Jude

Indoor Wireless
Location Determination
using the
Trapeze LA200
George Jude McGlinchey

(B00362061)
BSc. (Hons) Computer Science
Supervisor: - Dr. Kevin Curran

April 2009
1
Abstract
The ability to track and check the location of people or equipment in real time
has a number of application areas such as child safety, prisoner tracking and
supply chain to name but a few. Wi-Fi location determination is a technology
that has been developed in recent years, that utilises existing Wi-Fi equipment
such as those installed in personal computers, personal data assistant’s
(PDA) and mobile phones. The technology uses modulated Wi-Fi
transmission signals to detect the presence of a device, which does not
necessarily have to be connected to the network in question, just visible to it,
the system is then able to determine the position of the device based on the
signals received from the various Access Points (AP).
Increasingly in the current economic climate, industry is looking at ways of

reducing waste, improving quality without a lot of additional capital
expenditure. To do this various improvement methodologies are used these
include the ‘Lean Methodology’ which uses experts known as ‘Lean
Practitioners’ to increase the product flow through a facility by removing waste
and activities that do not add value to the final product. Another methodology
that is complimentary to Lean is known as the ‘Six Sigma Methodology’ which
uses experts known as “Black Belts” who use data and statistical analysis to
reduce variation and eliminate defects. Typically these methodologies are
combined and referred to as Lean Six Sigma.
This research examines whether Wi-Fi Location determination can be used by

industry to gather movement data useful to methodologies that improve work
practices?” The report will record the stages of a project which investigates
the feasibility of using Wi-Fi location determination to answer the question,
then presents a comprehensive investigation into Wi-Fi location
determination; its present uses and proposes a system that could be used by
the author to gather movement data. The report then presents the system
requirements, a design proposal and a prototype implementation. Finally the
system is evaluated and a conclusion drawn on the work of the project.
2
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my project supervisor, Dr. Kevin Curran for highlighting
the availability of the Trapeze LA200 equipment and the subsequent idea of
utilising it in my work and in this project, his assistance and understanding of
my situation that enabled me to complete the report.
I would also give a special word of thanks to Eoghan Furey, a current PHD
student who was a fellow part-time student, for his advice and guidance in the
location awareness arena, not forgetting the other part time students namely
Jason McDevitt, Gerald Galway and Francis Doherty for their help and
encouragement over the last five years.
I also wish to acknowledge Stelios Haji-Ioannou and Michael O’Leary for low
cost airlines; these have enabled me to travel from my new home in Geneva
to complete the last year of the course.
I wish to thank my wife, family and friends for their support and prayers over
the years.
And finally you, who ever you are, for taking the time to read this report.
3
Declaration
“I hereby declare that for a period of two years following the date, on which
the dissertation is deposited in the Library of the University of Ulster, the
dissertation shall remain confidential with access or copying prohibited.
Following the expiry of this period, I permit the Librarian of the University of
Ulster to allow the dissertation to be copied in whole or in part without
reference to me on the understanding that such authority applies to the
provision of single copies made for study purposes or for inclusion within the
stock of another library. This restriction does not apply to the copying or
publication of the title and abstract of the dissertation.
IT IS A CONDITION OF USE OF THIS DISSERTATION THAT ANYONE

WHO CONSULTS IT MUST RECOGNISE THAT THE COPYRIGHT RESTS
WITH THE AUTHOR AND THAT NO QUOTATION FROM THE
DISSERTATION AND NO INFORMATION DERIVED FROM IT MAY BE
PUBLISHED UNLESS THE SOURCE IS PROPERLY ACKNOWLEDGED.”
George Jude McGlinchey
4
List of Acronyms
AP Access Point
API Application Programming Interface
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
EPE Ekahau Positioning Engine
ESS Ekahau Site Survey
FM Frequency Modulation
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global positioning system
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GUI Graphical User Interface
HCI Human Computer Interaction
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IR Infrared
MAC Media Access Control
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PPS Precise Positioning Service
RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
RF Radio Frequency
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication
RTLS Real Time Location System
SPS Standard Positioning Service
TDOA Time Difference of Arrival
VoWi-Fi Voice over Wi-Fi
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network
WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get
XML Extensible Mark-up Language
5
6
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
3
Declaration.....................................................................................................................4
List of Acronyms...........................................................................................................5
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................7
List of Figures .............................................................................................................11
List of Tables...............................................................................................................13
1 Introduction...............................................................................................................14
1.1 Aims & Objectives...........................................................................................15
2 Location Determination Technologies......................................................................17
2.2 Mobile Cellular Systems..................................................................................17
Optical Vision........................................................................................................18
2.6 Rosum..............................................................................................................20
2.7 Skyhook hybrid positioning system (XPS)......................................................20
2.8 Ultrasonic Location Determination..................................................................21
2.9 Infrared Location Determination.....................................................................21
2.10 Bluetooth Location Determination................................................................22
2.11 Inertia tracking...............................................................................................22
2.12 RFID Location Determination.......................................................................22
2.13 Wi-Fi..............................................................................................................23
2.14 Wi-Fi Fingerprinting......................................................................................23
2.15 Location Determination Applications ...........................................................24
2.15.1 Mapoint ......................................................................................................24
2.15.2 Dodgeball....................................................................................................24
2.15.3 Friend finder ...............................................................................................24
2.16 Potential applications of Wi-Fi Location Determination...............................24
2.16.1 Prisoner Monitoring....................................................................................25
2.16.2 Child Safety................................................................................................25
2.16.3 Indoor gaming.............................................................................................25
2.16.4 Supply Chain...............................................................................................25
2.16.5 Security.......................................................................................................25
7
2.16.6 Healthcare...................................................................................................25
2.16.7 Location Based Access..............................................................................26
27
3.1 Microsoft Research Group RightSPOT...........................................................27
3.2 Microsoft Research Group RADAR system....................................................28
3.3 Trapeze LA200 ...............................................................................................28
3.4 Place Lab software ..........................................................................................28
3.5 AeroScout Wi-Fi RFID ...................................................................................29
3.6 Ekahau RTLS...................................................................................................30
4 Trapeze LA200 Wi-Fi Location Determination......................................................32
4.1 LA200 major components................................................................................33
4.1.1 The Trapeze Dashboard................................................................................33
4.1.2 The Trapeze Webpage Dashboard................................................................35
4.2 Limitations of the Trapeze LA200 ..................................................................39
4.3 Advantages of the Trapeze LA200 .................................................................39
5 Lean Six Sigma - Work Study .................................................................................40
5.1 Aeroscout and IMEC Technologies................................................................41
5.2 Ekahau and Polycom.......................................................................................41
5.3 Ekahau & Rautakesko .....................................................................................41
5.4 Aeroscout and Mine Site Technologies..........................................................42
5.5 Product flow analysis.......................................................................................42
6 Requirements Specification and Analysis................................................................45
6.1 Problem Specification .....................................................................................45
6.2 Objectives of System ......................................................................................45
6.3 Design Methodology........................................................................................46
6.3.1 Waterfall Methodology.................................................................................46
6.3.2 Evolutionary development............................................................................47
6.4 Requirements Specification.............................................................................48
6.4.1 Functional Requirements .............................................................................48
6.4.1.1 User ...........................................................................................................48
6.4.1.2 System........................................................................................................48
6.4.2 Non-Functional Requirements .....................................................................48
6.4.3 Hardware Requirements ...............................................................................49
6.4.4 Software Requirements.................................................................................49
8
6.4.5 Development Languages ..............................................................................50
7 Design Phase.........................................................................................................51
Stages of the System..............................................................................................54
7.6.1 User Use Case Diagram..............................................................................54
7.6.2 User Use-Case Diagram Descriptions........................................................54
7.6.3 System Use Case Diagram .......................................................................55
7.7 Class Diagram..................................................................................................55
7.8 Activity Diagram.............................................................................................56
7.9 Sequence Diagram...........................................................................................56
8 Implementation.....................................................................................................58
8.1 Equipment Connection.....................................................................................58
8.2 Program GUI....................................................................................................58
8.4 LA200 Database...............................................................................................63
9 Testing....................................................................................................................64
9.1 Unit Testing.....................................................................................................64
9.1.1 Splash Screen & Login ................................................................................64
9.1.1 LA200 System and network..........................................................................65
9.1.2 GUI to API component.................................................................................65
9.1.3 API to the LA200 & LA200 Database component.......................................66
9.1.4 GUI to local replica database component....................................................66
9.1.5 Reporting and Graphing Component............................................................67
9.2 Integration Testing...........................................................................................67
9.3 Performance Testing........................................................................................68
10 Evaluation...............................................................................................................69
10.1 Database Component.....................................................................................69
10.2 Graphics.........................................................................................................70
10.3 Calibration......................................................................................................70
10.4 Issues during development.............................................................................70
10.4.1 API issues....................................................................................................70
10.4.2 Setup effort..................................................................................................71
10.4.3 TAG testing.................................................................................................71
10.4.4 Stationary - Additional records...................................................................71
10.4.5 Reporting of wrong location ......................................................................71
10.4.6 WLAN coverage / Inactive result ..............................................................72
9
10.5 Future Work...................................................................................................72
11 Conclusion..............................................................................................................74
References....................................................................................................................75
Appendix A – LA200 database schema.......................................................................77
10
List of Figures
Figure 1: How location is determined from satellites .................................................19
Figure 2: ZigBee Mesh Structure Network..................................................................20
Figure 3: Rosum System Architecture ........................................................................20
Figure 4: Trolley Scan RFID-Radar System ...............................................................23
Figure 5: Wireless base systems and their location range resolution .........................27
Figure 6: Key components in the Place Lab architecture ...........................................29
Figure 7: AeroScout Active RFID tag.........................................................................30
Figure 8: Ekahau Tag...................................................................................................31
Figure 9: Trapeze LA200 Appliance ..........................................................................32
Figure 10: Trapeze Dashboard for the LA200 ............................................................33
Figure 11: Trapeze LA200 Connection Details Form.................................................34
Figure 12: Trapeze Dashboard Device List Screen Appliance....................................34
Figure 13: Trapeze Dashboard Layout Locales ..........................................................35
Figure 14: Trapeze Dashboard fingerprint locations ..................................................35
Figure 15: Trapeze Web Dashboard login screen........................................................36
Figure 16: Trapeze Web Dashboard Summary screen ...............................................36
Figure 17: Trapeze Web Dashboard Device List screen.............................................37
Figure 18: Trapeze Web Dashboard Monitor screen...................................................37
Figure 19: Trapeze Web Dashboard Monitor Screen..................................................38
Figure 20: Trapeze Web Dashboard Fingerprint screen..............................................38
Figure 21 A heat map from the Ekahau / Rautakesko system.....................................42
Figure 22: Lean Six Sigma Point to Point Diagram....................................................43
Figure 23: Point to Point after improvements..............................................................44
Figure 24: Traditional Waterfall Methodology ...........................................................46
Figure 25: Evolutionary Development Model.............................................................47
Figure 26: Trapeze System Concept............................................................................53
Figure 27: Overview of the System.............................................................................53
Figure 28: User Use Case Diagram............................................................................54
Figure 29: System Use Case Diagram.........................................................................55
Figure 30: Class Diagram............................................................................................56
Figure 31: Display report for selected user..................................................................56
11
Figure 32: High-Level Sequence Diagram for the system...........................................57
Figure 33: Trapeze Web Dashboard Summary screen................................................58
Figure 34: The application splash screen.....................................................................59
Figure 35: The login screen.........................................................................................59
Figure 36: The main GUI screen.................................................................................60
Figure 37: Connect LA200 online database.................................................................61
Figure 38: Connect to local replica..............................................................................61
Figure 39: MAC address selection..............................................................................61
Figure 40: Graph of places visited...............................................................................62
Figure 41: Graph of routes taken.................................................................................62
Figure 42: Successful login confirmation....................................................................64
Figure 43: Unsuccessful login.....................................................................................64
Figure 44: LA200 API connection error......................................................................65
Figure 45: Successful connection to LA200 database.................................................66
Figure 46: Successful connection to local replica........................................................66
Figure 47: Unsuccessful connection to local replica...................................................66
12
List of Tables
Table 1: LA200 Tracking performance ......................................................................33
Table 2: Trapeze LA200 Dashboard hardware requirements......................................51
Table 3: Summary of Main Screen Components Shown in Figure 36........................60
Table 4: Integration Testing.........................................................................................67
Table 5: Evaluation against User Functional Requirements........................................69
Table 6: Evaluation against System Functional Requirements....................................69
13
1 Introduction
With the development of GPS, high speed Wi-Fi and mobile computing there
has been a growth in the areas of location determination and supplying an
individual and others with current location information relevant to the
individual or a piece of equipment current location. Location determination can
also be used to track social patterns for example finding out who interacts with
whom, how often and for how long. Location determination and the current
and historical movement of people and equipment is a useful tool for example
when looking to develop more efficient work practices by removing wasted
time or movements. A current highly promoted example into equipment
movements is being carried out by the British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC). They are carrying out an experiment on tracking the movement of a
shipping container by attaching a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to
a single shipping container and are following the containers movement around
the world for a year.1
Wi-Fi indoor location determination is a process of estimating physical

location of a Wi-Fi enabled tag or piece of equipment in relation to a set of
reference access points (AP) within a building or other predefined area. This
research will focus on the utilisation of the information available from a
wireless local area network (WLAN) equipped with a Trapeze Networks
LA200 location awareness module.
Trapeze Networks quote a ninety five percent accuracy rate to less than three
meters for their LA200 system for indoor Wi-Fi location determination which,
when compared to other location determination technologies is quite good
when you consider other technologies such as Global Positioning System
(GPS) technology, which simply does not work indoors as it requires a direct
line of sight to the satellites, and mobile phone positioning systems that have
an accuracy of around one hundred meters, Radio Frequency Identification
1
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/business/2008/the_box/default.stm
14
(RFID) can offer better accuracy as long as the item or person being tracked
is very close to the sensor.
1.1 Aims & Objectives

This project aims to investigate the capabilities and demonstrate the use of
Wi-Fi technology to track the location of Wi-Fi enabled equipment or any item
or person equipped with a special Wi-Fi tag in an indoor locale. The objective
of the project is the design, development, implementation and subsequent
review of a prototype system that will create a graphical user interface, (GUI),
to provide analysis charts on the movements of people or equipment in an
area from the present location and historical movement’s information provided
by a Trapeze networks LA200 WLAN based system.
1.2 Thesis Overview

Chapter two describes the various location determination technologies that
are available.
Chapter three describes in detail the Wi-Fi based location determination

systems that are available.
Chapter four specifically describes in detail the LA200 Wi-Fi location

determination system supplied by Trapeze Networks, its components,
software, hardware and the benefits and drawbacks it brings to this project.
Chapter five discusses the relationship between the Lean methodology and
Six Sigma Methodologies to this project and gives some examples.
Chapter six describes the requirements needed to implement the proposed

system namely the problem specification, system objectives, design
methodology, the functional and non-functional requirements, the hardware
and software requirements and the user interface.
15
Chapter seven describes the design phase of the project and in particular
discusses the hardware and software components in detail, the design
constraints, HCI guidelines and system architecture.
Chapter eight describes the implementation of the system and the different
components within the system.
Chapter nine describes the testing methodologies and the testing phase of the
project.
Chapter ten is a critical evaluation of the project against the requirements laid
out in chapter six and finally the opportunities for future work in this arena.
Chapter eleven is the conclusion which gives a review of the project and
information contained within this report.
16
2 Location Determination Technologies
Every location determination technology has its advantages and
disadvantages in a number of areas namely; if they are designed to operate
inside or outside, how they determine their position internally or via a network
connection, their cost, their susceptibility to interference and their location
determination accuracy.
2.1 Radio Detection And Ranging - RADAR

An early example of using radio waves to detect the location of an object was
the detection of aircraft using radio detection and ranging, (RADAR).2 The
acronym RADAR has since lost the capitalisation and become a word in the
English language. A radar system operates by transmitting a radio wave and
then listening for the echo of the wave reflected back from the surface of the
distant object. The distance of the object is calculated on the time it takes for
the echo to return, while the speed of the object is calculated by measuring
the echo’s Doppler shift.3
2.2 Mobile Cellular Systems

Mobile phone companies are offering to their customers a form of location
determination using a customer’s mobile phone. They can calculate the
location of the mobile phone by measuring the mobile phone signal strength
and the signal travel time relative to the different towers with in a cell.
LocateMobiles.com offers this service commercially, for example to parents

wishing to find the current location of their teenage children. They state that
the average accuracy of the location determination using this technology is
around fifty meters4 albeit highly dependant on the number of towers with in
the cell at the location and other factors such as interference from large
buildings and the terrain.
2
http://www.answers.com/topic/radar
3
http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar.htm
4
http://www.locatemobiles.com
17
Optical Vision
Computer visual techniques can be used in location determination systems.
A desktop augmented reality system using optical markers was reviewed by
Kato et al (2000). It used the desktop area as they envisaged it as system for
virtual face to face meetings that would be held around a table. The computer
would then use the special markers to track the meeting attendees in a virtual
manner. Alternatively the optical markers could be used to track movement
and ultimately location in a motion capture system (Benford, 2005).
2.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) is an outdoor location determination system
originally developed for military use by the United States Department of
Defence. Today GPS has many uses albeit outdoor only activities such as
route navigation, emergency location finding, surveying and mapping to name
but a few.
The GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that comprises of a

network of twenty-four satellites and ground stations. Each satellite transmits
a signal containing the time and its location back to the earth synchronised by
its internal atomic clock. Using a minimum of three satellite signals a GPS
receiver triangulates its position by calculating its distance from each of the
satellites using the information contained in each satellite signal. This method
of triangulation is referred to as trilateration.5 Prior to May 2000 the accuracy
of GPS for civilian use was restricted by the United States Department of
Defence to round one hundred meters known as Standard Positioning Service
(SPS). In May 2000 President Clinton announced that the SPS would have
the same capability as the military version which was accurate to ten meters
or less. The military version was known as Precise Positioning Service (PPS).
To improve the accuracy even further the use of ground stations in
conjunction with the satellites improves the accuracy to three meters or less
this is known as the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). GPS
5
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps1.htm
18
does have some limitations namely receivers must be in ‘line of sight’ with the
satellites which means they cannot work indoors or near tall buildings which
block or reflect the signal, a phenomenon known as ‘urban canyon effect’.
Figure 1 shows how a location is determined from satellites orbiting the earth.
Figure 1: How location is determined from satellites 6
2.5 ZigBee
ZigBee is a name given to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The term is derived
from the erratic flight patterns that bees make while they are collecting pollen
from flowers, and is similar to the numerous connections between all the
devices in a totally wireless network. ZigBee is aligned to connectivity
between small packet devices, its ‘bigger brother’ in the Wireless Personal
Area Networks (WPAN) arena, Bluetooth, is aligned to the connectivity
between large packet devices such laptops, cellular mobile phones and
headsets.7
In a ZigBee mesh structure network, as shown in Figure 2, a mobile nodes
location can be triangulated by using Received Signal Strength Indication,
(RSSI), to an accuracy of five meters from three or more adjacent static nodes
(Cambridge Consultants, 2006).
6
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579727_2/Global_Positioning_System.html
7
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-zigbee.htm
19
Figure 2: ZigBee Mesh Structure Network
2.6 Rosum
Rosum uses commercial digital, analogue and mobile television signals for
location determination. Its advantage over other systems is that it is a hybrid
system that combines the benefits of GPS with television transmitter signals
to determine location. When the GPS component cannot determine the
location accurately typically in an urban area or inside a building the location
can be derived from television transmitter signals which can penetrate a
building.8 Figure 3 shows the Rosum system architecture.
Figure 3: Rosum System Architecture 9
2.7 Skyhook hybrid positioning system (XPS)

XPS is a hybrid location determination system for such as dual-mode
equipped devices such as a mobile phone, laptop or PDA. The technology
uses the location data from GPS, mobile cellular masts and nearby Wi-Fi
8
http://www.rosum.com/rosum_technology.html
9
http--www.rosum.com-images-architecture.jpg
20
access points to calculate the position of a mobile device. Based on the
required accuracy of the location determination and in an effort to reduce
power usage the system disables or enables input from the various
information sources. GPS and mobile cellular system location determination
are calculated using the methods discussed in earlier sections of this report.
However the Wi-Fi method is section is more complex, to calculate the

position using Wi-Fi a Skyhook database is utilised that contains millions of
access point records from across Asia, Europe and North America. The
records are collected by a fleet of vehicles that drive around the roads
detecting the signal from access points. From an access point the Media
Access Control (MAC) address is read, recorded and time stamped along with
the vehicle’s location at the time of detection. This means that the actual
physical location of an access point is not recorded but a signal fingerprint
from the access point. Then later when required to calculate a location it is the
fingerprint that is actually used not the actual access point location10.
2.8 Ultrasonic Location Determination

Ultrasonic systems similar to the Lighthouse Museum tour guide system
(Brown et al, 2003), use the time of flight of ultrasonic sound chirps to
triangulate position. Typically this can be expensive; however a low cost
version was developed by the University of Bristol (Randell and Muller, 2001).
2.9 Infrared Location Determination

Infrared (IR) systems operate by either the user taking some action to
highlight their presence to a sensor or as in the case of the IntelliMotion
system the light pulses worn by a user are detected by sensors and the
location of the user is display on a computer11. With IR technology and due to
the fact that light cannot pass through walls, a sensor would be required in
every room, behind every blocking wall and in every corridor of a facility using
this technology.
10
http://www.skyhookwireless.com/howitworks/faq.php
11
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_/ai_18655803
21
2.10 Bluetooth Location Determination
12
A Bluetooth system like Tadly’s Topaz System is made up of three major
components namely the positioning server, the access points and the tags.
The tags can be either special Topaz System Bluetooth tags or any Bluetooth
equipped device such as a mobile phone. The system can provide with ninety
five percent reliability an accuracy of around two meters. It can detect a
Bluetooth tag by several methods namely, using RSSI to triangulate the
location, putting an access point in every room and the nearest AP to the tag
indicates its location. They also offer for a highly compartmented area the
use of a hybrid Bluetooth-IR system.
2.11 Inertia tracking

Inertia tracking can be used as a means of determining location.
Accelerometers can be embedded into mobile devices and these can be used
to calculate velocity. Digital compasses can be added to these devices in
order to measure orientation, (Benford, 2005).
2.12 RFID Location Determination

Radio Frequency Identification tags can be easily added into most everyday
objects. Trolley Scan’s RFID-radar system is a an example of an indoor RFID
based location determination system that has the accuracy capability of less
than fifty centimetres in an area up to one hundred meters deep however this
depends on the tags used and may be as little as ten meters. The system can
track up to fifty tags and locate their location within a few seconds. The
system has three main components, the reader, the antenna array and the
tags. The reader measures the distance of the signals from the tags, the
antenna array for energising the tags and finally the tags themselves. Figure 4
shows these main components. The system works by measuring the distance
the signal travels to two of the antenna arrays then calculating the angle from
each. Movement can be detected by repeating this process continuously
12
http://www.tadlys.co.il/Pages/Product_content.asp
22
(rfid-radar.com, 2007). To improve accuracy ‘chokepoints’ may be used, these
are additional readers and antenna that are installed at entry and exit points,
they are used to detect when a tag enters or leaves a particular area.
Antenna array
Reader
Tags
Figure 4: Trolley Scan RFID-Radar System
2.13 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is the generic name given to any of the 802.11 group of specifications
for the wireless local area network (WLAN) interface developed by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). With the increasing
number of hotspots, public access points, high speed internet access and the
ability to easily set up a network without the need for any cabling has led to
the take off in popularity of WLAN’s
2.14 Wi-Fi Fingerprinting

A number of Wi-Fi location determination systems utilise a Wi-Fi fingerprint to
determine location. A finger print is done by taking a Wi-Fi device to a
specific point where it senses the signals from all the fixed access points that
are in its detection range. From these signals a unique fingerprint for that
location is generated from the measurements of all the detected access
points. The actual location determination occurs at a later date when a Wi-Fi
23
device is taken to a location and the system determines the probable location
based on the fingerprints. The greater number of fingerprints taken will
improve the accuracy of the location determination.
2.15 Location Determination Applications

There are a number of location determination applications available however
they fall into three general categories:
1. Applications for users who do not want to disclose their position to
anyone else
2. Applications for users who display their position to a selected group
3. Applications for users who want disclose their position to everyone
2.15.1 Mapoint
Mappoint.com is an example of an application for users who do not disclose
their position to anyone else; it displays the user’s position on a map and
nearby points of interest.
2.15.2 Dodgeball
www.dodgeball.com is an example of an application for users who wish to
display their position to a select group; it is used by mobile phone users and
works by users telling www.dodgeball.com who their friends are, then when a
user is out and about they sent a text message to Dodgeball with their
location, Dodgeball then send a text message to all their friends and reports
back if there are any of their friends in the vicinity.
2.15.3 Friend finder

mMode’s Friend Finder is another example of this type of application was it
was developed by AT&T. These types of applications are typically more
popular in big cities.
2.16 Potential applications of Wi-Fi Location Determination
24
The use of Wi-Fi location determination technology could be utilised in a
number of applications namely:
2.16.1 Prisoner Monitoring

For example a system using tamper-proof, Wi-Fi tags worn by prisoners. The
system could be used to restrict prisoners to certain areas of the prison by
notifying prison wardens if prisoners enter restricted areas. This will help to
prevent escape attempts and allow prison guards to monitor prisoner
whereabouts at all times.
2.16.2 Child Safety

For example a Wi-Fi based system could be used by those with the
responsibility of supervising children in a school, crèche or theme park
environment. The child would wear an Ekahau tag. Some of the Ekahau tags
have a call-button which a child could activate if they were distressed or in
need of help. The system could be configured to notify the nearest teacher,
carer or park staff about the issue with the child.
2.16.3 Indoor gaming

For example a large scale version of Pac-man could be played with people
quipped with tags playing the roles of Pac-man and the Ghosts.
2.16.4 Supply Chain

For example Wi-Fi tags could be attached to product in a warehouse to
enable stock or inventory level tracking.
2.16.5 Security
For example, if valuable equipment is no longer detected in its normal area
this action could activate an alarm for the security staff and then allow them to
track and find it while it is still within the range of the WLAN.
2.16.6 Healthcare
25
For example in a hospital environment patients could wear wristband tags that
allow them to be tracked throughout the hospital. If a patient tries to leave
without being discharged, nurses are alerted to the situation and are able to
get them and return them to their ward. This would be particularly useful for
patients suffering from dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally it could
be advantageous if important staff may wear tags that would allow,
particularly in an emergency situation their location to be quickly identified.
2.16.7 Location Based Access

For example only providing Wi-Fi access to users who are within a certain
building or area, therefore the system could prevent those who maybe
engaged in war-driving activities. The Trapeze Smart-Pass® application used
in conjunction with their LA200 Location Appliance provides Wi-Fi access and
dynamic authorization based on the physical location of a user.
26
3 Wi-Fi Location Determination Technologies
A number of different systems have previously used WLAN access points as
beacons from which to estimate location. Numerous other indoor location
systems have been developed that make use of the sensory technologies
discussed earlier but the major drawback with these is that they all require the
installation of specialised hardware in the environment to be maintained. The
high costs of these technologies are also prohibitive making them unsuitable
for personal or social applications that are to be used in people’s daily lives.
They do however offer very high accuracy levels and are therefore used by
many commercial organisations.
Figure 5 depicts a rough outline of the current wireless-based location

positioning systems and their accuracy resolutions.
Figure 5: Wireless base systems and their location range resolution 13
3.1 Microsoft Research Group RightSPOT

13
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS—PART C: APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS,
VOL. 37, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2007 Page 1073
27
Microsoft research group developed an algorithm, that they called
RightSPOT, which used a ranking system of the available Frequency
Modulation (FM) radio stations rather than their relative signal strengths to
determine location. With eight radio stations they were able to get an
accuracy rate of approximately eighty percent (Krumn et al, 2003).
3.2 Microsoft Research Group RADAR system

Microsoft research group developed a system called RADAR, The system for
was able to locate and track users inside a building with a resolution of
between two and three meters. It uses two inputs to calculate the location
namely RSSI from the access points and a simple signal propagation model.
(Bahl et al, 2000)
3.3 Trapeze LA200

Trapeze Networks offer a Wi-Fi hardware based solution to location
determination that allows wireless equipped devices visible to the WLAN to be
tracked and located to room level. The LA200 system is installed in the
University of Ulster Magee Campus and is discussed in more detail in chapter
four of this report.
3.4 Place Lab software

The Place Lab is an open source software toolkit, from Intel Research in
Seattle, that can run on a number of varied devices such as mobile cellular
phones, laptops, PDA’s and different operating systems such as Windows XP,
Linux, Mac OS X, Pocket PC, Windows CE and Symbian S60. The “spotter”
software component ‘listens’ for the unique identifiers from various radio
beacons in its range such as Wi-Fi access points, mobile cellular phone
towers, and fixed location Bluetooth devices. The ‘mapper’ software
component then looks up each of the beacons position in the “landmarks
database” and finally the ‘tracker’ software component takes the ‘mapper’
output and estimates its own position and shows it on a locally cached map.
Providing that the system can get signals from around five beacons then the
28
accuracy for the system is around twenty meters. Figure 6 shows the main
components, (LAMARCA et al., 2005).
Figure 6: Key components in the Place Lab architecture 14
3.5 AeroScout Wi-Fi RFID

The AeroScout System (www.aeroscout.com) uses a standard Wi-Fi network
to monitor its own brand active RFID tags. Figure 7 shows an example of an
AeroScout active RFID tag. The AeroScout system locates the position of the
tags by using a RSSI algorithm however if a network is equipped with its own
brand location receivers, location points and exciters then it allows for both
indoor and outdoor capability using time difference of arrival (TDOA)
functionality and also chokepoint detection as tags pass through doors or
gateways. The system also provides its own frontend software to monitor tags
know as MobileView. 15
14
http://www.placelab.org/publications/pubs/pervasive-placelab-2005-final.pdf
15
http://www.aeroscout.com/leadcapture/files/AeroScout+System+Data+Sheet_0.pdf
29
Figure 7: AeroScout Active RFID tag
A trial in Yokohama City, Japan, in 2005 using an AeroScout system tracked

school children and monitored their safety as they went to and from school.
Each child was given an AeroScout active RFID tag to wear. The MobileView
software was able to track each child based on the RSSI from the city’s Cisco
WLAN AP’s. The active RFID tags could be read up to three hundred meters
from the AP’s and the location determination had an accuracy of around ten
meters. Each tag also has an additional feature of an a call-button that could
be activated by the child if they needed help, on activating the tag an email
showing the childs location on a map was sent to the child’s parents.16
3.6 Ekahau RTLS

The Ekahau Real Time Location System is a software suite that uses an
existing WLAN network without the need for additional special network
hardware to determine the location of a Wi-Fi equipped device. The suite has
three main of components namely the Ekahau Site Survey (ESS), the Ekahau
Positioning Engine (EPE) and the Ekahau Application Programming Interface
(API) that utilises the EPE system to create custom applications.17
16
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2050/1/1/
17
http://www.ekahau.com/?id=4510
30
The EPE uses software based algorithms to calculate the position of a tag.
However before the EPE can determine the location work it needs the site
survey calibration information from the ESS. The ESS collects the information
on the coverage and RSSI of each AP in the network across the area to be
covered. The ESS gathers the calibration information by a person carrying
18
the system and walking around the area to be covered. Ekahau have also
developed Wi-Fi tags an example of which is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Ekahau Tag19
18
19
31
4 Trapeze LA200 Wi-Fi Location Determination
The LA200 unit was developed originally by Newbury Networks, who in
December 2008, were bought over By Trapeze Networks. Trapeze then in
turn rebranded the unit as the Trapeze Networks Location Appliance LA200.
However prior to this Newbury Networks strategic business partners had
rebranded the unit under several different names namely the Meru Networks
Meru E(z)RF Location Manager, the Nortel Networks Nortel WLE2340 and
now the Trapeze Networks Trapeze LA200.20 The unit will only be referred to
as the LA200 in this report. A picture of the actual unit is shown in Figure 9.
21
Figure 9: Trapeze LA200 Appliance
The Trapeze Networks Location Appliance LA200 provides the ability in real
time to quickly and accurately locate and track assets, people or practically
anything that has a or is attached to a Wi-Fi transmitter over an existing Wi-Fi
network. The LA200 can offer location determination for up to two thousand
Wi-Fi devices over a WLAN. It also provides the capability to run custom or
enterprise applications that require the ability to provide location sensitive
content or security and track assets. To ensure compatibility the LA200 is fully
Wi-Fi compliant this allows the system to use the active Wi-Fi tags from other
companies such as, AeroScout, Ekahau, Newbury Networks and Pango.
A summary of the tracking performance of the Trapeze Networks LA200 is

shown in table 1:
Test Performance
20
http://www.newburynetworks.com/company-about.htm
21
http://www.mobiledataforce.com/Products/pointsyncRFID_Overview.stm
32
Accuracy at 10 meters 99%
Average seek time 30 sec
Fastest seek time 10 sec
Number of devices tracked 2000
Table 1: LA200 Tracking performance 22
4.1 LA200 major components

This section provides an overview of the major components of the system.
4.1.1 The Trapeze Dashboard

The Trapeze Dashboard is a graphical console that uses the information from
the LA200 to provide a real time view of the activity and location of each Wi-Fi
device visible to the system to a room and floor level. It also provides layered
views for multiple floors. The example shown in Figure 10 is from the
University of Ulster System at the Magee Campus.
Figure 10: Trapeze Dashboard for the LA200

To use the Dashboard software a connection must be established from the LA200
Dashboard software to a LA200 Appliance by completing the ‘Enter Connection
Details’ form with the appropriate details, the example shown in Figure 11 is from the
University of Ulster System at the Magee Campus
22
Source la200 datasheet
33
Figure 11: Trapeze LA200 Connection Details Form
After the Dashboard connects to the LA200 Appliance a ‘Device List Screen’
appears, it shows a summary of each device visible to the LA200. Options are
available to view devices by server, locale or network. Figure 12 shows a
typical device list view on the Dashboard.
Figure 12: Trapeze Dashboard Device List Screen Appliance
An image file containing a scaled plan of a building can be imported into the
system and different locales added by the user. For example from the
University of Ulster System the light blue area in Figure 13 represents the ‘MG
Floor2 Staff2’ locale, which contains a number of smaller offices.
34
Figure 13: Trapeze Dashboard Layout Locales
After the locales have been identified the actual physical of the fingerprints an
AP’s are added. The points where fingerprints have been taken are
represented by a green flag as shown in Figure 14 the example is from the
University of Ulster System at the Magee Campus.
Figure 14: Trapeze Dashboard fingerprint locations
4.1.2 The Trapeze Webpage Dashboard
The LA200 system also comes with a web based dashboard interface to
access the system; it provides similar functionality to the dedicated
Dashboard application, however it does not have the capability to display the
live maps only a data table of the information. The next section will describe
the main web interface screens from the University of Ulster LA200 system at
the Magee Campus. Figure 15 shows the web based Dashboard login screen.
35
Figure 15: Trapeze Web Dashboard login screen
Figure 16 shows the web based Dashboard summary screen that displays summary
information on the system, network and devices visible to the network.
Figure 16: Trapeze Web Dashboard Summary screen
The web based Dashboard device list screen that displays information on all the
devices visible to the network is shown in Figure 17.
36
Figure 17: Trapeze Web Dashboard Device List screen
By clicking on a particular device from the device list screen as shown in

Figure 17 the system will display the recent activity of the tag. The activity list
is shown in Figure 18.
Figure 18: Trapeze Web Dashboard Monitor screen
Using the web based Dashboard monitor screen as shown in Figure 18 the
user can then enter a particular MAC address and date range for any given
time period in the last thirty days and the system will display the location of
that tag for the given date range as shown in the example in Figure 19.
37
Figure 19: Trapeze Web Dashboard Monitor Screen
The system will also display the fingerprint information it holds for a particular
fingerprint point. For example in Figure 14 fingerprint ‘mp24’ is shown in the
graphic. From the web based Dashboard fingerprint screen Figure 20 shows
the detail of the ‘mp24’ fingerprint location in a graphical representation using
green and purple bars.
Figure 20: Trapeze Web Dashboard Fingerprint screen
38
4.2 Limitations of the Trapeze LA200
While the LA200 has many advantages it does have certain limitations, issues
and costs. These include:
• Requires the purchase of the LA200 system box for the network which
at current prices, is around fifteen thousand US dollars.
• There are range limitations due to the penetration of Wi-Fi signals,
through solid objects such as building walls;
• While not purely a LA200 issue there are privacy issues, namely the
ability to track individuals without their consent.
• While the system is fully compatible with Wi-Fi and can use the Wi-Fi
signals from laptops, PDA’s etc any piece of equipment or person to be
tracked requires a Wi-Fi tag and these cost around fifty pounds each
which if you wanted to give one to every student on a campus or
employee in a business could end up quite expensive.
4.3 Advantages of the Trapeze LA200

Trapeze Networks list a number of benefits of the LA200 system, these
include23:
• Provision of user access control based on their location, this feature
could also be used to prevent those with stolen Wi-Fi equipment such
as laptop accessing the network.
• The system has the ability to collect network access points RSSI data.
• Fully Wi-Fi compliant and therefore does need not specialized
hardware or software on the Wi-Fi devices
• The Dashboard allows the ability to view the real time movement and
track up to two thousand Wi-Fi enabled devices simultaneously with a
granularity of five minutes without additional network load and then
store all this data for each device for a maximum of thirty days and at a
ten meter precision level it can locate all devices to a room level in
under thirty seconds with an accuracy level of ninety nine percent.
• It comes with an Application Programming Interface (API).
23
http://www.trapezenetworks.com/file.cfm?content=443&pageId=84&tagId=111
39
5 Lean Six Sigma - Work Study
Lean Six Sigma is the collective term given to the parsing of the Lean
Methodology and the Six Sigma methodology. The term Lean is used to
describe process of reviewing work methods to improve standards, increase
productivity and make better use of resources. It involves reviewing the
activity and removing the waste in the process by removing unnecessary or
non value adding work. Arranging or adding equipment to make the activity
easier or take less time to complete. The Six Sigma term is used to describe
the process of applying statistical analysis on data to devise solutions that will
reduce the causes of variation and defects.
In a lot of cases improvements can be made to the time taken to conduct a

task and waste removed without the additional cost of new equipment to the
business by simply rearranging the process sequence steps. The total time
taken to do a task, typically measured in ‘man hours’ or ‘machine hours’, is a
function of the actual time to do the task plus additional time taken caused by
poor design of the product, materials, manufacturing processes, human
intervention reasons and work practices.
It could be envisaged that Wi-Fi location technology will have little impact on
the design of the product or the type of materials used however it could have
a significant impact on improving the manufacturing processes, human
intervention reasons and work practices. By analysing the movements and
non-movements of people, equipment, raw materials and finished product in
the manufacturing process, it could be possible to discover the actual sources
of waste.
Waste could be caused by improper utilisation of the available space,

incorrect layout, wasted movements of raw materials or finished product,
incorrect sequences of work, cost of having excess inventory to cover waste
in earlier or later steps. Non-movements in the process could highlight
bottlenecks or broken down equipment, Reasons of waste due to human
40
action include those working at a slower pace, due to their capability, training
or other issues. Some recent examples of the use of where Wi-Fi and Lean
Six Sigma methodologies have been used together include.
5.1 Aeroscout and IMEC Technologies

Aeroscout and IMEC Technologies developed and implemented a parts
replacement system using WiFi-enabled Active RFID technology for Thermo
King Corporation. The system enabled the implementation of Lean Six Sigma
Methodologies, known as Kanban, so that when components used in the
process reach a predetermined level a worker just activates a button on a Wi-
Fi tag attached to the parts bin and more parts will be ordered to refill the
bin.24 25
5.2 Ekahau and Polycom

Developed a system where workers carry a Polycom voice over Wi-Fi (VoWi-
Fi) telephone equipped with an Ekahau tag, this allows them to receive
production information for their particular location. Another example where
they use this hardware in industry is when a worker goes to a particular area
in the facility that has special safety equipment requirements then they will get
a text message to the telephone to remind them of the correct safety
equipment to be worn for that particular area.26
5.3 Ekahau & Rautakesko

Ekahau developed a system in conjunction with the retailer Rautakesko to
track shopper’s movements around their store. The system works by
shoppers voluntarily taking a Wi-Fi tag when they enter the store which they
carry with them as they go around the store. Later the store can analyse the
data to see in which areas the shoppers are going to, or spending the most
24
http://www.sixthsigma.com/2009/02/flexible-e-kanban-manufacturing.htm
25
http://www.aeroscout.com/content/news-and-events/press-releases/thermoking-170209/thermo-king-
improves-manufacturing-operatio
26
http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3707806
41
and adjust their product arrangements accordingly. Figure 21 shows a heat-
map produced by the system. 27
Figure 21 A heat map from the Ekahau / Rautakesko system
5.4 Aeroscout and Mine Site Technologies

Aeroscout and Mine Site Technologies have developed various systems for
the mining industry to track people and equipment in a mining environment to
improve productivity and safety by the better management of equipment and
people through Wi-Fi tracking to know exactly where they are. The tags can
be incorporated into the miners helmet light.28
5.5 Product flow analysis

Product flow analysis is a tool used in the Lean methodology to provide a
thorough understanding of the waste associated with a product as it traverses
a facility. This involves reducing and eliminating non value adding steps and
optimising the value adding steps through the use of practical, graphical, and
analytical type tools to make it easier to understand the product flow and
potential improvements.
27
http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3788656
28
http://www.minesite.com.au/wi_fi_rfid_tracking_solutionsc
42
In the real work a person or product is followed by an auditor who literally will
attach them selves to that person or object and follow and record their every
movement or lack of movement and record all the information on a various
data collection sheets. One such sheet is the point to point diagram shown in
Figure 22. The circles represent doing a task and the lines represent
movement from one area to another.
In Figure 22 it is quite apparent that there is a lot of wasted time for the
person moving between the bench area and the oven area because these two
pieces of equipment are far apart and the waste comes from the fact they are
used quite a lot. It would be better if the equipment was rearranged so that
these two pieces of equipment were much closer together and some of the
steps consolidated.
AREA NAME: BEFORE - Carrier Assembly - Ball Bearings PREPARED BY:
SUPERVISOR: DATE:
NOTE: Depict rough scale of equipment layout; and, draw a point to point diagram of the complete product flow
40
35
OVEN
33
31
Bench
Tool
21
23 Box 26
22 8
24 Trash
Press 19 14 2 4 9 6 10
39 30 18
13 12 16 20 34 38
44
42 32
28 Part 15
Vice 41
Box 17
36
43
29 25 3 1 5 7
37 27
11
Parts Rack
Figure 22: Lean Six Sigma Point to Point Diagram
Figure 23 shows the same process as Figure 22 after the product flow
analysis component of the Lean methodology has been applied. In this
instance some steps have been consolidated, reduced from forty two to
twenty eight.
Broach
Oven
Press
Press
1 2 3 26 27 28
9 11 14 17 20 23
4 5 6
10 12 1543 18 21 24
7 8
13 16 19 22 25
Figure 23: Point to Point after improvements
It is areas such as this that the proposed application could be used to

generate the data automatically without the need for a person to watch and
record the person or item being followed through the and record all the data
manually.
44
6 Requirements Specification and Analysis
This chapter will specify the problem; list the system objectives, the chosen
design methodology, specification of the functional, non-functional, software
and hardware requirements.
6.1 Problem Specification

In industry today companies are under a lot of pressure to be more efficient,
reduce costs and remove defects, errors and waste from their work practices.
Some of the methodologies that they can use to be more efficient are known
‘Six Sigma’ and ‘Lean Manufacturing’. Six Sigma black belts’ and ‘lean
practitioners’ are people who are specially trained experts in these
methodologies and who will lead teams to improve the work practices. A
prototype system will be developed within the University of Ulster at Magee to
test the feasibility of using it in a real life industrial or other scenario by these
experts so that they can track the movements of people, equipment or product
through a process to see where the inefficiencies or sources of waste are.
Today this work would typically have to be done manually by the expert
observing and recording all the necessary information by hand. Implementing
a location determination and tracking system using Wi-Fi in this scenario is
well suited any where there is a Wi-Fi signal so indoors or outdoors and utilise
the existing company WLAN network and requiring the installation of the
Trapeze LA200 device.
6.2 Objectives of System

The objective of this project is to develop a system that demonstrates the use
of a WLAN to determine the location of Wi-Fi tagged people, equipment or
product. The system will use the Trapeze Networks LA200 system to monitor
the Wi-Fi tags in a room or area in a building on a floor by floor basis as
required. The LA200 system can store location data for each tag in its
monitored area in an internal database for the previous thirty days. The
software for the new application will create a graphical user interface, (GUI),
45
to provide analysis charts on the movements this will be done by extracting
the data from the LA200 database using the LA200 Application Programming
Interface (API) using code written in Perl, Ruby or Python. The data will then
be imported into Microsoft Excel for analysis and charting and then imported
into the GUI for use by the user. The application will run on any Windows XP
operating system, with service pack two or later installed. The user interface
will contain number of selectable options that will access the data from the
LA200 database and present the data in a graphical form to the black belt or a
lean practitioner.
6.3 Design Methodology

Two design methodologies were considered for this application namely
waterfall, and evolutionary development.
6.3.1 Waterfall Methodology
Figure 24: Traditional Waterfall Methodology 29
With Waterfall methodology a rigid, linear and sequential schedule is followed

and the goals for each phase are clearly defined and must be completed
before moving onto the next one, after having moved on there is no turning
back. While the Waterfall methodology has a number of advantages around
project discipline it also some disadvantages and for this project they are that
29
http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/plc-models/1990s.htm
46
the waterfall methodology is typically intended for large projects which this
project is clearly not and more importantly the methodology does not have the
ability to easily handle major change or upgrades late in the process which
are envisaged in this system.
6.3.2 Evolutionary development

The evolutionary development model is geared towards small to medium
sized projects and uses a concept of developing an initial system showing it to
the end-user and upgrading it with their feedback. While this may be an
advantage for the end-user in that they get what they want however the
disadvantage for the developer is that this methodology tends to result in
additional cost and poorly structured systems.
Figure 25: Evolutionary Development Model
6.3.3 Design Methodology Selection

The chosen methodology for this project will be the evolutionary development
model because this suits this new technology so that as prototypes are
developed they can be either further improved on or if aspects of the new
technology is prove to be unworkable then they can be rejected. However an
awareness of the disadvantages of this methodology, cited earlier, by those
involved in the project will help to ensure that the project is not totally
susceptible them.
47
6.4 Requirements Specification
The requirements for this project are split into two distinct areas: functional
requirements and non-functional requirements. The software and hardware
requirements are also listed in order that the full functionality can be
successfully implemented.
6.4.1 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements are further broken down into two groups namely
user requirements and system requirements.
6.4.1.1 User
After starting the program, the user should be able to:
• Quit the program;
• Access the menu screen;
• Select the data that they require from the database;
• Report the data in a format that they desire;
• Export the data to Microsoft Excel – if desired;
• Graph the data on the GUI;
• View the software help at any time;
6.4.1.2 System
The LA200 provides and stores all the location data.
The system should:
• Have a permanent network and intranet connection;
• Have access to the LA200 and Dashboard;
• Have fully working GUI for the user;
• Run on any recent computer using Windows XP SP2 operating system;
• Access the location data provided by the LA200 system;
6.4.2 Non-Functional Requirements
48
• Accessibility – The software should be easy to use with little training or
experience.
• Time Constraint – See project Gantt chart attachment A and the
required project completion date is 28th April 2009;
• Reliability – The system work all the time and provide a means to
handle errors with little or no input from the user. The data provided by
the system should be validated and verified were possible;
• Performance – The system should be able to carry out each task
requested by the user as quickly as possible;
• Extensibility – The system should be developed with future upgrades
and additional functionality being added at a later date;
• Maintainability – The program coding should be well documented and
laid out particularly to facilitate future upgrades and additional
functionality being added at a later date;
• Scalability – The system should be able to provide data for the current
maximum number of tags presently two thousand for a period of thirty
days in what ever format the user decides;
• Efficiency – The system should operate with the minimum adequate
resource levels to that ensure it performs at a level acceptable to the
user;
• HCI standards must be adhered to.
6.4.3 Hardware Requirements

• Wi-Fi network with 802.11a/b/g with installed Trapeze Networks
Location Appliance LA200.
• Wi-Fi tags or supported Wi-Fi enabled devices such as laptops, PDA’s
and mobile phones.
• IP addressing for all tracked devices.
• Current specification Wi-Fi equipped Laptop with Windows XP SP2 will
be required to do fingerprinting.
• Computer running Windows XP SP2 and with a network connection to
access the LA200 appliance.
6.4.4 Software Requirements
49
• Latest version of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
• Trapeze Networks Dashboard
• Trapeze Networks webpage
• Perl, Ruby, Python or Soap programming systems (as required)
• Visual Studio 2005
• Microsoft Excel 2003
• Custom made application
6.4.5 Development Languages

While the LA200 Dashboard supplied by Trapeze is written in Java, the
company provide and API that can utilise various programming languages to
communicate with the LA200 and its database. For the main user GUI it was
decided to use Visual Basic 2005.
6.5 User Interface

There will be three main user interfaces that will need to be designed the first
will give the user the option to query the LA200 database and retrieve the
information based on the selection or combination of selections they have
made from a series of drop down lists or pop-ups. After selecting the data the
user will be offered the second interface which is to export the data to a third
party application such as Microsoft Excel or finally a third interface to display
the data on the screen in the form of charts and reports showing the desired
data in a presentable format.
50
7 Design Phase
This chapter will discuss the detail of each component in the design phase of
the project.
7.1 Hardware Components

The hardware utilised in the implementation of the system include a
laptop/desktop computer, meeting the requirements listed in table 2, a
Trapeze Wi-Fi network equipped with a LA200 location appliance and Wi-Fi
capable transmitters such as tags, laptops or mobile phones.
Processor Pentium III (or later)

Processor Speed 1GHz (or greater)
Memory 512MB RAM (or more)
Hard-drive 200MB free
Operating System Windows XP with Service Pack 2
Table 2: Trapeze LA200 Dashboard hardware requirements
7.2 Software Components

The major software component, used to create the custom software
application was the “What You See Is What You Get” (WYSIWYG) Microsoft
Visual Studio 2005 developer tool using the .Net framework. This can be used
to create applications using Visual J#, Visual C++, Visual C# or Visual
Basic.Net. This system will be created with Visual Basic.Net and the Trapeze
supplied API.
7.3 Design Considerations

As the position of a tag at a particular time is known and recorded in the
Trapeze LA200 database and can be displayed in real-time using the supplied
Trapeze Dashboard application then there is no need to apply any design
consideration for the proposed system to re-create this functionality namely
the creation of a graphical representation of the various tags on a map. The
Trapeze Dashboard needs to be configured in advance so that it knows where
all the wireless access points are in the area and as it can determine a Wi-Fi
51
tags position to a room or locale level each of which should have the
recommended number of fingerprints carried out.
7.4 HCI Considerations

HCI standards must be adhered to.
o Consistency
 User input, system output, form layouts and colour schemes
should be consistent across all screens;
o Minimise user input
o Feedback
 Provide user feedback for all actions performed
o Error Prevention
 Validate user inputs and disable inactive form controls.
o Aesthetics & User Expectation
 Clear and uncluttered design with clear functionality for each
form.
7.5 System Architecture

Figures 26 and 27 give an overview of the system architecture and system
concept. The Custom made application which will be developed in this project
will utilise the Application Programming Interface (API) to communicate with
the LA200 and the database within the unit to obtain the appropriate
information on each of the tags or Wi-Fi devices that the LA200 had detected
and monitored on the WLAN network. Each individual person or piece of
equipment that is to be tracked needs to have a Wi-Fi device, otherwise they,
need to be given a Wi-Fi tag. The LA200 System calculates the position of the
Wi-Fi tag using the fingerprints that it has stored and records the position or
locale and the details of the access point that has detected the tag in the
LA200 database.
52
Trapeze Custom
Dashboard App. Made
Positioning model Creation,
Maintenance and analysis Application
Trapeze LA200
802.11a/b/g Positioning Server
& Database
Wi-Fi network
Trapeze
API
Clients
Trapeze Web
Dashboard
To LA200
Figure 26: Trapeze System Concept
WI-Fi
Access Point
Network
Person with
Tag or Wi-Fi
source LA200
API
LA200
On-Screen Database
Display
of new
application
Figure 27: Overview of the System
53
Stages of the System
This section will show the use case diagrams showing different user activities
and the system functionality.
7.6.1 User Use Case Diagram
Start Location
Awareness Application
Remove Person
Start Graphing User
tag from List
«extends»
«uses»
Select User To
Graph
«extends»
User
Add Person /
Display / to List
Print
Reports / Graphs
Figure 28: User Use Case Diagram
View Help
7.6.2 User Use-Case Diagram Descriptions
Use Case Name Start Location awareness Application
Exit Application
Primary Actor User
Data None
Description The user starts the application.
Preconditions None
Post Conditions The application loads.
Use Case Name Select tag to track

Primary Actor User
Data None
Description The user selects the tag to review in the system
Preconditions The LA200 equipment is switched on.
Post Conditions The Trapeze System starts tracking the Wi-Fi.
Use Case Name Display reports

Primary Actor User
Data Location history records
Description The user requests the reports to be displayed
Preconditions The LA200 equipment is switched on.
54
There is at least one record for the appropriate tag.
Post Conditions The appropriate report is displayed.
7.6.3 System Use Case Diagram
Interface with
«uses» LA -200 API Software
Start Location
Awareness Application «uses»
Connect to LA -200
Database
Remove Per
Start Graphing User
tag from L
«extends»
«uses»
Select User To
Graph
«extends»
System
Add Perso
to L
Show
Reports / Graphs «uses»
Print Graphs
«uses» «uses»
Figure 29: System Use Case Diagram
Exit Application
Get graphs
from Excel
Show Help Screen Pass values
to Excel
7.7 Class Diagram

Figure 30 shows the classes, their properties and associations used in the
application.
55
MainForm LA200 Database
-port : SerialPort
-TotalRange : double
+MainForm()
+MainForm_Load()
+connectLA200() 1
1
+disconnectLA 200()
+sendUserToExcel(in message : string)
+selectUser ()
+RemoveUser()
+refreshData()
+displayGraph()
Figure 30: Class Diagram
+printGraph()
+mainForm_Quit ()
+helpScreen()
7.8 Activity Diagram
Figure 31 showing and activity diagram to show the process of selecting the
user MAC address to display.
Select user
Mac address
[ MAC Exists ]
[ No Wi-Fi
[ error records ]
message ]
[ Wi-Fi
Records ]
Display
Report
Figure 31: Display report for selected user
7.9 Sequence Diagram

Figure 32 is a high level sequence diagram showing the messaging between
different components in the system.
56
Location Awareness API LA200
Application Interface Database
All_ta
btn_selectUserClick ()
getSelectedUserData()
Figure 32: High-Level Sequence Diagram for the system

queryResult
queryResult
57
8 Implementation
This chapter describes the functionality of the system and the implementation
stage of the project.
8.1 Equipment Connection

The first step of the implementation is to ensure that the LA200 is installed
and working on the network, for the University of Ulster system at Magee, this
can be done quickly in two ways using either the GUI application or using the
Trapeze web interface. To log into the web interface at the following webpage
https://193.61.189.25/admin and entering the appropriate username and
password. (Not given in this report as they are a security item). The next step
was to establish this two-way communication between the various
components, namely the LA200 database, the LA200 API and the GUI
software.
Figure 33: Trapeze Web Dashboard Summary screen
8.2 Program GUI

The GUI software that processes data from the Trapeze LA200 database was
created using Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and utilises the functions within
the Trapeze API. When the GUI software is loaded, the user is presented with
a splash screen followed three seconds later by the login screen. After the
user has logged in to the system the main GUI screen of the system is
displayed. These displays are shown in figures 34 to 36.
58
Figure 34: The application splash screen
As the prototype has the ability to track people this creates a “big brother”
issue and therefore would benefit from some sort of security system that
would have a username and password to gain access and restrict report to a
few “test” or special tags and the users own MAC address Therefore so it was
decided to add this feature to the scope, iterative and incremental approach
allows this unlike the waterfall methodology.
Figure 35: The login screen
59
4
Figure 36: The main GUI screen

3
1
2
The components of the main GUI screen are shown in Table 3.
No. Component Function

1 Connect to the LA”00 through the API
2 Connect to a local replica of the database
3 Select the MAC address to be reviewed
4 Menu item used to access the File and Help screens.
Table 3: Summary of Main Screen Components Shown in Figure 36
60
From the main GUI the use then can elect to connect to the online database
in the LA200 as shown in Figure 37 or use a local replica copy of the
database stored on the machine as shown in Figure 38.
Figure 37: Connect LA200 online database
Figure 38: Connect to local replica
To begin the user selects a MAC address from the dropdown list. The
dropdown list, as shown in Figure 39, this has all the MAC addresses that are
available to provide a report for the user.
Figure 39: MAC address selection
After selecting the desired MAC address the user can then select from the
options to export the information to Excel or to display the graphs and reports
on the screen. Examples of the graphs are shown in Figures 40 and 41
61
Figure 40: Graph of places visited
Figure 41: Graph of routes taken
62
8.4 LA200 Database
The GUI utilises the database within the Trapeze LA200 device to access the
data a Trapeze supplied API is available as a data access layer to enable
simple read only data retrieval from the LA200 database. The LA200
database is quite complex and outside the remit of this project, however in the
Appendix A, a full list tables, their showing configuration and fields has been
provided.
63
9 Testing
This chapter describes the testing section of the project. This is important part
of the process as it ensures that the system performs satisfactorily and meets
all the users’ requirements as laid down in the requirements specification in
chapter six.
9.1 Unit Testing

By breaking the overall system down into units and testing each unit
thoroughly to ensure that it works correctly then if an error or problem arises
because it is a smaller component that is being tested it is theoretically easier
to find the problem and correct it. There are three main components in the
system which have been subjected to unit testing – The GUI connection
through the API, the API connection to the LA200 database and the GUI
reporting and graphing component.
9.1.1 Splash Screen & Login

When the GUI is started up the user should see a splash screen followed
three seconds later by a login screen. The Program was started up and the
login screen was displayed. A correct and incorrect user name and password
were entered and the appropriate messages were displayed, see Figure 42
and Figure 43.
Figure 42: Successful login confirmation
Figure 43: Unsuccessful login
64
9.1.1 LA200 System and network
The Trapeze LA200 equipment is central to the whole project and the
information it gives is only as good as the configuration and setup work done
when the system is installed. After the system has been set up to the
manufactures recommendations, this is an enormous task outside the remit of
this report. Testing of the setup can actually be done with one person using a
Wi-Fi enabled laptop connected to the network and running the Trapeze
Dashboard software, then as they walk around they can see themselves on
the Dashboard display and verify that all is correct with the configuration, if
errors are found then addition calibrations will have to be carried out in the
area.
Trapeze recommends the minimum number of fingerprints for any building:

● Create one RF fingerprint for every 3,000 square feet
● Create two additional RF fingerprints per entrance, one inside and one outside
● Create four additional RF fingerprints outside the building.
● Create four additional RF fingerprints outside the building at each compass point30
9.1.2 GUI to API component

This test will pass a value namely the MAC address to the API and ensure
that the API receives the value. Unfortunately even requesting help from the
Trapeze support staff we were unable to get this component to work
correctly,, so if the user tried this option they will get an error message as
shown in Figure 44. Therefore in this report all work will be done on a local
replica. This is not an issue for the user as a backup can be taken just before
use and this will give almost live data.
Figure 44: LA200 API connection error
30
Trapeze LA200 Deployment Guide Version 6.0
65
9.1.3 API to the LA200 & LA200 Database component
Having received the MAC address the API must now select all the rows of
data history relevant to that MAC address, and then pass these rows back to
the GUI. Unfortunately this is also failed as per section 9.1.2. However if the
system had worked correctly then the user would get a confirmation message
as shown in figure 45.
Figure 45: Successful connection to LA200 database
9.1.4 GUI to local replica database component

This test will test the ability to connect to local replica of database; a
successful connection displays a confirmation message as shown in Figure
46. If the file is not present then the user will get the message as shown in
Figure 47.
Figure 46: Successful connection to local replica
Figure 47: Unsuccessful connection to local replica
66
9.1.5 Reporting and Graphing Component
Having received the rows of data the system need to pass them into Microsoft
Excel where they can be manipulated into graphs and displayed for the user.
Figures 40 and 41 shown earlier in the report display typical results.
9.2 Integration Testing

This section describes the integration testing. When all the individual
components listed earlier have been tested successfully, then it is time to
move on and test if they all integrate seamlessly with each other.
A number of tests were conducted to ensure that the various components in

the system operate correctly together; these are listed in Table 4.
Predicted
N Test Case Actual Result P/F
Result
The GUI starts
up, the splash
screen is
displayed then
The splash, then
the login in
login then main
1 The GUI starts up screen is Pass
screen is
displayed after
displayed.
correct login
details entered
the main GUI is
displayed
The three test MAC addresses
The 3 tags are The 3 tags are
2 from the Ekahau tags are available Pass
there there
in the dropdown list to select.
The selected tag is passed to the
The data is API component
API and the appropriate data is
available for failed only able Partial
3 selected from the LA200 database,
graphing and to use local Pass
and passed back to the GUI for
reporting replica
reporting.
The GUI displays the report and The correct data Graphs are
4 Pass
graph and graph is shown displayed
Table 4: Integration Testing
67
9.3 Performance Testing
In this section the systems performance against the non-functional
requirements listed in the requirements analysis subsection, 6.4.2, are
checked.
• Accessibility – The software is easy to use even with little or no training
or experience. Only a few mouse clicks are required.
• Time Constraint – Project completed in time for required closing date of
28th April 2009;
• Reliability – Coding has been completed to handle errors and the data
provided by the system should be validated and verified were possible;
• Performance – The system can quickly carry out each task requested
by the user.
• Extensibility – The system was developed using the evolutionary model
and is well suited for adding upgrades and additional functionality at a
later date.
• Maintainability – The program coding is clear, structured and with
comments and documentation.
• Scalability – The system can provide data for the current LA200 limit of
a maximum number of two thousand tags for a period of thirty days in
what ever format the user decides;
• Efficiency – The system does not use an exorbitant amount of memory
or CPU.
• HCI guidelines have been followed.
68
10 Evaluation
The evaluation stage is a very important phase in a project as it reviews the
success of the final product against the desired outcomes that were specified
in the requirements section. This chapter checks the prototype system
developed in this project against the functional requirements from Chapter 6
and determines if the required functionality is present and acceptable.
Table 5 lists the user’s functional requirements, and whether each

requirement was satisfied.
Requirement Satisfied?
Access the menu screen Yes
Select the data that they require from the Yes by doing backup from
database server
Report the data in a format that they desire Yes
Export the data to Microsoft Excel – if required File available in local replica
Plot the data on the GUI Yes
Quit the program at any time Yes
View the software help at any time Yes
Table 5: Evaluation against User Functional Requirements
Table 6 lists the system function requirements, and whether each requirement
was satisfied.
Requirement Satisfied?
Run on any desktop / laptop computer with Windows XP SP2 Yes
operating system;
Have a fully working GUI for the user Partial
Have access to the LA200 Fail
Have a permanent network and intranet connection Yes
Access the location data provided by the LA200 system Fail
Table 6: Evaluation against System Functional Requirements
10.1 Database Component

The LA200 database is quite complex and a list of tables and field is included
in Appendix C, the access through the API was very difficult and even with
promises from the Trapeze engineer’s to supply program code not in the API
manual on how to manipulate the database easily was never forthcoming so
69
an XML extract was used as an interim measure, due to the time constraints
of the project.
10.2 Graphics
It was decided not to add graphics to the system showing the location of Wi-Fi
devices as this functionality is already available on the LA200 dashboard also
this project is working on developing a just prototype system and due to the
time constraints, and limitations in the graphics capability of the Visual
Basic .NET Framework it was decided that this level of functionality was too
complex and outside this projects scope.
10.3 Calibration
Calibration was performed during the implementation of the LA200 system
and again by the Trapeze engineers in February 2009, however they
concentrated on a relatively small area, namely a single floor in a building in
comparison to the total area under Wi-Fi coverage at the University of Ulster
at Magee Campus.
To improve the accuracy you could give the floor plans for all the buildings in
the campus to the Trapeze engineers and let the choose the locations for all
the access points which could potentially mean moving every access point as
historically they were located in the centre of a room, however moving access
points is not really a cost effective option, it would be easier to add more
fingerprints this would give additional clarity especially if it was done at both
sides of every entrance and exit point.
10.4 Issues during development

This section records the issues during the development and that may impact
future work in this arena.
10.4.1 API issues
70
To connect to the LA200 with out being an expert in the designated API
languages of Soap and Perl proved to be very difficult and time consuming
task for the author with no success at the end. Emails were sent to vendor for
help with getting data using the API with little success. Upon review for this
project and doing the data analysis live data directly from the LA200 database
is functionality that was more a nice to have than a necessity especially when
an almost live database could be extracted from database.
10.4.2 Setup effort

One of the selling points of the LA200 by the manufacture is the minimal
additional hardware and setup required to get it up and running, while this is
true it doe not allow for the accuracy of results. So to achieve high levels of
data accuracy would require a lot of extra effort to increase the number of
fingerprints per locale and maybe even total redesign and implementation of
access points.
10.4.3 TAG testing

A test was done with two tags from different manufactures carried on the
same route around the MS building. This test was done for comparability of
results however the results from the system were totally different. This creates
another issue for measurement error
10.4.4 Stationary - Additional records

When in a stationary location the system had a propensity to switch between
access points, so that when reviewing the data there were many non-
movement outside the locale records just an access point change, this
creates an added level of complexity when analysing the data namely a
record but with no movement as such.
10.4.5 Reporting of wrong location

Errors on the location reporting, a demonstrated example was during the test
of the three users, the system was reporting the tag in locale MS129 when
they were actually inside locale MS130, even though previously tit was
71
reporting correctly. Investigation showed that the user had moved to a slight
different location at their desk. As this was the test case and was being
monitored it resulted in the manual correction of records namely having to
rename the records from MS129 to MS130. This would not be acceptable or
sustainable as generally through out the test required a lot of manual effort to
“clean up the data”. to use the data to carry out significant statistical analysis.
If this had not been done then there would have been a lot of false
interpretations made.
10.4.6 WLAN coverage / Inactive result

The system gives an inactive fault when it cannot detect the tag or device
typically this occurred on the gap between buildings not under Wi-Fi coverage
for example between buildings MS & MG. While this is a minor point it still
needs to be either resolved or kept in mind.
10.5 Future Work

The system was envisaged as a prototype from which to build upon in its
niche market, as a lot of the typically functionality required in allocation
awareness application is already available in the LA200 dashboard or other
software from Trapeze such as Smart-Pass®.
However while this was envisaged as a niche market for use by those looking
to analyse movement of people, equipment, product or inventory such as
Lean Practitioners or Six Sigma Black belts then there is a lot of scope to
improve the system and utilise the full capabilities of the information that the
LA200 can prove, especially if the system could provide heat maps Figure 21
and point to point diagrams Figure 22.
Any work to improve or rearrange & improve the configuration of the wireless
network would be a big advantage to the calibration of the LA200 which would
provide greater accuracy
72
To utilise the information in the LA200 database fully is quite a complex task
and requires an in depth knowledge of Perl, Ruby and Soap scripting
language so to allow the system to be modified to extract live data into an
algorithm that would plot “point to point” diagrams on a map showing the
historical movements of people and equipment.
73
11 Conclusion
While a number of the more familiar location determination technologies have
limitations when it comes to working inside buildings, at a small area level of
resolution, fairly high accuracy rate without the need for substantial capital
investment the recent advancements with the Trapeze LA200 WLAN location
awareness system have allowed Wi-Fi technology to provide accurate live
and historical positional information. This project aimed to investigate the use
of the LA200 to provide information for an application for use by Lean
Practitioners or Six Sigma Black Belts to monitor the movements of people,
equipment, products or inventory in an area that was covered by a WLAN and
produce reports and graphs for them to use.
Initial requirements set out during analysis phase called for a GUI program,
created with Visual Studio 2005 that would interface with the LA200 database
and API and provide location data for the user’s selected MAC address. The
GUI program would then take the information and produce charts and a report
on the movements.
The specifics of the programs were defined in the design section, these
included diagrams showing the functionality of components, along with
software, hardware and HCI requirements. The design information was then
taken implemented into an application created to meet these requirements.
Before being released for general use and to validate and verify that
everything was as it should be testing was carried out in various forms namely
unit tests, functional tests, integration tests and performance tests. To
conclude, this project has been successful in delivering a prototype that can
use the information from the Trapeze LA200 system to monitor, chart and
report the movements of Wi-Fi tags around an area. However, it has also
shown that accuracy is not perfect and to achieve a high level may require
additional capital expenditure to purchase additional access points not
forgetting the setup time required to accurately verify the calibrations.
74
References
BAHL, P., PADMANABHAN, V. (2000) ‘RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based

User Location and Tracking System’ Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, pp.
775-784 (Tel-Aviv, Israel). [Available Online at:
http://research.microsoft.com/en-
us/um/people/padmanab/papers/infocom2000.pdf
BENFORD, S. (2005). ‘Future Location-Based Experiences’. JISC

TechWatch. Bristol: JISC. [Available online at:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/jisctsw_05_01.pdf]
BROWN, B., MacCOLL, I., CHALMERS, M., GALANI, A., RANDELL, C.,
STEED, A. (2003). ‘Lessons from the Lighthouse: Collaboration in a shared
mixed reality system’. In: Cockton, G., Korhonen, P. 2003. CHI '03:
Proceedings of the conference on human factors in computing systems. New
York, NY: ACM Press, pp. 577-584. [Available Online at:
http://www.equator.ac.uk/var/uploads/Brown&MacColl2003.pdf]
Cambridge Consultants (2006), Zonal Location and Asset Tracking with

ZigBee Technology (using RSSI) – [Available Online at:
http://www.zigbee.org/imwp/idms/popups/pop_download.asp?contentID=9567
]
KATO, H., BILLINGHURST, M., POUPYREV, I., IMAMOTO, K., TACHIBANA,

K. (2000). ‘Virtual Object Manipulation on a Table-Top AR Environment’. In:
KLINKER, G., BEHRINGER, R. (Eds). 2002. Proceedings of the IEEE and
ACM International Symposium on Augmented Reality. IEEE Computer
Society, pp. 111–119. [Available Online at:
http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/Papers/isar2000.pdf]
75
KRUMM, J., CERMAK, G. & HORVITZ, E. (2003) ‘RightSPOT: A Novel Sense
of Location for a Smart Personal Object’, Paper presented at the UbiComp
2003. [Available Online at:
http://research.microsoft.com/~jckrumm/Publications%202003/rightSPOT
%20publish.pdf]
LAMARCA, A. et al. (2005) ‘PlaceLab: Device Positioning Using Radio

Beacons in the Wild’. In Proceedings of Pervasive 2005, pp. 116-133.
[Available Online at: http://PlaceLab.org/publications/pubs/pervasive-
PlaceLab-2005-final.pdf]
McMullan C., Cahill D., Fry D. (2007) Place Lab Geo-positioning

System [Available online at:
http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2.05/group1/index.html
Myerson, J. (2006), RFID In the Supply Chain, CRC Press, ISBN 0849330181
Pellerin, C. (2006), United States Updates Global Positioning System

Technology - Available online at:
http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-
english&y=2006&m=February&x=20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609
RFID-Radar.com (2007) – [Available Online at: http://www.rfid-radar.com ]
RANDELL, C., MULLER, H. (2001). ‘Low Cost Indoor Positioning System’. In:
ABOWD, G. (Ed). 2001. UbiComp '01: Proceedings of the 3rd international
conference on Ubiquitous Computing. Springer-Verlag, pp. 42-48. [Available
Online at: http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Publications/Papers/1000573.pdf]
76
Appendix A – LA200 database schema
name2 name3 primaryKey required type size

ACL ACL_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ACL ENTITYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ACL ACLMODE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ACL ACLTYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ACLENTRIES ACLENTRY_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ACLENTRIES NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ACLENTRIES PERMISSION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ACLENTRIES ACL_ID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ADJACENCIES SIGNATURE FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ADJACENCIES ADJACENTSIGNATURE FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS ALERTTYPEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS VARIANTID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS ALERTTYPENAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS LOCUUID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS PRIORITY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS DESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS KEYWORDS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS SEVERITY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ALERTCONFIGS ISACTIVE FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
ALERTCONFIGS PARAMETERS FALSE FALSE LONGVARCHAR 32700
AREAS UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
AREAS ELEMENTNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
AREAS ELEMENTTYPE FALSE FALSE INTEGER 10
AREAS X FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
AREAS Y FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
AREAS HEIGHT FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
AREAS WIDTH FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
CLUSTER_NODES NODEID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES DESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES ADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES FAILOVER_ID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CLUSTER_NODES CAPACITY FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
CLUSTER_NODES NODE_ENABLED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
CLUSTER_NODES LOADBALANCE_ENABLED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
CONDITIONS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
77
CONDITIONS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
CONDITIONS ACKTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
CONDITIONS ALERTID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS VARIANTID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS CONFIGID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS ALERTNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS PRIORITY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
CONDITIONS HIGHLOW FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
CONDITIONS CONDITIONCODE FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
CONDITIONS PRIMARIES FALSE FALSE LONGVARCHAR 32700
CONDITIONS SECONDARIES FALSE FALSE LONGVARCHAR 32700
CONDITIONS TERTIARIES FALSE FALSE LONGVARCHAR 32700
CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FALSE FALSE LONGVARCHAR 32700
DATATAPS DATATAPID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS OBSERVERNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS DESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS ADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS ENABLED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
DATATAPS DEFAULTUSED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
DATATAPS PASSWORD FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS SERVICE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DATATAPS CHANNELS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES DEVICE_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES LOCATION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES TYPE FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
DEVICES ACTIVITY FALSE FALSE INTEGER 10
DEVICES DEVICEADDRESS FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 250
DEVICES INETADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES LASTSEEN FALSE TRUE BIGINT 19
DEVICES DEVICELABEL FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES CHANNEL FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
DEVICES SSID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES ENCRYPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES RXADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES DEVICEUSER FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES ACCESSSTATUS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES SPOOFSTATUS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
DEVICES LASTMOVE FALSE TRUE BIGINT 19
DEVICES SIGNATURE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
GEOMETRY UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
GEOMETRY NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
GEOMETRY SCALE FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
GEOMETRY BACKGROUND FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
GEOMETRY ORIGIN_UNIQUEID FALSE FALSE BIGINT 19
78
GEOMETRY_AREAS GEOMETRY_UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
GEOMETRY_AREAS AREAS_UNIQUEID FALSE TRUE BIGINT 19
GEOMETRY_AREAS AREA_IDX TRUE TRUE INTEGER 10
GEOMETRY_POSITIONS GEOMETRY_UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
GEOMETRY_POSITIONS POSITIONS_UNIQUEID FALSE TRUE BIGINT 19
GEOMETRY_POSITIONS POS_IDX TRUE TRUE INTEGER 10
GROUPS GROUP_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
GROUPS NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
GROUPS TYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
HIBERNATE_UNIQUE_KEY NEXT_HI FALSE FALSE INTEGER 10
HISTORYCONDITIONMAPPING HISTORYID FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
HISTORYCONDITIONMAPPING CONDITIONID FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
JMS_MESSAGES MESSAGEID TRUE TRUE INTEGER 10
JMS_MESSAGES DESTINATION TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 255
JMS_MESSAGES TXID FALSE FALSE INTEGER 10
JMS_MESSAGES TXOP FALSE FALSE CHAR 1
JMS_MESSAGES MESSAGEBLOB FALSE FALSE BLOB 1073741824
JMS_ROLES ROLEID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 32
JMS_ROLES USERID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 32
JMS_SUBSCRIPTIONS CLIENTID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 128
JMS_SUBSCRIPTIONS SUBNAME TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 128
JMS_SUBSCRIPTIONS TOPIC FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 255
JMS_SUBSCRIPTIONS SELECTOR FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
JMS_TRANSACTIONS TXID TRUE TRUE INTEGER 10
JMS_USERS USERID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 32
JMS_USERS PASSWD FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 32
JMS_USERS CLIENTID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 128
LAYOUTS LAYOUTID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LAYOUTS PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LAYOUTS USERID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LAYOUTS GROUPID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LAYOUTS PERMISSIONS FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
LAYOUTS LAYOUTNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LAYOUTS LAYOUTDATA FALSE FALSE BLOB 2147483647
LICENSE ID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
LICENSE LICENSEKEY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
LICENSE ACTIVATIONDATE FALSE FALSE DATE 10
LINKAGES LINKID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LINKAGES SOURCESTRING FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LINKAGES LINKVALUE FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
LINKAGES LINKTYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOCALES LOCATIONID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOCALES LOCATIONNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOCALES LOCATIONDESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOCALES PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOCALES ZONEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
79
LOGACTIVITIES UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGACTIVITIES HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGACTIVITIES STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGACTIVITIES ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGACTIVITIES ACTIVITY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGASSOCIATIONS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGASSOCIATIONS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGASSOCIATIONS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGASSOCIATIONS APHISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGASSOCIATIONS CLIENTHISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGHISTORIES UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGHISTORIES ENTITYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGHISTORIES TYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGHISTORIES MACADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGIPADDRESSES UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGIPADDRESSES STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGIPADDRESSES ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGIPADDRESSES IPADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGIPADDRESSES HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGLABELS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGLABELS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGLABELS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGLABELS LABEL FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGLABELS HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGLOCATIONS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGLOCATIONS HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGLOCATIONS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGLOCATIONS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGLOCATIONS LOCATIONID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGLOCATIONS LOCATIONNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGPOPULATIONS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGPOPULATIONS HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGPOPULATIONS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGPOPULATIONS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGPOPULATIONS ACTIVITY FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
LOGPOPULATIONS ACTIVE_APS FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
LOGPOPULATIONS ACTIVE_STATIONS FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
LOGPOPULATIONS ACTIVE_ADHOCS FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
LOGSSIDS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGSSIDS STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGSSIDS ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGSSIDS SSID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGSSIDS HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGTYPES UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
LOGTYPES STARTTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
LOGTYPES ENDTIME FALSE FALSE TIMESTAMP 26,6
80
LOGTYPES DEVICETYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
LOGTYPES HISTORYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
POSITIONS UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
POSITIONS ELEMENTNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 255
POSITIONS ELEMENTTYPE FALSE FALSE INTEGER 10
POSITIONS X FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
POSITIONS Y FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
PRINCIPAL_GROUP_MAPPING PRINCIPAL_ID_FK FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PRINCIPAL_GROUP_MAPPING GROUP_ID_FK FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PRINCIPALS PRINCIPAL_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PRINCIPALS NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PRINCIPALS TYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROFILES PROFILEID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PROFILES PROFILENAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROFILES PROFILEDESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROFILES PROFILEACTIVE FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
PROPERTIES ENTITY FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTIES RELATEDENTITY FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET PROPERTY_SET_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET ENTITYID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET TYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET PROPERTYKEY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET DATASTRING FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
PROPERTYSET DATABOOL FALSE FALSE SMALLINT 5
RELATIONS RELATEDENTITY FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
RELATIONS ENTITY FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SAMPLEDATA SOURCESTRING FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SAMPLEDATA SAMPLEVALUE FALSE TRUE DOUBLE 52
SAMPLEDATA SAMPLEDATAID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SAMPLEDATA SAMPLEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SAMPLES SAMPLENUMBER FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
SAMPLES SAMPLEID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SAMPLES SIGNATUREID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SCHEDULETASKS UUID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SCHEDULETASKS IDENTIFIER FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SCHEDULETASKS PROPERTIES FALSE FALSE BLOB 2147483647
SCHEDULETASKS CALLBACKVALUE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SCHEDULETASKS TIMESPEC FALSE TRUE BIGINT 19
SIGNATURES SIGNATUREID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SIGNATURES SIGNATURENAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SIGNATURES SIGNATUREDESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SIGNATURES SIGNATURETYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SIGNATURES PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SIGTRANSLATION LOCATION FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SIGTRANSLATION SIGNATURE FALSE TRUE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS SNIPERID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
81
SNIPERS NAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS DESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS ADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS ENABLED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
SNIPERS DEFAULTUSED FALSE TRUE SMALLINT 5
SNIPERS PASSWORD FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
SNIPERS SERVICE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
TIMERS TIMERID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 80
TIMERS TARGETID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 250
TIMERS INITIALDATE FALSE TRUE TIMESTAMP 26,6
TIMERS TIMERINTERVAL FALSE FALSE BIGINT 19
TIMERS INSTANCEPK FALSE FALSE BLOB 2147483647
TIMERS INFO FALSE FALSE BLOB 2147483647
VERSION61 UNIQUEID TRUE TRUE BIGINT 19
VERSION61 INFO TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS VIEWID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS USERID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS GROUPID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS PERMISSIONS FALSE TRUE INTEGER 10
VIEWS VIEWNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS LAYOUTNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
VIEWS VIEWDATA FALSE FALSE BLOB 2147483647
WORKSPACE_APS AP_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS DEVICEADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS INETADDRESS FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS APNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS APMODEL FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS APTYPE FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS APCOMMUNITY FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_APS POLICY_ID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_POLICIES POLICY_ID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_POLICIES POLICYNAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
WORKSPACE_POLICIES SECRET FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ZONES ZONEID TRUE TRUE VARCHAR 256
ZONES ZONENAME FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ZONES DESCRIPTION FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
ZONES PROFILEID FALSE FALSE VARCHAR 256
82

Jude

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jude

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indoor Wireless

George Jude McGlinchey

BSc. (Hons) Computer Science

Supervisor: - Dr. Kevin Curran

Increasingly in the current economic climate, industry is looking at ways of

This research examines whether Wi-Fi Location determination can be used by

IT IS A CONDITION OF USE OF THIS DISSERTATION THAT ANYONE

Wi-Fi indoor location determination is a process of estimating physical

1.1 Aims & Objectives

1.2 Thesis Overview

Chapter three describes in detail the Wi-Fi based location determination

Chapter four specifically describes in detail the LA200 Wi-Fi location

Chapter six describes the requirements needed to implement the proposed

2.1 Radio Detection And Ranging - RADAR

2.2 Mobile Cellular Systems

LocateMobiles.com offers this service commercially, for example to parents

2.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)

The GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that comprises of a

Figure 1: How location is determined from satellites 6

Figure 3: Rosum System Architecture 9

2.7 Skyhook hybrid positioning system (XPS)

However the Wi-Fi method is section is more complex, to calculate the

2.8 Ultrasonic Location Determination

2.9 Infrared Location Determination

2.11 Inertia tracking

2.12 RFID Location Determination

Figure 4: Trolley Scan RFID-Radar System

2.14 Wi-Fi Fingerprinting

2.15 Location Determination Applications

2.15.3 Friend finder

2.16 Potential applications of Wi-Fi Location Determination

2.16.1 Prisoner Monitoring

2.16.2 Child Safety

2.16.3 Indoor gaming

2.16.4 Supply Chain

2.16.7 Location Based Access

Figure 5 depicts a rough outline of the current wireless-based location

Figure 5: Wireless base systems and their location range resolution 13

3.1 Microsoft Research Group RightSPOT

3.2 Microsoft Research Group RADAR system

3.3 Trapeze LA200

3.4 Place Lab software

Figure 6: Key components in the Place Lab architecture 14

3.5 AeroScout Wi-Fi RFID

A trial in Yokohama City, Japan, in 2005 using an AeroScout system tracked

3.6 Ekahau RTLS

Figure 8: Ekahau Tag19

A summary of the tracking performance of the Trapeze Networks LA200 is

Table 1: LA200 Tracking performance 22

4.1 LA200 major components

4.1.1 The Trapeze Dashboard

Figure 10: Trapeze Dashboard for the LA200

Figure 12: Trapeze Dashboard Device List Screen Appliance

Figure 14: Trapeze Dashboard fingerprint locations

4.1.2 The Trapeze Webpage Dashboard

Figure 16: Trapeze Web Dashboard Summary screen

By clicking on a particular device from the device list screen as shown in

Figure 18: Trapeze Web Dashboard Monitor screen

Figure 20: Trapeze Web Dashboard Fingerprint screen

4.3 Advantages of the Trapeze LA200

In a lot of cases improvements can be made to the time taken to conduct a

Waste could be caused by improper utilisation of the available space,

5.1 Aeroscout and IMEC Technologies