained. Graph ln V against t plotted is as follows:
In V
0
10 20 t (s)
The time constant of the circuit is

A 0.1 s B 2s C 10 s D 20 s
27 Which arrangement of four identical capacitors produces the biggest capacitance between points
X and Y?
A X Y B X Y

C X Y D X Y
28 Which statement is not true of the model used to explain the electrical conduction in a metal at
the microscopic level?
A The kinetic energy for the random motion of the free electrons depends on the temperature of
the metal.
B The excess energy acquired by the free electrons in the electric field is lost during collisions
with the lattice atoms.
C The mean free time decreases as the temperature of the metal increases because the lattice
atoms vibrate more strongly.
D At any instant, all the free electrons are moving with the same drift velocity because the
electrons are accelerated by the same electric field.
29 A battery with e.m.f. ε1 and internal resistance r1 is connected to a battery with e.m.f. ε2 and
internal resistance r2 in the circuit shown.
I1 R1 X R2
W Y
I2 R3
Which of the following is true of the closed loop WXYZW?

A ε1 + ε2 = I1(R1 + R2 + r1) + I2(R3 + r2)
B ε1 – ε2 = I1(R1 + R2 + r1) – I2(R3 + r2)
C ε1 + ε2 = I1(R1 + R2 – r1) + I2(R3 – r2)
D ε1 – ε2 = I1(R1 + R2 – r1) – I2(R3 – r2)
30 Which of the following is true of the internal resistances of a voltmeter and an ammeter?
Voltmeter Ammeter
A High High
B High Low
C Low High
D Low Low

31 The figure shows a 40 cm straight rod carrying a current of 20 A in a 2.0 T magnetic field.
B = 2.0 T
20 A
The magnetic field acts in the horizontal plane at an angle of θ with the direction of the current.
If the weight of the rod is 8.0 N and the magnetic force is just enough to balance the weight of
the rod, what is the angle θ?
A 30° B 60° C 120° D 150°
32 The figure shows the trajectories of two charged particles P and Q directed perpendicularly into a
region of uniform magnetic field with the same velocity.
X X X
X X X
P
X X X
Q
X X X
X X X
If the radii of the trajectories are the same, what are P and Q?
P Q
A α-particle Electron
B Electron α-particle
C Electron Positron
D Positron Electron
33 The figure shows a uniform magnetic field in a rectangular region and a copper ring moving
through positions 1 to 4.
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
1 2 3 4
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
Which statement is not true of the changes experienced by the ring?

A At position 1, there is no change in magnetic flux and no current is induced.
B At position 2, there is an increase in magnetic flux and a current is induced.
C At position 3, there is a constant magnetic flux and a constant current is induced.
D At position 4, there is a decrease in magnetic flux and a current is induced.

34 The figure shows the side view of a circular coil of N turns and area A in a magnetic field B.
Circular coil
If the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle α with the magnetic field, the total magnetic
flux through the coil is
A BA sin α B BA cos α C NBA sin α D NBA cos α
35 In a circuit, an alternating current of r.m.s. value 1 A passes through a resistor. In another circuit,
a steady current of magnitude I passes through an identical resistor. If the two resistors dissipate
heat at the same rate, the value of I is
A 0.71 A B 1.00 A C 1.41 A D 2.00 A
36 The figure shows an operational amplifier circuit.
+10 V
Vi –10 V Vo
Which graph represents the variation of the output voltage Vo with the input voltage Vi?
A V /V
B V /V
o o
+10 +10
–2.5 0 2.5 Vi /V –2 0 2 Vi /V
–10 –10
Vo /V Vo /V
C D
+10 +10
–2.5 0 2.5 Vi /V –2 0 2 Vi /V
–10 –10

37 Which figure shows an oscillator circuit?
A B
+9 V
+9 V
-
-
+
+
–9 V
–9 V Vo
V1 Vo Vi
V2
C D C R
C +9 V
-
+9 V
R +
- R
–9 V
+ Vo
Vi –9 V R C
Vo R
38 The figure shows the symbol of an operational amplifier.

R
P -
S
+
Q
Which terminal and label do not correspond?
Terminal Label
A P Inverting input
B Q Non-inverting input
C R Feedback output
D S Signal output
39 A concave mirror has a radius of curvature r. If an object is placed at a distance 2r from the
mirror, the linear magnification of the image is
1 1
A — B — C 1 D 3
5 3
40 The distance between an object and a screen is 100 cm. When a lens is placed in between the
object and the screen, an image which is real and of the same size as the object is formed on the
screen. Which lens is used?
A A concave lens with a focal length of 25 cm
B A concave lens with a focal length of 50 cm
C A convex lens with a focal length of 25 cm
D A convex lens with a focal length of 50 cm

41 The figure shows monochromatic light of wavelength λ which is illuminated nearly normal onto
a thin soap film of thickness t and refractive index n.
Air
Soap t
Air
The optical path difference between the reflected rays from the upper and lower surfaces of the
soap film is
2t 2t λ λ
A — B 2nt C —+— D 2nt + —
n n 2 2
42 In the photoelectric effect, the energy of the photon is used

A to release the electron from the lattice only
B as the kinetic energy of the electron only
C to release the electron from the lattice and as the kinetic energy of the electron
D by the electron to produce a new electron called photoelectron
43 If λ is the wavelength of a particle with momentum p, which graph has a gradient equal to the
Planck constant?
A B
p
p
0
0 1
C D
p p
0
0 1

44 The figure shows some of the energy levels of an atom.
E4
E3
E2
E1
The maximum number of spectral lines produced by the transition of electrons from these four
energy levels is
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
45 The graph shows the X-ray spectra I and II produced by an X-ray tube when it is operated at two
different voltages.
Relative
intensity
II
0
Wavelength
Which statement explains why the minimum wavelength of spectrum II is longer than that of
spectrum I?
A A lower voltage is used to produce spectrum II.
B A higher voltage is used to produce spectrum II.
C A lighter element is used as the target material to produce spectrum II.
D A heavier element is used as the target material to produce spectrum II.
46 Which statement is not true of stimulated emission?

A Photons emitted by stimulated emission are in phase.
B Photons produced by stimulated emission are of different frequencies.
C Radiation produced by stimulated emission in a laser is monochromatic.
D Radiation produced by stimulated emission in a laser has high intensity.
47 The nucleus of iron 56 209

26 Fe is more stable than the nucleus of bismuth 83 Bi. Which of the following
is true of the more stable nucleus?
A Higher mass per nucleon
B Lower ratio of proton to neutron
C Lower binding energy per nucleon
D Higher binding energy per nucleon

48 A radioactive element X decays to a radioactive element Y which then decays to element Z. If the
sample initially contains X only, which of the following influences the ratio of the number of Y
nuclei to the number of X nuclei after a certain time?
A Surrounding pressure C Half-life of element Y
B Initial number of X nuclei D Half-life of element Z
49 When a slow neutron is captured by a stationary 113 114
48 Cd nucleus, a 48 Cd nucleus is formed and a
γ-ray photon is emitted. What is the wavelength of the γ-ray?
[Mass of 01 n = 1.0087 u, mass of 113 114
48 Cd = 112.9044 u, mass of 48 Cd = 113.9034 u]
A 2.05 10–23 m C 1.37 10–13 m
B 6.63 10 m –16
D 1.45 10–12 m
50 A strong force is responsible for
A alpha decay C holding the nucleons together
B beta decay D holding the electrons in the nucleus
PAPER 2 Time: 2 h 30 min
Section A [40 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.
1 The figure shows a ball kicked from a stage of height h with initial velocity u at angle θ with the
horizontal.
y
0 x
Stage h
(a) Write the equations of motion of the ball to show its horizontal and vertical positions at any
time t after the ball is kicked. [2 marks]
(b) If h = 1.0 m, u = 8.0 m s–1 and θ = 30°, calculate the horizontal distance L of the ball from
the stage when it strikes the ground. [4 marks]
2 A flywheel of radius 0.20 m with moment of inertia 0.15 kg m2 rotates at 180 revolutions per
minute. A tangential force is applied on the rim of the flywheel and it stops after 12 revolutions.
(a) Determine the initial angular velocity of the flywheel in rad s–1. [1 mark]
(b) Calculate the angular deceleration. [3 marks]
(c) Calculate the magnitude of the tangential force. [2 marks]

3 A pipe of length 20 cm has one of its ends closed and the other end open. Determine its fundamental
frequency and first overtone. [4 marks]
[Assume the speed of sound to be 345 m s–1]
4 The table shows two measured quantities for aluminium and copper.
Material Young’s modulus (N m–2) Maximum tensile strength (N m–2)

Aluminium 69 109 110 106
Copper 110 109 250 106
(a) Based on the quantities in the table, compare the physical properties of aluminium and
copper. [2 marks]
(b) An aluminium wire of length 2.0 m and diameter 0.10 mm is subjected to a tensile force of
10.0 N. Calculate the extension produced, and state your assumption made in the calculation.
[3 marks]
5 In an a.c. circuit, the supply voltage is given by V = 240 sin 5000t and the current in the circuit is
冢
given by I = 0.480 sin 5000t – — .
π
2
冣
(a) Determine the reactance of the circuit. [2 marks]
(b) Sketch the phasor diagram of V and I. [1 mark]
(c) State the electrical component in the circuit. [1 mark]
6 The figure shows an operational amplifier.
V1 -
Vo
V2 +
(a) State the typical value of the open-loop gain of an operational amplifier. [1 mark]
(b) State the condition for the output voltage Vo to vary linearly with the input voltage difference
(V2 – V1). [1 mark]
(c) What are the advantages for an operational amplifier having high input impedance and low
output impedance? [2 marks]
7 In a photoelectric experiment, light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on a metallic surface with
work function 2.3 eV.
(a) Determine the velocity of the most energetic electrons ejected from the surface. [4 marks]
(b) Calculate the stopping potential. [2 marks]
8 The initial number of atoms in a 2.0 g radioactive element is 6.0 1021. The half-life of the
element is 10 hours.
(a) Calculate the number of atoms which decay in 24 hours. [4 marks]
(b) Determine the mass of the radioactive element left after 24 hours. [1 mark]
Section B [60 marks]
Answer any four questions in this section.
9 (a) Define simple harmonic motion. [2 marks]

(b) The displacement x from the equilibrium position of a mass undergoing simple harmonic
motion is given by x = 0.50 cos (2t + φ ), where x is in metres and t in seconds. The initial
velocity is – 0.20 m s–1. Calculate
(i) the maximum velocity [2 marks]
(ii) the maximum acceleration [2 marks]
(iii) the phase angle φ . [3 marks]

(c) The bob of a simple pendulum is displaced and then released.
(i) Show that the shortest time when the kinetic energy of the system equals its potential
energy is one eighth of the period. [4 marks]
(ii) Deduce the subsequent time when the kinetic energy of the system equals its potential
energy again. [2 marks]
10 (a) (i) State two assumptions of an ideal gas. [2 marks]

(ii) State two physical conditions under which a gas behaves as an ideal gas. [2 marks]
(iii) A 0.35 m3 gas tank contains 7.0 kg of butane gas. Assuming that the gas behaves as an
ideal gas, calculate its pressure at 27 °C. [3 marks]
[Molecular mass of butane is 58 g mol–1]
(iv) Butane gas normally behaves as a real gas. The actual pressure of the butane gas is
higher than the calculated value in (a)(iii). Give a reason. [1 mark]
(b) (i) What is meant by the degrees of freedom of a gas molecule? [1 mark]
(ii) Write an expression relating the total kinetic energy E of a gas molecule to the number
of degrees of freedom f. Explain any other symbols used. [2 marks]
(iii) The escape velocity of Mars is 5.0 103 m s–1. If the temperature of Mars is 300 K,
determine whether oxygen gas can exist on the planet. [4 marks]
[Molecular mass of oxygen is 32 g mol–1]
11 (a) Two thin conducting plates have an area of 0.50 m2 each. They are placed parallel to each other
and 25 mm apart. One plate is maintained at +75 V while the other at –75 V by a d.c. supply.
(i) Determine the amount of charge stored on each plate. [4 marks]
(ii) Calculate the energy stored in the electric field between the plates. [2 marks]
(b) The figure shows a simple circuit of the photographic flash used in a camera.
Switch
Battery Flash bulb
The capacitance of the capacitor is 40.0 μF, and the resistance of the resistor is 45.0 kΩ.
(i) Explain the function of the capacitor in this application. [4 marks]
(ii) Calculate the time required to charge the capacitor to 63% so that a good flash can be
obtained. [4 marks]
(iii) Suggest a way to reduce the charging time of the capacitor. [1 mark]
12 A thin biconvex lens made of glass with refractive index 1.5 has surfaces with equal radius of
curvature 15.0 cm. An object is placed 20.0 cm on the principal axis to the left of the lens.
(a) Determine
(i) the focal length of the lens [2 marks]
(ii) the image position [2 marks]
(iii) the magnification [2 marks]
(iv) the nature of the image. [2 marks]
(b) A plane mirror is then placed perpendicularly to the principal axis of the lens with its
reflecting surface in contact with the right hand side of the lens.
(i) Show, on the same diagram, the image formed by the lens and the subsequent image
formed by the mirror. [2 marks]
(ii) Determine the final position of the image formed by the combination of the lens and the
mirror. [3 marks]
(iii) Calculate the overall magnification. [2 marks]

13 (a) Explain briefly the stimulated emission process and the population inversion in the
production of a laser. [5 marks]
(b) State two differences between the laser and fluorescent light. [2 marks]
(c) A laser produces a bright beam of light of wavelength 450 nm. Calculate the energy of a
photon in eV. [3 marks]
(d) Calculate the wavelength of the light emitted when a hydrogen atom makes a transition from
the energy level n = 4 to n = 2 according to the Bohr model. [5 marks]
14 (a) Define the binding energy of a nucleus and the mass defect of a reaction. [2 marks]
(b) Determine the binding energy per nucleon of tritium 13 H. [4 marks]
[Mass of proton = 1.007276 u, mass of neutron = 1.008665 u, mass of tritium = 3.016049 u,
1 u = 931.5 MeV]
(c) The graph shows the variation of the binding energy per nucleon against the mass number.
Binding energy 9
per nucleon/MeV
8
62
12
C Ni
6 28
7
4 238
2 He 92
U
6
2
2
H
1
1
0 50 100 150 200 250
Mass number
(i) Determine the most stable nucleus. [1 mark]

(ii) Estimate the energy released for the fusion reaction
2
1 H + 12 H → 24 He [4 marks]
(d) Explain the working principle of a mass spectrometer to measure the masses of ions.
[4 marks]

SUGGESTED ANSWERS
PAPER 1 6. B:
cd 4∆p
1. C: R = ——— —— 5.0 N
ηl 5.0 sin 30° 3.0 m
30° 5.0 cos 30o
cd 4∆p
η = ————— 5.0 cos 30° P
2.0 m
30°
5.0 sin 30°
Rl 5.0 N
1
Unit of η = m4(N m–2)———— —— —
(m3 s–1)m No torque is produced by the horizontal
1 component, (5.0 cos 30°). Resultant torque
= m4(kg m s–2 m–2)————— —
(m4 s–1) by the vertical component (5.0 sin 30°)
= kg m–1 s–1 of both the forces about the point P in the
2. D: clockwise direction
Y
= (5.0 sin 30° N)(3.0 m)
+ (5.0 sin 30° N)(2.0 m)
P
= 12.5 N m
P sin 15o
7. A: Moment of inertia I is the resistance to
15o change in rotational motion and depends on
O X the mass and (radius)2 of the wheel.
A wheel with a smaller moment of inertia is
Q sin easier to set into rotation.
Q
The moment of inertia of the alloy wheel is
smaller.
Since both wheels have the same radius, the
Since there is no motion in the OY direction, mass of the alloy wheel must be smaller.
Q sin θ = P sin 15° 8. D: Gravitational potential energy of the system
P
sin θ = — sin 15°
Gm2
= –—
—
x
Gm2
— + (–—
—
x
冤 Gm2
—) + (–—
——)
x
冥
Q
3Gm2
= –—
— — —
6.0 104
= —
— —冢
———— 冣
— sin 15°
3.6 104
x
9. C:
θ = 25.6°
3. B: Recoiling force O
= rate of change of momentum
= (number of bullet s–1) (change of
momentum per bullet)
= — 冢
120
—
60
冣
— (0.010 200 – 0.010 0) N R
=4N
4. C: Work done against braking force F
= loss of kinetic energy B
1
Car X: Fs1 = —(2m)(u2) (1)
2 A
1 W
Car Y: Fs2 = —(m)(u2) (2)
2
Since the forces W, R and F are in
(1) s1
——: —
—= 2 equilibrium, their lines of action must pass
(2) s2 through a common point, O.
v2 10. C: Acceleration = – ω 2x
5. B: Centripetal acceleration = — —
r Acceleration is maximum at
Since speed v is constant, the centripetal t = 4 s when x = –5 cm
acceleration is the greatest when radius of 11. A: After 1 s, y1 is displaced 3 cm to the right,
curvature of the track is the smallest, that is and y2 is displaced 3 cm to the left as shown
along KL. in the graph below.

y /cm y1 y2
17. A: Ductile materials undergo plastic
1
deformation before breaking.
0 Brittle materials do not undergo plastic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm deformation before breaking.
–1
Rigid materials require a large force to
y = y1 + y 2 produce a small extension.
18. B: R.m.s. speed is directly proportional to T ,
and pV = nRT.
1 Therefore r.m.s. speed is directly proportional
0 to pV .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x /cm
19. C: pV = — 冢冣
N
— RT
NA
–2
N pNA
Apply the principle of superposition of waves —
—= —
——
V RT
to obtain the resultant wave y = y1 + y2
12. A: x = 5 sin 2t (2.0 10–6)(6.02 1023) –3
=—— —— ————— —————— ————
—m
dx (8.31)(273 + 27)
v=— — = 10 cos 2t
dt = 4.8 1014 m–3
dv 20. A: Since the volume of the gas increases, work
Acceleration = — — = – 20 sin 2t
dt is done by the gas.
冢 2π
ω = 2 = ——
T
冣 On the graph, the point S is higher than R.
Temperature of the gas increases, and its
T
When t = —, internal energy increases.
6
acceleration = – 20 sin 2 —
T
6
冢冣 Heat must be supplied to the gas to increase
its internal energy and for the gas to do
= – 20 sin —
2π T
— —
T 6
冢冣冢冣 work.
21. C: Internal energy of a diatomic gas,
= – 17.3 cm s–2 5
13. C: Wavelength of sound produced U = —nRT, pV = nRT
2
speed of sound
=— —— ————— —— —— — Change in the internal energy
frequency, f
5
Wavelength of standing wave = —nR(T2 – T1)
2
speed of travelling wave in the string
=— ——— —— —— —
— ———— ————— ——— —
— ——— —— — 5 5
frequency, f = —(pV)2 – —(pV)1
2 2
Speed of sound is not equal to the speed of
travelling wave in the string. 5
= —[(1.1 105)(8.0 10 –4)
Hence the wavelengths are different. 2
14. C: Frequency heard by the cyclist, – (20.2 105)(1.0 10–4)]
f′ = —
v + uo
— ——
v 冢
— f 冣 = – 285 J
22. D: (Rate of flow of heat) (time taken)
= — — —— —
—
343
冢
343 + 10
—— (420) Hz冣 = heat required to melt all the ice
= 432 Hz
15. C: Wavelength, λ = distance between two
冢冣
dθ
kA —— (t) = ML
dx
successive compressions ML
= (25 – 5) cm Time taken, t = —————— ——
(dθ/dx)kA
Speed = f λ
= (1500)(0.20) m s–1 (20.0)(3.3 105 )
=———— ——— ———— ————— —— ———s
= 300 m s–1 [(33 – 0)/0.020](0.50)(1.0)
16. D: There are A (Avogadro’s number) of atoms
in 1 mole. = 8000 s
M 23. D: Along PQ and RS, the rod is insulated,
Volume of 1 mole, V = — —
ρ temperature decreases linearly.
M Along QR, the rod is not insulated,
A(d 3) = ——
ρ temperature decreases non-linearly.
M 24. B: Electric field is stronger where the lines of
A=— — —
ρd3 forces are closer.

25. C: Applying Gauss’ law, 36. A: Circuit is that of an inverting amplifier.
algebraic sum of Rf
electric charge enclosed Output voltage, Vo = – — 冢冣
—V
Ri i
electric flux = —
— ——— — ————— ————— —————
ε0
=— — ———
2.0
— ———
— — N m2 C–1
=– —冢 100
——V冣
25 i
8.85 10–12
= 2.26 1011 N m2 C–1 = – 4Vi
26. C: V = V0e –t/CR 37. D: Oscillator circuit uses
t • C and R in series for feedback.
ln V = ln V0 – — —— which is the equation of • C and R in parallel for generating a.c.
CR
a straight line. 38. C: Terminal R is connected to voltage supply.
1 r
Gradient of graph = – — — — 39. B: Focal length, f = —, object distance u = 2r
CR 2
1 1 1 1
Time constant, CR = –— — —
——— —— —
——— —— —=—+—
gradient of graph f u v
(20 – 0) 1 1 1
= –— — ———
— s = 10 s —=— — —– — —
v r/2 2r
(0 – 2)
2r
C v=— —
27. D: CA = — 3
4 v 2r 1
1 1 1 Linear magnification, m = — = — — ——= —
—— —= — ——+ — ——, CB = 0.4C u 3(2r) 3
CB C/2 2C 40. C: Real image is formed by a convex lens.
C C When image and object are of the same size,
CC = — + — = C
2 2 u = v = 2f
CD = 4C u + v = 4f = 100 cm
28. B: Energy transferred to the lattice atoms is not f = 25 cm
lost but is dissipated as heat. λ
41. D: Path difference of — occurs when light is
29. B: In the loop WXYZW, 2
ε1 is positive, but ε2 is negative. reflected by a denser medium, on the upper
I1 is positive, but I2 is negative. surface. The optical path of the ray reflected
Applying Kirchhoff’s Second Law, at the lower surface is greater by 2nt.
ΣE = Σ(IR) λ
Total path difference = 2nt + —
ε1 – ε2 = I1(R1 + R2 + r1) – I2(R3 + r2) 2
30. B: A voltmeter has high resistance, and an 42. C: Apply Einstein’s equation for photoelectric
ammeter has low resistance. effect.
31. A: Magnetic force, FM = W, weight of rod h
43. B: Momentum of photon, p = —
BIL sin θ = W λ
8.0 1
Gradient of the graph of p against — = h,
sin θ = — — — ———— ————— λ
(2.0)(20)(0.40)
Planck’s constant
θ = 30°
44. D: All the possible transitions are as shown in
mv2
32. D: FM = Bqv = — — — the figure below.
r
q v E4
—=— — E3
m rB
Since v, r and B for both the particles are the
q
same, then the magnitude of — must be the E2
m
same for the particles.
Positive charge is deflected upwards and
negative charge downwards. E1
P must be positively charged and Q
45. A: Minimum wavelength λmin is given by
negatively charged.
hc
33. C: At position 3, since the magnetic flux is —— — = eV
λmin
constant, there is no current induced.
hc
34. D: Magnetic flux through the coil = N(B cos α)A λmin = ——
35. B: The r.m.s. current of 1 A is the effective eV
value of the a.c. and equals the steady λmin for II > λmin for I
current of 1.00 A. VI < VII

46. B: Photons emitted by stimulated emission have ω0 = 180 rpm
the same frequency.
47. D: Stable nuclei have higher binding energy per
= —冢
180
— 冣
— (2π) rad s–1 = 18.8 rad s–1
60
nucleon. (b) Using ω 2 = ω 02 + 2αθ,
48. C: The ratio of the number of nuclei of Y to 0 – (18.8)2
that of X depends on the half-lives of X and angular acceleration, α = — — ——— —
——
2(2π)(12)
Y. The best option is C.
= – 2.34 rad s–2
49. C: 113
48 Cd
+ 01 n → 114
48 Cd
+γ
Angular deceleration = 2.34 rad s–2
hc
112.9044 u + 1.0087 u = 113.9034 u + —
— (c) Torque = Fr = Iα
λ Iα
Tangential force, F = — —
hc r
—— = 0.0097 u
λ (0.15)(2.34)
= (0.0097)(1.66 10–27)c2 =— — —
— — ————N
0.20
(6.63 10–34) = 1.76 N
λ = ————————————————— ——— ———— ————m
(0.0097)(1.66 10–27)(3.00 108) Alternative method
= 1.37 10–13 m Loss of rotational kinetic energy
50. C: Strong force holds the nucleons together. = work done by torque
1 2
—Iω = (Fr)(2πN)
PAPER 2 2
Section A (0.15)(18.8)2
F= — ——— ———— ——N
1. 4π(12)(0.20)
u sin = 1.76 N
3.
u P
4
y
u cos
Fundamental mode
0 x
0.20 m
h = 1.0 m
First overtone
Q
L
(a) At any time = t,
• horizontal displacement, x = (u cos θ)t 4
1 λ0
• vertical displacement, y = (u sin θ)t – —gt 2
2 For fundamental mode, —
— = 0.20 m
4
(g = acceleration due to gravity)
v
(b) When the ball lands at the point Q, —
— = 0.20 m
4f0
vertical displacement, y = – 1.0 m
Consider vertical motion 345
Fundamental frequency, f0 = —— ——— Hz
1 4(0.20)
Using y = (u sin θ)t – —gt 2,
2 = 431 Hz
Frequency of first overtone, f1 = 3f0
1
–1.0 = (8.0 sin 30°)t – —(9.81)t 2 = 1293 Hz
2 stress
4. (a) Young’s modulus = — — ——
9.81t 2 – 8.0t – 2.0 = 0 strain
– (–8.0)± (8.0)2 – (4)(9.81)(–2.0) • Young’s modulus of copper is greater
t=— —— —————— ——— ——— — —
—————— ————s than Young’s modulus of aluminium.
2(9.81)
• A piece of copper wire requires a greater
= 1.02 s
stress to produce the same strain as a
Horizontal displacement,
piece of aluminium wire.
L = (8.0 cos 30°)(1.02) m
• Therefore copper is more rigid than
= 7.07 m
aluminium.
2. (a) Initial angular velocity,

Maximum tensile strength of copper is 7. (a) Using Einstein’s equation,
greater than that of aluminium. maximum kinetic energy,
Hence the elastic limit of copper is 1 2 hc
—mv max =— —– W
higher than that of aluminium. 2 λ
(b) Assuming that the extension is below the (6.63 10 )(3.00 108)
–34
limit of proportionality, =— ———— ——— —— ————— ——— —

——— – 2.3(1.60 10–19)
450 10–9
stress
Young’s modulus, Y = — — —— = 7.4 10–20 J
strain
2
=—
F/A
— —— vmax = —冢 ——— —
— ———
—
9.11 10–31 冣
— (7.4 10–20 ) m s–1
e/l
Extension, = 4.03 105 m s–1
Fl (b) If Vs is the stopping potential, then
e=— —
YA 1 2
eVs = —mv max
(10.0)(2.0) 2
=— ——— —— ———— —— ———— ——— ———m
(69 109)π(0.05 10–3)2 = 7.4 10–20 J
= 3.69 cm 7.4 10–20
Vs = — —— ———————V
5. (a) V = 240 sin 5000t and 1.60 10–19
π = 0.463 V
I = 0.480 sin (5000t – —)
2 8. (a) Time, t = 24 h, T1/2 = 10 h
Therefore, V0 = 240 V and I0 = 0.480 A 24
x=— — = 2.4
V0 10
Reactance, X = — — After 24 hours, number of atoms,
I0
240 N0
=— — ——Ω N=— —
0.480 2x
= 500 Ω 6.0 1021
=— —— —— — ——
(b) Phasor diagram 22.4
= 1.14 1021
V
Number of atoms which decay in 24 hours
= (6.0 – 1.14) 1021
= 4.86 1021
(b) After 24 hours, number of atoms
rad
= 1.14 1021
2
Mass of (6.0 1021) atoms = 2.0 g
I
Mass of (1.14 1021) atoms
(c) Since the voltage V leads the current I by
1.14 1021
π
— radians, the component is an inductor.
2
冢
= — — ——————— 冣
— (2.0) g
6.0 1021
6. (a) Open-loop gain, A0 = 105 = 0.38 g
(b) Condition for output voltage,
Vo = A0(V2 – V1): Section B
A0(V2 – V1) voltage of power supply 9. (a) A body is in simple harmonic motion if its
acceleration is directly proportional to its
or displacement x from a fixed point and
voltage of power supply is constantly directed towards the fixed
(V2 – V1) ——— ————— ——— —
——— ———— point.
A0
Acceleration = –ω 2x (ω 2 = constant)
(c) Advantage of high input impedance is that (b) (i) x = 0.50 cos (2t + φ)
the op-amp requires a small current for it dx
to operate. Velocity, v = —— = – 2(0.50) sin (2t + φ)
dt
The value of the input voltage after
= – 1.00 sin (2t + φ)
connection to the op-amp is the same as
Maximum velocity = 1.00 m s–1
before it is connected to the op-amp.
Advantage of low output impedance is that dv
(ii) Acceleration = — —
the voltage across the component which is dt
connected to the output is the same as the = – 2.00 cos (2t + φ)
output voltage VO. Maximum acceleration = 2.00 m s–2

(iii) At time t = 0, velocity = – 0.20 m s–1 m
– 1.00 sin [2(0) + φ] = – 0.20
Using pV = — 冢冣
M
— RT,
sin φ = 0.20 mRT
φ = 11.5° pressure, p = — ———
MV
(c) (i) If the bob is displaced and then (7.0)(8.31)(300)
released, the displacement of the bob =— —— ———— ———— ——— Pa
(58 10–3)(0.35)
after a time t is given by
= 8.60 105 Pa
x = x0 cos ω t (iv) Because of the high pressure,
Kinetic energy = potential energy 8.60 105 Pa, butane gas deviates
1 1 from the behaviour of the ideal gas.
—mω 2(x 02 – x2) = —mω 2x2
2 2 (b) (i) Degrees of freedom – independent
x0 modes of motion or independent
x=— — = 0.707x0 modes of acquiring kinetic energy by
2
x0 the gas molecule.
When x = x0 cos ω t = ——, (ii) Kinetic energy of a gas molecule,
2 f
π E = —kT
ωt = — 2
4 where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T
π π is the temperature of the gas in kelvin.
t=— — —= — ———— —
4ω 4(2π/T) (iii) Translational kinetic energy of oxygen
T molecule at 300 K,
=—
8 1 3
(ii) —mv2 = —kT
x 2 2
x0
Speed of oxygen molecule,
3kT
冢m = ——
M
冣
0.707x0
v= ——— —, kN A
=R
m N A
3T/8
0 3RT
T/8 T/4 T t = ———
M
–0.707x0
= — 3(8.31)(300)
— ————— ——— m s–1
0.032
= 483 m s–1
From the graph above, the kinetic < 5.0 103 m s–1, the escape speed.
energy and the potential energy are Hence, oxygen molecules will not
again equal when the distance of the escape and can exist on Mars.
bob from the equilibrium position is ε0A
again 0.707x0, which is at time 11. (a) (i) Capacitance of capacitor, C = — ——
d
3T T T Charge on each plate of capacitor,
t=— — which is — after t = — Q = CV
8 4 8
ε0A
10. (a) (i) Assumptions (any two)
• Internal energy of the ideal gas
= — 冢—
d
—V 冣
consists only of the total kinetic (8.85 10–12)(0.50)
=— —— ——— ————— —— —— [75 – (–75)] C
energy of the gas molecules. (25 10–3)
• There is no force between gas = 2.66 10–8 C
molecules except during collisions. (ii) Energy stored in the capacitor,
• Collisions between gas molecules 1
U = —QV
are perfectly elastic. 2
• Volume of the gas molecules is 1
= —(2.66 10–8)(150) J
negligible compared to volume of 2
the gas. = 2.00 10–6 J
(ii) A gas behaves as an ideal gas when (b) (i) The capacitor is charged by the battery.
• the pressure is very low, or Energy is stored in the electric field
approaches zero. between the plates of the capacitor.
• the temperature is low. When the switch is closed, the
(iii) V = 0.35 m3, mass of gas, m = 7.0 kg, capacitor discharges.
T = 27 °C = 300 K, Energy stored in the capacitor is used
molecular mass, M = 58 g mol–1 to produce a flash in the flash bulb.

(ii) Voltage across the capacitor during Image distance, v = 12.0 cm
charging, Final image I2 is 12.0 cm from the
V = V0(1 – e–t / CR) lens as shown in the above figure.
(iii) Overall magnification
When the capacitor is 63% charged,
V = 0.63V0 冢
= — — —— — —冣冢
60.0 12.0
—
20.0 60.0
— 冣
0.63V0 = V0(1 – e–t / CR)
= 0.60
1
et / CR = — —— — 13. (a)
0.37 Electron in excited state
Time taken,
1
冢
t = (CR) ln — ——冣
—
0.37
Photon
1
冢
= (40.0 10–6 )(45.0 103) ln — 冣
—— s
0.37
= 1.79 s Photon
Electron transition
(iii) The charging time can be reduced by
using a resistor of resistance smaller
Stimulated
than 45.0 kΩ. photon
12. (a) (i) r1 = r2 = 15.0 cm
Focal length f of the lens is given by Stimulated emission occurs when
• a photon passes by an excited atom.
1
冢
— = (n – 1) — + —
f
1
r1 r2
冣
1
• an electron in the excited state is stimulated
to transit to a lower energy level.
冢
= (1.5 – 1) — —
2
— —
15.0
冣 • a photon is produced by the transition of
the electron.
Focal length, f = 15.0 cm • Condition: frequency of the photon that
(ii) f = 15.0 cm, u = 20.0 cm stimulates the transition should be the same
1 1 1 as the frequency of the emitted photon.
Using — = — + —,
f u v
Population inversion occurs when
1 1 1
—= — – — • excited atoms of the pumping agent
v f u
collide with atoms of the lasing agent.
1 1
=— — —– — —— • atoms of the lasing agent are raised to a
15.0 20.0 metastable state.
Image distance, v = 60.0 cm • this results in more atoms in the excited
v state than atoms in the ground state.
(iii) Magnification, m = —
u (b) Differences between laser and fluorescent
60.0 light (any two)
=— —— = 3.0
20.0
(iv) Image is real, inverted and magnified. Laser Fluorescent light
(b) (i) Monochromatic Not monochromatic
Lens Mirror Coherent or in phase Not coherent
Beam does not diverge Beam diverges
O I1 High intensity Low intensity

I2
First image (c) Energy of photon

formed by
lens hc
=— —
Final image λ
(ii) With the mirror behind the lens, light (6.63 10–34 )(3.00 108 )
=— —— ———— ———— ———— —————— — eV
reflected by the mirror passes through (450 10–9 )(1.60 10–19 )
the lens. = 2.76 eV
The image I1 acts as a virtual object (d) In the hydrogen atom, for an electron to
for the lens. orbit the nucleus,
u = – 60.0 cm, f = 15.0 cm mv2 e2
1 1 1 centripetal force, —— —= — ——— —
—=—–— r 4πε0r2
v f u
e2
1 1 v2 = ———— ——
=— ——– — —— —— 4πε0mr
15.0 – 60.0

According to Bohr’s model, angular Wavelength,
nh (6.63 10–34)(3.00 108)
momentum, (mv)r = — — λ = ——————————————— ——— ———m
2π 4.064 10–19
nh 2 = 4.89 10–7 m
m 2v 2r 2 = ——
2π
— 冢冣 14. (a) Binding energy of a nucleus is the
nh 2 energy required to completely separate the
冢冣冢冣
2
e
m2 — —
— — — — r2 = —
— — —
4πε0mr 2π nucleons of the nucleus.
h2ε0 Mass defect of a nucleus
Radius of electron orbit, r = — — ——— n2
πme 2
冢冣 = (total mass before reaction)
– (total mass after reaction)
Energy of electron,
En = kinetic energy + electric potential energy (b) Mass defect = (mp + 2mn) – mN
1
= —mv2 + —
2
——冢
–e2
—
4πε0r
— v2 = —冣—
e2
———
4πε0mr
— 冤冥 = [1.007276 + 2(1.008665)] u – 3.016049 u
= 0.008557 u
hε Binding energy = (0.008557)(931.5) MeV
—冣n 冥
冤r = 冢—πme
– e2 2
0 2
=—
—— —— ——
8πε0r 2 = 7.97 MeV
7.97
– me4 Binding energy per nucleon = — —— MeV
=——— — —— 3
8ε 02 h2n2
= 2.66 MeV
For the transition from n = 4 to n = 2, (c) (i) The most stable nucleus is the nucleus
energy of photon emitted, with the highest binding energy per
hc nucleon, that is 62
28Ni.
—— = E4 – E2
λ (ii) 2
1H + 2
1H → 24 He
– me4 1 1
=— — — — — — —– —
8ε 02 h2 42 22冢— 冣 Energy
=
difference in the
released binding energy
(9.11 10–31)(1.60 10–19)4 = 7 – 2(2 1) MeV
=— — — — — —
——— ————————— ——— ————
8(8.85 10–12)2(6.63 10–34)2 = 3 MeV
—
2
1
—冢
2
–—
1
— J
42
冣
= 4.064 10–19 J
(d)
Source of positive ions
S1
Collimator slits
S2 Velocity selector
– combined electric
x x and magnetic fields
FE FM Photographic plate
- + d3
x x
d2
d1
S3
x v x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
Uniform
magnetic field B
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
Bainbridge mass spectrometer
• Ions from the source are collimated by the narrow slits S1 and S2.
• In the velocity selector, mutually perpendicular electric field E and magnetic field B act. The selected
velocity v is given by

FM = FE mv2
——— = qBv
qBv = qE r
E qB 2r
v=— — Mass of ion, m = — ———
B E
• Ions with the selected velocity emerge The radii of the paths are obtained by
from the slit S3 and are deflected by measuring the diameters d1, d2 and d3.
the magnetic field B. Ions of different
masses follow different semicircular
paths to strike a photographic plate.

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PAPER 1 Time: 1 h 45 min

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t1 1 2/11/09 10:47:30 AM

6 The figure shows a rod pivoted at point P on a smooth horizontal surface.

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t2 2 2/11/09 10:47:34 AM

Which statement is true?

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t3 3 2/11/09 10:47:34 AM

Which statement is not true?

The speed of sound in the medium is

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t4 4 2/11/09 10:47:35 AM

Heat transfer Internal energy Work done

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t5 5 2/11/09 10:47:35 AM

23 The figure shows a metal rod wrapped with an insulating material.

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t6 6 2/11/09 10:47:35 AM

The electric flux through the Gaussian surface is

26 A charged capacitor is connected in series to a switch and a resistor. A voltmeter of high

The time constant of the circuit is

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t7 7 2/11/09 10:47:36 AM

Which of the following is true of the closed loop WXYZW?

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t8 8 2/11/09 10:47:36 AM

Which statement is not true of the changes experienced by the ring?

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t9 9 2/11/09 10:47:37 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t10 10 2/11/09 10:47:37 AM

38 The figure shows the symbol of an operational amplifier.

Which terminal and label do not correspond?

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t11 11 2/11/09 10:47:37 AM

42 In the photoelectric effect, the energy of the photon is used

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t12 12 2/11/09 10:47:38 AM

46 Which statement is not true of stimulated emission?

47 The nucleus of iron 56 209

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t13 13 2/11/09 10:47:38 AM

PAPER 2 Time: 2 h 30 min

Section A [40 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t14 14 2/11/09 10:47:38 AM

Material Young’s modulus (N m–2) Maximum tensile strength (N m–2)

Section B [60 marks]

Answer any four questions in this section.

9 (a) Define simple harmonic motion. [2 marks]

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t15 15 2/11/09 10:47:39 AM

10 (a) (i) State two assumptions of an ideal gas. [2 marks]

Battery Flash bulb

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t16 16 2/11/09 10:47:39 AM

0 50 100 150 200 250

(i) Determine the most stable nucleus. [1 mark]

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t17 17 2/11/09 10:47:39 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t18 18 2/11/09 10:47:39 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t19 19 2/11/09 10:47:40 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t20 20 2/11/09 10:47:40 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t21 21 2/11/09 10:47:41 AM

limit of proportionality, =— ———— ——— —— ————— ——— —

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t22 22 2/11/09 10:47:41 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t23 23 2/11/09 10:47:42 AM

O I1 High intensity Low intensity

First image (c) Energy of photon

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t24 24 2/11/09 10:47:42 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t25 25 2/11/09 10:47:43 AM

Ace Ahead Physics (Actual 08) 5t26 26 2/11/09 10:47:43 AM

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