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CONTINUE TO THE PRODUCTION OF

SPEECH SOUND

| The components of Sound Production

y Airstream mechanism
y Phonation
y Vocal tract modification

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

PHONATION AND STATES OF GLOTTIS LARYNX OR VOICE BOX

| Speech sounds result from modifying a stream of
air.

| The first point is at the larynx or voice box.

| The larynx is made of two cartilages which are

hollow and are attached to the top of the trachea.

| A cartilage is a material that is similar to bone

but less hard.

| Adam’s Apple is the front part of the larynx.

LARYNX OR VOICE BOX LARYNX OR VOICE BOX

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LARYNX OR VOICE BOX
PHONATION
| Phonation / voicing/ state of glottis
| The vocal cords can be relaxed so that the flow of
air passes freely.
| The vocal cords can also be held close together so
that they vibrate as the air passes through.
| Now put the tip of your finger on your Adam’s
Apple and make [ssssss zzzzzz]
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EPIGLOTTIS
THE LARYNX
| Inside the larynx are the vocal cords (vocal folds, or
vocal bands).
| They are rather two thick flaps of muscles.
| They are connected with muscles so that they can be
brought together or be drawn apart leaving a wide
opening between them.
| As the stream of air from the lungs goes up the
trachea or windpipe, the cartilages can move to
permit the vocal cords to cut off the airstream entirely
or partially. (controlling the air from lungs and the
pressure at which it leaves).
PHONATION
| What is the difference?
| The vibration that you feel from your larynx when
you utter [zzzz] but not [ssss].
| It is the result of air being forced through a narrow
opening (called glottis) between the vocal cords in the
larynx.
| Sounds that are made with the vocal cords vibrating
are called ‘voiced sounds’. เสียงกอง หรือเสียงโฆษะ
| Sounds that are not made with the vocal cords
vibrating are called ‘voiceless sounds’. เสียงกองหรือเสียงอโฆษะ
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PHONATION
| Now try these pairs of words | In a voiced sound, the vocal cords are
vibrating as they are nearly closed.
| FAN VAN
| In a voiceless sound, the vocal cords are
pulled apart so they cannot be set into
| THIGH THY
vibration by the airstream.

| SUE ZOO

PHONATION BREATHY OR MURMURED VOICE

| Other states of glottis | This phonation occurs when the vocal cords are
| Breathy or murmured voice
only slightly apart.
| Creaky voice
| They can still vibrate, but at the same time a
| Whispering voice
g amount of air p
large passes throughg the gglottis.
| Harsh voice

| Falsetto voice | Breathy or murmured sounds occur in English in

the pronunciation of [h] between vowels as in the
words ‘ahead’ and ‘behind’. Breathy voiced
sounds are symbolized by[ -] [b-] [a-]

| Listen to breathy voiced sound.

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CREAKY VOICE WHISPERING VOICE

| In creaky voiced sound, the arytenoid cartilages in | In whispering voice, the vocal cords are held
the larynx are held together so that the vocal cords fairly closed together to interfere the egressive
can vibrate only at one end. airstream.

| This produces a very low pitched sound that occurs at
the end falling intonation of some speakers of
English.
| It can be produced by singing the lowest note possible
and then trying to make it even lower. Laryngealized
sounds. (made in the larynx)
| Creaky voiced sounds are symbolized by [ 0] [b0] [a0]
| The vibration in the larynx
y are not made.
| If the glottis is vibrating, a voiced sound results;
if the glottis is wide open, a voiceless sound
results.
| The glottis of whispering voice is open but not
very wide open, the air only pass through with a
certain amount of difficulty.

| Mazatec
| breathy voice [jaҾ] he wears
| modal voice [já] tree | Harsh voice
| creaky voice [jaӇ] he carries

| Unlike other states of glottis, it is used as a style

of speaking and not as distinctive speech sounds. | Falsetto voice

ASPIRATION ASPIRATION
| Voicelessness is the state of glottis which allows | Consider the following words
air from the lungs to pass through without
vibration. | /t/ in the word ‘take’ and ‘steak’

| Aspiration is a brief period of voicelessness
occurring between a voiceless consonant and the
following vowel.
| They are the same sound but pronounced
differently.
| /t/ in ‘take’ is pronounced with an extra puff of
air. (aspirated).

| /t/ in ‘steak’ is pronounced with no extra puff of

air (unspirated).

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ASPIRATION VOCAL TRACT MODIFICATION

| This short period of voicelessness is phonetically
identical to an h-like sound and represented by
the symbol [H] [pH][tH] [kH].

| In English all the voiceless stops that occur at

the beginning of a word are aspirated, but the
voiceless stop after an [s] at the beginning of a
word are unaspirated