Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Internet Protocol)
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IP Operation
Connectionless datagram protocol
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Connectionless means..
The connectionless service is like a postal service.
Each message carries the full address of the
destination.
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Connection Oriented means..
These are similar to the one provided in the telephone
systems.
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IP Header Format
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IP Operation
Ver : version of IP. Current version is IPv4.
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IP Operation
• Total Length: defines total length of IP datagram
(Max: 65535 bytes of which 20 to 60 bytes are the
header). But generally all hosts are prepared to accept
datagrams of up to 576 bytes.
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IP Operation
• Flags: This is 3 bit field. First bit is always 0. The
second field is called “Do not fragment”. The third bit
is “More fragment bit”.
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IP Operation
Time to Live (TTL): 8 bit field which controls the
maximum number of routers visited by the datagram.
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IP Operation
Source Address: This defines the source IP address.
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MTU
Every network type has a maximum transmission unit
(MTU) which is the largest IP datagram that it can
carry in a frame.
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Fragmentation
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Fragmentation
Suppose a router receives an IP packet of 600 data
bytes and MTU is 200 bytes. Header is of 20 bytes
long. Show the fragmentation values?
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Fragmentation
Suppose a router receives an IP packet of 4000 data
bytes and MTU is 1500 bytes. Header is of 20 bytes
long. Show the fragmentation values?
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IP Header Format
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IP Classes
IP addresses are of 32 bit long and divided into various
classes. (Ex:192.168.100.80)
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IP Addresses
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IP Classes
The network address is an address that defines the
network itself. It cannot be assigned to a host.
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IP Classes (Example)
Find the class of each address :
00000001 00001011 00001111 1110111
11000001 10000011 10011010 1010101
11110011 10011011 11111011 0000111
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Special IP Addresses
All zeros are used by the hosts when they are being booted
but not used afterwards. (0.0.0.0)
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IP Classes (Example)
Find the network address?
1. 23.56.7.91
2. 132.6.17.85
3. 201.180.56.5
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IP Classes (Example)
Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the class, the
block and the range of the addresses?
1. The class is A.
2. The block has netid of 17.
3. The address range is from 17.0.0.0 to 17.255.255.255.
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IP Classes (Example)
Given the network address 132.21.0.0 find the class, the
block and the range of the addresses?
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Limitation of IPv4.
It uses only 32 bit addressing scheme. Hence limited
number of networks and hosts IP’s are provided.
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Subnetting
All hosts must have the same network number. But this
property of IP addressing can be problematic as the
network size increases.
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Subnetting (Example)
For example if the Default Mask is 255.255.0.0
i.e. 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
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Subnetting (Example)
A router inside an organization receives the same
packet with a destination address 190.240.34.95. if the
subnet mask is /19. Find the subnet address.
Address is
11000000 11110000 001 00010 01011111
Subnet Address is
11000000 11110000 001 00000 00000000
i.e. 190.240.32.0 28
Subnetting (Example)
The IP address is 198.123.46.237. What will be subnet
mask if 4 networks are allowed?
Class C network
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Subnetting (Example)
A company is granted a site address 201.70.64.0. The
company need six subnets. Design the subnets?
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Supernetting
The class A and B addresses are almost completed but
class C addresses are still available. But the size of
class C address with a maximum number of 256
addresses does not satisfy the needs of an organization.
The solution is Supernetting.
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IPv6 Features
IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol designed
to enable high performance scalable network.
Ex:AC81:9840:8600:4520:AC56:ABDC:0000:FFFF
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IPv6 Features
There is special notation used for IPV6 addresses as
X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X where X is the hexadecimal
representation of a 16 bit piece of the address.
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IPv6 Features
IPv6 addresses do not have classes but the address
space is still subdivided in various ways based on their
leading bits. (Reserved for LAN , Global Unicast
addresses).
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Advantages of IPv6
Large Address space : (128 bit)
Better header format : (options are separated)
New options : (Security)
Possibility of extensions (support for various protocols)
More security : (IPSec)
Support to resource allocation (real time traffic)
Plug and Play
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IPv6 Header Format
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IPv6 Header Format
Version: Version field is set to 6 for IPv6.
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IPv6 Header Format
Hop Limit: Same purpose of TTL in IPv4.
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IPv6 Extension Headers
The length of base header is 40 byte and can be
followed by up to 6 extension headers.
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IPv6 Extension Headers
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IPv4 vs. IPv6
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