Chemistry, Enzymes,

Macromolecules
1. Chemical Reactions
• Vinegar + Baking Soda --->
• Sodium Acetate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

• CH3COOH + NaHCO3 --->

• NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2

Chemical Reaction
• CH3COOH

Atom Molecule
 Chemical Reaction

Reactants ---> Products

•Vinegar + Baking Soda --> Sodium Acetate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ---> NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2
 Reactants ---> Products
Imbalance: More reactants than products
Reactants ---> Products

Balance: Equal amounts of reactants

and equal amounts of products
 Balanced Equations
Reactants ---> Products
Sugar + Oxygen ----> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + O2 ----> CO2 + H 2O

6 Carbon atoms 1 Carbon atoms

12 Hydrogen atoms 2 Hydrogen atoms
8 Oxygen atoms 3 Oxygen atoms
 Balanced Equations
Reactants ---> Products
Sugar + Oxygen ----> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O

6 Carbon atoms 6 Carbon atoms

12 Hydrogen atoms 12 Hydrogen atoms
18 Oxygen atoms 18 Oxygen atoms
End
2. Activation Energy, Energy
Change, Enzymes
• What makes ice turn into water?

• Energy
 Reactants ---> Products

Fire + Candle ---> Lit Candle

Fire is needed for the candle to react with oxygen. It

is only needed to start the reaction.
 Reactants ---> Products
Heat

X + Y ---> XY

Heat is the energy needed for the reaction to happen.

Heat is the activation energy.
• Does a lit candle take heat
or give off heat?
• It gives off heat.
• Does a cold pack take heat
or give off heat?
• It takes heat (makes things
around it cold).
• What does exo mean?
• Outside
• The lit candle gives off heat.
• Exothermic (Heat outside)
• Exothermic Reaction
• What does endo mean?
• Inside
• The cold pack takes in heat.
• Endothermic (Heat inside)
• Endothermic Reaction

Pic of
endothermic
reaction
Exothermic Endothermic
3. Macromolecules
Molecules and Macromolecules
• Water is a molecule
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• Macromolecules
are big

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 3 Types of Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
Energy for action QuickTime™ and a
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• Proteins: Body Structure

and Processes
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• Lipids (Fats):
Energy storage, QuickTime™ and a
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Insulation (layered
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protection)
 Macromolecule Structures
• Carbohydrates
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• Lipids (Fats):
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 Carbohydrates and Proteins are
Polymers
Mono = One
Poly = Many

Monomer: The same

molecule repeated once

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molecules with
repeating molecules
 Carbohydrates and Proteins are
Polymers
• Carbohydrate:
Repeating sugar QuickTime™ and a
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• Protein:
Repeating amino QuickTime™ and a
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acid molecules
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 Protein
• Keratin: Protein in your finger nails.
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• Antibodies: Fight off disease

• Myosin: Helps muscles move

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 Protein Structure
• Amino
Acids:
The
building
blocks of
proteins.
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in the
human
body
The 4th Type of Macromolecule

Nucleic Acids:
DNA and RNA

Carry QuickTime™ and a

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End
4. Enzymes
 Where do chemical reactions happen
more quickly?
Lab Body

Chemical Reactions happen more quickly in living

things.
Catalyst
• Decreases the
energy needed
• Speeds up
reaction
 Example
Catalyst
• Hydrogen Peroxide --> H2O + O2 (Water
+ Oxygen)
• Usually a slow reaction.
• Adding manganese oxide causes a

reaction in seconds
 Enzyme
• A type of
catalyst for
organisms (living
things)

The names of Enzymes end in the letters ase.

For example, lactase is an enzyme that breaks
down the sugar, lactose.
 Types of Catalysts
Enzymes Other Molecules
• Proteins that • Manganese
make reactions Dioxide
happen more
quickly in •Copper Salts
organisms
 What is happening in this
picture?

The substrate is attaching to the enzyme. The

substrate is then broken into two different
products.
 Is Shape Important?
Reactants ---> Products
Enzymes

Substrates ---> Products

Yes. The shape of

the substrate and
the shape of the
active site of the
enzyme must
match so they can
bind together.
5. pH, Acids and
Bases
 Solutions

A mixture of two or more

solutions.

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Acids

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Basics

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pH

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