Normal Hypo Hyper Foods

Range
Sodium 135 - Causes: hypotonic tube foods, head injury, Causes: fluid loss (diarrhea), water Salty foods
Na+ 145 SIADH. deprivation, too much saline solution or table
mEq/L Symptoms – confusion, tired, abdominal salt, heat stroke. Symptom: crave water, dry
CNS cramping, increased urination, crave salty sticky mucous membranes, weakness (more
changes foods, seizures common here than with hypo), in severe
Interventions :administer saline, give salty cases: convulsions, decreased level of
foods (canned veggies). Dietary always first. consciousness. Interventions: increase water
intake, decrease sodium intake.
Potassium 3.5 – 5.0 Causes: vomiting, heavy perspiration, K Causes: diarrhea, renal failure, K sparing potatoes,
K+ mEq/L wasting drugs (some diuretics) poor intake of diuretics, hypoaldesteronism. Sx: cardiac carrots,
K. S&S: cardiac arrythmias, leg cramps (big arrest, muscle weakness, irregular pulses, GI meat, fish,
Cardiac one), lethargy, decreased GI motility, hyperactivity Treatment: limit K intake, tomatoes,
changes decreased bowel sounds, decreased tendon increase fluids, give K exolate enema, give K avocado.
reflexes, lethargy, depressed T wave on EKG. wasting diuretic, dialysis in renal patient.
Treatment: give K
Total 8.5 – Causes: hypoPTH, acute pancreatitis, Causes: hyperPTH. Symptoms: lethargy and vitamin D,
Calcium 10.5 hyperphosphatemia, inadequate vitamin D weakness, bone pain, decrease DTR, dairy
Ca 2+ mg/L intake. Signs: weak bones, bad teeth, circum constipation, renal stones, heart block. products,
oral numbness, +Trousseau & Chvostek sign, Treatment: increase fluid intake and fiber, dark green
Neuro severe muscle cramping, muscle tremors, can limit calcium-rich foods, encourage leafy
changes progress to convulsions, decrease cardiac movement, acid-ash diet (cranberries, prunes) vegetables
output, cardiac disrythmias, hyperactive DTR. helps prevent stone formation
Dietary
Magnesium 1.5 – 2.5 Causes: lots time use of certain drugs Causes: Epsom salts (some abuse as laxatives), green leafy
Mg2+ mEq/L (diuretics), loss from GI tract. Signs: renal failure and adrenal patients at risk. vegetables,
neuromuscular irritability with tremors, Signs: vasodilatation, nausea, vomiting, fish,
Neuro increased reflexes, tachycardia, disorientation muscle weakness or paralysis, hypotension, legumes,
changes and confusion, anorexia, difficulty swallowing, bradycardia, decreased DTR, respiratory whole
respiratory difficulties. Extreme – most often depression or coma, respiratory and cardiac grains, best
in maternity patient – have convulsions. arrest. Treatments: fluids, safety precautions source is
Treatment: foods high in Mg due to potential changes in level of dried fruits .
consciousness, monitor vital signs closely.