Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design Principles
Design Principles
3)LW]3DWULFN+RYHUFUDIW&OXERI*UHDW%ULWDLQ6(%UDQFK
$QDLUVXSSO\KRVHLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHVNDWH7KLVIRUFHVDLULQWRWKHVNDWHDWDSUHVVXUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\
HTXDOWRWKHPDVVWREHPRYHG7KHYROXPHRIDLUVXSSOLHGPXVWEHVXIILFLHQWWRRYHUFRPHWKHDLUORVW
DURXQGWKHHGJHRIWKHVNDWHZKHQLWLVKRYHULQJ
(J$ORDGRI.JPXVWEHPRYHGXVLQJVNDWHV(DFKZLOOQHHGWROLIW.J
,IHDFKVNDWHPHDVXUHVPP[PPWKHDUHDRIWKHVNDWHLVPVTWKHDLUSUHVVXUHFXVKLRQ
SUHVVXUHUHTXLUHGWROLIWWKHPDVVLVWKHUHIRU.JPVT.SDVFDOVRUSVL
&XVKLRQSUHVVXUH 7RWDOZHLJKWRIVNDWHDQGORDG
DUHDRIFXVKLRQ
1RWHLQWKHH[DPSOHDERYHWKHZHLJKWRIWKHVNDWHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHORDGLVQHJOLJLEOHDQG
KDVEHHQLJQRUHG,QKRYHUFUDIWERWKFUDIWDQGSD\ORDGPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG
7KHHGJHRIWKHVTXDUHVNDWHXQGHUZKLFKDLUFDQHVFDSHZKHQWKHSUHVVXUHOLIWVWKHVNDWHZLOOEH[
PPLHPWUV
7RFDOFXODWHWKHYROXPHRIDLUSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHKRYHUJDSZHQHHGWRFRQVLGHUVRPHEDVLF
SULQFLSOHVRIDLUPRYHPHQW
'HILQLWLRQRI3UHVVXUH
$WPRVSKHULFDLUH[SHULHQFHVDSUHVVXUHIURPWKHZHLJKWRIDLUDERYHLW$WVHDOHYHOWKLVLV%DURU
3DVFDOV3D$LUEORZQLQWRDFKLOG¶VEDOORRQLVGHVFULEHGDVEHLQJ³XQGHUSUHVVXUH´DQGLV
OLNHO\WREHRQO\DOLWWOHDERYHDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH±SHUKDSVSDVFDOV7KHWHUP³3UHVVXUH´
ZLWKRXWTXDOLILFDWLRQGHVFULEHVERWKWKHDLURXWVLGHWKHEDOORRQ3R 3DDQGWKHDLULQVLGH
WKHEDOORRQ3D 3D7KLVIRUPRISUHVVXUHFDQEHSDUWLFXODULVHGDVDEVROXWHSUHVVXUH
)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIIDQDQGDLUPRYHPHQWHQJLQHHULQJVWDWLFSUHVVXUHFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDEVROXWHSUHVVXUHRIWKHSRLQWXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH,Q
WKHFDVHRIWKHEDOORRQWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHZRXOGEHWKHDEVROXWHSUHVVXUHLQVLGH±DWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH
RXWVLGHRU± 3D6WDWLFSUHVVXUHLVSRVLWLYHZKHQDERYHDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH
DQGQHJDWLYHZKHQEHORZ
3DJH1R
:KHUHU5KR WKHGHQVLW\RIDLULQ.JPVTDWVHDOHYHODQGY YHORFLW\RIDLULQPVHF
)URPWKHYHORFLW\SUHVVXUHIRUPXODDERYHLWZLOOEHVHHQWKDWLIY WKHQ3Y
$VWKHZLQGLVIORZLQJWKURXJKWKHDWPRVSKHUHZLWKRXWH[HUWLQJIRUFHRQDQ\WKLQJWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUH
ZLOOEH]HUR7KHZLQGKRZHYHUKDVYHORFLW\DQGWKHUHIRUDYHORFLW\SUHVVXUH:KHQLWPHHWVDQREMHFW
DVDERYHDWWKHVWDJQDWLRQSRLQWZKHUHWKHYHORFLW\SUHVVXUHIDOOVWR]HURWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHZLOOULVHWR
HTXDOWKHYDOXHRIWKHYHORFLW\SUHVVXUHWKHUHE\H[HUWLQJDIRUFHRQWKHREMHFW9HORFLW\SUHVVXUHLV
DOZD\VSRVLWLYH
7KHVHSULQFLSOHVDUHDOVRWUXHIRUDLUIORZLQJLQDGXFW'XHWRIULFWLRQWKHGXFWRIIHUVDUHVLVWDQFHWRWKH
IORZRIDLUDQGWKHDLUH[HUWVDVWDWLFSUHVVXUHRQWKHZDOOVRIWKHGXFW%HFDXVHWKHDLULVIORZLQJ
WKURXJKWKHGXFWLWDOVRKDVYHORFLW\SUHVVXUH,QDGXFWHGDLUV\VWHPWKHIDQLPSDUWVDWRWDOSUHVVXUH
3WULVHZKLFKLVWKHQFRQVWDQWWKURXJKRXWWKHV\VWHP$V3W 3V3YDQ\FKDQJHLQ3VUHVXOWVLQDQ
RSSRVLWH FKDQJHLQ3Y:KHQWKHDLUOHDYHVWKHHQGRIWKHGXFWLWKDVRQO\YHORFLW\SUHVVXUHZKLFKLV
HTXDOWRWKHWRWDOSUHVVXUHLHWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHIDOOVWR]HUR
$SSO\LQJWKLVWRWKHRULJLQDOH[DPSOHRIWKHKRYHUVNDWH
7KH&XVKLRQSUHVVXUH3FLV3DVFDOV7KLVLVDVWDWLFSUHVVXUHH[HUWHGRQWKHIORRUDQGZDOOVRI
WKHSOHQXPIRUPHGXQGHUWKHVNDWH
$VVWDWHGDERYHZKHQWKHDLUOHDYHVWKHV\VWHPDOORIWKHVWDWLFSUHVVXUHLVFRQYHUWHGWRYHORFLW\
SUHVVXUH
6RHTXDWLRQ%FDQEHUHZULWWHQDV (T&3W 3DDQG 7RW3UHVV 9HO3UHVV
(TXDWLRQ$FDQEHUHZULWWHQDV (T'3W 3D 7RW3UHVV 6WDW3UHVV
7KLVLJQRUHVDQ\YHORFLW\SUHVVXUHZLWKLQWKHSOHQXPEXWDVWKLVWHQGVWREHYHU\ORZLQFRPSDULVRQ
ZLWKWKHFXVKLRQRUVWDWLFSUHVVXUHQHJOHFWLQJLWPDNHVYHU\OLWWOHGLIIHUHQFHWRWKHILQDOFDOFXODWLRQ
:HFDQUHZULWHHTXDWLRQV%DQG&WRIRUP ò 9ð
3F
$QGWUDQVSRVHWRDUULYHDW 9 PWUVHF 9H
U
7KLVLVWKHHVFDSHYHORFLW\9HRIWKHDLUZKHUHLWHVFDSHVWKURXJKWKHKRYHUJDSDWDJLYHQFXVKLRQ
3UHVVXUH3F
3DJH1R
7KH9ROXPHRIDLUORVW9RO (VFDSH9HORFLW\9H
(VFDSH$UHD$H
0ñVHF
6RHDFKVNDWHUHTXLUHV0ñVHFRIDLUDW3D
7KHFDOFXODWLRQVDERYHDUHEDVHGRQLGHDODLUIORZ7KH\KDYHEHHQVLPSOLILHGDQGWDNHQR
DFFRXQWRIWXUEXOHQWDLUIORZIULFWLRQDOORVVHVRUYDULDWLRQVLQDLUGHQVLW\7KHILQDOFRQFOXVLRQV
ZLOOWKHUHIRUUHQGHUDQVZHUVVOLJKWO\KLJKHUWKDQZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGLQUHDOVLWXDWLRQV
+29(5&5$)7
7KHSULQFLSOHVDERYHDUHDVWUXHIRUKRYHUFUDIWDVIRUWKHVNDWH%XWGXHWRWKHG\QDPLFQDWXUHRID
KRYHUFUDIWPRUHWKLQJVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHGHVLJQ
$VDERYHWRFDOFXODWHWKHFXVKLRQSUHVVXUHDQGYROXPHRIDLUUHTXLUHGLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRNQRZ
WKHFUDIWZHLJKW
WKHGHVLJQSD\ORDG
WKHOHQJWKRIWKHFRQWDFWSRLQWRIWKHVNLUWSHULPHWHUOHQJWKRIFXVKLRQIRRWSULQW
WKHDUHDRIWKHFXVKLRQIRRWSULQW
+RYHUFUDIWDUHXVXDOO\SRZHUHGE\SURSHOOHUVRUIDQV:KHUHLQGHSHQGHQWGULYHQIDQVDUHXVHGIRUOLIW
DQGWKUXVWWKHFDOFXODWLRQVDUHVLPSOHUEHFDXVHWKHOLIWIDQFDQEHVHWWRUXQDWDFRQVWDQWVSHHGDQG
DLUIORZIRUJLYHQRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV2QVXFKDFUDIWVRPHDOORZDQFHPXVWEHPDGHIRUYDULDWLRQVLQ
RSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
$VWKHFXVKLRQSUHVVXUHLVVHOHFWHGWRRIIVHWWKHWRWDOFUDIWZHLJKWDQGWKHUHE\SURYLGHOLIWDQ\FKDQJH
LQFUDIWZHLJKWRUSD\ORDGZLOOUHTXLUHDFKDQJHLQFXVKLRQSUHVVXUH$Q\FKDQJHLQKRYHUJDSZLOO
UHVXOWLQDYDULDWLRQRIDLUYROXPHUHTXLUHGWRPDLQWDLQWKHFXVKLRQ,QSUDFWLFHWKLVYDULDWLRQRFFXUV
ZLWKWKHFKDQJHLQVXUIDFHVRYHUZKLFKWKHFUDIWLVWUDYHOOLQJ$VDFRQVHTXHQFHLWLVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKH
OLIWIDQVHOHFWHGWRVXSSO\VXIILFLHQWSUHVVXUHDQGYROXPHLQWKHVHGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQV7KLVDELOLW\LV
GHSHQGHQWRQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHIDQVHOHFWHGDQGWKHURWDWLRQDOVSHHGDWZKLFKLWLVXVHG
:KHUHDQLQWHJUDWHGV\VWHPLVXVHGKDYLQJMXVWRQHGULYHQIDQXVHGWRVXSSO\ERWKOLIWDQGWKUXVWWKH
SUREOHPEHFRPHVPRUHFRPSOH[,WLVJHQHUDOO\UHTXLUHGWKDWWKHWKUXVWLVDGMXVWDEOHXVXDOO\E\
WKURWWOLQJWKHGULYHHQJLQH7KLVLQHYLWDEO\PHDQVWKDWWKHOLIWDLULVWKURWWOHGDWWKHVDPHWLPH,W
WKHUHIRUEHFRPHVQHFHVVDU\WREDODQFHWKHOLIWV\VWHPVXFKWKDWIXOOOLIWLVDFTXLUHGDWOHVVWKDQIXOOUHYV
RIWKHHQJLQH7KLVDOORZVSDUWWKURWWOHPDQRHXYULQJIRUWXUQLQJHWFZLWKRXWORVLQJOLIWDQGJDLQLQJWRR
PXFKGUDJIURPWKHVNLUW7KHLQHYLWDEOHFRQVHTXHQFHLVWKDWDWPD[LPXPHQJLQHVSHHGPRUHOLIWDLU
WKDQLVDFWXDOO\UHTXLUHGLVEHLQJVXSSOLHGWRWKHFXVKLRQZLWKDQDVVRFLDWHGZDVWHRISRZHU
3UHVVXUHVLQD'XFWHG)DQ6\VWHP
)LJLOOXVWUDWHVPRVWRIWKHGHILQLWLRQVRISUHVVXUHZKLFKKDYHMXVWEHHQGLVFXVVHG7KHKHDY\OLQHV
6DQG7IROORZWKHFKDQJHVRIVWDWLFSUHVVXUHDQGWRWDOSUHVVXUHUHVSHFWLYHO\IURPLQOHWWRRXWOHW3R LV
WKHDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUHDQG3 WKHDEVROXWHSUHVVXUHLQWKHGXFWERWKPHDVXUHGIURPDQDEVROXWH]HUR
IDUEHORZWKHERWWRPRIWKHSDJH7KHRWKHUTXDQWLWLHVFDQEHLGHQWLILHGE\WKHDUURZVRQWKHGLDJUDP
DV
3DJH1R
3V 3±3R
3Y òU9ð
3W 3V 3Y
:RRGVSUDFWLFDOJXLGHWRIDQHQJLQHHULQJ
)LJ
)ROORZLQJWKHOHWWHUHGVWDJHVWKURXJKWKHV\VWHPZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHILJQXPEHUVZKHUH
QXPHULFDOGDWDZLOOEHIRXQG
D $LUYHORFLW\LQFUHDVHVIURP]HURLQWKHIUHHDWPRVSKHUHWRZDUGVWKHGXFWHQWU\7KHUHLVQR
ORVVVR3W LVFRQVWDQWDWWKHIUHHDWPRVSKHUH]HURYDOXH$V9LQFUHDVHV3V IDOOVZLWK
òU9ð
E 6PDOOGURSLQ3W FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRHQWU\ORVV
FH 3W IDOOVJUDGXDOO\DWIULFWLRQJUDGLHQW
3Y LVFRQVWDQWDQG3V 3W 3Y
G 3W ULVHVE\WKHIDQWRWDOSUHVVXUH,QWKHGLDJUDP3V ULVHVE\WKHVDPHDPRXQWEXWWKLVLVRQO\
EHFDXVHLQOHWDQGRXWOHWDUHDVDUHHTXDOLQWKHFDVHLOOXVWUDWHG1RWHWKDWWKHFKDQJHLQ3V LV
QHYHUHTXDOWRWKH³IDQVWDWLFSUHVVXUH´
3DJH1R
I :KHQWKHGXFWDUHDLVVXGGHQO\HQODUJHG3W ZLOOIDOOFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHORVVRIHQHUJ\7KH
QRPLQDOIDOOLVVKDUSDVVKRZQE\WKHIXOOOLQH7KHEURNHQOLQHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHOHQJWKZD\V
GLVWULEXWLRQRIHQHUJ\ORVVZKLFKLQIDFWRFFXUV3VZLOOULVHVKDUSO\ERWKQRPLQDOO\DQG
DFWXDOO\DVPHDVXUHGE\WKHZDOOSUHVVXUH7KLVVWDWLFSUHVVXUHUHJDLQDULVHVEHFDXVHWKH
ZKROHRIWKHGURSLQNLQHWLFHQHUJ\IURPHWRJLVQRWORVW
K 7KHGURSLQ3W KHUHUHSUHVHQWVXVHIXOZRUNWKDWKDVEHHQGRQHLQRYHUFRPLQJWKHIORZ
UHVLVWDQFHRIDQHFHVVDU\HOHPHQWLQWKHV\VWHPIRUH[DPSOHDKHDWHUEDWWHU\3V GURSVE\WKH
VDPHDPRXQWEHFDXVH9JKDVWKHVDPHORZYDOXHERWKDSSURDFKLQJDQGOHDYLQJWKHEDWWHU\
M 7KHDLULVDFFHOHUDWHGZLWKOLWWOHORVVRI3W EXWZLWKDODUJHIDOOLQ3VFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHODUJH
ULVHLQ3Y WRòU9Nð
N 3W DQG3V IDOOZLWKSUHVVXUHJUDGLHQWFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHYHORFLW\LQGXFWNZKLFKLVJUHDWHU
WKDQWKDWLQGXFWF
7KHJUDGXDOLQFUHDVHRIGXFWDUHDLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DPRGHUDWHHQHUJ\ORVVDQGGURSLQ3W
WRJHWKHUZLWKDVXEVWDQWLDOVWDWLFSUHVVXUHUHJDLQLQ3V DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHODUJHGURSLQ9
7KLVLVDQH[DPSOHRIDGLIIXVHUGHOLEHUDWHO\LQVHUWHGWRLPSURYHWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHV\VWHP
P $WDQ\V\VWHPRXWOHWWRWKHIUHHDWPRVSKHUHWKHZKROHRIWKHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHIORZZLOOEH
ORVW7KXVLQFRQWUDGLVWLQFWLRQWRWKHLQOHWDZKHUH3V IHOODQG3W UHPDLQHG]HURDWDQRXWOHW3W
ZLOOIDOOIURPLWVYDOXHMXVWEHIRUHWKHRXWOHWWR]HURZKLOH3V ZLOOUHDFK]HUREHIRUHGLVFKDUJHDW
PDQGUHPDLQ]HUR
Q 7KHEURNHQOLQHDJDLQGLVWLQJXLVKHVWKHDFWXDOORVVRIHQHUJ\DORQJWKHRXWOHWMHWIURPWKHVKDUS
IDOOLQQRPLQDO3W DWP
$VFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHGHVFULSWLRQDERYHDQLGHDOGXFWLVRQHZKHUHQRHQHUJ\LVORVWE\WKHDLUDIWHU
LW¶VHQHUJ\OHYHOLVUDLVHGE\WKHDFWLRQRIWKHIDQH[FHSWZKHQWKHHQHUJ\LVXVHGWRGRXVHIXOZRUN
7KLVLVRIFRXUVHLPSRVVLEOHDVORVVHVRFFXUGXHWRIULFWLRQFKDQJHRIGXFWVL]HDQGVKDSHEHQGVHWF
)RUSUDFWLFDOSXUSRVHVWKHEHVWGHVLJQRIGXFWLVRQHZKLFKXVHVWKHVHEDVLFSULQFLSOHVWRPLQLPLVHDOO
ORVVHVDQGXVHVDOPRVWDOORIWKHHQHUJ\DYDLODEOHIURPWKHIDQWRGRWKHXVHIXOZRUN
7KLVUHTXLUHVWKDW
7KHPRVWVXLWDEOHVL]HVRIGXFWVDUHFKRVHQDWWKHGHVLJQVWDJH
&KDQJHVRIVKDSHDUHNHSWWRDPLQLPXPDQGZKHUHQHFHVVDU\DUHJUDGXDO
$OOEHQGVDQGRWKHUHOHPHQWVDUHGHVLJQHGWRPLQLPLVHIULFWLRQWXUEXOHQFHDQGFKDQJHVLQ
VWDWLFSUHVVXUH
7KHWRWDOSUHVVXUHDYDLODEOHDWHDFKSRLQWZLWKLQWKHV\VWHPLVXWLOLVHGE\NHHSLQJFRQWURORIWKH
ERWKVWDWLFDQGYHORFLW\SUHVVXUHVZLWKLQWKHGHVLJQ
%LEOLRJUDSK\
:RRGV3UDFWLFDO*XLGHWR)DQ(QJLQHHULQJ%%'DO\
)DQV2VERXUQH3HUJDPRQ3UHVV2[IRUG
+RPHEXLOW+RYHUFUDIW)OLJKW,QWHUQDWLRQDO6XSSOHPHQW
3DJH1R