Module - Structure of The Atom

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CHEMISTRY
FORM 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES INDUCTION SET
THE STRUCTURE
TUTORIAL CONTENT
OF THE ATOM
QUIZ
QUIT
Student should be able to analyse matter
Objectives
Learning Objectives
Student should be able to
synthesis atomic structure
Student should be able to understand

isotopes & assess their importance
Learning
Student should be able to understand

the electronic structure of the atoms
Student should be able to appreciate the

orderliness and uniqueness of the atomic
structure
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MATTER
THE ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
ISOTOPES & THEIR
IMPORTANCES
THE ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE
OF THE ATOMS
APPRECIATING THE
ORDERLINESS AND
UNIQUENESS OF THE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE HOM
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MATTER
Our world is made up of matter.
Matter is anything that occupies

space and has mass.
Made up of tiny and discrete

particles.
These particles may be

molecules
atoms
ions
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MOLECULES
• Is a group of two or more atoms which

are chemically bonded together.
• Can be elements or compounds.
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ATOMS
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element

that can participate in a chemicals reaction.
• Examples: carbon and hydrogen exist as
atoms.
Hydrogen atom
(1 proton)
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IONS
• Is a positively or negatively charged particles.
Lithium Lithium
atom ion
Oxygen ion
Oxygen HOM
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atom
• Particles in matter are in motion.
• Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move

in between the particles of another substance.
• Matter can exist in three different states:

solid
liquid
gas
• The differences between the three states of matter

can be explained by using the
Kinetic Theory of Matter.
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DIFFUSION
• Diffusion occurs most rapidly in gases, slower

in liquids and slowest in solids.
• This is due to the different arrangement and

movement of particles in the three states of
matter.
• Diffusion is therefore a spontaneous process.
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DIFFUSION OF BROMINE
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DIFFUSION OF
BROMINE BACK
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DIFFUSION OF KMnO4 IN WATER
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THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:
SOLID
Microscopic view of a solid
The particles are packed closely together in an orderly

manner
There are strong forces between the particles
The particles can only vibrate and rotate about their
fixed
positions
Solid has fixed volume and shape
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Solid cannot be compressed E
LIQUID
Microscopic view of a liquid
The particles are packed closely together but not in

orderly arrangement
The particles held together by strong forces but
weaker than the forces in a
solid
The particles can vibrate, rotate and move
throughout the liquid
They collides against each other
Liquid has a fixed volume HOM
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Takes the shape of the container
GAS
Microscopic view of a
gas
The particles are very far apart from each other & in a
random motion
There are weak forces between the particles
The particles can vibrate, rotate and move freely
The rate of collision is greater than rate of collision in
a liquid
The gas does not have a fixed shape or volume
A gas can be compressed easilyBACK HOM
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According to the Kinetic Theory of
Matter:
a) matter consists of discrete particles
b) the particles are always moving randomly
c) there are forces of attraction between the

particles
d) the particles of a substance gain kinetic

energy and move faster when the substance
is heated
e) the particles of a substance lose kinetic energy

and move slower when the substance is
cooled
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GAS
CO
N DE
N SA
TIO
N
VAP
O R IZ
A TI
ON
DEPOSITION
LIQUID
I L BUS
G
T IN
N OI T A M
MEL
EZI NG
SOLID FRE
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MELTING
When a solid is heated:
Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more

vigorously.
Particles vibrates faster as the temperature

increase.
Until the energy they gained is able to overcome

the forces that hold them together at their fixed
positions.
Thus, solid becomes a liquid.
This process called MELTING.
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FREEZING
When a liquid is cooled:
The particles in the liquid lose energy and move

slower.
As the temperature continues to drops, the

particles continue to lose energy.
Until they do not have enough energy to move

freely.
At this point, the liquid changes into a solid.
This process is called FREEZING.

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Temperature (°C)
D Click on the pink line

for the explanation
Melting
Point B C
Time (min)
The heating curve of naphthalene
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At point A, naphthalene exists as solid.
When the solid is heated, heat energy is

absorbed.
This causes the particles to gain kinetics

energy and vibrates faster.
Thus it increase the temperature from point A

to point B
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At point B, solid naphthalene begins to
melt.
The temperature does not rise even though

heating continues.
These because heat energy absorbed by the

particles is used to overcome the forces between
particles so that the particles can turn into liquid.
This constant temperature is the MELTING POINT

of naphthalene.
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At this temperature, both solid and liquid
E are
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At point C, all the solid naphthalene
has melted.
From point C to point D, the particles in

liquid naphthalene absorb heat energy
and move faster.
The temperature increases from point C

to point D.
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Temperature (°C)
E Click on the pink line

for the explanation
Freezing
Point F G
H
Time (min)
The cooling curve of naphthalene
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The particles in the liquid lose their
kinetics energy.
They move slower as the

temperature decreases from point E to
point F.
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At point F, liquid naphthalene begins to
freeze.
Its temperature remains constant because

the heat loss to the surroundings is exactly
balanced by the heat energy liberated as
the particles attract one another to form a
solid.
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The solids is cooled.
The particles in the solid vibrate slower

as the temperature decrease.
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Matter is made up of very small particles.
The particles are not joined together, they are discrete and so
there are spaces between the particles.
The particles may be in the form of atoms, molecules or ions.
An atom is the smallest particle in an element that can
participate in a chemicals reaction.
A molecule consists of two or more atoms which are chemically
joined together.
An ion is a positively charged or negatively charged particle.
Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of the
arrangement and movement of their particles.
The arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids
and gases are describe in the kinetic theory of matter.
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Diffusion takes place most quickly in gases
because particles in gases move at high speed
and there are large spaces between the
particles.
A substance changes in its state when heat is
applied or removed from the substance.
Heat energy is needed to overcome the forces
of attraction between particles where there is
the change of state:
solid liquid (melting)
liquid gas (boiling)
solid gas (sublimation)
Heat energy is released when particles attract
one another during a change of state:
gas liquid (condensation)
liquid solid (freezing)
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gas solid (sublimation) E
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John Dalton (1766-
1844)
John Dalton proposed the first atomic

theory in 1803.
He imagine the atom as a small,
indivisible ball similar to a very tiny
ball.
All matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms cannot be made or destroy.
All atoms of the same element are
identical. BACK
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Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson (1856–1940)
William Thomson envisioned the

atom as a sphere with a uniformly
distributed positive charge and
embedded within it enough electrons
to neutralize the positive charge.
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Ernest Rutherford (1871-
1937)
Ernest Rutherford discovered a

positive charge, called proton.
The positive charge and most of
the mass of the atom are
concentrated in a nucleus.
Electrons moves outside the
nucleus.
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Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
In 1913, Bohr proposed his

quantized shell model of the atom
to explain how electrons can have
stable orbits around the nucleus.
He state that the motion of the
electrons in the Rutherford model
was unstable.
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An atom is made up of three smaller particles:
ELECTRONS
PROTONS
NUCLEU
S
NEUTRONS
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PROTON
Found in the nucleus of an

atom.
Symbol : p
Relative Electric Charge : +1
Relative Mass : 1
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NEUTRON
Found in the nucleus of an

atom.
Symbol : n
Relative Electric Charge : 0
Relative Mass : 1
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ELECTRON
Surround the nucleus.

Symbol : e
Relative Electric Charge : -1
Relative Mass : Approximately 0.0005
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Subatomic Relative Relative Position in
Particles mass Charge The Atom
____________ _________ __________ ____________
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 0 -1 Shells
___________________________________________
As the mass of protons and neutrons are greater

than electrons, most of the mass of an atom is
concentrated in the nucleus.
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• Proton number of an element is the number of
protons in its atom.
• Since atoms are neutral, the proton number also

shows the number of electrons in the atom.
• Example:
sodium : Has proton number of 11
oxygen : Has proton number of 8
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• Nucleon number (Mass Number) of an
element is the total number of protons and
neutrons in its atom.
Nucleon Number = Number of Proton +

Number of Neutrons
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= Symbol of Element
A A = Nucleon Number
Z Z = Proton Number
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23
Na
28
Si 24
Mg
11
14 12
40
Ca
31
P
15
20
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Na : Natrium
Na
23
11 Nucleon Number =
23
Proton Number =
11
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Si : Silicone
Si
28
Nucleon Number =
14
28
Proton Number =
14
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Mg : Magnesium
24
Mg Nucleon Number
12 = 24
Proton Number
= 12
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Ca : Calcium
40
Ca Nucleon Number = 40
20
Proton Number = 20
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P : Phosphorous
P Nucleon Number =
31
31
15
Proton Number =
15
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Subatomic Relative Relative Position in
Particles mass Charge The Atom
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 0 -1 Shells
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Atoms are electrically neutral. This
means that the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons.
The proton number (atomic number) is
the number of protons in an atom of an
element.
The nucleon number (mass number)=
proton number + number of neutrons
X = is the symbol of the
A element
Z X A = is the nucleon number
Z = is the proton number
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element
with different numbers of neutrons.
Most common isotopes of hydrogen has no
neutron at all.
There are also a hydrogen isotope called
deuterium with one neutron and another
tritium with two neutrons.
e e e
1p 1p 1p
1n 2n
Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3
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Hydrogen Tritium
Deuterium
ISOTOPES OF
HYDROGEN
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Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy for the
treatment of
cancer.
The metabolism of phosphorous in plants

can be studied
using phosphate fertilizers that contain
phosphorous-32.
Carbon dating uses carbon-14HOM

to estimate
BACK
the age of fossils E NEXT
Isotopes are atoms of the same element
with different nucleon numbers because
they have different number of neutrons.
The isotopes of an element have the

same chemical properties but different
physical properties.
Examples of elements with isotopes are

oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, bromine and
carbon.
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Electrons are arrange around the nucleus in the shell of an
atom.
They start occupying a new shell when the previous one

has been occupied.
Valence electrons are electrons found in the outermost

occupied shell of an atom.
First Shell
Second Shell
Nucleus
Third Shell
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Chlorine atom has 17
electrons
Arrangement :
First shell = 2
Second shell = 8
Third shell = 7
Represent as : 2.8.7 The electron arrangement
of chlorine
There are 7 electron in the
outermost occupied shell of
the chlorine atom.
Thus, the valence electrons
of a chlorine atom is 7
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Calcium atom has 20
electrons.
Arrangement :
First shell = 2
Second shell = 8
Third shell = 8
Fourth shell = 2
Represent as : 2.8.8.2
The electron arrangement of
calcium
There are 2 electron in the

outermost occupied shell of
the calcium atom.
Thus, the valence electrons
of a calcium atom is 2.
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Electrons are arranged in the shell
of an tom.
The electron arrangement of an
atom is also known as its electronic
configuration.
The first shell is the shell closest
to the nucleus of the atom.
The electrons in the outermost
occupied shell of an atom are
known as the valence electrons.
For atoms with the proton
numbers of 1 to 20, two electrons
can occupy in the first
BACKshell, eight
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The result of scientific research on the structure
of the atom by Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest
Rutherford, James Chadwick and Neils Bohr has
contributed tremendously towards understanding
elements and their compounds.
Through understanding the structure of the

atoms, we are able to explain the physical and
chemical properties of elements.
We must appreciate the perseverance and

diligence of the scientists who discovered the
subatomic particles in an atom, leading to
knowledge about the structure of the atom.
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Which question do you like?
4
1 3
2
HOM
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Which of the following processes
suggests that matter exists as discrete
particles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensatio
n
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particles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensatio
n
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CK
particles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensatio
n
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CK
particles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensatio
n
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CK
particles?
A Boiling
B Melting
C Diffusion
D
Condensatio
n
BA
CK
Which of the following model shows the
arrangement of the particles of a gas in
a container?
A C
B D
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a container?
A C
B D
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a container?
A C
B D
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a container?
A C
B D
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a container?
A C
B D
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Who was the scientist who
proposed that the electrons in an
atom move in shells around the
nucleus?
A Neils
Bohr
B J.J
Thomson
C James
Chadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
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nucleus?
A Neils
Bohr
B J.J
Thomson
C James
Chadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
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nucleus?
A Neils
Bohr
B J.J
Thomson
C James
Chadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
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nucleus?
A Neils
Bohr
B J.J
Thomson
C James
Chadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
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nucleus?
A Neils
Bohr
B J.J
Thomson
C James
Chadwick
D Ernest
Rutherford
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Valence electrons are electrons
found
A In
ions
B Outside the shell of an
atom
C In the innermost shell
of
D an atom
In the outermost occupied
shell of a particle
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found
A In
ions
atom
of an atom
D In the outermost occupied
shell of a particle
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found
A In
ions
atom
of an atom
shell of a particle
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found
A In
ions
atom
of an atom
shell of a particle
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found
A In
ions
atom
of an atom
shell of a particle
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10
9 1
2
8
3
7
4
6 5
HOM
E
Which of the following explain why gas can be
compressed easily?
A The density of a gas is very

low
B The particles of a gas move at a
high speed
C The particles of a gas attract each
other easily
D The particles of a gas are very far apart
from each other
BA
CK
compressed easily?

low
high speed
other easily
from each other
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compressed easily?

low
high speed
other easily
from each other
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CK
compressed easily?

low
high speed
other easily
from each other
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CK
compressed easily?

low
high speed
other easily
from each other
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CK
Which of the following happens when solid
iodine sublimes?
A Its particles becomes

smaller
B Its particles lose
kinetic energy moves far apart
C Its particles
from
D The one another
forces of attraction between the
particles increase
BA
CK
iodine sublimes?

smaller
kinetic energy
C Its particles moves far apart
from one another
D The forces of attraction between the
particles increase
BA
CK
iodine sublimes?

smaller
kinetic energy
from one another
particles increase
BA
CK
iodine sublimes?

smaller
kinetic energy
from one another
particles increase
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iodine sublimes?

smaller
kinetic energy
from one another
particles increase
BA
CK
The rate of diffusion of particles is the
highest in gases compared to the rate of
diffusion of particles in solids and liquids
because the particles in gases
A Are
lighter
B Are
smaller
C Are very far
apart
D Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
A Are
lighter
B Are
smaller
C Are very far
apart
D Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
A Are
lighter
B Are
smaller
C Are very far
apart
D Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
A Are
lighter
B Are
smaller
C Are very far
apart
D Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
A Are
lighter
B Are
smaller
C Are very far
apart
D Move at a higher
speed
BA
CK
Which of the following occur when a
liquid is cooled?
A The particles in the liquid
becomes lighter
B The particles in the liquid
become smaller
C The spaces between the particles
in the liquids
become bigger
D The particles in the liquid lose
kinetic energy and
move less vigorously
BA
CK
liquid is cooled?
becomes lighter
become smaller
in the liquids
become bigger
kinetic energy and
BA
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liquid is cooled?
becomes lighter
become smaller
in the liquids
become bigger
kinetic energy and
BA
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liquid is cooled?
becomes lighter
become smaller
in the liquids
become bigger
kinetic energy and
BA
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liquid is cooled?
becomes lighter
become smaller
in the liquids
become bigger
kinetic energy and
BA
CK
Which of the following graph
represents the heating curve of
naphthalene when naphthalene
powder is heated till it has melted?
Temperature Temperature
A C
Time Time
B D
Time Time
BA
CK
A C
Time Time
B D
Time Time
BA
CK
A C
Time Time
B D
Time Time
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A C
Time Time
B D
Time Time
BA
CK
A C
Time Time
B D
Time Time
BA
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The electrons arrangement of Calcium,
40
Ca 20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
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40
Ca 20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
BA
CK
40
Ca 20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
BA
CK
40
Ca 20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
BA
CK
40
Ca 20
A 2.8.10
B 2.8.8.2
C 2.8.2.8
D
2.8.18.12
BA
CK
The electron arrangement of the
chlorine atom is 2.8.7. how many
valence electrons are there in an
atom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
atom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
atom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
atom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
atom of chlorine?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 17
BA
CK
The proton number of element X is 9.
How many valence electrons are
there in an atom of X?
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
A 1
B 2
C 7
D 8
BA
CK
An atom of an element with proton
number 19 forms an ion. What is the
electron arrangement of the ion?
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
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CK
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
BA
CK
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
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CK
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
BA
CK
A 2.8
B 2.8.1
C 2.8.8
D
2.8.8.8
BA
CK
Which of the following models of an
atom was first introduced by Ernest
Rutherford?
Nucleus that contains
Nucleus
A that C protons and neutrons
contains
protons
shell shell
electron electron
Negatively-
B charged
D
electron
Nucleus that
contains protons
Positively- Electron moves
charged outside the
sphere nucleus
BA
CK
Rutherford?
Nucleus
contains
protons
shell shell
electron electron
Negatively-
B charged
D
electron
Nucleus that
contains protons
charged outside the
sphere nucleus
BA
CK
Rutherford?
Nucleus
contains
protons
shell shell
electron electron
Negatively-
B charged
D
electron
Nucleus that
contains protons
charged outside the
sphere nucleus
BA
CK
Rutherford?
Nucleus
contains
protons
shell shell
electron electron
Negatively-
B charged
D
electron
Nucleus that
contains protons
charged outside the
sphere nucleus
BA
CK
Rutherford?
Nucleus
contains
protons
shell shell
electron electron
Negatively-
B charged
D
electron
Nucleus that
contains protons
charged outside the
sphere nucleus
BA
CK
QUIT NOW?
YES NO
“CHEMISTRY IS FOR ALL
SITE”
PLEASE TELL YOUR FRIENDS ABOUT THIS MODULE

LIVE EACH DAY TO THE
FULLEST…
BECAUSE YOU NEVER KNOW IF
YOU WILL EVER BE ABLE TO
TOMORROW
NORYANA BT MOHD NOR
D20041018635
850628-03-5550
Semester 7
Chemistry Student
Batch 2004-2008
FACULTY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Module - Structure of The Atom

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Student should be able to understand

Student should be able to understand

Student should be able to appreciate the

Our world is made up of matter.

Matter is anything that occupies

Made up of tiny and discrete

These particles may be

• Is a group of two or more atoms which

• An atom is the smallest particle of an element

• Is a positively or negatively charged particles.

• Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move

• Matter can exist in three different states:

• The differences between the three states of matter

• Diffusion occurs most rapidly in gases, slower

• This is due to the different arrangement and

• Diffusion is therefore a spontaneous process.

Microscopic view of a solid

The particles are packed closely together in an orderly

Microscopic view of a liquid

The particles are packed closely together but not in

a) matter consists of discrete particles

b) the particles are always moving randomly

c) there are forces of attraction between the

d) the particles of a substance gain kinetic

e) the particles of a substance lose kinetic energy

Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate more

Particles vibrates faster as the temperature

Until the energy they gained is able to overcome

Thus, solid becomes a liquid.

This process called MELTING.

When a liquid is cooled:

The particles in the liquid lose energy and move

As the temperature continues to drops, the

Until they do not have enough energy to move

At this point, the liquid changes into a solid.

This process is called FREEZING.

D Click on the pink line

The heating curve of naphthalene

When the solid is heated, heat energy is

This causes the particles to gain kinetics

Thus it increase the temperature from point A

The temperature does not rise even though

These because heat energy absorbed by the

This constant temperature is the MELTING POINT

From point C to point D, the particles in

The temperature increases from point C

E Click on the pink line

The cooling curve of naphthalene

They move slower as the

Its temperature remains constant because

The particles in the solid vibrate slower

John Dalton proposed the first atomic

William Thomson envisioned the

Ernest Rutherford discovered a

In 1913, Bohr proposed his

Found in the nucleus of an

Found in the nucleus of an

Surround the nucleus.

As the mass of protons and neutrons are greater

• Since atoms are neutral, the proton number also

Nucleon Number = Number of Proton +

Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3