For Beginners

By

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Resistors
Example: Circuit symbol:

Function

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a
light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

Connecting and soldering

Resistors may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.

Resistor values - the resistor colour code The Resistor

Colour Code
Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .
1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in k and M . Colour Number
1 k = 1000 1 M = 1000000 . Black 0
Brown 1
Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.
Each colour represents a number as shown in the table. Red 2
Orange 3
Most resistors have 4 bands:
Yellow 4
• The first band gives the first digit. Green 5
• The second band gives the second digit.
• The third band indicates the number of zeros. Blue 6
• The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the Violet 7
resistor, this may be ignored for almost all circuits
Grey 8
White 9

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
On circuit diagrams the is usually omitted and the value is written 270K.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Resistors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example
to limit the current passing through an LED. A
Resistor
resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Some publications still use the old resistor symbol:

This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a

rheostat) is usually used to control current.
Variable Resistor
Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness,
(Rheostat)
adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of
flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.
This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a
potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It
Variable Resistor
can be used like this as a transducer converting
(Potentiometer)
position (angle of the control spindle) to an
electrical signal.
This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated
with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is
Variable Resistor designed to be set when the circuit is made and
(Preset) then left without further adjustment. Presets are
cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are
often used in projects to reduce the cost.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Capacitors

Function

Capacitors store electric charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily
pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals. Capacitance is measured in
farads, symbol F, 1F is very large Value so prefixes are used to show the smaller values.

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):

• µ means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F

• n means 10-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF
• p means 10-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF

Capacitors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is
used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also
Capacitor
be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass
AC signals.
A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must
be connected the correct way round. A capacitor
Capacitor,
is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can
polarised
also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but
pass AC signals.

Variable Capacitor A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.

This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is

operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool.
Trimmer Capacitor
It is designed to be set when the circuit is made
and then left without further adjustment

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Diodes
Example: Circuit symbol:

Function

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can flow.

Zener diodes

Example: Circuit symbol:

a = anode, k = cathode

Zener diodes are used to maintain a fixed voltage. They are designed to 'breakdown' in a
reliable and non-destructive way so that they can be used in reverse to maintain a fixed voltage
across their terminals. The diagram shows how they are connected, with a resistor in series to
limit the current.

Diodes
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A device which only allows current to flow in one
Diode
direction.

LED A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Light Emitting Diode light.

A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed

Zener Diode
voltage across its terminals.

Photodiode A light-sensitive diode.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Example: Circuit symbol:

Function

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Connecting and soldering

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode
and k or - for cathode .The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of
round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an
official identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Switches
Switches
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A push switch allows current to flow only when
Push Switch
the button is pressed. This is the switch used to
(push-to-make)
operate a doorbell.
Push-to-Break This type of push switch is normally closed (on),
Switch it is open (off) only when the button is pressed.
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.
On-Off Switch
An on-off switch allows current to flow only
(SPST)
when it is in the closed (on) position.
SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.
A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of
2-way Switch
current to one of two routes according to its
(SPDT)
position. Some SPDT switches have a central
off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.
DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.
Dual On-Off
A dual on-off switch which is often used to
Switch
switch mains electricity because it can isolate
(DPST)
both the live and neutral connections.

DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.

Reversing
This switch can be wired up as a reversing
Switch
switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a
(DPDT)
central off position.

An electrically operated switch, for example a

9V battery circuit connected to the coil can
Relay switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally
Closed.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Transistors
Transistors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

Transistor NPN
components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

Transistor PNP
components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Other Usefull Information
Wires and connections
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit
Wire
to another.
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected
(joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires
Wires joined connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered
slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the
right.
In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw
wires crossing even though they are not connected.
I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right
Wires not joined
because the simple crossing on the left may be
misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a
'blob'!

Power Supplies
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Supplies electrical energy.
Cell The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two
or more cells joined together.

Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than

Battery one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
Supplies electrical energy.
DC supply
DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.
Supplies electrical energy.
AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually changing
direction.
A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current
Fuse
flowing through it exceeds a specified value.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase) and
step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is
Transformer
transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in
the core. There is no electrical connection between
the coils.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

 A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits
Earth this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for
(Ground) mains electricity and some radio circuits it really
means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Audio and Radio Devices

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

Microphone A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Loudspeaker A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Piezo Transducer A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block

Amplifier diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather
(general symbol)
than just one component.

Aerial A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio

(Antenna) signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

Meters and Oscilloscope
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
Voltmeter The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most
people prefer to say voltage!

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is

Galvanometer
used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.

An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most

Ohmmeter
multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of

Oscilloscope electrical signals and it can be used to measure their
voltage and time period.

Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing
Lamp (lighting)
illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch
bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
light. This symbol is used for a lamp which is an
Lamp (indicator)
indicator, for example a warning light on a car
dashboard.
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
Heater
heat.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Motor
kinetic energy (motion).

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Bell
sound.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545

 A transducer which converts electrical energy to
Buzzer
sound.

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when

current passes through it. It may have an iron core
Inductor
inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer
(Coil, Solenoid)
converting electrical energy to mechanical energy
by pulling on something.

Cel_Phon Repairing - Cel_Phon@yahoo.com – www.MBDin.fleeforum.com 0092 3217741545