Probability

The list or set of all possible outcomes is referred to as sample space.

Eg. Coin  Heads or tails
Dice  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
A tree diagram method is useful when listing outcomes of two or more events, eg
flipping a coin twice.
Fundamental system of counting – if one event has m possible outcomes and a
second event has n possible outcomes, then the total number of possible outcomes is
mxn.
Eg roll a dice  6 outcomes
Toss a coin  2 outcomes
Roll a dice and toss a coin  6x2  12 outcomes
A trial is the act of doing an experiment in probability. An outcome is one of the
possible results of a trial.
The terms “50-50” or “equal chance” are used to describe an event that has an
even probability of occurring.
A fair dice is a dice in which all the numbers are equally likely to occur.
The probability scale is a scale that goes from 0 to 1 or 0% to 100%.
1 or 100% means that it is certain to happen. 0 or 0% means that it is impossible.
½ or 0.5 or 50% means that it has an even chance.
The closer you move to 0, the less likely an event is to occur.
The closer you move to 1, the more likely an event is to occur.
The probabilities of all outcomes for a particular experiment add up to 1 (or 100%)
Probability = _number of desirable outcomes__
Total number of possible outcomes
It is important to note that increasing the number of times an experiment is
repeated generally leads to better estimates of probability.
Expected frequency = probability x number of trials
Eg a coin it flipped 500 times. How many heads would be expected?
P (H) = ½. ½ of 500 = 250 times approx.
Independent means that the outcome of the first event does not affect the
outcome of the second event.