Name: Anurag Gupta Enrollment no: 09BS0000377

Mobile No: 9811682046 Email Id: Aanurag_gupta@yahoo.com

MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT

INTERIM REPORT

INTERI
M
REPORT
Anurag Gupta
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT 09BS000037
SUBMITTED TO:PROF.Gautam Kaul 7 IBS Gurgaon
Class of 2011
Introduction:

Telecommunication is the transmission of messages, over significant distances, for the purpose

of communication. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such
as beacons, smoke, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio
messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud whistles, for example. In the
modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of
electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teletypes, the use of radio and microwave
communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of
the orbiting satellites and the Internet.
The first breakthrough into modern electrical telecommunications came with the push to fully
develop the telegraph starting in the 1830s. The use of these electrical means of communications
exploded into use on all of the continents of the world during the 19th century, and these also
connected the continents via cables on the floors of the ocean. The use of the first three popular
systems of electrical telecommunications, the telegraph, telephone and teletype, all required the
use of conducting metal wires.
A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of the 20th century,
with Guglielmo Marconi winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his pioneering
developments in wireless radio communications. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and
developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles
Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Nikola
Tesla, Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo
Farnsworth (television).
Telecommunications play an important role in the world economy and the worldwide
telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be $3.85 trillion in 2008. The service
revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.7 trillion in 2008, and
is expected to touch $2.7 trillion by 2013.

1.0 Executive Summary

Over the last four years, Telecom Technology, a well respected $300 million steel
conglomerate, has built up significant interests in the telecom sector ranging from wireless
and paging services to billing software. Telecom Technology Taiwan, was formed in
Taiwan in 1994 to pursue opportunities in the Operations Support Systems () telecom
software market, with a particular focus on customer care and billing software solutions (CCB
systems). Since 1994, Telecom Technology Taiwan has grown steadily, building a
customer base of 24 telecom operators for its software.
In 1998, encouraged by the potential of the billing software market opportunity,
Telecom Technology decided to pursue a more aggressive expansion strategy, appointing an
experienced and credible executive management team to unleash the potential of the
Telecom Technology Taiwan business. Corresponding with the placement of the executive
management team, Telecom Technology was created. Telecom Technology has
already made and continues to make significant investments in growing the business.
2.0 Situation Analysis

Telecom Technology current situation:

2.1 Market Summary

Operations support systems encompasses a broad range of applications and services.
Although definitions vary, typically includes applications geared toward customer
acquisition, service provisioning, asset management, network management, customer care,
and billing. Increasingly, these applications are becoming more interdependent and carriers
are beginning to realize how important a world-class is to effective competition.
Telecommunications
The segment of the telecommunications industry is experiencing tremendous growth.
The increasingly competitive telecommunications market, both wire line and wireless, has
increased carriers' awareness of the importance of . As a result, companies are investing
millions of dollars in their in order to improve operations and create a competitive
advantage.
In terms of aggregate spending on , projections differ, mainly because there is no
consensus on the exact definition of . Nevertheless, the Yankee Group predicts that the
market will grow to almost $60 billion worldwide in 2003 before falling off slightly. The
slight decrease in spending is the result of more companies choosing to build rather than buy
certain components of their .
Customer Care & Billing Overview
Telecom Technology currently focuses on one aspect of , customer care and billing(CCB)
systems. At its highest level, a CCB system provides a carrier with the means to bill its
customers for service.
However, bill generation is but one aspect of a complete CCB application. The data captured
by the billing system provides valuable information to both the carrier and the customer on
how services are used, what additional services are necessary, how services can be used
more efficiently, or even how effective particular promotions or operations have been.
Today's CCB systems collect, collate, manage, and report this valuable information to
management, usually in real time.
CCB systems are also vital in terms of customer service and satisfaction. By having real time
access to customer information, customer service representatives can better respond to
customer needs in a timely and efficient manner.
In addition, modern CCB systems can turn the monthly bill into an invaluable marketing tool;
this is important since the customer's bill is the only regular contact a company has with its
customers. As a result, a great deal of attention is typically placed on a company's CCB
applications.

Connected to the Internet or "online." In 1991, only 4.5 million people were estimated to be
online. In September 1998 it was estimated that 148 million people were online worldwide.
Undeniably this is substantial growth, and this growth has created unparalleled opportunities for
those providing Internet connectivity. These companies, Internet service providers (ISPs), have
enjoyed tremendous revenue growth over the last five years. Worldwide ISP revenues have
increased from approximately $50 million in 1994 to an estimated $14 billion in 1998.
Although the Internet in total has expanded significantly, Internet access and actual use vary
greatly among countries. On a usage basis, the U.S. accounts for the largest share at 55
percent. On an access basis, Canada is the leader followed by the U.S.

Market Forecast

2.1.3 Market Growth

Projected Market Growth

While a historical perspective is valuable, what is most important with respect to
Telecom Technology is future growth. While it is impible to predict the future with 100
percent accuracy, it is pible to gain a sense of what is likely to happen and gain an
appreciation for the size of this ever-expanding market.
Telecommunications
Historically, the global telecommunications marketplace has enjoyed tremendous growth in
terms of network size, number of subscribers, number of operators, and overall revenues.
While this growth has been impressive, of real importance is what is going to happen to the
telecommunications market in the near future, say the next five years. The next five years
will be a pivotal time for the telecommunications industry as the effects of global
deregulation, the continued expansion of wireless services, and the further build out of
developing countries combine to reshape the global marketplace. The build out of developing
countries is critical if these countries are to increase teledensity and data capacity in order to
join the 21st century.

As a result of these fundamental influences in the telecommunications market, demand for voice
telephone service alone is expected to increase dramatically. In fact, the total demand for voice
telephony is expected to increase more than 50% from 1998 to 2004.
Another fundamental influence that will drive the growth of telecommunications is the
continued growth in the world's population. Obviously, as the population expands so does the
need for telecommunication services.
The historical growth in main telephone lines worldwide is expected to continue through the turn
of the century. The number of main telephone lines worldwide is expected to grow from
approximately 850 million in 1998 to 1.25 billion in 2004.
The majority of the growth in main telephone lines is expected to come from non-U.S.
regions. The bulk of that growth is expected in the Asia/Pacific region. Corresponding with the
projected growth in main telephone lines is an expected growth in worldwide tele-density.
Worldwide tele-density is expected to increase from 14 lines per 100 people in 1998 to
approximately 19 in 2004.
Access to telecommunication services worldwide has grown at an impressive pace over the
last twenty years. In large part this is due to the emergence of wireless telephony. This is
especially true in emerging markets where it is considerably less expensive to deploy wireless
infrastructure than it is to deploy traditional copper wire. As a result, the number of wireless
subscribers has grown significantly over the past decade. This growth is projected to continue
at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 24% from 1998 to 2004.
A number of competing technologies exist in the global wireless market: analog, CDMA,
TDMA, GSM, and PDC (PDC is Japan's digital technology). Most carriers today are in the
process of upgrading their current systems from analog to digital technologies and new
carriers are starting with digital technology. As a result, the technology mix is expected to
change significantly from 1997 to 2004.
Telecom Technology originally developed its products for use with GSM technologies.
Therefore, the growth in GSM is of particular interest to Telecom Technology. GSM is
rapidly becoming the standard digital wireless technology worldwide. In fact, GSM operators
are currently adding four new subscribers every second.
What all of this growth in wire line and wireless telephony drives is revenue. Worldwide telecom
service revenue is expected to grow from $840 billion in 1998 to $1.4 trillion in2004. This
growth represents a compound annual rate of 8.7 percent.
It is evident that the global telecommunications market is expanding and will continue to
expand in the foreseeable future. This expansion has created tremendous opportunities for
incumbent operators and emerging operators, who are, in turn, creating opportunities for
companies that support them. Infrastructure vendors, consultants, software vendors, and
many other types of suppliers are enjoying the expanded opportunities the telecom market is
offering. Telecom Technology is positioning itself to take advantage of the growing
telecom market.

Internet
In the entire scheme of communications, the Internet is still in its infancy. The technology is
still evolving as are its applications and uses. Electronic commerce, perhaps the biggest
revenue generating opportunity of all time, is just emerging. In addition, Internet telephony
is showing promise and is beginning to attract meaningful support, as the technology is
refined. As more and more information, entertainment, and goods & services become
available on the Internet the number of host computers and Internet users is expected to
increase. The number of host computers connected to the Internet is expected to mushroom
to around 285 million by 2004.
Corresponding to the growth in Internet infrastructure is the expected continued rapid growth
in Internet users. The number of people projected to be online by 2004 increases to more
than 500 million, more than three times the number of people online today.
Without a doubt, the Internet has tremendous market potential. Every aspect of the Internet
(hardware, software, and services) is projected to grow significantly in the next few years. In
total, the Internet market place is expected to be worth in excess of $22 billion in just two years.
This is a rapidly expanding and, as of yet, largely untapped market.
Currently, the numbers of ISPs operating worldwide is estimated at close to 4,000.
Undoubtedly the number of ISPs is likely to increase as more and more people desire to be
online, especially in non-U.S. regions where Internet usage is relatively low. Partially
offsetting the growth in the number of ISPs is the eventual wave of consolidations that is
likely to grip the industry.
The Internet offers several opportunities for Telecom Technology, with respect to CCB
applications. The biggest opportunity is in IP (Internet Protocol) telephony or voice-over IP
(VoIP). Using the Internet to make phone calls has been pible for a few years now but
although the rates were cheap quality was poor. However, recent technological
advancements have made the prospects of wide reaching IP telephony a reality.
In fact, IP telephony is poised to secure a significant portion of telephone traffic in the next
several years. Probe Research predicts that by 2003, 18.5% of telephone traffic in the U.S. Will
be via the Internet. As ISPs and other companies begin to offer IP telephony services, there will
be a tremendous need for CCB applications capable of billing for this new service.
Another CCB opportunity made pible by the Internet is usage-based pricing for data.
Several companies are exploring the viability of charging customers based on the data they
actually use. This type of arrangement would require billing systems beyond the typical ISP's
current capabilities and therefore represents a significant opportunity for Telecom
Technology and its competitors.

Key concepts

A number of key concepts reoccur throughout the literature on modern telecommunication

systems. Some of these concepts are discussed below.

Key elements:
A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present in
some form:

 A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.

 A transmission medium, also called the "physical channel" that carries the signal. An
example of this is the "free space channel".
 A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable
information.
For example, in a radio broadcasting station the station's large power amplifier is the transmitter;
and the broadcasting antenna is the interface between the power amplifier and the "free space
channel". The free space channel is the transmission medium; and the receiver's antenna is the
interface between the free space channel and the receiver. Next, the radio receiver is the
destination of the radio signal, and this is where it is converted from electricity to sound for
people to listen to.

Sometimes, telecommunication systems are "duplex" (two-way systems) with a single box

of electronics working as both a transmitter and a receiver, or a transceiver. For example,
a cellular telephone is a transceiver. The transmission electronics and the receiver electronics in a
transceiver are actually quite independent of each other. This can be readily explained by the fact
that radio transmitters contain power amplifiers that operate with electrical powers measured in
the watts or kilowatts, but radio receivers deal with radio powers that are measured in
the microwatts or nano watts. Hence, transceivers have to be carefully designed and built to
isolate their high-power circuitry and their low-power circuitry from each other.

Telecommunication over telephone lines is called point-to-point communication because it is

between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is
called broadcast communication because it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous
low-power but sensitive radio receivers.[

Telecommunications in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers have been designed to
cooperate and to share the same physical channel are called multiplex systems.

Analog or digital communications?

Communications signals can be either by analog signals or digital signals. There are analog
communication systems and digital communication systems. For an analog signal, the signal is
varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is
encoded as a set of discrete values (for example, a set of ones and zeros). During the propagation
and reception, the information contained in analog signals will inevitably be degraded
by undesirable physical noise. (The output of a transmitter is noise-free for all practical
purposes.) Commonly, the noise in a communication system can be expressed as adding or
subtracting from the desirable signal in a completely random way. This form of noise is
called "additive noise", with the understanding that the noise can be negative or positive at
different instants of time. Noise that is not additive noise is a much more difficult situation to
describe or analyze, and these other kinds of noise will be omitted here.

On the other hand, unless the additive noise disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, the
information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Their resistance to noise represents a
key advantage of digital signals over analog signals.
Communications networks
A communications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and communications
channels that send messages to one another. Some digital communications networks contain one
or more routers that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analog
communications network consists of one or more switches that establish a connection between
two or more users. For both types of network, repeaters may be necessary to amplify or recreate
the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can
render the signal indistinguishable from the noise.
Communication channels
The term "channel" has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the physical
medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Examples of this include
the atmosphere for sound communications, glass optical fibers for some kinds of optical
communications, coaxial cables for communications by way of the voltages and electric currents
in them, and free space for communications using visible light, infrared waves, ultraviolet light,
and radio waves. This last channel is called the "free space channel". The sending of radio waves
from one place to another has nothing to do with the presence or absence of an atmosphere
between the two. Radio waves travel through a perfect vacuum just as easily as they travel
through air, fog, clouds, or any other kind of gas besides air.

The other meaning of the term "channel" in telecommunications is seen in the

phrase communications channel, which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can
be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously. For example, one radio
station can broadcast radio waves into free space at frequencies in the neighborhood of
94.5 MHz (megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at
frequencies in the neighborhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves
over a frequency bandwidth of about 180 kHz (kilohertz), centered at frequencies such as the
above, which are called the "carrier frequencies". Each station in this example is separated from
its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is
an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system.
In the example above, the "free space channel" has been divided into communications channels
according to frequencies, and each channel is assigned a separate frequency bandwidth in which
to broadcast radio waves. This system of dividing the medium into channels according to
frequency is called "frequency-division multiplexing" (FDM).

Another way of dividing a communications medium into channels is to allocate each sender a
recurring segment of time (a "time slot", for example, 20 milliseconds out of each second), and
to allow each sender to send messages only within its own time slot. This method of dividing the
medium into communication channels is called "time-division multiplexing" (TDM), and is used
in optical fiber communication Some radio communication systems use TDM within an allocated
FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM.
Modulation
The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation. Modulation can be used
to represent a digital message as an analog waveform. This is commonly called "keying" - a term
derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications - and several keying techniques
exist (these include phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and amplitude-shift keying). The
"Bluetooth" system, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between
various devices. In addition, there are combinations of phase-shift keying and amplitude-shift
keying which is called (in the jargon of the field) "quadrature amplitude modulation" (QAM) that
are used in high-capacity digital radio communication systems.

Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analog signals at
higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analog signals cannot be effectively
transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analog signal must be
impressed into a higher-frequency signal (known as the "carrier wave") before transmission.
There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this [two of the most basic
being amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)]. An example of this process
is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation
(the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM").[28] In addition, modulation
has the advantage of being about to use frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
Society and telecommunication

Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural. and economic impact on modern society. In
2008, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $3.85 trillion (USD) or just
under 3.0 percent of the gr world product (official exchange rate) The following sections discuss
the impact of telecommunication on society.
Economic impact
Microeconomics:
On the microeconomic scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global
business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer Amazon.com but, according to
academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer Wal-Mart has benefited from better
telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world,
home owners use their telephones to organize many home services ranging from pizza
deliveries to electricians. Even relatively-poor communities have been noted to use
telecommunication to their advantage. In Bangladesh's Narshingdi district, isolated villagers use
cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In Côte
d'Ivoire, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell
at the best price.
Macroeconomics
On the macroeconomic scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal
link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth.[31] Few dispute the
existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.[32]

Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing

worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of
the world—this is known as the digital divide. A 2003 survey by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that roughly one-third of countries have fewer than
one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-
line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all
countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as
well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability
of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies.[33] Using this
measure, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland received the highest ranking while the African
countries Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Mali received the lowest.
Social impact
Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless' devices
like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical
dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as
opposed to the social dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social
dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New
promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social
conversations and staying connected to family and friends.
Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become
increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of social networking sites has increased
dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post
photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests,
sexuality and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in everything
from organizing social engagements to courtship.

Prior to social networking sites, technologies like SMS and the telephone also had a significant
impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group Ipsos MORI reported that 81% of
15 to 24 year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social
arrangements and 42% to flirt.
Other impacts
In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access to music and
film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home
without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the Internet, people can
listen to music they have not heard before without having to travel to the music store.

Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A survey by the
non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project found that when just over 3,000 people living
in the United States were asked where they got their news "yesterday", more people said
television or radio than newspapers. The results are summarized in the following table (the
percentages add up to more than 100% because people were able to specify more than one
source).

Local Radi
National TV Local paper Internet National paper
TV o

59% 47% 44% 38% 23% 12%

Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising. TNS Media

Intelligence reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent
on mediums that depend upon telecommunication. The results are summarised in the following
table.
 Interne Radi Cabl Syndicate Spot Networ Newspap Magazin Outdoo
Total
t o e TV d TV TV k TV er e r

Percen 12.1 11.3

7.6% 7.2% 2.8% 17.1% 18.9% 20.4% 2.7% 100%
t % %

$10.6 $18.0 $16.8

$149
Dollar $11.31 9 2 $4.17 2 $25.42 $28.22 $30.33 $4.02
billio
s billion billio billio billion billio billion billion billion billion
n
n n n

Telecommunication and government

Many countries have enacted legislation which conform to the International Telecommunication

Regulations establish by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the
"leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues." In 1947,
at the Atlantic City Conference, the ITU decided to "afford international protection to all
frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the
Radio Regulation." According to the ITU's Radio Regulations adopted in Atlantic City, all
frequencies referenced in the International Frequency Registration Board, examined by the
board and registered on the International Frequency List "shall have the right to international
protection from harmful interference."

From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the
management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The history of broadcasting discusses
some of debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and
telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of World War II brought on the first
explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents,
terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to
promote propaganda. Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the
mid 1930s. In 1936, the BBC did broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter
similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa.
Modern insurgents, such as those in the latest Iraq war, often use intimidating telephone calls,
SMSs and the distribution of sophisticated videos of an attack on coalition troops within hours of
the operation. "The Sunni insurgents even have their own television station, Al-Zawraa, which
while banned by the Iraqi government, still broadcasts from Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, even as
coalition pressure has forced it to switch satellite hosts several times." 

THE TELECOMMUNICATION HIERARCHY

Computer networks
 ARPANET
 Ethernet
 Internet
 Wireless networks
 Public switched telephone networks (PSTN)
 Packet switched networks
 Radio networks
 Television networks

Aspects of telecommunication transmission

 Analog
 Digital
 Optics

 Telecommunication technology
 Modulation
 Amplitude modulation
 Frequency modulation
 Quadrature amplitude modulation
 Nyquist rate
 Nyquist ISI criterion
 Pulse shaping
 Inter-symbol interference

Communications media types

 Physical media for Telecommunication

 Twisted pair
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber
 Telecommunication through Free Space
 Broadcast radio frequency including television and radio
 Line-of-sight propagation Line-of-sight
 Communications satellite
 Terrestrial Microwave
 Wireless LAN

 Relationship between media and transmitters

 Physical access to media
 Simplex
 Duplex (telecommunications)
 Logical relationships
 Return channel
 Two-way alternating
 Two-way simultaneous

Multiple access to media

 Multiplexing
 Analog
 Digital
 Time-division multiplexing
 Statistical multiplexing and Packet switching
 Media Access Control
 Contention
 Token-based
 Centralized token control
 Distributed token control

 Basic telecommunication concepts

 E-mail
 Instant messaging
 Radio
 Telephone
 VoIP
 Videoconferencing
 Television

Major telecommunications equipment manufacturers

 Coral Telecom Limited
 Ericsson
 Alcatel-Lucent
 Nokia
 Avaya
 Aricent
 NEC
 Nortel
 ZTE
  Cisco Systems
 Huawei

Terrestrial
These are the world's 30 largest mobile network operators by number of subscribers (and
by proportionate subscribers, if the company has holdings in other operators).
Propor
Total
tionate
Ra subscriber
subscri
nk Company Main Markets Technology s Ownership
bers
(in million
(in mill
s)
ions)

564.356 [1] Government of
 China GSM, GPRS, 
1  China[show] (September the PRC (74.25
Mobile EDGE[show]
2010) %)[show]

323.27 [
2]
 United 427.99* [2]
GSM, GPRS, 
2  Vodafone Kingdom (Vodafo (Septem (September
EDGE[show]
ne UK)[show] ber 2009)
2009)

 Telefónica  GSM, GPRS,  278 [3]

3  Spain ()[show]
/ Movistar / O2 EDGE[show] (June 2010)

 América  Mexico (Telce GSM, GPRS,  215.06 [4]

4
Móvil l)[show] EDGE[show] (June 2010)

200 [5]
 Bharti  India (Airtel) GSM, GPRS,  Bharti (64.76%)
5 (October
Airtel [show] EDGE[show] [show]
2010)

184.00 [6]
 Norway (Tele (June 2010,
GSM, GPRS, 
6  Telenor nor Norway) including
EDGE[show]
[show] VimpelCo
m)
 93.8 [7]
 France (Orang GSM, GPRS,  (Septem 182.0 [7] France
7  Orange
e France)[show] EDGE[show] ber (June 2010) Télécom (100%)
2009)

150.90 [8]
 Germany (Tel GSM, GPRS,  Deutsche
8  T-Mobile (September
ekom.de)[show] EDGE[show] Telekom (100%)
2009)

143.9 [9]
/  TeliaS GSM, GPRS, 
9  Sweden[show] (September
onera EDGE[show]
2009)

China Unicom
[10]
 China  China (China GSM, GPRS,  156.962  (BVI) Limited
10
Unicom Unicom) EDGE[show] (June 2010) (state-owned)
(40.92%)[show]

137.47 [11]
 MTN  South GSM, GPRS, 
11 (September
Group Africa[show] EDGE[show]
2010)

 Orascom 127.39 [12]
 Egypt (Mobini GSM, GPRS,  Weather Investm
12 Telecom / WI (September
l)[show] EDGE[show] ents[show]
ND 2010)

>100 [16]
 United Arab GSM, GPRS, 
13  Etisalat (February
Emirates ()[show] EDGE[show]
2010)

 Reliance 110.8 Reliance Anil

CDMA, GPRS
14 Communicatio  India ()[show] (March Dhirubhai
[show]
ns 2010) Ambani Group

102.01 [17]
 Russia (MTS GSM, GPRS, 
15  MTS (January Sistema
Russia)[show] EDGE[show]
2010)

93.2 Verizon
 Verizon  USA (Verizon cdmaOne[sho
16 (October Communications 
Wireless Wireless) w]
2010) (55%)[show]
 92.81 [4] (
 AT&T GSM, GPRS, 
17  USA ()[show] October AT&T Inc.
Mobility EDGE[show]
2010)

 Russia (Beelin Alfa
 VimpelCo GSM, GPRS,  89.40 [18]
18 e Russia, GT) Group (44,65%)
m EDGE[show] (Q2 2010)
[show] [show]

Telkom
 Indonesia (Tel GSM, GPRS,  88.32 [5] (J
19  Telkomsel Indonesia (65%)
komsel) EDGE[show] uly 2010)
[show]

71.50 [19]
 Telecom  Italy (TIM) GSM, GPRS,  Telefonica (24.5
21 (September
Italia / TIM [show] EDGE[show] %)
2009)

72.7(exclud
ed Idea
 Malaysia (Cel
 Axiata GSM, GPRS,  Cellular, M Malaysian (93.2
22 com)(100%)
Group Berhad EDGE[show] 1 )  6%):[show]
[show]
(September
2010)

 Turkey (Turkc GSM, GPRS,  61.9 [21] Turkcell

23  Turkcell
ell)[show] PDC[show] (June 2009) Group[show]

33.60 [22
]
60.53 [22]
GSM, GPRS, 
24  Qtel  Qatar ()[show] (Decem (December
EDGE[show]
ber 2009)
2009)

Tata
 Tata GSM, GPRS,  72.53 [6]
25  India Group (>50%)
Teleservices EDGE[show] (June 2010)
[show]

62.14 [7] ( Aditya Birla

 Idea GSM, GPRS, 
26  India February Group (49.05%)
Cellular EDGE
2010) [show]

20  BSNL  India GSM, GPRS,  81.00 [8] ( Government of

 October
EDGE[show] India
2010)

PHS
 China 74.52 [23]
27  China CDMA, EV-
Telecom (June 2010)
DO

57.30 [9] (
GSM, CDMA,  Telefonica[show
28  Vivo  Brazil September
3G ]
2010)

56.08 [10] ( Nippon
 NTT  Japan (NTT GSM, GPRS, 
29 March Telegraph and
docomo docomo)[show] PDC[show]
2010) Telephone

 Maxis 54.64 [11] Ananda

 Malaysia (Ma GSM, GPRS, 
30 Communicatio [12] (Marc Krishnan (75%)
xis)[show] EDGE[show]
ns h 2010) [show]

Satellite based

These are the world's 5 largest satellite network operators by number of subscribers.
Subscribers
Rank Operator Technology Ownership
(in millions)

1  Globalstar Proprietary CDMA 0.383 (September 2010)[24]

2  Iridium Proprietary TDMA 0.347 (June 2009)[25]

3  Thuraya Proprietary FDMA/GSM 0.260 (December 2007)[26] Etisalat(28%)

4  Inmarsat Proprietary GSM 0.254 (September 2009)[27]

5  ACeS 0.020 (December 2007)

Introduction to the Project:

"Analysis on changing trends of customer needs and strategies adopted by the
Telecommunication Industry"

Trends and developments in the telecommunication environment

The global market for telecommunications is expanding rapidly. It is not a question of “demand
pull” or “supply push”. Both are happening. The interaction of these two forces has made
telecommunications one of the leading growth sectors in the world economy. It has also made
telecommunications one of the most important components of social, cultural and political
activity.

On the demand side, growth is pulled by an increasing reliance on telecommunications

and information technology in every area of human life – in all sectors of economic and social
activity; in government, in the provision of public services, and in the management of public
infrastructures; in the pursuit of knowledge and the expression of culture; in the control of the
environment; and in response to emergencies, whether natural or man-made.
On the supply side, growth is pushed by rapid technological developments which
continuously improve the efficiency of existing products, systems and services, and provide the
foundation for a continuing stream of innovations in each of these areas. Particularly noteworthy
is the convergence of telecommunication, information, broadcasting and publishing technologies,
which has greatly enriched the communication choices available to consumers.
The effect of the fundamental forces driving demand and supply has been amplified by the
worldwide trend to liberalize markets for telecommunication and information technology goods
and services. As a result of this trend, the majority of telecommunication networks are now
privately owned and operated. Significant developments have also taken place to introduce
competition at the national, regional and international levels. Of particular importance is the
World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement to liberalize trade in basic telecommunication
services which was concluded in February 1997 by 69 countries which together account for more
than 90% of global telecommunication revenues. The agreement entered into force on 5 February
1998.

The new framework developed by WTO to govern trade and regulation of telecommunication
services will facilitate further globalization of the telecommunication equipment and services
industries, as well as the closely-related information technology industry.

In the 1995-1999 planning period, "globalization" was more a slogan than a reality, since
it referred mainly to alliances between major operators to provide end-to-end services to
multinational enterprises. Public networks and residential customers were relatively unaffected
by this kind of globalization, although various forms of "alternative calling procedures" provided
consumers in countries which allowed such practices a "poor-man's version" of the benefits
enjoyed by big business users.
In the 1999-2003 planning period, globalization is likely to become much more of a
reality. The WTO agreement will make it possible for foreign operators to have direct access
through interconnection and interoperability to public networks in most of the world's major
telecommunication markets, as well as to make direct investments in the development of those
networks.
Five years ago, few would have predicted that the Internet would emerge so rapidly as a serious
competitive force in telecommunications. However, today's Internet is only a precursor to the
new competitive forces that are likely to emerge in the next five to ten years in the new
"communications and information sector" which will result from technological convergence.

The essential lesson to be learned from the Internet phenomenon is that competition is no longer
a public policy tool which can be introduced in a completely controlled fashion and regulated
within the confines of the traditional telecommunication sector. Competition in
telecommunications is rapidly becoming a true market force whose evolution cannot be planned
by policy-makers, a force which increasingly is seen as best regulated on the basis of principles
that are not specific to telecommunications, but derived from a broader economic, social and
cultural perspective.

Although far from universally accepted, the sweeping changes in telecommunications described
above have broad support among many countries, including a number of developing countries
who see it as the best way forward in developing their telecommunication networks and services
to the benefit of their overall economic and social development.

The liberalization of telecommunications does not mean an end to regulation – but it has changed
both the role of government and the nature of telecommunication regulation:

In the past, most administrations of ITU Member States tended to be "all-purpose"

creatures — policy-makers and operators which both provided and regulated telecommunications
on the basis of a "public utility" model.
The liberalization of telecommunications has been accompanied by a separation of these
functions. The trend now is for administrations of ITU Member States to be policy-makers,
nested within a general department of government (e.g. industry and trade); for
telecommunications to be operated by corporations — whether public, private or mixed; and for
"the public interest" in telecommunications to be protected by an independent regulatory
authority.
In countries that have introduced partial or full competition, the model for regulating
telecommunications is changing. Principles derived from competition law are taking their place
alongside the classical precepts of public utility regulation. In some jurisdictions, sector-specific
telecommunication regulation has been abandoned.
Again, the WTO agreement will amplify these regulatory trends. More than 60
signatories accounting for more than 90% of global telecommunication revenues have made
commitments to apply in whole or in part a set of regulatory principles including
interconnection, transparency and anti-competitive safeguards. These regulatory commitments,
and indeed all other commitments, are subject to the WTO dispute resolution mechanism. They
are therefore more than a voluntary code of conduct. They are binding commitments which are
enforceable under the WTO dispute resolution mechanism.
In the 1999-2003 planning period, it is likely that the trends noted above with respect to
liberalization, competition and globalization will begin to combine in new ways that may
ultimately change the way the telecommunication industry sees itself and is seen by its
regulator(s) and customers.

Countries that began permitting competition in telecommunications 10 or 20 years ago

generally introduced it in a planned and orderly manner: first in terminal equipment; then in
value-added services; then in the long-distance service; and finally in local and international
services. In addition, competition was generally permitted among different service providers
using the same infrastructure before being allowed between different infrastructure providers.
Even today, most countries that permit competition do so on a highly regulated basis
As a result of technological progress, convergence and market liberalization, countries
only now beginning to introduce competition are less likely to be in a position to plan an
evolution of this kind
Even in those countries that have experience with competition, service providers and
regulators that have based their respective plans on an orderly evolution of this kind are finding
that the "rules of the game" are suddenly changing, that competition is coming from unforeseen
directions, and that it cannot be regulated as it was in the past
More than any other phenomenon, the Internet symbolizes the changing nature of
telecommunications. It is based on different technologies, network architectures, standardization
and addressing schemes. Its economic foundations and charging principles are diametrically
opposed to those of public telecommunication operators. It has experienced phenomenal growth
and it has largely been outside government regulation. Yet it is emerging as a serious alternative
to the traditional services provided by the telecommunication industry in every market segment,
from intra-corporate communications to public voice
From one point of view, encouraging progress has been made in the 1995-1999 period in certain
countries and some regions in forging the "missing link" identified by the Maitland Commission.
Overall, the gap between developed and developing countries in access to basic
telecommunication services is closing. However, from other points of view, new gaps are
beginning to appear:

In general, the majority of the least developed countries (LDCs) have made little progress
in the past five years in closing the gap in access to basic telecommunication services. In some
cases, teledensity (the number of telephone lines per 100 people) has fallen, as population growth
has outstripped telecommunication growth. New technologies such as global mobile personal
communications by satellite (GMPCS) may help close the "telecommunication gap". This will
only be possible, however, if their services are affordable to inhabitants of the LDCs.
There is currently an enormous gap between developed and developing countries in
access to the Internet. Even as the telecommunication gap which has preoccupied the Union for
so many years is beginning to close, an "information gap" of even greater proportions is opening
up.
A difference in regulatory practices is emerging between countries which have decided to
liberalize their telecommunication markets under the WTO agreements, and those that have not.
If competition brings the first group of countries the anticipated benefits in terms of investment,
technology transfer, innovative services and lower prices, these regulatory differences may
become a new development gap. In this regard, it is important to recall that although the 119 ITU
Member States that are not yet part of the WTO basic telecommunications agreement generate
less than 10% of global telecommunication revenues, they include more than 45% of the world's
people.
On the eve of the 21st century, the Union thus finds itself in a dynamic situation. On the one
hand, the goal established by the Maitland Commission of achieving universal access to basic
telecommunications will be technically achieved, and the overall gap between developed and
developing countries is steadily narrowing. However, at the same time, new differences are
developing, for example within the developing world, between the LDCs and other developing
countries, between liberalized and non-liberalized countries which may be either developed or
developing, and between countries that are moving rapidly towards competition and those
moving at a slower pace.
This raises important questions in relation to the vision of the global information society (GIS).
This vision was the subject of considerable discussion during the 1995 — 1999 period, initially
in the G-7 group of advanced industrial economies, then in the broader international community.
Today, the basic ideas behind the concept of the GIS have been broadly accepted and indeed
endorsed. In this vision, all forms of economic, social, cultural and political activity will
increasingly depend on access to the telecommunication and information services provided by
the global information infrastructure (GII). The rapid development of electronic commerce on
the Internet is one tangible example of how the GIS is becoming a reality. The challenge facing
the international community is to find ways to ensure that the GIS is truly global, and that people
everywhere are able to share in its benefits.

Project Implementation and Schedule

Methodology & Schedule: The various methodologies that will be used in order to collect the
data for this project “Probability of Acceptance of Philip’s upcoming LED technology in Indian
market”.

Primary data:
 The primary data will be directly collected from the Research and technical journals of
the telecommunication Industry
 Responses of the Sample size.

Secondary data:
 By company websites and journals.
 Web study regarding Telecommunication Technology.

Phase 1:
Extensive study:
 Study of brochure, literature and itinerary to acquire market and technical knowledge
 Observing closely by looking in to the market trends and product Induction techniques of
the Market Leaders.
 Through internet surfing and Secondary Data
Phase2:Data Collection (Survey Method)

 Market segmentation study (disposable Income)

 Market analysis
 Trend Analysis
 Trend hypothesis and analysis.
 Brand Goodwill evaluation

Data Collected - Through Questionnaire and Feedback forms

Type of Data - Primary Data
Mode of Data Collection - One-to-one Survey
Source of Data - Telecom Mass Market.
Respondents - Markets of Delhi-NCR
Sample Size - 60

Phase 3:
Analysis:

Analysis Tools; SPSS Tools-(Factor Analysis)

Data Organizing and Mining-(MS-EXCEL)

Limitation of the study:

 Misleading Reponses.
 Respondents lack of will to respond/Biased or false data.
 Unavailability of confidential data.
 Location confined to Delhi-NCR.
 Organization lack of will provide access to exact data and process.

Main Text:
PHASE-I: Understanding the Telecommunication Industry
Over the last four years, Telecom Technology, a well respected $300 million steel
conglomerate, has built up significant interests in the telecom sector ranging from wireless
and paging services to billing software. Telecom Technology Taiwan, was formed in
Taiwan in 1994 to pursue opportunities in the Operations Support Systems () telecom
software market, with a particular focus on customer care and billing software solutions (CCB
systems). Since 1994, Telecom Technology Taiwan has grown steadily, building a
customer base of 24 telecom operators for its software.
In 1998, encouraged by the potential of the billing software market opportunity,
Telecom Technology decided to pursue a more aggressive expansion strategy, appointing an
experienced and credible executive management team to unleash the potential of the
Telecom Technology Taiwan business. Corresponding with the placement of the executive
management team, Telecom Technology was created. Telecom Technology has
already made and continues to make significant investments in growing the business.

PHASE 2: Survey through Questionnaire(Direct Method)

 Preparation of the Questionnaire .
 Data collection through questionnaire.
 Systems Analysis

Questionnaire
For
“Analysis of change in trends in the Indian tele-
communication industry”
I would like to take few moments of your precious time with your permission to
find out few details that are considered to be a requirement for the survey process.
Question 1-7 are to be ticked, questions 8&9variant and are to be rated on a scale
of 1-10 based on your preferences and the questions .Question no 10 is a
percentage allotment 11-13 are brief descriptive type feedback questions.

Requesting your valuable observation and thanking for not being biased.

Your participation is praiseworthy. Before proceeding can I request you to fill up

the contact details for future references????

CUSTOMER DETAILS:
 Name: __________ Occupation: ___________

Contact No:_______ Email id: _____________

Sex: M F

Contact details: +91-___ -____-_____ (India)

Thank you once again. So can I request you to proceed to the next part of the
questionnaire?

Following questions are to be ticked in the boxes provided

1. What is your perception about the frequency of change in the telecommunication
industry?

Very High High Neutral

Medium Low Very Low

2. how do you classify your technical know-how about the Industry?

Very Technical High Medium Low

3. What is your perception level about Telecommunication Industry?

Emerging Incubating Hibernating

Dominating Penetrating No Idea

4. What is your income range p.m ?

>5,00,000 3,00,000-4,99,000 1,00,000-2,99,000

50,000-99,000 <50,000 <30,0000

5. How satisfied are you with existing Telecommunication Technology?

 Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Unsatisfied
Not satisfied

6. Where all in your environment you would want to implement A better

telecommunication technology?

Official Corporate Academics

Govt. Actions Networks & Transport Others(Please specify)

7.What is your level of eagerness to see the induction of a better

telecommunication technology induced in the market?

Within 2 months within 4 months within 6 months

Within 1 year later than that

The following questions are to be rated on a scale of 1-10 based on choice and
preference. Thank you for holding your patience. We would request for just a more
couple of minutes.

7. How satisfied you were with the particular features of your existing
telecommunication technology prevailing

 With the speed and reliability

 With the range and strength
 With the Techniques and Value Add-ons

8. What is your expectation percentage from the upcoming technology

developments and trend inductions ?

(Rate between 10-100 in the box provided)

9. What kind of expectation and perception you have from the upcoming trend
variations?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

10.What all specifications & features you would like the new technology to come
up with ?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

We would like to have feedback and suggestions if any, on your part….

Thanking you for the wonderful effort provided by you and the precious time you spent,
and looking forward to strengthen our relationship further.

THANK YOU …

PHASE 3: Analysis of Collected Data and report generation

The 3rd phase deals entirely with the analysis of the collected data and using the
available technology to do the same. The analyzed report helps in suggestions and
inferences that are the needful of the project as well as the company.