DID YOU KNOW THAT…

• Scientists have determined that matter is

made of tiny particles too small to be seen.
• These particles are always in motion.
 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
Temperature indicates the average energy (speed) of
the particles in motion in a substance.
• The movement of the • The movement of the
particles increases particles decreases
when the temperature when the temperature
increases. decreases.
 What happens when you add
HEAT to a substance?

• When heat is added to a substance, the

particles move faster. When heat is lost from a
substance the particles move slower.
• When heat is added to a substance, its energy
increases and a CHANGE OF STATE may
occur.
 TEMPERATURE AND
DILATATION OF BODIES

• If a body gets hot, it dilates.

– That means that the particles move faster and
the space between them gets bigger,
meaning that the volume increases.
• Solids, liquids and gases dilate when they
get hot, but the dilatation is much larger in
gases than the others.
 How do you measure the
temperature?
• To measure temperature we need to use a
thermometer.
• There are differents kinds of thermometers
• We are going to study two of these:
– Thermometers using mercury
– Thermometers using alcohol
 Mercury thermometers
• Mercury is the one and only metal which
remains a liquid at room temperature. It
becomes solid at -39 ºC, this property is
used to measure moderate temperatures
on a very large scale.
 Alcohol thermometer
• It becomes solid at -114
ºC, this property is used
to measure low
temperatures on a very
large scale. It is usually
used to measure
exterior temperatures.
Alcohol is colourless so
it is necessary to tint it.
It is usually tinted red or
blue.
 What kind of thermometer
would you use to measure the
temperature inside a fridge?
An alcohol thermometer, which is
better to measure exterior
temperatures.
 UNITS OF TEMPERATURE
• Celsius: This is also
historically known as
centigrade. The degree
Celsius (°C) refers to a specific
temperature on the Celsius
scale.
• From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C
was defined as the freezing
point of water and 100 °C was
defined as the boiling point of
water.
 Kelvin Scale
• This scale is directly related
to the movement of the
particles in a substance.
• In the Kevin Scale, 0 K is the
temperature where the
particles are NOT moving in
the substance. It is called
“Absolute Zero”.
• The Kelvin Scale is not
reffered to as Kelvin “degree”
• The symbol for the Kelvin
Scale is only a K, and not °K.
• 0 Kelvin is equal to -273.15
degrees Celsius.
 The Fahrenheit Scale
• The Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of
water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and
the boiling point 212 °F. This is the scale
used in America.
 True or False

1. The boiling point of water in

Celcius is 100 °C. TRUE
2. The Kelvin Scale is also
expressed in degrees. FALSE
3. The unit of temperature used in
America is the Farenheit. TRUE
 HEAT AND THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM
• Every time you put two or more bodies in contact at
different temperatures, the body which is at a higher
temperature gives energy to the second one at a lower
temperature. Eventually, both of them will be at the
same temperature.This process is called thermal
equilibrium.
 Heat

• Heat is always transferred

from the body which is at a
higher temperature to the
body with the lower
temperature.

• Heat is measured in calories

and Joules.
– 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules
 The transmission of heat
• Heat is transmitted in three different ways:
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 CONDUCTION
• It is the way in which heat is transmitted in solids.
• There is no transmission of matter, only energy is
transmitted.
• All substances have a different capacity to transmit heat.
This capacity is measured by the thermal conductivity.
• There are two kinds of substances:
– Conductors. The ones which are able to transmit heat.
– Insulators. The ones which aren’t able to transmit heat.

Conductor Insulator
 Fill in the blank:

A insulator is used to protect

your hands from the heat of a
skillet.

handle

skillet
 CONVECTION
• Is the way in which
heat is transfered in
fluids (liquids and
gases)
• Simultaneously mass
is also transferred.
• In the air, it is known
that hot air particles
rise and cold particles
fall. This kind of
movement creates air
currents until all the
air is at the same
temperature.
 RADIATION
• In physics, radiation
describes any process in
which energy emitted by
one body travels through
a medium or through a
vacuum, ultimately to be
absorbed by another
body.
• All bodies absorb energy
and reflect it too.
If a body absorbs all the
energy and doesn’t reflect
any it is called a black
body. If a body reflects
100% of radiation it is
called a white body.
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
• Newton's Law of Cooling
states that the rate of
change of the
temperature of an object
is proportional to the
difference between its
own temperature and the
ambient temperature.
 If you put water, juice and sodas
in the fridge:
What will get colder faster? The
ones in a can or the once in a
glass bottle?

The ones in a can. Cans are made

of tin, which is a better conductor.
• The speed of cooling depends on:
- The surface area. The bigger the surface area, the
faster the cooling.
- The difference between its own temperature and
the ambient temperature. The bigger the difference,
the faster the cooling.
- The thermal conductivity. The bigger the thermal
conductivity, the faster the cooling.
- The thickness of the material. The thicker the
material, the slower the cooling.