Domestic Child Labor by Tamoor

Socio-economic conditions of Domestic Child
Laborers In Bahawalpur City
Session (2007-2009)
Supervised By:
Mr.Syed Mansoor Ali Shah
(Lecturer)
Submitted By:
M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)

M.Kashif Tanveer
Noreen Afzal
Noreen Hussain
Rushba Iram
Sabiha Mushtaq
Sadaf Nawaz
Sadia Rehman
Sumbal Mehmood
Department of social work

The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur
Socio-Economic Conditions Of
Domestic Child Laborers In
Bahawalpur City
For the partial fulfillment of masters in social

work
Session (2007-2009)
Supervised By:
Mr.Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

(Lecturer)
Submitted By:
1. M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)
2. M.Kashif Tanveer
3. Noreen Afzal
4. Noreen Hussain
5. Rushba Iram
6. Sabiha Mushtaq
7. Sadaf Nawaz
8. Sadia Rehman
9. Sumbal Mehmood
Bahawalpur
Department Of Social Work 2

I want to……………
I want to
Cry out to the world
The rage of
Chained children.
I want to
The pain of
Abused girls.
I want to
The unutterable sadness of
Abandoned babes.
I want to
The fear of
Maltreated kids.
I want to
Cry out all this to the world.
But who will cry out with me?

In The Name Of
Allah
Who Is the Most
Beneficent
And The Most
Merciful.

Approval Certificate
The research work “Socio-Economic Conditions of Domestic Child

Laborers in Bahawalpur City” submitted by the group of nine members in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of masters in Social Work,
is hereby approved for submission to the Islamia University of Bahawalpur.
Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

(Lecturer)
Bahawalpur.

Contents
Chapter No. Particulars Page No.
I List Of Table 07
II Dedication 10
III
Acknowledgement 11
IV Abstract 13
1 Introduction 15
2 Literature Review 25
Study Rationale 33
3
4 Research Methodology 35
5 Tabular and Graphical 39

Representation
6 Case Studies 102
7 Findings 108
8 Conclusion 112
9 Recommendation 114
10 Annexure 116
11 Bibliography 123
LIST OF TABLES

Serial Page No
No. Title Of The Table
1. Age 40
2. Gender Ratio 41
3. Cast Distribution 42
4. Language 43

5. Educational Status 44
6. Work Length 45
7. Family Size 46
8. No. Of Siblings 47
9. Birth Order 48
10. Father’s Life Status 49
11. Mother’s Life Status 50
12. Father’s Education 51
13. Mother’s Education 52
14. Father’s Occupation 53

15. Mother’s Status 54
16. Working Siblings 55
17. Sibling’s Nature Of Work 56
18. Bread Earners In Family 57
19. Monthly Income of Respondent’s Family 58
20. Areas of expenditures 59
21. Type Of Family 60
22. Residential Background 61
23. Nature of residence 62
24. Type of father’s Marriages 63
25. Nature and type of labor 64

26. Nature of stay 65
27. Nature Of Accommodation 66
28. Type of Tasks To Perform 67

29. Task performed easily 68
30. Task Escaped From 69
31. Working Durations 70
32. Assistance In Work 71
33. Extent of Assistance 72
34. Extra task to perform 73
35. Mode of payment 74
36. Payment in Cash/month 75
37. Payment in kind of food and grains 76
38. Who collects the wages? 77
39. Pocket money provided 78
40. In case you collect the wages, you give it to 79

Your parents?
41. Provision of holydays 80
42. No. of Holidays 81
43. Transportation charges 82
44. Un-announced Leaves 83
45. Eid Holydays 84
46. Recreational Activities 85
47. Satisfaction With Employer Attitude 86
48. Satisfaction On Current Status 87
49. Dissatisfaction On Owner’s Attitude 88
50. Will For Working 89

51. Are You Forced For Domestic Labor? 90
52. Who Brought Here 91
53. In case provided with study options? 92
54. Pocket money provided by employer 93
55. Extent Of Pocket Money Provided By Employer 94
56. Provision Of Proper Education 95
57. Type of Education Provided 96

58. Treatment on Mistakes 97
59. Sort of punishment 98
60. Support In Case Of Disease And Treatment 99

61. Opinion About Child Labor 100
62. Future Aims And Objectives 101

Dedication
To
Those little souls
Who,
Instead of being
served, are serving
as servants to save
the souls as sound
and strong……

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement
The most gracious and the most munificent to all domains, the Almighty Allah, Who
created man out of clot and who infused into him such a dynamic force to serve as his
representative in the universe
We offer our humblest and sincerest gratitude to “Allah” who bestowed us the
opportunity and spirit to complete such type of services.
We pay special thanks from the core of our heart to our prestigious supervisor
Mr.Mansoor Ali Shah. Whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped
us in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis.
We want to thank the department of social work of Islamia University of Bahawalpur for
giving us permission to commence this thesis in the first instances to do the necessary
research work and to use department data.
My sincerest thanks is due to my all group fellows who encouraged each other by joining
all thesis work and we would acknowledge the collaboration shown by group members at
every step and made the moments memorable and special thanks to our supervisor Mr.
Mansoor Ali Shah.
From the core back of heart, our special thanks go to dearest parents who provided us a
lot of opportunities to complete our research work. We express our deepest sense of
gratitude and sincere thankfulness fruit for our thoughts to our affectionate parents for
their moral and financial support through the span of life.
We are also very thankful to all those families who cooperated with us in the phase of
data collection and facilitated us by their all possible means. In the end the entire group
signifies the obligation to each and every person who became the source of help during
our study.
Author

Abstracts

STUDY ABSTRACTS
Children are considered as the building blocks of any nation. Stronger and healthier is the
children, stronger and healthier the nation is and vice versa. Pakistan is a poor country
with very low per capita income. This factor results in pushing the children of our
country in labor market. According to the latest researches more than 3 million children
are engaged in child labor in Pakistan. Scientific studies reveal that an estimated 2.3
million children are engaged in domestic labor. Our study was characterized by
pragmatic methodology to seek information about the domestic labor. We carried out
community surveys to estimate the intensity of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur City.
We opted interview schedule and snow ball sampling for the sake of data collection. The
geographic universe of our study was entire area of Bahawalpur city. We approached 100
respondents to seek required Informations regarding domestic child labor. Main findings
of our study include the followings;
50% of respondents were found in between the age group of 9-13 years and 40%
respondents were between the ages of 14-18 years.32% of the respondents were primary
pass while rests of the respondent were illiterate. 70% of respondents were from rural
background.86% respondents were engaged in un-bonded type of labor. Nature of stay of
70% respondents was residential.37% of the respondents had to perform domestic tasks
round the clock and working length of 27% respondents was eight hours a day. Mode of
payment of 67% respondents was cash while 21% respondents got both cash and food as
their mode of payment.36% of the respondents were paid rupees 300-700 per moth and
27% respondents were paid 800-1200 rupees per month. In case of un-announced leaves
13% respondents were punished by their owners and mistakes of 87% respondents were
ignored at all.83% respondents claimed that were provided with recreational
activities.94% respondents were almost satisfied with their employer attitude45%
respondents were satisfied with their current status.76% respondents were compelled for
domestic labor. In case of disease and its treatment 95% respondents got full support of
their owners. When asked about child labor, 71% respondents opposed child labor.

Chapter No.01
Introduction

Introduction
God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to
think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That
is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its
structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life.
Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and
purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and
outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the
morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and
begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific
kind of joy through their innocence.
But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial
problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge.
It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life.
Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to
earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many
children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without
which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our
society who have forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in addition to
getting education, earns his livelihood, this act of earning a livelihood is called as child
Labour. The concept of child Labour got much attention during the 1990s when
European countries announced a ban on the goods of the less-developed countries
because of child Labour.
The mortality of any society is judged by what the society does to its children. The
menace of child labor is rampantly growing around the world and the morality of the
society is at stake. Child labor is alarmingly present with its various worst forms almost
in each of the society around the globe with particular focus in developing countries.
Pakistan being a developing society has also a stigma of child labor on its forehead.
Apart from the street child labor, domestic labor by children is also not un-common.
Although researches have been conducted on domestic child labor on international,

national and province level yet not a single research work is conducted in Bahawalpur
region .So, we did this research in order to identify and explore the intensity and
prevalence of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur.
Children engaged in domestic chores are mostly exposed to work in health hazardous
surroundings. Children engaged in domestic labor have to work at their work place for
long hours. Besides all this, they have to live from hand to mouth. Actual and factual data
was required to express the miseries and true conditions of domestic child laborers. For
this very purpose we conducted this research.

The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their
childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental
development. It refers to work that:
• Is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to Children.

• Interferes with their schooling:
• By depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;
• By obliging them to leave school prematurely; or
• By requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long
and heavy work
History of Child Labor can be traced in some dark realms of industrialization. But a
more detailed study of this heinous, shameful practice can reveal that child labor was
there much before industrialization in various forms like child slavery…
Earlier, child labor was not a big problem as children used to accompany their fathers in
agriculture and other jobs. The industrial revolution brought up the dispute over child
labor, as schooling became more important, and concepts of laborers and rights of
children were developed.
History of child labor states that industrial revolution saw children working Factories,
mines, and even having his own small business like selling food, flowers and doing much
unusual kind of jobs. Some children started being tourist guides, some set up a small
shop of their own and some opened up restaurants in their backyards and worked as
waiters too. Some children however chose to be actors and singers.
Children working in factories were forced to do jobs of high stress levels like assembling
boxes, polishing shoes. Many jobs had children held up in small houses doing various
jobs and were not within the reach of officials and inspectors. Most controversial forms
of child exploitation included military use of children, child prostitution.
History has witnessed many children involved in military campaigns in spite of this
activity being against the cultural morals. It was a custom for youths from the
Mediterranean basin to serve as aides, charioteers, and armor bearers to their adult
counterparts. A few examples can be found in Bible (David serving his King Saul),
Greek Mythology (Hercules and Hylas). In Greece, this practice was considered to be an
educational tradition, and the Man/Boy couple was considered to be an efficient fighting
force. Hitler Youth (Hitlerjunged or HJ) was an official organization in the Nazi Army.
During the Battle of Berlin, this youth force was a major part of the German Defenses.
Federal Laws against Child Labor
In 1830s many US states enforced laws to restrict the employment of young children in
industries. But this had no effect on the rural communities as children were working in
the farms, mills and factories.

The laws in America were always ignored, until 1904, when the National Child labor
committee was formed by concerned people. This committee was chartered by Congress
in 1907. When these people visited industries to inspect if they violated laws, young
children were rushed out of their sight. Often the owners said that these children had
come to the factory or mill for paying a visit to their mothers, or were helping their
mothers.
After many attempts, many states passed stringent laws, and banned child labor. In 1938,
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as Federal Wage and
Hour Law. This became constitutional in 1941 after a declaration by the US Supreme
Court.
Child labor in the world:
There were 218 million children working illegally in the eyes of international treaties, as
at the most recent formal assessment in 2004. Child labor is defined as all economic
activity for children under 12 years, any work for those aged 12-14 of sufficient hours
per week to undermine their health or education, and all "hazardous work" which could
threaten the health of children under 18.
Almost all child labor occurs in developing countries, largely in agriculture but also
including domestic service, factory production and backstreet workshops. Despite a fall
of over 10% in the figure since the last assessment in 2000, over 25% of children in sub-
Saharan Africa and 18% in Asia remain trapped within the cycle of poverty of which
child labor is part.
Child Labour is an important and a serious global issue through which

all and sundry countries of the world are directly or indirectly affected,
but, it is very common in Latin America, Africa and Asia. According
to some, in several Asian countries’ 1/10 manpower consists of child
Labour. In India the number of children between the ages of 10-14 has
crossed above 44 million, in Pakistan this number is from 8 to 10
million, in Bangladesh 8-12 million, in Brazil 7 million, whereas their
number is 12 million in Nigeria.
126 million of these children are engaged in hazardous work, such as mining or handling
chemicals, which is otherwise described as the "worst forms of child labour". A further
class within this latter description is known as the "unconditional" worst forms of child
labour which refers to prostitution, military enrolment, slavery such as bonded labour for
brick kilns in Pakistan, or trafficking - as reported in the movement of children across
Indian state borders to satisfy the boom in farming of genetically modified Bt cotton in
Gujarat. No statistics are available for this “unconditional” category but the numbers are
likely to be close to 10 million.

There is an additional category of "working children" not included in these statistics
because the profile of age, nature of work and hours is not regarded as harmful. For
example, light work of a few hours per week could be regarded as beneficial; "child
labour" by contrast should be eliminated.
Child Labour Supply and Demand
Poverty is the seed-bed of child labour. Poor parents send their children to work for
reasons of economic expediency, the consequent denial of education setting in motion a
mutually reinforcing cycle liable to pass down the generations. It is nevertheless naive to
attribute the problem solely to poverty; schools are often prohibitively expensive, of poor
quality or inaccessible. Cultural pressures can undermine perception of the long term
value of education, especially for girl children.
Economic setbacks will therefore regenerate the supply side of the child labour equation.
The most pervasive example lies in the evidence that the global fall in child labour is
being reversed in African countries most affected by HIV/AIDS. Households where adult
members suffer prolonged periods of illness suffer dramatic cuts in income and forced
sales of assets which are compensated by withdrawing children from school and sending
them to work. An estimated 10% of all children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Africa are
heads of households, compelled to provide for siblings.
This supply of child labour is accommodated by the demand of employers for a cheap
and flexible workforce, including small-scale enterprises whose owners exploit their own
family members. There is value to be exploited in the particular skills that children’s
dexterity can offer; for example in weaving or in tasks involving crop seeds. Girl children
are in demand for domestic service, the invisible nature of which adds to their
vulnerability to abuse. Absence from official statistics is also the fate of those girls kept
away from school in order to work for their own families in the home or on the land.
Child Labor in Pakistan
In Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million. During the last year, the Federal
Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILO’s IPEC (International
Program on the Elimination of Child Labour). The findings were that 3.8 million children
age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this
age group; fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9
years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were
claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. Two million and four hundred thousand
(73%) of them were said to be boys
.
During the year 2001 and 2002 the government of Pakistan carried out a series of
consultation of tripartite partners and stakeholders (Labour Department, trade unions,
employers and NGOs) in all the provinces. The objective was to identify the occupations
and the categories of work, which may be considered as hazardous under the provisions
of ILO Convention 182.

Now we can easily imagine in the light of above mentioned facts and
figures how the nation’s future namely children are deprived of
pleasures of life, ignorance has reduced their abilities of thinking
right or differentiating between right and wrong, as well as their life-
chances, to their non-access to education. It is true that child Labour
is not an isolated phenomenon.
It is an outcome of a multitude of socio-economic factors and has its roots in poverty,
lack of opportunities, high rate of population growth, unemployment, uneven distribution
of wealth and resources, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors.
According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) the daily income of
65.5% people of Pakistan is below 2 U.S. dollars a day. According to the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) Report, 47 million people in Pakistan are leading lines below
the line of poverty, whereas the Social Policy Development Centre (SDPC) Karachi has
stated in one of its reports that the ratio of poverty in Pakistan was 33% during 1999 that
increased in 2001 and reached 38%.The ratio of poverty in the current year is around 30
percent.
Consider the point that if 30% of our country’s total population is leading life below the
poverty-line wherein the people are deprived of basic necessities of life like clothing,
shelter, food, education and medication, the children of these people will be forced to
become Laborers or workers in order to survive. Another reason of child Labour in
Pakistan is that our people don’t have the security of social life. There is no aid plan or
allowance for children in our country. Class-based education system is another reason for
increasing child Labour; villages lack standardized education systems and as a result,
child Labour is on increase in rural areas. The government has not put its laws into
practice to stop child Labour in our country. Employers after exploiting child Labour,
extract a large surplus, whereas child Labour, despite increasing poverty, unemployment
and other problems, are pressed to do anything and everything for their livelihood and the
survival of their families.
Child Labour is a complex problem which demands a range of
solutions. There is no better way to prevent child Labour than to make
education compulsory. The West understood this a long time ago.
Laws were enacted very early to secure continued education for
working children; and now they have gone a step forward, and
required completion of at least the preliminary education of the child
before he or she starts work.
Martin Luther as back far 1524 sent a letter to German Municipalities insisting it was
their duty to provide schools, and the duty of parents to educate their children. In
Sweden, a royal decree in 1723 instructed parents and guardians to diligently see to it
that their children applied themselves to book reading. In Europe, one country after
another; Scotland, Prussia (1817), Austria (1869), France, United Kingdom (1880) and
Italy made education compulsory. In 1872, Japan became the first non-Western country
to make elementary school education compulsory with the declaration by the Meiji Govt.

The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory. Along
with this, the government has distributed free books in primary schools so that parents,
who cannot afford their children’s school expenses, send their children to schools. The
major point is that this decision must be acted upon at all levels. There is strict need to
stop child Labour in this country. Awareness must be raised and the attention of parents
ought to be diverted to the education of their children. Child Labour Laws should be put
into practice strictly. In addition, the educational system of the country-must be reshaped
and restructured according to national development goals. The orphans and other
deserving children must be helped financially on a prolonged basis. It is also essential to
eliminate child Labour from the country, that the political, economical and social system
of the country are need to be reshaped and such steps taken that make child Labour in
this country a crime. They should bring on the well-being of a lay man, good governance
and end to exploitative thinking. If we succeed to act upon these principles, our country
can easily get rid of this problem i.e. child Labour. The agreement that has recently been
approved by Pakistan, Norway and ILO to eradicate child Labour must be given
importance and we hope that our rulers must put this agreement into practice using all
means at their disposal.
Domestic child Labor:
Domestic labor may be defined as;
“If a child under the age of 18 is engaged in any type of domestic cores,
Domestic labor in Pakistan
Despite innumerable promises by the policy and law-makers, there is still no law
regulating this sector. SPARC calls for the inclusion of child domestic labor in Pakistan’s
National List of Worst Forms of Child Labor and its notification as a banned sector for
children’s employment. SPARC has also called for a total ban on government officials
engaging children as domestic labor, as exists in India.
The exact number of children exploited in domestic labor is not known as they work
behind closed doors and it is difficult to collect data to identify the numbers of children
involved in this form of labor. However, out of 250 million working children worldwide,
more girl children are engaged in domestic service than in any other category of work.
According to one estimate, there are five million child domestic workers in South Asia.
Millions of children are already employed in this hidden sector in Pakistan and there is an
alarmingly large population of out-of-school children, particularly in rural areas, who are
vulnerable to becoming child domestic workers. Parents in rural areas or slums often
hold the misguided belief that their child will lead a much better life working in some
one else’s home than they can offer in their own home. Many children are employed
through informal “arrangements” between parents and employer; some are abandoned or
orphaned children, and many are very young children, some below 10 years old.

Unfortunately, there is a growing demand for child domestic workers, who are preferred
over adult workers because it is considered that they are more obedient, argue less and
work endlessly for little or sometimes no wages.
World Day against Child Labor in 2004 was declared by the ILO as the Domestic Child
Labor Day
Child labor is sometimes linked with stories of bonded or forced labor. In extreme cases,
children have been found imprisoned in illegal work camps or chained to the ground at
their workplace. Press attention has focused on child labor in brick kilns and carpet-
weaving workshops, as well as more sensational stories about forced prostitution and
illegal export of boys to the Gulf as camel jockeys.
PAKISTAN: The State of Domestic Child Labour [Conference Report]

The Society for the Protection of the rights of the Child (SPARC) held this two-day
conference on September 6 and 7, 2003. It was inaugurated by the Federal Minister for
Information, Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, who cited poverty as the single major cause for child
labor in Pakistan. He called for all the segments of society to join hands and fight
together to eliminate this evil from the country. Little is known about the real extent and
magnitude of child labor in Pakistan. The plight of child domestic workers is a neglected
subject mainly because they are invisible, National Director, SPARC, Anees Jillani said.
Emphasizing the need to ban domestic child labor, he asked the civil servants not to
employ child domestic workers under a certain age. The potential for exploitation may be
worse for the children working in homes because there are no regulations or laws to
monitor the work hours, pay, working environment etc., especially if the child is a girl.
According to an estimate 90% girls are working as domestic child laborers. There are 30
million children between the ages of 5 and 15 out of which 23 million are available for
child labor, informed Ms Manizeh Bano of NGO Sahil, working on child sexual abuse.
She said that officially 3.3 million children are working as child laborers in Pakistan,
whereas unofficial numbers are around 8 million. Child labor is a product of supply and
demand, but domestic child labor is only consumption, because it is not a productive
activity. Poverty is the basic cause of child labor and vice versa, said Kaiser Bengali,
Managing Director Social Policy and Development Centre (SDPC). He said poverty is
due to the policies followed by the government, which has made the poor more poor and
the rich more rich. Domestic child labor is a result of an unjust society, where the rich
and poor live in separate worlds, and unless there is a fair distribution of assets, poverty
will not be eradicated. Mr. Zakir Hussain, from the Ministry of Labor said the
government had allocated Rs100 million for the rehabilitation of bonded labor, especially
in the carpet industries. The parents were given incentives to send their children to
schools and develop other skills. He said the labor ministry has conducted 11 studies and
is talking to NGOs, government and stakeholders to create awareness on child labor. On
the concluding day of the Conference, the participants unanimously passed a resolution
calling on the government and civil society members to enforce and ensure free education
policy for children. Cases of child abuse and child kidnapping should be decided on
preferential basis. Relaxation should be given in child sentences as per the law. Juvenile
Justice System Ordinance 2000 should be implemented. Domestic labor should be

eliminated and a campaign for the betterment of children should run on a national as well
as individual level. Laws against corporal punishment should be enforced in schools. All
laws pertaining to child labor, especially Employment Children Act 1991 should be
enforced. The worst forms of child labor exists in alarming proportions exists in Pakistan
and C-182 should be implemented to combat this evil. The problems of recreation, health,
sanitation, safe drinking water should be solved. Children wards should be set up in all
hospitals.[Source: CRIN] For more information, contact fazila gulrez, isb@sparcpk.org
The stigma of child labor is prevalent in Pakistan in its acute form. We conducted this
research work to explore the actual and factual data regarding domestic child labor in
Bahawalpur City.
Our study subject was Domestic child labor in Bahawalpur City. To find out socio-
economic conditions of domestic child laborers in Bahawalpur City was our area of
study. As the domestic child laborer is a hidden phenomenon that takes place behind the
high wall of bungalows. No estimated data is present regarding this. To find out the
respondent no sampling strategy was workable but snow ball sampling. Through snow
ball sampling links were explored and data was gathered till the point of saturation. “A
method of devising tool for data collection is called instrumentation”.
As our respondents were children engaged in domestic chores and a majority of them
were illiterate, it was not appropriate to make use of questionnaires, so we employed
interview schedule as a tool of data collection. The phase of instrumentation went
through the following steps;
 Drafting
 Internal criticism
 External criticism
 Re-drafting
 Second review
 Final draft
Before starting full fledge expedition of data collection, pretesting was carried out to
check the effectiveness and reliability of designed data- collection methodology. After
pre-testing data was collected from various areas of Bahawalpur City. Interviews of 100
respondents were conducted. After the collection of required data sifting of data was
carried out in order to remove useless data. Data was edited in the field as well as in the
office of our supervisor. After editing we classified whole data into several homogeneous
classes. After classification, data was presented in tables and graphs. The most final
phase of our research consists of report writing section. Report writing chapter includes
following contents;

Broad Division Individual Section
 Title Report
Preliminary Material  Table Of Contents
 Dedication
 Acknowledge
 Abstracts (Synopsis)
 Introduction
Body Of Report  Literature Review
 Study Rationale
 Research Methodology
 Tabular And Graphical Presentation
 Case Studies
 Study Findings
 Conclusion
 Recommendations
 Annexure
Supplementary Material  Bibliography
 Some Worthy Words

Chapter No.02
Review of The Literature

Literature Review
The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood,
their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.
It refers to work that:
• Is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to Children.
• Interferes with their schooling:
• By depriving them of the opportunity to attend school;
• By obliging them to leave school prematurely; or
• By requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long
and heavy work
.
In its most extreme forms, child labor involves children being enslaved, separated from
their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves
on the streets of large cities – often at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of
“work” can be called “child labor” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of
work performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued
by individual countries. The answer varies from country to country, as well as among
sectors within countries.
Reference: (A text book for university students on child labor by ILO office Geneva,
Page#16).
History of Child Labor

History of Child Labor can be traced in some dark realms of industrialization. But a more detailed study of
this heinous, shameful practice can reveal that child labor was there much before industrialization in various
forms like child slavery…
Enlarge Image
Child Labor
Child labor is employing children who are under aged to work as determined laws of a state. This
practice is considered to be exploitative in many countries and international organizations.
Earlier, child labor was not a big problem as children used to accompany their fathers in
agriculture and other jobs. The industrial revolution brought up the dispute over child labor, as

schooling became more important, and concepts of laborers and rights of children were
developed.
History of child labor states that industrial revolution saw children working Factories, mines, and
even having his own small business like selling food, flowers and doing much unusual kind of
jobs. Some children started being tourist guides, some set up a small shop of their own and some
opened up restaurants in their backyards and worked as waiters too. Some children however
chose to be actors and singers.
Children working in factories were forced to do jobs of high stress levels like assembling boxes,
polishing shoes. Many jobs had children held up in small houses doing various jobs and were not
within the reach of officials and inspectors. Most controversial forms of child exploitation included
military use of children, child prostitution.
History has witnessed many children involved in military campaigns in spite of this activity being
against the cultural morals. It was a custom for youths from the Mediterranean basin to serve as
aides, charioteers, and armor bearers to their adult counterparts. A few examples can be found in
Bible (David serving his King Saul), Greek Mythology (Hercules and Hylas). In Greece, this
practice was considered to be an educational tradition, and the Man/Boy couple was considered
to be an efficient fighting force. Hitler Youth (Hitlerjunged or HJ) was an official organization in the
Nazi Army. During the Battle of Berlin, this youth force was a major part of the German Defenses.
History of Child Labor
Although, child labor was not new to the world, it is believed that during 1780 and 1840, there
was a massive increase in child exploitation. During the Industrial revolution, it was very common
to find children working in factories. In 1788, more than 60% of workers in textile mills of England
and Scotland were children. Many laws were passed to eradicate child labor, but hardly
succeeded.
By now, many people were aware of increasing demand for educated workforce and the people
of upper class had started to rule over the poor children. The demand for educated workforce
provided all the extra reasons for children to join school. But there were parents who could not
afford to send their children to schools, and hence children volunteered to work in factories,
mines, mills etc.
In mines, children were to crawl through tiny pits to reach the coalface, and also were to operate
on the ventilation ports. In mills, this child workforce grew annually. Out-working others and long
working hours with more intensity was the dream each child had, and this would mentally
challenge them.
Federal Laws against Child Labor
In 1830s many US states enforced laws to restrict the employment of young children in
industries. But this had no effect on the rural communities as children were working in the farms,
mills and factories.
Families led lives which were dominated by their employers. Their company would pay them with
overpriced goods of the company, and allocate them houses in the company owned villages. For
these amenities, the entire family would work for more than 72 hours a week, with men for heavy,
women and children for lighter works.
The companies were manipulative as well. The laws of state became stringent and regulated
work conditions, limited the child labor. But these laws were not applicable to immigrants and
now the companies would exploit the people living in slums, make them work longer hours, for a

small pay.
The laws in America were always ignored, until 1904, when the National Child labor committee
was formed by concerned people. This committee was chartered by Congress in 1907. When
these people visited industries to inspect if they violated laws, young children were rushed out of
their sight. Often the owners said that these children had come to the factory or mill for paying a
visit to their mothers, or were helping their mothers.
After many attempts, many states passed stringent laws, and banned child labor. In 1938,
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as Federal Wage and Hour Law.
This became constitutional in 1941 after a declaration by the US Supreme Court.
According to this act, no child would work more than 40 hours a week, the minimum wage would
be 40 cents per hour. Minors below 16 are not to work in those industries which are classified to
be hazardous. There were no age restrictions for children to work in non-hazardous environment.
Children were to work only outside their school hours and during vacations, but only for limited
hours.
By Jayashree Pakhare
Published: 4/20/2007
Attitudes towards child labor
There is a large group of critics that disapproves of child labor for a range of reasons,
including the following:
• A llowing children to work means stealing their childhood from them.
• Child laborers are subject to economic exploitation because they are paid at the
lowest rates, and sometimes not at all.
• Children often work under the worst conditions, which can cause physical
deformations and long-term health care problems.
• Some child work can perpetuate poverty because child laborers, deprived of
education or healthy physical development, are likely to become adults with low
earnings prospects.
• Children often replace adult labor; employers prefer them because they are cheap
and docile.
• The widespread use of child labor may result in lower wages for all workers.
• Countries that allow child labor are able to lower their labor costs; thus they
attract investors and also benefit from “unfair trade” due to their low production
costs.(Adapted from Arat,2002)
Reference: Child Labor • A textbook for university students, by ILO office
Geneva page #18

.
Types of work that children do
Because children doing particular kinds of work often have similar lifestyles and
problems, child labor is often divided into categories such as children working in various
types of agriculture, in urban environments, in manufacturing, in fishing, construction,
domestic service, and so on. In this section we will give a few examples of the kinds of
activities children do, their working conditions and lifestyles, and their health and safety
status. Some of the activities mentioned will be described in more detail in Chapter 2
because they are considered “worst forms” - they are especially harmful, morally
reprehensible, or they violate the child’s freedom and human rights. Here is a description
of what some of the working children do in Brazil:
According to the Institute of Brasilia the Geographic Statistics, there are approximately
7.5 million children between the ages of 10 and 17 who work in Brazil. Of these, 2.5
million are 10-13 years of age. Children work in shoe factories and in industrial
‘homework’ with their families in Franca and São Paulo; cut cane in the interior of
Pernambuco; package salt in Ceara; work the tobacco fields in Rio Grande do Sul and in
the sugar mills in Rio de Janeiro; pick oranges in São Paulo and cotton and sisal in Bahia.
They break rocks in Bahia and take care of the charcoal ovens in Mato Grosso. The
criancas do burro (clay children) work in the brick furnaces in Piaui and sagueiros work
the market in Manaus selling vegetables. Medical assistance, work contracts, or security
equipment (Kenny, 1999) are absent.In countries in South and Southeast Asia, such as
India and Thailand, the variety of child labour is even broader. Children do all the kinds
of work mentioned above, and more. It is important to remember that throughout the
world, even when children are not listed as “working” in any household-based research,
they might nonetheless often be involved in work. They help to take care of the
household by cooking and cleaning; they take care of the family’s livestock and watch
over their younger siblings, and assume many other tasks. Lisa Dodson, an American
author, devoted a whole book to the very essential work of children as unpaid child
minders and caretakers in households in the USA - an invisible labour force without
whose help the adults would not be able to go out to work in wage-earning jobs. The
same takes place in households in many other countries (Dodson, 1999).
Reference: “A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO. Page #22-23.
Child domestic service in Asia
“Child domestic service has been a widespread practice in Asia and may have even
worsened in recent years with growing income inequalities and rural poverty. Children in
domestic service, consisting largely of young girls, perform a wide variety of tasks
traditionally done by women in the household, such as looking after children, preparing
food, house cleaning, washing and ironing, and caring for the sick. These young women
make an important economic contribution as they free their parents or employers,
especially women, to pursue more remunerative employment in the national workforce.
Ironically, the value of their contribution remains unrecognized and overlooked. In fact,
even though children in domestic service are likely to be among the most vulnerable and

exploited of all, they are also the most difficult to protect. While their economic
participation is largely unrecognized, young girls are increasingly subjected to work-
related hazards and exploitation. Sexual advances and physical and verbal abuse
instigated either by employers and co-workers are common. As children, they are being
deprived of their right to childhood, and opportunities for self-development and
education.”
Reference: “A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO, Page #25.
What do we know about child workers today?
We are still learning about situations in which children work and what this means.
Research is constantly being carried out, in a variety of ways and from various
perspectives, and our knowledge is increasing.
What have we learned so far about child labour in all the activities we have described
above and so many others? Here is a very brief overview, which mainly concerns the
developing world;
Payment for work activities is seldom guaranteed, and when payment is received it is
often very little.
• Children experience varying health and safety conditions, working at home, in the
informal sector, and in settings that often do not conform to the existing
regulations and laws.
• Each activity where children may be found working has its own socio-cultural
context and economic framework, making treatment of these issues more
difficult.
• The relationship between child labour and poverty (i.e. the more poverty the more
child labour, and vice versa) is complex.
• Working children face a variety of health problems and complications directly
and indirectly related to their working conditions.
• Child labour adversely affects the education of many children.
• Other factors that increasingly contribute to child labour include large families
with numerous children, the joint processes of economic development and
modernization, increases in population movement (migration), and HIV/AIDS,
orphans.
• Differences often exist in the work girls and boys do, as well as in the types of
problems they face.
• Many kinds of work especially that done by girls, pave the way for sexual abuse.
Reference:”A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO, Page # 30-31.

Children's Rights and Child Labour
In 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC) within which Article 32 asserts the right that children should not be engaged in
work deemed to be "hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful
to the child's health". Global political initiatives to respect these rights, together with the
production of internationally recognized statistics, are coordinated by the International
Labour Organization (ILO) which has allied its mission with the cause. For example, the
ILO aims to achieve by 2016 the objective of its 1999 Convention 182 for the
Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, encouraging countries to have time
bound plans in place by 2008.
Countries ratifying these conventions are committed to providing laws which enforce the
provisions. Similar rights to children's education backed by laws serve to reinforce child
labour legislation. Every full-time student is one less full-time child worker.
Unfortunately, more than 10 countries have still not ratified the ILO convention, notably
India where child labour remains stubbornly widespread. India government estimates
concede the existence of over 12 million child labourers but civil society organizations
put the figure at over 100 million. A major review published by the ILO in 2007 says of
the 2016 global objective that “it is clear that this ambitious target will not be achieved
by business as usual”, urging the worldwide movement to “re-energize” itself.
Although almost every country has laws prohibiting the employment of children below a
certain age, legislation too often fails to close the door on child labour. For example, it
may exempt certain sectors - often the very sectors where the highest numbers of
working children are found - or its penalties for violating child labour laws are
inadequate. And probably the most common obstacle to adequate legal protection for
children is the fact that legislation is not enforced. For example, in 2006 India
strengthened its laws by extending the definition of hazardous work to include domestic
labour and catering establishments but there is virtually no evidence of enforcement.
Convention 182 is particularly weak on the special vulnerability of girl children. The
worst form of exploitation of girls is being fought in part by extra-territorial laws that
permit prosecution of citizens who sexually abuse children in another country. For
example nationals from many European countries and the US can now be charged at
home for engaging a child prostitute in Thailand.
Development Solutions to Child Labour
A rights-based approach which relies on laws and their enforcement is insufficient in

isolation because child labour is a dynamic feature of complex social and economic
conditions. For example, authorities in India occasionally engineer police raids on
suspect factories creating headlines that children have been “rescued”. But such actions
will be ineffective in the absence of institutional capacity to rehabilitate the children.
Laws need to be complemented with development programmes which tackle the

underlying causes of child labour and which recognize the practical difficulties in
reintegration of children into formal education. Development agencies are also now more
likely to acknowledge that children themselves should be consulted on the issues – for
example many children are anxious to find ways of combining education with the
economic expediency of helping their families.
The integration of child labour concerns into national development strategies, backed by
effective legislation, is therefore the preferred route to a lasting solution. Reduction of
chronic poverty through broad-based economic and social development will create the
platform for fundamental change in cultural attitudes towards children.
Millennium Development Goals and Child Labour
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) missed the opportunity to drive forward
this strategy of mainstreaming child labour within development plans. Targets and
indicators within the MDG framework make no reference to the subject of child labour
which is therefore less likely to feature in national Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
that shape governments' policies. Critics argue that the persistence of child labour could
undermine progress towards Goals for education, HIVAIDS and gender equality.
Compounding the faultiness, MDG indicators for school enrolment aim for a total of 5
years of education, far less than implied by child labour conventions.
Nevertheless, achievement of the MDG to provide universal primary education by 2015

is a key benchmark for child labour campaigners. Whilst overall prospects for this Goal
are often assessed in relatively positive terms, there is correlation between those
countries lagging behind and those in which child labour thrives, such as Pakistan and
Nepal. The daunting call by global education campaigners for 18 million new teachers
does not augur well for the elimination of child labour.
Some caution is needed in the presumption of a perfect inverse relationship between
child labour and education. The availability of education alone may not be sufficient to
break down the demand for child labors. Schools which levy unaffordable fees or which
have insufficient teaching and classroom resources will fail to secure universal
enrolment. And programmes should recognize the need for incentives for parents who
will lose income from transferring their children into school.
In an implied admonition of the MDG approach, an international joint-agency group
established in 2005, The Global Task Force in Child Labor and Education, explicitly
aims to achieve education for all through the elimination of child labor. The approach is
underpinned by a cost/benefit analysis carried out by the UN in 2003 which convincingly
demonstrates the value of eliminating child labor through investment in education by
reference to the long term economic benefit of a more skilled and healthy workforce.

Chapter No. 03
Study Rationale

Study Rationale
The mortality of any society is judged by what the society does to its children. The
menace of child labor is rampantly growing around the world and the morality of the
society is at stake. Child labor is alarmingly present with its various worst forms almost
in each of the society around the globe with particular focus in developing countries.
Pakistan being a developing society has also a stigma of child labor on its forehead.
Apart from the street child labor, domestic labor by children is also not un-common.
According to (statistics) official figures there are about 40 million child laborers in
Pakistan between the ages of 5-14. Out of which 3.3 millions are engaged in domestic
child labor. Out of these 3.8 millions, a majority of 2.4 million (73%) are boys and the
remaining 0.9 million (27%) are girls. Almost more than half of the child workers which
approximately states the figures of 1.94 million or 58.6% are working in Punjab.
Bahawalpur once the house of the great Abbasi dynasty, having much taste of royal
living style. In the city people have the tendency to hire the children for performing
domestic labor chores. A large number of children work on permanent bases, this type is
called “bonded labor”. People either belongs to the upper class or low class have a
remarkable ratio of this tendency. Especially landlords are in habit to hire children of the
tenants.
Although researches have been conducted on domestic child labor on international,

national and province level yet not a single research work is conducted in Bahawalpur
region .So, we did this research in order to identify and explore the intensity and
prevalence of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur.
Children engaged in domestic chores are mostly exposed to work in health hazardous
surroundings. Children engaged in domestic labor have to work at their work place for
long hours. Besides all this, they have to live from hand to mouth. Actual and factual data
was required to express the miseries and true conditions of domestic child laborers. For
this very purpose we conducted this research.

Chapter No. 04
Methodology

Research METHODOLOGY
1. Topic statement:
“Socio-economic conditions of domestic child laborers in

Bahawalpur”
2. Objectives:
• To explore personal and family background of domestic child laborers.

• To find out nature of work and working conditions of domestic child laborers.
• To identify the nature and extent of the facilities available to the domestic child
laborers.
.
3. Geographic universe
Geographic universe of our study was Bahawalpur City.
4. Human universe
Children engaged in domestic chores.
5. Snow ball sampling
As the domestic child laborer is a hidden phenomenon that takes place behind the
high wall of bungalows. No estimated data is present regarding this. To find out the
respondent no sampling strategy was workable but snow ball sampling. Through
snow ball sampling links were explored and data was gathered till the point of
saturation.
6. Instrumentation
“A method of devising tool for data collection is called instrumentation”.

As our respondents were children engaged in domestic chores and a majority of them
were illiterate, it was not appropriate to make use of questionnaires, so we employed
interview schedule as a tool of data collection. The phase of instrumentation went
through the following steps;

 Drafting
 Internal criticism
 External criticism
 Re-drafting
 Second review
 Final draft
7. Pre-testing
Before starting full fledge expedition of data collection, pretesting was carried out to
check the effectiveness and reliability of designed data- collection methodology. Pre-
testing provided us the basis to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the tool.
On the basis of findings of the pre-testing we made necessary amendments in the
interview schedule to a degree of required accuracy.
8. Data collection
After pretesting data was collected from various areas of Bahawalpur city. Interviews of
100 respondents were conducted. For the sake of faster and smooth working we further
divided our group into 3 sub-groups.
9. Data Sifting
After the collection of required data sifting of data was carried out in order to
remove useless data. In short data sifting refers to sift relevant and required data out of
useless data.
10. Data Editing, classification

Data editing refers to the correction of available data. Data was edited in the field as well
as in the office of our supervisor. The ultimate purpose of the editing was to make sure
whether all the questions were being reported or not and if any of the question was left
unanswered. After editing we classified whole data into several homogeneous classes.
11. Data Codification

After the arrangement of data into homogeneous classes, we codified whole data into
numerical and statistical form.

12. Data Sheets/Dummy tables
After codification, scattered and codified data was put into tally sheets. The purpose of
tally sheets was to prepare dummy tables.
13. Tabular and graphical presentation

After the tally sheets data was presented through tables and graphs. And the data given
in the tables was descriptively interpreted.
14. Report writing

It was the final phase of our research procedure. The report writing consisted of the
following chapters,
 Introduction
 Acknowledgement
 Study abstracts
 Methodology
 Review of the literature
 Tables and graphs
 Study findings
 Conclusion
 Appendix
 Bibliography

Chapter No.05
Tabular and Graphical

Presentation

Table No.01
Age
Age limit Frequency Percentage

4-8 years 10 10
9-13 years 50 50
14-18 years 40 40
Grand Total 100 100%
The above drawn table is about the age distribution of domestic children. In accordance
with the figures given in the table 10% were in the age group of 4-8 years, 50% of
domestic children were in the age of 9-13 years and 40% were in the age group of 14-18
years.
Age
60
50
50
40
40
frequency
30
20
10
10
0
4-8 years 9-13 years 14-18 years

Table No.02
Gender Ratio
Age Limits F1(males) F2 (females) percentages

4-8 02 08 10%
9-13 21 29 50%
14-18 19 21 40%
Grand total 42 58 100%
The above table shows the gender distribution of respondents. According to given
figures, in age group of 4-8 years there were 10 respondents (2 males and 8 females), in
age group 9-13 years there were 50 respondents (m =21 and f =29), while in age group of
14-18 there were 40 respondents ( m =19 and f =21).
Gender Ratio
30 29
25
21 21
20 19
frequency 15 male laborers

female laborers
10 8
5 2
0
4-8 years 9-13 years 14-18 years

Table No.03
Cast Distribution
Name of cast Frequency Percentage

Bhatti 22 22
Arayien 7 7
Baloch 6 6
Yousaf zai 5 5
Khokher 7 7
Seyal 5 5
Jatt 6 6
Matam 5 5
Miscellaneous 37 37
Grand total 100 100%
The above drawn table throws light on cast distribution of the respondents. In accordance
with the table values, 22% respondents were belonging to Bahatti cast,7% were
Ariyens,6% were Balooch,5% Yousaf Zai,7% Khokher,5% Seyal,6% Jatt,5% Matam,and
37% were belonging to miscellaneous casts.
Cast distribution
40 37
35
30 Yousaf zai
25 Khokher
frequency 20 Seyal
15 Jatt
10 7 6 Matam
5 5 5
5 Miscellaneous
0
1
casts

Table No.04
Language
Name of language frequency Percentage
Saraiki 75 75
Punjabi 15 15
Urdu 4 4
Miscellaneous 6 6
The above mentioned figures in the table show the lingual distribution of the
respondents. Accordance to the values 75% respondents were Saraiyki,15% were
Punjabi,4% Urdu, 6% were from miscellaneous languages.
Language
75
80
70
60
50 Saraiyki
frequency 40 Punjabi
30 Urdu
15
20 Miscellaneous
4 6
10
0

Table No.05
Educational Status
Educational status frequency Percentage

Illiterate 67 67
Primary 32 32
Middle 01 01
The above drawn table shows the respondents educational status. Accordance to the
table values, 67% of the total respondents were illiterate, 32% were primary pass, and
only 01% of the total respondents were middle pass.
Educational status
80
70
67
60
percentage
50
40
30 32
20
10
0 1
Illiterate Primary Middle

Table No.06
Work Length
Working since frequency Percentage

6 months 14 14
1 year 26 26
2-3 years 35 35
4-7 years 20 20
More than 7 years 5 5
The table drew above mentions values about the working since. 14% respondents were
working from the last 06 months, 26% were working since 01 year,35% were working
since 2-3 years,20%were working from 4-7 years, and only 5% were working since seven
years.
working since
40
35
30
percentage
25
20
15
10
5
0
6 1 year 2-3 4-7 More
months years years than 7
years
working period

Table No.07
Family Size
Family members frequency Percentage

4 to 8 members 68 68
9-13 members 30 30
14-18 members 2 2
The above table represents the total no. of respondent’s family members. 68%
respondents had 4-8 family members, 30% of respondents had 9-13 members and just
2% of them had 14-18 members.
Family size
80
70
60
percentage
50
40 Series1
30
20
10
0
4 to 8 9-13 14-18
members members members
members

Table No.08
No. of Siblings
No. of siblings Frequency Percentage

1-5 siblings 41 41
6-10 siblings 57 57
11-15 siblings 2 2
The above table shows the no. of siblings of respondent’s. According to given fogures,
41% of respondents had 1-5 siblings, 57% had 6-10 siblings and only 2% respondents
had 11-15 siblings.
No. of siblings
60
50
percentage
40
30 Series1
20
10
0
1-5 siblings 6-10 siblings 11-15 siblings
Siblings

Table No.09
Birth Order
Birth order Frequency Percentage

Elder 22 22
Middle 68 68
youngest 10 10
The above table is about the respondent’s birth order. According to which 22% of
respondents were eldest among siblings, 68% of respondents were in middle amongst
siblings and 10% were the youngest amongst siblings.
Birth order
80
60
percentage
40
20
0
Elder Middle youngest
order

Table No.10
Father’s Life Status
Father alive frequency Percentage

Yes 83 83
No 17 17
The above table donates the father of the respondents, whether they are alive or not. The
fathers of 83% of the respondents were alive and the fathers of 17% were not alive.
Father's life status
No
17%

Table No.11
Mother’s Life Status
Mother alive frequency Percentage

Yes 94 94
No 06 06
The above table is about the mother of the respondents, whether they are alive or not.
The mothers of 94% of the respondents were alive while the mothers of 06% were not
alive.
Mother's life status
6%
94% 6% Yes
No

Table No.12
Father’s Education
Father’s education frequency Percentage

Illiterate 80 80
Primary 9 9
Middle 8 8
Above Middle 3 3
The table is about the educational status of the respondent’s father. According to the
figures 80% of the respondent’s fathers were illiterate, 9% were primary pass,8% were
middle pass while just 3% were middle above literate.
Father's education
Above Middle 3
Middle 8
Primary 9
Illiterate 80
0 20 40 60 80
frequency

Table No.13
Mother’s Education
Mother’s education frequency Percentage

Illiterate 92 92
Primary 5 5
Middle 3 3
Above Middle 0 0
The table depicts the educational status of the respondent’s mother. According to the
figures 92% of the respondent’s mothers were illiterate, 5% were primary pass, 3% were
middle pass while just 0% was middle above literate.
Mothers's Education
100
80
60
percentage 40
20
0
S1
Illiterate
Middle
Primary
Middle
Above
educational level

Table No.14
Father’s Occupation
Father’s Occupation Frequency Percentage

Govt. employee 3 3
Labor 46 46
Own business 20 20
Farmer 11 11
No work 20 20
The above table mentions occupational status of the father of the respondents. 3% of the
respondent’s fathers were Govt.employee, 46% of fathers were labor,20% had their own
business,11% were farmers while 20 of them did not do any work.
Father's Occupation
46
20 20
11
3
Govt. Own
Labor Farmer No work
employe business
Series1 3 46 20 11 20

Table No.15
Mother’s Status
Mother’ status frequency Percentage

House wife 44 44
Domestic work 36 36
Labor 6 6
Tailoring 5 5
Not alive 5 5
Any other 4 4
The above table contains informations regarding mother, status of the respondents. 44%
of the respondent’s mothers were house wife,36% of mothers were engaged in domestic
work,6% were laborer ,5% used to earn via tailoring,4% did miscellaneous works while
5% respondent’s mothers were not alive.
Mother's Status
50
percentage
44
40
36
30
20
10
6 5 5 4
0
rk
ife
r
e
r
he
o
liv
rin
bo
w
ot
ta
ilo
La
e
ic
us
ny
o
Ta
t
es
N
o
A
H
m
o
status
D

Table No.16
Working Siblings
Siblings doing work frequency Percentage

Yes 87 87
No 13 13
The table carries figures about respondent’s siblings doing work. According to the
figures, 87% of the respondent’s siblings were doing work and just 13% siblings of the
respondents were not doing any work.
siblings doing work

No
13%
Yes
No
Yes
87%

Table No.17
Sibling’s Nature Of Work

Siblings nature of work Frequency Percentage
Labor 37 37
Domestic work 49 49
No work 14 14
The table mentions the nature of work of the siblings of the respondents. 37% siblings of
the respondents were had been doing labor work, 49% were doing domestic work and
14% did not do any work at all.
sibling's nature of work
50 Domestic
work, 49
40 Labor , 37
30
20
No work,
10 14
0
S1
Labor
Domestic
No work
work
work nature

Table No.18
Bread Earners In Family
Total No. of bread earners Frequency Percentage

1-3 members 44 44
4-6 members 45 45
7-10 members 11 11
This table consists of values about total no. of bread earners in respondent’s family. 44%
of the respondents had 1-3 bread earners in their family, 45% respondents claimed that
there were 4-6 bread earners in their family. Just 11% had 7-10% bread earners in their
family.
bread earners
earning members
7-10 members 11
4-6 members 45
1-3 members 44
0 10 20 30 40 50
percentage

Table No.19
Monthly Income of Respondent’s Family
Total monthly income frequency Percentage

2000-3000 13 13
4000-5000 37 37
6000-7000 23 23
8000-9000 27 27
The table puts on light the total monthly income of respondent’s family. Total monthly
income of 13% families of respondents had 2000-3000 total monthly income, 37% had
4000-5000 total monthly income, 23% had 6000-7000 monthly income and 27% had
8000-9000 total monthly income.
total monthly income
40
37
35
30
percentages
27
25
23
20
15
13
10
5
0
2000-3000 4000-5000 6000-7000 8000-9000
income in thousands

Table No.20
Areas of expenditures
Areas 01 02 03 04 05 frequenc percentage
y
Food 63 33 04 100 63%
Health 27 37 29 06 01 100 27%
Educatio 04 14 13 51 18 100 4%
n
Family 03 12 49 27 09 100 3%
functions
Rent of 03 03 01 00 07 13 3%
house
Grand 100%
total
This table mentions areas of expenditures of respondent’s family. 63% families of the
respondents claimed food as a major area of expenditures,27% claimed health as a major
area of expenditure,4% claimed education,03% family functions and 3% claimed rent of
house as a major area of expenditure.
Areas of expenditures
70
60
percentage
50
40
30 63
20
27
10
0 4 3 3
Food Health Education Family Rent of
functions house
areas

Table No.21
Type Of Family
Type of family frequency Percentage
Nuclear 61 61
joint 39 39
This table carries data about type of family of the respondent.61% of the respondents
were living in nuclear family whereas 39% respondents were living in joint family
system.
Type of family
joint, 39
Nuclear
Nuclear , joint
61

Table No.22
Residential Background
Residential backgrounds frequency Percentage

Rural 70 70
urban 30 30
This table shows figures about the residential backgrounds of the respondents. Figures
show that 70% of the respondents were from rural backgrounds and just 30%
respondents were from urban backgrounds.
Residential background
urban, 30
Rural
urban
Rural, 70

Table No.23
Nature of residence
Nature of residence frequency Percentage

Rented 13 13
Own 68 68
Relatives house 10 10
Owner’s house 9 9
This table shows figures about the nature of residence of the respondents.13% of the
respondents lived in rented house,68% lived in their own houses,10% lived with the
relatives, and just 9% lived with the owners.
Nature of residence
100% 9
90% 10
80%
70%
60%
percentage 50% 68
40%
30%
20%
10% 13
0%
1
Owner’s house
residence Relatives house
nature Own
Rented

Table No.24
Type of father’s Marriages
Father marriages frequency Percentage

Polygamous 15 15
Monogamous 85 85
The above drawn table tells about the type of marriage of respondent’s father.15% of
respondent’s father were polygamous while 85% respondent’s fathers were
monogamous.
father marriages
Polygamous
15%
Polygamous
Monogamous
Monogamou
s
85%

Table No.25
Nature and type of labor

Nature And Type Of Labor Frequency Percentage
Bonded 14 14
Un-bonded 86 86
The table throws light on Nature and type of respondent’s labor. 14% were indulged in
bonded whereas 86% were indulged in un-bonded labor.
Nature and type of labor
90
80
70
60
50 86
percentage
40
30
20
10 14
0
Bonded Un-bonded

Table No.26
Nature Of Stay
Nature of stay frequency Percentage

Residential 70 70
Non-residential 30 30
The above drawn table carries figures about nature of stay of the respondent. The nature
of stay of 70% respondents was residential and 30% were from non-residential nature of
stay.
Nature of stay
80
Residential,
70
70
percentage
60
50
40 Non-
30 residential,
20 30
10
0
Residential Non-residential

Table No.27
Nature Of Accommodation
Options frequency Percentage

Separate 27 38.57
With owner 43 61.43
Grand total 70 100%
The table bears information about the nature of accommodation. 38.57% respondents had
separate accommodation and 61.43 had accommodation with their owners.
38.57
Separate
With owner
61.43

Table No.28
Type Of Tasks To Perform
Options Frequency Percentage

Kitchen Work 34 14.97
Sweeping 45 19.82
Ironing 24 10.57
Laundry Work 11 4.84
Baby Sitting 22 9.691
Janitorial Work 33 14.53
Khidmat 23 10.13
All Above 35 15.82
Grand Total 227* 100%
*Multiple responses
The table values mention type of tasks performed by respondents. 34 respondents had to
perform kitchen work, 45 respondents had to do sweeping task, 24 respondents claimed
that they had to do ironing, 11 respondents had to do laundry work, 22 respondents had
to do baby sitting, 33 respondents had to perform janitorial work, 23 respondents had to
do Khidmat of their employer and 35 respondents claimed to be performing all of the
above mention tasks.
Type Of Tasks Perfo
25
19.82
20
14.97
15
Percentages

10.57
10 9.691
Table no 29
Task performed easily

Kitchen work 17 17
Sweeping 25 25
Ironing 12 12
Laundry work 2 2
Baby sitting 18 18
Janitorial work 11 11
Khidmat 1 1
All above 14 14
Grand total 100% 100%
The above table shows values about tasks performed easily by the respondents. 17%
respondents performed kitchen work easily, 25% respondents performed sweeping tasks
easily, 12% performed ironing, 2% performed laundry work, 18% performed baby
sitting, 11% performed janitorial work, 1% performed khidmat and 14% respondents
claimed to work all the tasks easily.
Tasksperformedeasily
30
25
25 Kitchenwork
percentage
Sweeping
20 18 Ironing
17
14 Laundrywork
15
12 Babysitting
11
10 Janitorial work
Khidmat
5 All above
2
1
0
1
Tasks

Table no 30
Task Escaped From

Kitchen work 18 18
Sweeping 27 27
Ironing 13 13
Laundry work 13 13
Baby sitting 12 12
Janitorial work 12 12
Khidmat 3 3
All above 2 2
Grand Total 100% 100%
This table carries figures about tasks which respondents usually wished to escape.18%
respondents used to escape from kitchen work,27% from sweeping,13% from
ironing,13% from laundry wor,12% from baby sitting,12%jainitorial work,3% Khidmat,
and 2% respondents usually wished to escape from all type of tasks mentioned above.
Tasksescapedfrom
30
27
percentage
25
20
18
15
13 13 12 12
10
5
3 2
rk
rk
rk
0
g
e
o
t
n
o
g
in
v
w
ti
w
in
o
m
p
it
l
ry
b
n
a
e
n
id
a
o
ri
e
e
h
Ir
o
w
h
ll
n
K
it
A
c
u
S
n
it
a
K
Tasks

Table No.31
Working Durations
Work Length Frequency Percentage

8hrs 27 27
10hrs 20 20
12hrs 16 16
Round The Clock 37 37
This table puts on light the figures about the working length of the respondents.27% of
the respondents had to work 8hrs a day, 20% had to work 10 hrs a day, 16% had to work
12hrs a day, while 37% had to do work round the clock.
Working duration

Table No.32
Assistance In Work
Assistance In Work Frequency Percentage

Yes 79 79
No 21 21
The above table mentions figures about assistance in work to the laborer by the
owner.79% laborers claimed that yes their owner assistance them in working while 21%
claimed that they did not get any assistance by their owner.
Assistance in work
No
21%
Yes
No
Yes
79%

Table |No.33
Extent of Assistance

Most often 33 33
Often 46 46
Rarely 11 11
No 10 10
The above table bears values about how often the respondents were assisted in their
work.33% were assisted most often,46% were assisted oftenly,11% were assisted rarely
and just 10% claimed that they did not get any assistance ever.
Extent of assisstance
10
100% 11
No
80% Rarely
46
60% Often
Most often
40%
33
20%
0%

Table No.34
Extra task to perform
Any Extra Work Have To Frequency Percentage

Do
Yes 33 33
No 67 67
The table throws light on the figures that if any extra work respondents had to do beyond
their assigned trasks.33% claimed that they had to do extra work beyond their assigned
tasks whereas 67% claimed they did not had to do any other extra work beyond their
assigned tasks.
extra tasks to perfrom
No
67%
Yes
Yes Other
No
33% 67%

Table No.35
Mode of payment
Respondent Mode Of Frequency Percentage

Salary
Cash 67 67
Grains 01 01
Food 09 09
Cash and grains 02 02
Cash and food 21 21
This table mentions values about respondent’s mod of salary. According to the figures
67% respondents got salary in term of cash,01% as grains,9% as food,2% in the form of
cash and grains, and 21% in the form of cash and food.
Mode of payment
80
70
67
60
50
40

30
Table No.36
Payment in Cash/month
Classes Frequency percentage

300-700 36 40
800-1200 27 30
1300-1800 10 11.12
1900-2200 10 11.12
2300-3000 06 6.66
3100-4000 01 1.11
Grand Total 90 100%
The above table shows figures about amount received as salary.40% respondents
received 300-700 rupees per month,30% received 800-1200 per month,11.12% received
1300-1800 per month,11.12% received 1900-2200,6.66% received 2300-3000 while 1%
received 3100-4000 rupees per month.
Payment in cash/mon
45
40 40
35
30 30
25
frequency
20 Department Of Social Work 76

Table No.37
Payment in kind of food and grains

Grains 01/100 01%
food 09/100 09%
Grand Total 10 100%
The table carries figures about respondent’s mode of salary in term of food and grains.01
respondent out of 100 respondent sample got his salary in term of grains (10%), 9 out of
100 got food as a mode of salary.
payment in food and g
9%
8%
7%
6%
5%
Grains, 1%
4% Department Of Social Work 77
3%
Table No.38
Who collects the wages?
Who collects frequency Percentage

Parents 82 82
yourself 18 18
The above table throws light on the collector of wages.82% respondents claimed that
their parents got their wages while 18% of the respondents used to receive their salary by
themselves.
who collects wages

18%
Parents
yourself
82%

Table No.39
Pocket money provided

Yes 48 48
No 52 52
This table bears values about pocket money provided to the respondents. When asked
from respondents, 48% of them answered that yes they are provided with the pocket
money, while 52% of the respondents were not provided with pocket money.
pocket money provided
53
52
percentage
51
50
49 52
48
47 48
46
Yes No

Table No. 40
In case you collect the wages, you give it to your parents?

Yes 13 65%
No 07 35%
Grand Total 20 100%
The above table mentions figures about if respondents collect the wages they gave it to
their parents.65% gave it to their parents and 35% don’t gave them
In case you coolect wages
No
35%
Yes
No
Yes
65%

Table no.41
Provision of holydays
Are you provided frequency Percentage

holydays
Yes 87 87
No 13 13
The above table is about provision of holydays.87% of respondents were provide

holydays and 13% of respondents don’t provide holidays.
holydays provision Yes

No
87% 13%

Table no.42
No. of Holidays

Weekly 27 27
Monthly 62 62
Almost No 11 11
This table mentions figures about the holidays provided to the respondents.27%
respondents were provided holydays after 0ne week, 62% were provided with holydays
monthly, and almost 11% of respondents were provided almost no holydays.
No. of holydays
70
60
50
40
frequency
30

20
Table No.43
Transportation charges

Yes 55 55
No 27 27
Miscellaneous 18 18
The table bears values about the behave of the owner. When asked from respondents that
whether they are satisfied with the behave of the owner or not, 55% were satisfied with
the behave of the owner whereas 27% were not satisfied with the behave, and just 18%
were answered in miscellaneous reaction.
Transportation charge
60
50
40
30
55

20
Table No.44
Un-announced Leaves
Response Frequency Percentage

Punished 13 13
Ignored 87 87
Fined 0 0
The above drawn table mentions figures about treatment of un-announced leave.
According to the table 13% respondents were punished in case of un-announced leave,
whereas 87% were ignored in case of un-announced leave, not even a single respondent
was fined.
Treat of un-announced leave

100
80
60
percentage
40
20
0
S1
Punished
Ignored
Fined

Table No.45
Eid Holydays

Home 42 42
With Owner 44 44
Own Choice 14 14
This table puts in light the values about Eid holydays.42% respondents claimed that they
spent Eid holydays at their homes,44% respondents used to spend Eid holydays with
their owners, and just 14% respondents spent holydays at the place of their own choice.
Where respondents spent holydays

44%
Home
14% 14%
With owner
Own choice
42%

Table No.46
Recreational Activities

Yes 83 83
No 17 17
The above drawn table carries figures about recreational activities provided to the
respondents.83% respondents was provided with the recreational activities whereas 17%
were not provided with the recreational activities.
Recreational activities
No
17%
Yes
No
Yes
83%

Table No.47
Satisfaction With Employer Attitude

Yes 94 94
No 06 06
The table carries values about satisfaction level of the respondents with their employed
attitude.94% were satisfied while 6% were not satisfied with their employed attitude
Satisfaction rate with employer attidtude
100 94
80
60
percentage
40
20
0 6 S1
Yes
No

Table no.48
Satisfaction On Current Status
Option frequency Percentage

Yes 55 55
No 45 45
This table depicts values regarding satisfaction of respondents on their current status.
55% of the respondents were satisfied with their current status while 45% were un-
satisfied on their current status.
Satisfaction on current s
No
45%

Table No.49
Dissatisfaction On Owner’s Attitude

Harsh Attitude 03/100 03%
Over Work 03/100 03%
Grand Total 06/100 06/100%
According to the above drawn table 3% respondents were not satisfied with owner’s
attitude due to his harsh attitude, and 3% were not satisfied due to excessive work.
Reasons for dissatisfaction
100%
80%
60% 3% 3%
% Series1
40%
20%
0%
Harsh attitude Over work

Table no.50
Will For Working
Option Frequency Percentage

Yes 55 55
No 45 45
According to the table values 55% respondents were working by their own will, 45%
were not working by their own will.
Working will
Yes, 55
no, 45

Table No.51
Are You Forced For Domestic Labor?

By Force 23 23
By Compulsion 76 76
By Own Will 01 01
The table shows the values about whether they were forced for domestic work.23%
were do work by force and 76% of respondents were do work by compulsion and only
1% do work by their own will.
Are you forced for domestic labor
80
76
70
60
50
40
%
30
23
20
10
0 1
By force By compulsion By own will

Table no.52
Who Brought Here

Yourself 05 05
Parents 78 78
Relatives 17 17
That table shows the values that who brought the respondent for domestic work.5% were
came with their own will 78% respondents were brought here by the parents due to poor
economic status and 17% were brought here by relatives
W h o b ro u g h t h e re
80 78
60
% 40
20
5 17
0
S1
Y o u rs e lf
P a re n ts
re la tive s

Table No.53
In case provided with study options?

Yes 70 70
No 30 30
These values explains that if respondents gave option to study would they quit this
job.70% were agree to get further study and 30% were not willing to get education.
If provided with study options

No
30%
Yes
No
Yes
70%

Table No.54
Pocket money provided by employer

Yes 74 74
No 26 26
This table shows figures about the pocket money. According to figures 74% respondent
would receive pocket money while rest of the 26% did not receive pocket money
Pocket money provided by owner
Yes
No
No
26%
Yes Other
74% 26%

Table No.55
Extent Of Pocket Money Provided By Employer

1-5 Rupees 13 17.57
6-10 Rupees 34 45.94
11-20 Rupees 18 24.32
21-30 Rupees 09 12.16
Grand Total 74 100%
This table shows the amount of pocket money receive by the respondents.17.57% of
respondents received 1-5 Rs, 45.94% received 6-10 Rs.24.32% of respondents would
receive 11-20 Rs, 12.16% children receive 21-30 Rs.
How much pocket money by owner
50
45.94
40
30
%
24.32
20 17.57
10 12.16
0
1-5 rupees 6-10 rupees 11-20 rupees 21-30 rupees

Table No.56
Provision Of Proper Education
options frequency Percentage

Yes 40 40
No 60 60
The above drawn table carries figures about provision of proper education.40% of
respondents were given proper education while 60% of them were not given proper
education.
Provision of proper Education
No 60
Yes 40
0 20 40 60
%

Table No.57
Type Of Education Provided
options Frequency Percentage

Formal 39 27.85
Informal 23 16.42
Religious 50 35.71
vocational 02 1.42
Grand total 140* 85%
*Multiple responses
This table is about the type of education provided to the respondents. A majority of 39
respondents were facilitated with the formal type of education, 23 respondents claimed
that they were getting informal education, 50 respondents were getting religious
education and just 2 respondents were getting vocational education.
Type of education provided
40
35
30
25
20
%
35.71
15 27.85
10
16.42
5
0 1.42
Formal Informal Religious vocational

Table No.58
Treatment On Mistakes

Punished 60 60
Ignored 40 40
This table is about reaction of owners after respondent’s mistake.60% respondents were
punished and 40% were ignored.
Traetment for the mistakes
Ignored Punished
40% Ignored
Punished
60%

Table No.59
Sort of punishment
Sort Of Punishment Frequency Percentage

Scolded 46 76.67
Corporal 11 18.33
Deduction In Wages 3 5
Grand Total 60 100%
This table represent the sort of punishment.76.67% were scolded and 18.33% were
corporal while 5% were deduction in wages.
Sort of punishment
90
80 76.67
70
60
50
%
40
30
20 18.33
10
5
0
Scolded Corporal Deduction in wages
TableNo.60

Support In Case Of Disease And Treatment

Yes 95 95
No 05 05
These values shows that did owner support in case of disease and its treatment.95% of
respondents provided treatment facilities and just 5% did not supported.
Support in case of disease and its treatment

No
5%
Yes
No
Yes
95%

Table No.61
Opinion About Child Labor
Oppose 71 71
Favor 14 14
Don’t Know 15 15
This table is about the opinions about child lobour.71% of respondents were not in favor
of child labor while14% were in favor and 15% of respondents don’t know .
opinion about child labor
80 71
70
60
50
40
%
30
20 14 15
10
0
Oppose Favor Don’t know

Table No.62
Future Aims And Objectives

Social Status 09 09
Economic Soundness And 38 38
Safety
Further Studies 22 22
Skill Earnings 10 10
No Response 21 21
This table represents the future aims and objectives of childrens.9% of respondents
wanted social status.38% wanted economic soundness and safety while 22% wanted to
get further studies 1% wanted to learn different skills and 21% don’t gave any response
Future aims and objectives
40
35
30
25
20 38
%
15
10 22 21
5 9 10
0
Social status Economics Further studies Skill earnings No response
soundness
and safety

Chapter No. 06
Case Studies

Case Study # 01
M. Naveed, a 14 years old innocent child in rages, glittering eyes having dreams
for burlesque future. He was quite an infant when his father passed away. Heavy
addiction led his father to the failure of kidneys and liver functioning. Naveed was
having one elder sister, after the death of his late father his mother took the
responsibilities for the rearing and caring of her offspring. She worked whole the day
long in the homes of prestigious people to earn the bread for her kids. She was a shrinky
woman of just 32 with faded eyes and pale face. Overwhelming work, restless life,
miseries and tensions made her the patient of Tuberculosis. She brought up her children
for at least 8 years. At last she died leaving her two destitute children at the stake of
furious and beast cosmos.
At the death of his mother Naveed was in 7 th class while his elder sister was in
matric.There distant relatives took pity on them by providing them the shelter but at the
cost of little property and belongings left by his parents. Apparently -shaded Naveed was
shad less in fact. After loosing their property and belongings they were treated harshly by
their relatives. He was compelled and exposed for domestic labor. He got engaged in
domestic chores by the age of 11 years. He had been working there for the last 3 years as
a janitor. He used to work round the clock at salary as low as 1000 rupees per month. But
on e thousand was quite insufficient for him to meet even basic needs. To his fortune his
owner was a generous and pious man quite affectionate to Naveed. His owner used to
care for the meal, wearing and pocket money of Naveed. Still circumstances were
uncongenial and for him. Naveed’s sister had grown to puberty. He was worry for her
education and marriage. Although he was provided with holydays at weekly basis yet he
mostly used to utilize his holydays for bonus earning. In spite for all these miseries and
tough realities of life he was enthusiastic and full of hope. He was carrying on the
education of her sister and himself beyond the boundaries of any formal institute.
He mostly availed curricular books from scrap houses. With this enthusiasm and
firm personality he accomplished his matriculation degree while his sister was studying
in 2nd year. When I questioned him about his future aims and objectives he uttered with a
rocky passion that;
“I wish to be a politician. I wish to be a

leader of my nation as I wish to serve for destitute
and orphans, I wish to be a server as I have
practically experienced the miseries of life. I will
assassinate child labor as I myself have tasted the
bitterness of child labor.”
The moment he was describing and expressing his inner, his weak and pale face
turned red yet there was a glow in his thirsty soul and spark in gaze. A fluttering bird was
daring for high flight…….. Against the brutal slaps of social storm…………….!!!

Case Study No. 02
Sania was a 16 year old girl. Her cast was Balmi and she lived in BWP city after the
death of her father. She was primary pass. She had two brothers and three sisters
belonging to very poor family. Her family hardly fulfilled its domestic needs.
Her two sisters were married and she was the eldest among her siblings. Her father died
out of cancer two years ago. As the family was not having enough resources for his
treatment, it left Yazman and migrated to BWP for the fulfillment of its needs.
For the sole purpose of supporting her family she decided to engage herself in domestic
work. Now she was living in her owner’s house as the nature of her stay was residential.
She did domestic work while her brother worked as a cobbler to earn bread for his
family. There were three bread earners in her family yet they hardly fulfilled their
household needs. Her mother was the patient of diabetes.
She took the charge to earn bread and wearing for her family. She used to leave the bed
early in the morning, after offering Fajar prayer she prepared breakfast. After serving
breakfast she washed the clothes, daily did pressing of the clothes & also cooked the
food. After lunch she had little time for rest, only for an hour and after that in the evening
she did other janitorial tasks. Thus she was living very hard life.
She wanted to spend some time for herself but she could not. She was not even provided
with time for recreational activities. Sometimes she thought and asked herself some
questions like this,
“Can I do something for my self?”
She wanted to learn embroidery and also wanted to get some education but she didn’t
have any time to learn these skills and arts.
After day long activities even at the end of the day she had to serve her owner by
massaging bodies and the like. The owner behaved very harshly with her.
Now two years have passed, she is doing work and every day when she gets up she
thinks that perhaps she may spare some time for herself but every day brings
disappointment. She is living for her family not for herself.

Case Study # 03
Asiya aged 13 lived in Bahawalpur. She had two sisters and three brothers. Asiya was the
eldest one. Her father was a laborer. His little income could not cut their basic
expenditures. Sometime, they did not have enough money to fulfill their basic needs.
They were not able to get food for themselves. She wished to study and to provide
financial support to her family. But at last she had to give up her such desire due to acute
poverty.
Therefore, to fulfill the basic needs of her family she had been working since last 3 years.
Besides her, one of brother and sister were working in the houses as well. Where Asia
used to work, the family of that house was large in number and she was the only servant
to do work. When she was taken there for work, she was told that she had to work as a
janitor. Asides it, she had been given a time for getting informal education or vocational
training. But with the span of time the burden of work was exceeded beyond her limits
that neither she could get education nor any vocational training.
Whenever she requested for education owners scolded her. Even she was not allowed to
visit her home. She also got little salary in comparison with the work she did. She bore
all this in order to financially support her siblings for education. Because she wanted her
brother and sister study well as she herself could not get education.
Now Asiya wants to learn such a skill by which she may do reasonable earning for
running domestic affairs. Further she also wants to earn by staying at home. So that her
brothers and sisters may not have to work in houses.

Case Study# 04
Nusrat lived in Tibba Bader Sher (BWP).She was 12 years old and her cast was
Mohager. Her family size was 8 and total bread earners of her family were 5.Her father
was drug addict and he didn’t support his family. Her mother did domestic work round
the clock. She lived with her relatives in their house.
She did almost all types of domestic tasks but the owner brought her especially for the
sake of sweeping and baby sitting. She permanently stayed in owner’s house & did the
entire house hold works. They did not give her any type of salary rather her owner used
to say her family that he will arrange her marriage ceremony and will bear all the
expenditures. She also had to perform extra work beyond her assigned duties. She was
not satisfied with her current status. She did the work by compulsion. She wanted to
become a teacher but she could not fulfill her dream because she had no opportunity to
get education.
When someone talked with her, she felt shy as she was shy by nature. She is suffering
from inferiority complex. Most of the time she remained silent just gazing on every thing
in surprise manner.

Case Study No. 05
Iqra Akbar belonged to a poor family. She was 14 years old. She was an orphan girl. Her
father died in her childhood. She had two brothers and two sisters. Before the death of
her father they lived a very happy life. But after the death of her father she started to live
with her uncle. But her uncle did not bear the expenses of her family because he was also
poor and he thought her family was burden on him so her mother started tailoring and
brother started work in the workshop. She also did the domestic work. As she and her
family started struggle for living and in this struggle she felt life was not a bed of roses.
They did their best efforts but they hardly earned Rs.3000 only. That was not sufficient
for her family.
With the morning prayer her every day work routine started. After offering prayer she
prepared tea for her owner then prepared the breakfast and served to all. After that she
did all the household work. She didn’t like the kitchen work especially in summer. She
wanted to get education but it was not possible for her. She always prayed to Allah may
Allah give her opportunity to get education. When she saw the school going children she
felt very sad. She also liked to play with dolls but she did not have enough time to play.
When all the members of the owner’s family came back she served the meal. After that
she did other household works. In the evening again her work started and continued till
night.
Iqra always had a smile on her face but I know she was not as happy as she looked .she
took care of her siblings just like mother and always prayed for them.
She also wanted to live as she would live with her father where there were no restrictions
and she lived as she wanted.

Chapter No. 07
Findings

Study Findings
• 50% of respondents were in age group of between 9-13 years and 40% were
between the ages of 14-18 years. (Table # 01)
• 50% of the respondents were laying in the age group of 9-13 years. (Table # 02)
• 22% of respondents belonged to Bhatti cast. (Table #0 3)
• 75% of respondents were fund to be saraiki speaking. ‘(Table # 04)
• 32% of the respondents were primary pass while rests of the respondent were
illiterate. (Table # 05)
• 35% of the respondents were found to be engaged in domestic labor for the last 2-
3 years and 20% were working as a domestic labor for the last 4-7 years.(Table #
06)
• Family size of 68% of the respondents was 4-8 members. (Table #0 7)
• 57% respondents were having 6-10 siblings. (Table # 08)
• By birth 68% of respondents fell into middle order. (Table # 09)
• Fathers of 83% of the respondents were alive while rests of the respondents were
orphan. (Table #10)
• Mothers of 94% respondents were alive. (Table #11)
• 80% of the respondent’s fathers were found to be illiterate. (Table no # 12)
• Mother of 92% of the respondents was illiterate. (Table #13)
• By occupation father of 46% respondents were involved in the occupation of
manual work. (Table #14)
• Mothers of 36% respondents were engaged in domestic work and 44% of mothers
were found to be house wives. (Table #15)
• Siblings of 87% of the respondents were engaged in domestic labor or any other
type of labor.(Table #17)
• Siblings of 49% of the respondents were engaged in domestic labor (Table #18)
• 45% respondents were having 4-6 members as bread earners and 11% of
respondents were having 7-10 members as bread earners in their families. (Table
#19)
• A total monthly income 37% family of the respondents was found to be ranging
from 4000-5000. (Table #20)
• In the families of 63% respondents, food was found to be as a major area of
family expenditure. (Table #21)
• 61% of the respondents were belonging to the nuclear type of family. (Table #22)
• 70% of respondents were from rural background. (Table #23)
• 68% of the respondents were having accommodation in their own residences
while 13% of respondents had to accommodate in rented house. (Table #24)
• Fathers of 85% of the respondents were monogamous. (Table #25)
• 86% respondents were engaged in un-bonded type of labor. (Table #26)
• Nature of stay of 70% respondents was residential. (Table #27)
• 43% of the respondents were having accommodation with their owner. (Table
#28)

• 45% of the respondents used to perform all type of domestic tasks. (Table #29)
• 25% of the respondents claimed sweeping work as an easy to do task while 17%
respondents claimed kitchen work as an easy task.(Table #30)
• 27% 0f the respondents used to escape from sweeping work and 18% respondents
used to escape from kitchen work. (Table #31)
• 37% of the respondents had to perform domestic tasks round the clock and
working length of 27% respondents was 8 hours a day.(Table #32)
• 79% of the respondents were provided with assistance in performing their
domestic tasks. (Table #33)
• 46% of the respondents were assisted by their owner oftenly and 33% of the
respondents were assisted by their owner most often. (Table #34)
• 67% of the respondents never had to perform any other extra work beyond their
assigned tasks while 33% respondents were found to be performing extra work
beyond their assigned tasks. (Table #35)
• Mode of payment of 67% respondents was cash while 21% respondents got both
cash and food as their mode of payment. (Table #36)
• 36% of the respondents were paid 300-700 rupees per moth and 27% respondents
were paid 800-1200 rupees per month. (Tale #37)
• Parents of 82% despondence used to collect the wages of the respondents, just
18% respondents used to collect wages by themselves. (Table #39)
• 52% respondents were provided with pocket money by their parents. (Table#40)
• 65% of the respondents (13out of20) gave their wages to their parents. (Table
#41)
• 87% of the respondents were provided with holydays regularly. (Table #42)
• 62% respondents were permitted to go on holydays after one month, while 27%
respondents were provided with holydays each weak. (Table #43)
• 55% respondents were provided with transportation charges by their owners.
(Table #44)
• In case of un-announced leaves 13% respondents were punished by their owners
and mistakes of 87% respondents were ignored at all. (Table#45)
• 44% respondents had to celebrate eid holydays with their owners and 42%
respondents spent eid holidays at their own house. (Table#46)
• 83% respondents claimed that were provided with recreational activities.
(Table#47)
• 94% respondents were almost satisfied with their employer attitude. (Table #48)
• 45% respondents were satisfied with their current status. (Table #49)
• 3% respondents were dissatisfied with the harsh attitude of their owner and 3%
respondents were dissatisfied with their current status due to over work that they
had to perform. (Table #50)
• 55% respondents were working by their own will while 45% respondents were
not working by their own will. (Table# 51)
• 76% respondents were compelled for domestic labor. (Table#52)
• 78% respondents were borate by their parents for domestic labor. (Table #53)

• 70% respondents clamed to avail educational opportunities if provided any.
(Table #54)
• 74% respondents were provided with pocket money by their owners. (Table
#55)
• 34% respondents were provided 6to10 rupees pocket money per day and 9%
respondents were provided 21to30 pocket money per day by their owner
(Table#56)
• 60% respondents were getting proper education by the support of their owners
(table #57)
• 50% respondents were provided with religious education, 39% respondents were
provided with formal education (table #58)
• 60% respondents were punished own mistakes and 40% respondents were ignore
by their owners in case of any mistake. (Table#59)
• In case of mistake 76.67% respondents (46 out of 60) were scolded by their
owners. (table #60)
• In case of disease and its treatment 95% respondents got full support of their
owners (table #61)
• When asked about child labor, 71% respondents opposed child labor (table#62)
• Future aim and objective of majority of the respondents (38%) was economic
soundness and safety (table #63)

Chapter No. 08
Conclusion

Conclusion
In hand Study ended in the finale that includes various sociological realities. The
findings depict that an overwhelming majority of tender age children are engaged in
domestic child labor. This group of children normally comes from the low casts groups
with Saraiki speaking background. Strongly, it was found that affluent families with
Punjabi speaking background always prefer Saraiki speaking children as servant. On
literacy side things are quite conventional, where literacy rate among the working
children is quote low.
It is alarming that working as servant inside the home amongst children does not
end after few months or even after few years rather it continues for long years wasting
tender age in mere working. Study findings make one belief that this scene of domestic
child labor comes out of acute poverty. Children falling in the middle order among
sibling tend to prefer domestic labor over education. It was also found that families from
rural and illiterate background have high tendency to put their children in labor. Despite
of un-bonded type of labor majority of the children have to serve the employer family
almost round the clock, but intermittently. Moreover, those who come to their work place
on daily bases are facilitated with transportation charges.
Domestic laborers always escape from kitchen and sweeping work. So far as the
wages are concerned almost all of them are under paid in contrast with market trends and
sky rocketing inflation. The smallest proportion of their wages goes to those who earn it.
Normally children are given a day or two as off from working, once or twice in month.
The treatment of the families is normally positive whereby children are cared about in
terms of food, residence, rest, holydays, pocket money and the like. Discrimination on
the part of employers toward the domestic laborers was rarely found. No where the
domestically working children were found to be blaming and complaining regarding the
attitude of served family-an encouraging factor. A positive change was seen that a pretty
number of children are given opportunity to seek both religious and secular education.
The living conditions of the children at the work place were found quite better than that
of the conditions of their parent’s home. This was the reason most of the children were
happy to stay at their work place.

Chapter No. 09
Recommendations

Recommendations
1) Work should be taken according to the age and capacity of domestic child
laborer.
2) Domestic child laborers must be prevented to expose working in health hazardous

conditions.
3) The wages of domestic child laborers should be in accordance with the market
trends so that they may cope with continuously increasing inflation.
4) Along with the work, basics rights of education, recreation and health care must
be ensured by the employer.
5) The implementation of “National Child Policy” on child labor as well as the

practice of labor inspectors regarding checking domestic labor should be ensured
by the concerning authorities.
6) Both visual and print media should raise awareness among the masses regarding
their responsibilities towards child rights.

Chapter No. 10
Annexure

Socio-Economic Conditions of Children Involved In Domestic Labor In
Bahawalpur.
Serial No: __________________________

Date: __________________________
Interviewer: _________________________
Part-1 Personal Profile And Family Background Of The Respondent
Personal profile of the respondent

1- Name: ________________________________________________________
2- Age: ________________________________________________________
3- Gender: a) male b) female
4- Cast: ________________________________________________________
5- Language:
a) Urdu b) Saraiki c) Punjabi d) Any other
6- Educational status: a) illiterate b) Primary c) Middle
7- Working since:
a) 6month b) 1year c) 1-3year
d) 4-7year e) more than
8- Address: _____________________________________________________________
Family Profile Of The Respondent
9- Family Size: _________________________________________________________
10-No. of siblings:
________________________________________________________
11- Birth Order: a) first b) middle c) last
12-Mother Alive? a) Yes b) No
13- Father Alive? a) Yes b) No

13.1- If no then who is your guardian?
_______________________________________
14- Father’s Education? a) Primary b) middle c) _____________
15- Mother’s Education? a) Primary b) middle c) _____________
16-Father’s Occupation? __________________________________________________
17- Mother’s Status?
a) Housewife b) Employee c) Another ________________________________
18- No. of siblings getting education at present?
_______________________________
19- If any of your sibling doing work?
a) Yes b) No
19.1- If yes then nature of work?
____________________________________________
20- Total no. of bread earners in your family? ________________________________
21- Total monthly income of your family?
a) 2000-3000 b) 4000-5000 c) 6000-7000 d) 8000-9000
22- What are the expenditures mainly?
• Food
• Rent of house
• Education
• Health
• Social function

23- No. of siblings married?
________________________________________________
24- No. of siblings single: __________________________________________________
25- Type of Family: a) joint b) Nuclear
26- Residential Background a) Urban b) Rural
26.1- nature of resident? a) Rented b) own c) relatives house
26.2- if rented who pay rent? _________________________________
27- Is your father? a) Polygamous b) Monogamous
Part-2 Nature of labor and Working conditions
28- Nature and type of labor: a) Bonded b) Un-bonded
29-Nature of stay: a) Residential b) Non-Residential
29.1 If residential what is the nature of accommodation?
________________________________________________________________
30- Type of tasks which you have to perform?
a) Kitchen work b) Sweeping c) Ironing d) Laundry work
e) Baby sitting f) janitorial work g) khidmat h) all above
30.1-Which tasks do you perform easily? ____________________________________
30.2- Which Task you escape from?
_________________________________________
31- Work length:
a) 8 hrs b) 10 hrs c) 12 hrs d) Round the clock
32- Does someone assist you in your work? a) Yes b) No

32.1- If yes then how often:
a) Most often b) Often c) rarely
33- Any other extra work you have to do beyond your assigned duties.
a) Yes b) No
34- Respondent mode of salary? a) Cash b) Grains c) Food
34.1- In case of cash, how much? /month
34.2- In case of grains, how much? /month
35- Who collects your wages?
a) Your self b) Parents
35.1- in case of parents, do they give you pocket money
a) Yes b) No
35.2- in case you collect the wages, do you give it to your parents
a) Yes b) No
35.3- if yes then how much?
36- Are you provided holidays?
a) Yes b) No
36.1- If yes then how often?
a) Weekly b) monthly
36.2- In case you visit your home, are you provided with transportation charges?
a) Yes b) No c) sometimes yes and sometimes no.
37- In case of un-announced leave what is the treatment?

a) Punished b) Ignored c) Fined

38- Where do you spend your Eid Holidays?
a) Home b) with your honor c) Own choice
39- You are provided with recreational opportunities like TV and play timing?
a) Yes b) No
40- Are you satisfied with your employer’s attitude?
a) Yes b) No
40.1 If no then why?
_________________________________________________________________
41- Are you satisfied with your current status?

a) Yes b) No
42- Are you working here by your own will?
a) Yes b) No
42.1- If no, then are you forced for domestic labor?
a) By force b) By compulsion
43- Who brought you here?
a) Yourself b) parents c) Relative d) Any other
44- If you are given option to study would you quit this job?
a) Yes b) No
Part-3 Nature and Extent of Facilities Available
45-Are you being provided pocket money?

a) Yes b) No
46-if yes then how much?
_________________________________________
47- Are you being provided with proper education?
a) Yes b) No

47.1- If yes then type of education you are provided with.
a) Religious b) Vocational c) Informal d) Formal
47.2- If no then are you willing to get education?
a) Yes b) No
48- Are you provided with a bicycle or something else in case of market work?
a) Yes b) No
49- In case of any mistake are you given?
a) Punishment b) Ignored
49.1- If punished then sort of punishment
a) Corporal b) scolded c) deduction in wages
50- Are you supported in case of any disease and its treatment?
a) Yes b) No
51- What is your suggestion about child labor?
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
52- What r your future aims and objectives?
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Chapter No. 11
Bibliography

Bibliography
1) International Labor Office Geneva, (2004) “Child Labor” A text book for university
students, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor.
2) Pakhare, Jayashree (2007), “Child labor view” Edition 1st.
3) Schostak, John “Radical Research” Designing, Developing and writing research to

make differences,
4) Donscombl, Martyn (2003) “The Good Research Guide”
5) Earl Babbie, 4th Edition, “The Practice of Research” Wordsworth Publishing Co.
Belmont California.
6) Dooly David, 2007, “Social Research Method” Edition 4th, University of California.
7) Paneersalvam (2006) “Research Methodology” A professional School of Management,

Pondicherry University, Pondicherry
8) N.Nasira Rabi and Sarma R.P (2006) “Research Method and Analysis” Discovery
Publishing House New Dehli.
9) Tiwari N.K and Shadilya (2006) “Operations Research Practice” Research Prentice
Hall Of India.
10) Kumar, Ranjit (2006) Research Methodology a Step-By-Step Guide for Beginners
second edition. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd.
11) Neuman, W.Lawrence (2006) Social Research Methods (Qualitative and Quantitative
Approach) University of Wisconsin at Whitewater.
Internet Links
10) www.google.com
11) www.ask.com
12) www.wikipedia.com

Some worthy words
Life is mystery and exploring. It is always been a terrifying experience.

Nature endows us with all the potential to make progress but fear is a
paralyzing force. It acts as a hindrance and hostility in the way to our
destination. So, be strong, overcome your fear, do struggle and have faith in
Allah, Success will ultimately be your reward, forever…….
Author
The End

Domestic Child Labor by Tamoor

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Domestic Child Labor by Tamoor

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Socio-economic conditions of Domestic Child

Laborers In Bahawalpur City

M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)

Department of social work

For the partial fulfillment of masters in social

Mr.Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

1. M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)

Department Of Social Work 2

Department Of Social Work 3

And The Most

Department Of Social Work 4

The research work “Socio-Economic Conditions of Domestic Child

Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

Department Of Social Work 5

Chapter No. Particulars Page No.

5 Tabular and Graphical 39

Department Of Social Work 6

Department Of Social Work 7

10. Father’s Life Status 49

11. Mother’s Life Status 50

12. Father’s Education 51

13. Mother’s Education 52

14. Father’s Occupation 53

16. Working Siblings 55

17. Sibling’s Nature Of Work 56

18. Bread Earners In Family 57

19. Monthly Income of Respondent’s Family 58

20. Areas of expenditures 59

21. Type Of Family 60

22. Residential Background 61

23. Nature of residence 62

24. Type of father’s Marriages 63

25. Nature and type of labor 64

27. Nature Of Accommodation 66

28. Type of Tasks To Perform 67

Department Of Social Work 8

30. Task Escaped From 69

31. Working Durations 70

32. Assistance In Work 71

33. Extent of Assistance 72

34. Extra task to perform 73

35. Mode of payment 74

36. Payment in Cash/month 75

37. Payment in kind of food and grains 76

38. Who collects the wages? 77

39. Pocket money provided 78

40. In case you collect the wages, you give it to 79

41. Provision of holydays 80

42. No. of Holidays 81

43. Transportation charges 82

44. Un-announced Leaves 83

45. Eid Holydays 84

46. Recreational Activities 85

47. Satisfaction With Employer Attitude 86

48. Satisfaction On Current Status 87

49. Dissatisfaction On Owner’s Attitude 88

50. Will For Working 89

Department Of Social Work 9

52. Who Brought Here 91

53. In case provided with study options? 92

54. Pocket money provided by employer 93

55. Extent Of Pocket Money Provided By Employer 94

56. Provision Of Proper Education 95