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Aquaculture xx (2006) xxx – xxx

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Polyculture of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, giant

oyster, Crassostrea gigas and black clam, Chione fluctifraga in
ponds in Sonora, Mexico
Luis R. Martinez-Cordova ⁎, Marcel Martinez-Porchas
Departamento de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Niños Heroes, Apdo Postal 1819,
Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
Received 12 October 2005; received in revised form 13 March 2006; accepted 14 March 2006

Abstract

The feasibility of a polyculture of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, giant oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and black clam,
Chione fluctifraga in earthen ponds, and its effect on water quality and production parameters, was assessed in a nine-months
experimental study, conducted in Sonora Northwestern Mexico. Shrimp was stocked for two crops and mollusks for a single crop
during the study. Two oyster densities (10 and 16/m2), two clam densities (8 and 10/m2) and one shrimp density (30/m2) were
evaluated in the experiment. Total ammonium nitrogen and chlorophyll-a were significantly lower in the ponds with the highest
combined density of mollusks. During the first crop, shrimp reached 12.6 to 14.88 g in 19 weeks from postlarvae of 10 days age
(around 0.002 g), with a survival ranging from 48.3% to 63.1% and a yield from 1866 to 2665 kg/ha. During the second crop, the
gain in weight, survival and yield of shrimp ranged from 12.23 to 13.26 g, 61.9% to 67.3%, and 2271 to 2677 kg/ha, respectively.
Oyster mean weight increased between 40.2 to 50.1 g in 6 months, with a poor survival of 10.7% to 16.2% and a yield of 746 to
1014 kg/ha. Clams grew in a range from 13.3 to 14.0 g in the same period, with a survival of 45.5% to 50.2% and a yield of 617 to
793 kg/ha. It may be concluded that polyculture of these three species seems to be feasible and that the presence of mollusks in the
ponds might not have an adverse but a beneficial effect on the productive performance of shrimp. Crassostrea gigas showed not to
be a good prospect for this polyculture conditions but C. fluctifraga could be a good candidate.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 2,000,000 tones in 2004 (Rosenberry, 2004). At present,

farmed shrimp represents more than 30% of total world
Shrimp mariculture has achieved worldwide impor- shrimp production (FAO, 2003). This high production
tance in recent years. Production has increased from has led prices of shrimp to coming down in the last years.
about 208,000 tones in 1985 (FAO, 1996) to around To compete today in the international shrimp market, it is
necessary to develop the most efficient culture strategies
to lower the costs as much as possible. One way to make
a culture system profitable, would be to polyculture two
⁎ Corresponding author. Dictus, Universidad de Sonora, P.O. Box
or more organisms so that additional incomes can be
1819, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México. Tel.: +52 662 2 59 21 69;
fax: +52 662 2 59 21 96. obtained. Polyculture have a long tradition in Asian
E-mail address: lmtz@guaymas.uson.mx countries as China where shrimp and fishes have been
(L.R. Martinez-Cordova). farmed in ponds for many centuries (McLarney, 1976;
0044-8486/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.026
Martinez-Cordova, L.R. / Martinez-Porchas, M. 2006 Polyculture of Pacific white shrimp,
Litopenaeus vannamei, giant oyster, Crassostrea gigas and black clam, Chione...
AQUA-627018; No of Pages 6
Aquaculture, 258 (1), p.321-326.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 L.R. Martinez-Cordova, M. Martinez-Porchas / Aquaculture xx (2006) xxx–xxx
Costa-Pierce et al., 1984). Polyculture of freshwater
prawns and fishes is reported to be feasible in the USA
(Buck et al., 1981; Malecha et al., 1981; Costa-Pierce
et al., 1984). Ponds of shrimp in USA have been used to
overwinter clams (Battey, 1988). Shpigel et al. (1996)
cultures abalone, fish and clams in an intensive system.
In Mexico shrimp and clams have been experimentally
cultured with promising results (Martinez-Cordova
et al., 1992). Hopkins et al. (1993) successfully polycul-
tured oyster Crassostrea virginica and clam Mercenaria
mercenaria in ponds of Litopeneaus vannamei. Lin et al.
(1993) successfully farmed green mussel (Perna viridis)
in waste water from an intensive shrimp pond.
Bivalve filter feeders play a key role in many coastal
ecosystems due to their high filtration capacity and
culture density (Nunes et al., 2003).
As filter feeders oysters and clams feed mostly on
phytoplankton and suspended organic matter, both
are normally found in high concentrations in shrimp
ponds, as a result of fertilization and unconsumed feed
(Chamberlain, 1988). Thus, filter feeders are able to take
advantage of natural productivity and organic matter in
the ponds to convert them in biomass, which represent
an extra income to the farm. At the same time, they
contribute to the control of the phytoplankton blooms
which can be harmful in certain circumstances for the
cultured organisms (Smith, 1985; Smith and Piedrahita,
1988; Shpigel and Blaylock, 1991). Mollusks also help
to diminish organic matter in water column and
sediment. This organic matter come mostly from
unconsumed feed and at high levels may represent a
serious problem in the ponds. Yokoyama et al. (2002)
found that in a polyculture of the prawn Fenneropenaeus
merguiensis and the mollusks Perna viridis, Nereididae
sp. and Cerithideopsilla cingulata, most of the nutrients
for the mollusks came from unconsumed shrimp feed.
The co-production of two or more aquatic organisms
may represent certain problems such as: competence for
feed, oxygen and space; transmission of pathogens from
one species to another, and labor costs may increase for
handling and harvest of the species (Lutz, 2003). So, it is
very important to select species in which these problems
could be the minimum possible.
In this study the shrimp L. vannamei and the
mollusks C. gigas and Chione fluctifraga were farmed
in combination to investigate the feasibility of their
polyculture, and its effect on water quality of the ponds.
2. Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted over 9 months in
fifteen earthen ponds, with a water surface of 400 m2
Table 1
Experimental design of the study
Treatment Pond number Shrimp/pond Oysters/pond Clams/pond
Control 1, 9, 13 12,000 0 0
2 2, 7, 15 12,000 5000 4000
3 3, 10, 12 12,000 5000 5000
4 4, 6, 11 12,000 8000 4000
5 5, 8, 14 12,000 8000 5000
(40 × 10 × 1 m), in the facilities of the University of
Sonora at Bahia Kino, Northwestern Mexico. Before the
beginning of the study, ponds were liming (40 kg
CaCO3/pond) and fertilized with urea (2 kg/pond) and
triple superphosphate (1 kg/pond). Fertilization regimen
was repeated during the trial when water transparency
was over 40 cm in the Sechi disk. A water exchange of
around 5% was maintained during the trial.
Each pond was stocked two times during the
experiment with 12,000 postlarvae-(30 PL 15 days
old/m2) of white shrimp L. vannamei, hatched in the
facilities of the University of Sonora at Puerto Peñasco,
Sonora. Twelve of the ponds were also stocked with
seeds of oysters C. gigas and clams C. fluctifraga.
Oyster seeds were obtained from the laboratory of
Aquaculture Institute of Sonora at Bahia Kino. Clam
seeds were collected from La Cruz estuary in Bahia
Kino, Sonora.
Treatments consisted of four combined densities of
oysters and clams with a constant density of shrimp, plus
a control with only shrimp, as presented in Table 1.
Treatments were randomly assigned by triplicate to the
ponds .
Oysters were stocked in Nestier cages (special cages
for oyster culture), and clams were evenly distributed
across the pond bottom. It has been previously
demonstrated that C. gigas is better cultured “of the
bottom” than “on the bottom” (Soletchnik et al., 2005).
C. fluctifraga however, live naturally burrowed in the
sediment (Martinez-Cordova, 1996). Densities of
oysters and clams were decided in base to preliminary
studies made by the author (unpublished).
During the culture period shrimp were fed twice a day
(08:00 and 14:00 h.) with Camaronina 25 (a formulated
shrimp diet with 25% crude protein by Purina Mexico).
Feeding rate was 10% of shrimp biomass per day for
organisms from 0.5 to 1 g; 6% from 1 to 2 g and 3% for
the rest of the study. Feed was supplied by hand
throughout the ponds.
Water quality parameters such as salinity, pH, and
temperature were recorded once a day (15:00 h), and
dissolved oxygen twice a day (06:00 and 15:00 Hs) in
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
L.R. Martinez-Cordova, M. Martinez-Porchas / Aquaculture xx (2006) xxx–xxx 3

Table 2
Means ± SD of water quality parameters in a polyculture of shrimp and mollusks during the two shrimp crops
Parameter Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5
First crop
Temperature °C (08:00 h) 24.1 ± 2.3a 24.1 ± 2.2a 24.2 ± 2.3a 24.0 ± 2.1a 24.2 ± 2.3a
Temperature °C (13:00 h) 29.8 ± 1.9a 29.9 ± 2.1a 29.7 ± 2.0a 29.8 ± 1.9a 29.9 ± 2.1a
Salinity (ppt) 42.5 ± 2.1a 42.0 ± 2.1a 42.3 ± 2.0a 42.3 ± 2.2a 42.0 ± 2.1a
pH 7.9 ± 0.12a 7.9 ± 0.13a 7.9 ± 0.12a 7.8 ± 0.13a 7.8 ± 0.11a
Morning D.O. (mg/L) 3.1 ± 1.52a 3.0 ± 1.46a 3.1 ± 1.51a 3.0 ± 1.47a 3.0 ± 1.50a
Afternoon D.O. (mg/L) 5.6 ± 1.82a 5.1 ± 1.67a 5.2 ± 1.79a 5.4 ± 1.91a 5.4 ± 1.79a
TAN (mg/L) 1.12 ± 0.22b 0.87 ± 0.21ab 0.81 ± 0.19ab 0.74 ± 0.17a 0.71 ± 0.17a
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 9.32 ± 1.09b 8.12 ± 0.97ab 7.81 ± 1.06ab 7.71 ± 0.85a 7.34 ± 0.79a
TSS (mg/L) 87.3 ± 4.7b 79.1 ± 3.2ab 77.7 ± 3.2ab 73.6 ± 3.4a 69.9 ± 2.9a

Second crop
Temperature °C (08:00 h) 23.3 ± 1.9a 23.1 ± 2.0a 23.3 ± 2.0a 23.2 ± 1.9a 23.1 ± 2.1a
Temperature °C (13:00 h) 27.8 ± 2.8a 27.9 ± 2.6a 27.7 ± 2.7a 27.8 ± 2.8a 27.9 ± 2.6a
Salinity (ppt) 41.5 ± 1.91a 41.0 ± 1.93a 41.3 ± 2.00a 41.3 ± 1.96a 41.0 ± 1.91a
pH 8.0 ± 0.14a 8.0 ± 0.13a 8.1 ± 0.15a 7.9 ± 0.12a 7.9 ± 12a
Morning D.O. (mg/L) 3.4 ± 1.29a 3.2 ± 1.31a 3.5 ± 1.33a 3.3 ± 1.27a 3.2 ± 1.25a
Afternoon D.O. (mg/L) 5.8 ± 1.67a 5.3 ± 1.69a 5.5 ± 1.59a 5.6 ± 1.61a 5.7 ± 1.59a
TAN (mg/L) 1.09 ± 0.21b 0.91 ± 0.23ab 0.82 ± 0.21ab 0.79 ± 0.16ab 0.73 ± 0.16a
Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) 9.93 ± 1.07b 8.81 ± 1.17ab 8.91 ± 1.03ab 7.34 ± 0.91ab 7.19 ± 0.99a
TSS (mg/L) 56.6 ± 2.7b 51.2 ± 2.1b 49.2 ± 2.9ab 43.1 ± 1.9a 42.0 ± 2.2a
Means in a column with different letters were significantly different at P b 0.05.
TAN = Total ammonium nitrogen.

each pond, by means of an Atago S28E salinity 3. Results

refractometer, an Orion 230 pH meter, and a YSI 55 D
oxygen meter with sensor for temperature. Total ammo- No differences in temperature, salinity, pH and DO
nium nitrogen (TAN) and chlorophyll-a were measured levels were observed among ponds, in any of the two
by spectrophotometry using a HACH DR4000 equip- shrimp crops as shown in Table 2. In both, total
ment. Total suspended solids (TSS), was measured ammonium nitrogen (TAN) was significantly lower in
filtering a water sample through GFC fiberglass filter, treatment 5 as compared with treatment 1. The same
which was dried in an oven at 103 to 105 °C. The increase pattern was shown by chlorophyll-a, and total suspended
in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. solids.
(Clesceri et al., 1998). In the first crop, differences in shrimp production
Twenty five shrimp from each pond were sampled parameters were observed among treatments (Table 3).
weekly and weighed individually in a digital Sartorious Weight gain recorded the lowest value, 12.61 g in
balance. Twenty five oysters and twenty five clams were treatment control (without mollusks), similar to the
measured weekly by a digital vernier (from umbo to the
most distal part of the shell). They were also weighed
Table 3
individually in a digital Sartorious balance. Survival and Production parameters of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in the
yield of shrimp and mollusks were recorded at the end of two crops and the five polyculture treatments
the farming period by counting and weighing the harvest- Treatment First crop Second crop
ed organisms. Shrimp were harvested after 19 weeks; then
Growth Survival Yield Growth Survival Yield
the ponds were stocked again at the same density. Oysters
(g) (%) (kg/h) (g) (%) (kg/ha)
and clams remained in the ponds during a second trial of
Control 12.88a 48.3a 1866a 12.34a 63.2a 2356a
shrimp. They were harvested at the end of the second trial,
2 12.61a 63.5b 2402ab 12.23a 61.9a 2271a
9 months after stocking. 3 13.45ab 61.2b 2469ab 12.97a 66.7a 2595a
An ANOVA procedure and a multiple range test were 4 13.69ab 63.1b 2592ab 13.26a 67.3a 2677a
used to compare water quality and production para- 5 14.88b 59.7ab 2665b 13.11a 65.2a 2564a
meters among treatments, using the STATISTICA® Means in a column with different letters were significantly different at
(2000) software. P b 0.05.
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4 L.R. Martinez-Cordova, M. Martinez-Porchas / Aquaculture xx (2006) xxx–xxx
Table 4
Production parameters of oyster, Crassostrea gigas and clam, Chione
fluctifraga in the polyculture treatments
Treatment Oyster Clam
Growth Survival Yield Growth Survival Yield
(g) (%) (kg/h) (g) (%)
2 50.1b 16.2b 1014b 13.3ab 46.4ab
3 48.5ab 12.3a 746a 12.9a 49.2ab
4 43.4ab 11.6a 1007b 14.0b 45.5a
5 40.2a 10.7a 860a 12.1a 50.2b
Means in a column with different letters, were significantly different at
P b 0.05.
obtained in treatments 2 and 3. The highest weight gain
was 14.88 g, recorded in treatment 5 (with the greatest
combined density of mollusks), but no significant
differences were observed with respect to treatments 4
and 3. The lowest survival was observed in the control
(48.3%) and the greatest in treatment 2 (63.9%). The
lowest yield was obtained in treatment control (1866 kg/
ha) similar to those obtained in treatments 2, 3 and 4. The
highest yield was recorded in treatment 5 (2665 kg/ha).
For the second crop, no differences in any of the
production parameters were observed between treat-
ments as shown in Table 2. In general in this trial, slightly
lower growth, little higher survival and similar yield
were observed as compared to the first trial.
Production parameters of oysters and clams are
shown in Table 4. Oysters weight gain in the nine
months of the experiment, was the lowest in treatment 5
(40.2 g), and the highest in treatment 2 (50.1 g). Survival
in general was very poor for all the treatments, with the
minimum value (10.7%), observed in treatment 5 and the
maximum (16.2%), recorded in treatment 2. Yield was
significantly lower in treatment 3 (746 kg/ha) than in
treatments 2 (1014 kg/ha) and 4 (1007 kg/ha).
Clams grew between a minimum value of 12.1 g in
treatment 5 and a maximum of 14.0 g in treatment 4.
Significant differences were observed among treatments.
Survival ranged from the lowest value of 45.5% in
treatment 4 to the greatest of 50.2% in treatment 5. Yield
of clam was lower in treatments 2 (617 kg/ha) and 4
(637 kg/ha) as compared to treatments 3 (793 kg/ha) and
5 (759 kg/ha).
4. Discussion
The decrease in TAN in ponds with the highest
density of mollusks seems to be contrary to the ex-
pectative. One can expect that at higher mollusk density,
lower phytoplankton (due to harvest), and consequently
lower TAN uptake. However it is plausible to think that
mollusks harvest controls phytoplankton excess and
maintains an active and vigorous algal community (in
the log phase), which needs higher amounts of nitrogen
(De la Lanza, 1999). TAN is probably the form of nitro-
gen most rapidly taken by phytoplankton (Bufford and
(kg/ha) Lorenzen, 2004). Stolzemburg (1992) reports that
617a mussels can decrease dramatically the concentration of
793b ammonium nitrogen in downstream.
637a
Total ammonium nitrogen in treatment without
759b
mollusks was little higher than the limit of 1 mg/L that
has been recommended for some authors as non-lethal
for shrimp farming (Alcaraz et al., 1999). Other authors,
however consider that TAN must be in the range of 0.2 to
2 mg/L and the unionized ammonia lower than 0.2 mg/L
(Boyd and Gautier, 2000).
The higher concentration of chlorophyll-a, and total
suspended solids in treatment control (without mol-
lusks), compared to treatment 5, (with the highest com-
bined density of mollusks), and the other 3 treatments
(also containing mollusks), is related to the consumption
of organic matter and phytoplankton from water column,
by these filter feeder organisms. This probably had an
effect on the concentration of total ammonium nitrogen,
because a lower amount of organic matter was available
for bacterial decomposition. Similar results have been
previously reported by Jones (1999), Jones and Preston
(1999) and Jones et al. (2001). Shpigel et al. (1993),
found that bivalves in an integrated system can as-
similate 10.5% of the original N. An additional 33% of
the original nitrogen in particulate form would be
metabolized by the mollusks.
Weight gain and yield of shrimp obtained in this study
are comparable to those reported in successful semi-
intensive commercial farms (Clifford, 1994). The better
growth and yield in the first trial were obtained in ponds
with higher combined mollusk density. This was pro-
bably due to the improvement of water quality produced
by the mollusks, agreeing with the report by Smith
(1985), Smith and Piedrahita (1988), Hopkins et al.
(1993) and Yokoyama et al. (2002). Hu et al. (1995)
reported on the improvement of shrimp and oyster
production in a mixed-culture system.
Oyster production parameters were better in treat-
ment with the lowest combined density of mollusks,
which suggest that its development is affected by high
densities. Oyster weight gain in this study was similar to
that obtained in commercial farming in natural environ-
ments (Islas-Olivares, 1982). However, oyster survival
was very poor and commercially unsuitable. The high
mortalities are associated to the temperatures over 30 °C
recorded in some periods of the second shrimp crop,
specially at afternoon. Summer temperatures in Norwest
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
L.R. Martinez-Cordova, M. Martinez-Porchas / Aquaculture xx (2006) xxx–xxx
Mexico reach more than 40 °C and rapidly warm up
water column of shallow ponds. C. gigas is an organism
from temperate regions and high mortalities may occur
in summer months in tropical and subtropical regions
(Soletchnik et al., 2005).
The growth recorded by clam was similar to that ob-
served in natural ecosystems (Martinez-Cordova, 1996),
and survival and yield can be considered acceptable for
commercial purposes. Production parameters of clam
were not related to mollusks combined density.
Differences in survival between oysters and clams
could be also related to adaptation, as Chione seeds
came from a nearby area while oysters seed came from a
hatchery.
According to the results of this investigation, it can be
concluded that polyculture of shrimp and mollusks in
ponds is technically feasible and that the presence of
mollusks (even in the highest combined density used in
this study), did not affect growth, survival and yield of
shrimp, at contrary they improve some variables of water
quality such as concentration of ammonium nitrogen and
total suspended solids. However it is clear that the
density of mollusks must have a limit, related with the
carry capacity of the system. It is necessary in future
research to investigate this limit not only in these semi-
intensive ponds but also in intensive (aerated) ponds. C.
gigas showed not to be a good species for polyculture in
this region, and conditions. Probably in other regions
without extreme temperature, it can be suitable for
combined culture with shrimp. C. fluctifraga could be
considered as a good prospect for polyculture with
shrimp in Northwest Mexico and other tropical,
subtropical and inclusively temperate regions.
A further economic analysis of the polyculture is
necessary to know if the benefits are higher than the labor
costs for maintaining the bivalves, although ecologic
benefits are difficult to evaluate.
Acknowledgements
We want to thank CONACYT (The National Science
and Research Council in Mexico) for the financial
support to this research.
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