Wellcome To REFA: - Waste Management Company of Lolland and Falster

Wellcome to REFA
- waste management company of Lolland and Falster
F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Agenda:
9.30 Short presentation of REFA

Presentation of the organisation of waste management i Denmark
The waste-to-energy-plant - technically
Tour at the waste-to-energy-plant
The waste-to-energy-plant - chemically
12.30 Lunch
13.30 Short walk to the wood-to-heat-plant - tour
14.30 Finish of the visit

Presentation:
Bjørn Stender, Operational Manager Waste Management

Karsten Thiesen, Sectional Engineer
Finn Boy Hansen, Operational Manager Bio-Energy
Søren Møller-Madsen, Deputy Director

Activities in REFA:
1. Waste-to-energy plant

Activities in REFA:
Refuse disposal (from oct. 2008) – 115.000 inhabitants

Activities in REFA:
17 Recycling Centers

Activities in REFA:
2 Waste disposal sites

Picture 4

Activities in REFA:
1 Wood-to-heat-plant + management of 2 plants

Activities in REFA:
1 Composting plant for sewage sludge + garden waste
Picture 4

Activities in REFA:
1 Collection site for hazardous waste

Activities in REFA:
1 reloading station

Organisation of waste management i Denmark

(1000 tonnes)
2001 2006
Household waste 3083 3298

Service - industry 1307 1974
Production - industry 2616 1936
Building Business 3391 6113
Waste water plants 1123 814
Power plants 1211 1314
Other 37 10
Total amounts 12.768 15.459

Priority for waste management (EU)
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
4. Incineration (with energy recovery)
5. Landfill

Waste management priority supported by taxes
(d.kr)
REFA fee tax Total fee
Recycle 0
Incineration 160 330 490
Landfill 377 375 752

2 main issues unique for Denmark
Th e mun ic ipa lit ies are res po ns ible for all waste
ma nag em ent
- planning waste management in the area
- define waste-types in special occasions
- manage the collection of waste from private households
- control the flow of commercial and industrial waste
- Ensure capacity
Energy supply and waste management are planned together

- highly extended district heating systems
- waste incineration only with energy recovery
- waste incineration generally accepted.

Municipal responsibility
- App. ⅔ of all activities done by private companies based on contracts with

municipalities
- Capacity for incineration and landfill ensured by inter-municipal companies
- Heavy and long-time investments possible due to control of waste flow
- Equiblibrium between capacity and demand
- High environmental standards.

Energy in Denmark
the ’50’es: Increasing energy demand – based on imported oil and

coal
the ’60’es: District heating systems also in medium size cities –
imported oil and coal
the ’70’es: The 2 oil–crises – the dependence of imported energy
made large problems

the ’80’es: Energy-planning with special reference to
• reduce energy-demand
• reduce dependence of imported energy
Ministry for Energy became one of the most important

ministries.
Development of energy supply from local sources

• windmills
• straw–to–heat incinerators
• waste–to–heat–incinerators
• Natural gas
Extension of district heating system to even smaller cities.

Extraction of oil and natural gas from the Danish part of the
North Sea.

the ’90’es: Building of small, decentral heat & power plants based on
natural gas.
Building of large straw–to–heat & power plants
Building of waste–to–heat & power plants
All supported by different types of grants
around 2000: Large production of oil from the North Sea

Relative low prices on oil
Financial failure of the small, decentral heat & power plants
Stop of the grants for development and building of renewable
energy supply.

Economically result of integrated waste management
and energy supply
REFA income from waste-to-energy-plant
Waste treatment
Sales of energy (21,8%)
(66,2%)
Other incomes
(12%)

Waste inceneration generally accepted due to
- high standards for pollution control

- energy recovery and supply directly to citizens
- done in combination with high recycling percentages
- low costs for the consumers of energy and waste management services

Waste incineration - technically

Energy output (2007):
1 tonne of waste
2,02 MWh 0,43 MWh
heat electricity

CO2 - neutrality
Waste incineration considered 85% CO2 – neutrality
Recent political discussion – is this figure overestimated?
At REFA incineration of app. 117.000 tonnes of waste pr. year

If plastic–content = 5%
• App. 5850 tonnes of plastic
• ≈ 7160 tonnes of oil
• ≈ 71500 MWh
• ≈ 25% of energy production

Waste incineration - chemically

Topics
- generel massbalances
- heavy metals
- dioxins
- acids
- nitrogen oxides

CADMIUM
~ 0%
REFA 2007
< 0,0001-
0,0003 mg/Nm3
MSW
5,2 – 8,5 Furnace & boiler Filter
Emission
Other solid waste Limit Value
for inceneration
13,6 – 14,8 0,05 mg/Nm3
(mg/kg dry weight)
80%
Sources:
Solid waste not
suitable
for incineration
Batteries
20% 80%

MERCURY
=6%
REFA 2007
0,0003 –
0,0004
mg/Nm3
MSW Furnace & boiler Filter

0,9 – 3,3
Emission
Limit Value
Other solid waste
for inceneration
0,05 mg/Nm3
2,1 – 4,2
(mg/kg dry weight) 96%
Sources:
Papers, cardboard
Metals
Batteries
4% 90%

LEAD
~0%
Pb together
with
MSW
154 – 412 Sb,As,Cr,Co
Cu,Mn,Ni,V
Furnace & boiler Filter
Other solid
waste for REFA 2007
incenevation 0,008-0,01
700 - 1100 mg/Nm3
(mg/kg dry weight)
30% Emission
Sources: Limit Value
Coins, other 0,05 mg/Nm3
metals
Batteries
70% 30%

Dioxins
75 dioxins + 135 furanes
Effects:
• neurotoxic
• Reduction of immune defence mechanisms
• chlorine-acne
• carcinogenic
• mutagen effect
12 especially hazardous (”The dirty dozen”)

50% reduction i human body: 7 – 11 years

Dioxins are produced at pr ese nce of:
• Not fully incinerated partikels of ash
• Temperature 350 – 400 oc
• Chlorine
• Certain metals as catalysts

Total amounts of dioxins from waste incineration i
Denmark
(1976: Seveso-accident 2600 g)
1984: 1.600 – 3.200 g pr. year
1989: 34,1 g pr. year

(+ 13,5 g pr. year from hospitalfurnaces)
1999: 20 g pr. year
2005: 2 g pr. year from waste incineration.

Denmark total amount 9-36 g pr. year.
40% from private woodburners
28% from fires.

Sources to dioxins (Germany)
1990 2000
Steal mills 740 40

Waste incineration 400 0,5
Power Plants 5 3
Industriel plants 20 < 10
Private heat plants 20 < 10
Traffic 10 <1
Crematories 4 < 2
(TU = toxicity units)

Dioxins:
EU-Emission Limit Value: 0,1 ng/m3
REFA 1988: 0,47 ng/m3
REFA 1999: 0,04 ng/m3
REFA 2005: 0,002ng/m3
Typical woodburner: 12 ng/m3
Woodburner, impregnated wood: 47.000 ng/m3

Acid gasses from waste incineration:
- HCl
- HF
- SO2
Acid gasses are neutralized by hydrated calcium, Ca (OH)2

Neutralizing processes for acids:
Processes:
2 HCl + Ca (OH)2 → CaCl 2 + 2 H2O

2 HF + Ca (OH2) → Ca F2 + 2H2O
SO2 + Ca (OH)2 → Ca SO3 + H2O
Ratio 1,1 – 1,2 acid: calcium

NOx
SNCR (= selektiv non-catalytic reduction):

4 NO- + 4 NH4+ + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O
Temperature > 950 oC
NH3 in surplus
4 NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6 H2O and/or NH3 + HCl → NH4 Cl

Filter – ash
Mixture of
• Fly ash
• Calciumcompounds
• Surplus of calcium-hydrate
Processed with sulphuric acid to gymsum-compound

H2 SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca SO4, 2H2O

Wellcome To REFA: - Waste Management Company of Lolland and Falster

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Wellcome to REFA

- waste management company of Lolland and Falster

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

9.30 Short presentation of REFA

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Bjørn Stender, Operational Manager Waste Management

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Refuse disposal (from oct. 2008) – 115.000 inhabitants

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

2 Waste disposal sites

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

1 Wood-to-heat-plant + management of 2 plants

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

1 Composting plant for sewage sludge + garden waste

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

1 Collection site for hazardous waste

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Household waste 3083 3298

Total amounts 12.768 15.459

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

REFA fee tax Total fee

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Energy supply and waste management are planned together

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

- App. ⅔ of all activities done by private companies based on contracts with

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

the ’50’es: Increasing energy demand – based on imported oil and

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Ministry for Energy became one of the most important

Development of energy supply from local sources

Extension of district heating system to even smaller cities.

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

around 2000: Large production of oil from the North Sea

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

- high standards for pollution control

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

2,02 MWh 0,43 MWh

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

Waste incineration considered 85% CO2 – neutrality

Recent political discussion – is this figure overestimated?

At REFA incineration of app. 117.000 tonnes of waste pr. year

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

MSW Furnace & boiler Filter

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

75 dioxins + 135 furanes

12 especially hazardous (”The dirty dozen”)

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

• Not fully incinerated partikels of ash

• Temperature 350 – 400 oc

• Certain metals as catalysts

F/Div/Søren/Bass Summer Camp 2008

(1976: Seveso-accident 2600 g)