PROGRAM 1: CREATING A TABLE

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.

1) Creating a simple table

Syntax: create table tablename(columnname datatype(size),columnname datatype(size)

……...));

SQL> create table org(id number(3),name varchar(20),loc varchar(20),phno number(10));

Table Created

2) Creating a table from existing table

Syntax: create table tablename(columnname1,columnname2,columnname3…) as select *

from table_existing;

SQL> create table org(code,name,place,phn) as select * from org;

Table created.

OUTPUT:-

PROGRAM 2: INSERTING DATA VALUES INTO TABLES

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The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

1) Inserting value in table (with null values)

Syntax: insert into tablename values(value1,value2,value3….);

SQL> insert into org values(1,'karan','chd',NULL);

1 Row Created.

SQL> insert into org values(2,'yuvi','chd',900099993);

1 Row Created.

SQL> insert into org values(3,'aman','pkl',900077023);

1 Row Created.

SQL> insert into org values(4,'suman','mohali',908880023);

1 Row Created.

OUTPUT:-

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 2) Inserting data into table using another table

Syntax: create table tablename(columnname1,columnname2,columnname3…) as select *

from table_existing;

OUTPUT:-

PROGRAM 3: MODIFYING THE TABLE OR CONTENTS OF TABLE

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table.

1) Adding a new column to table

Syntax: alter table tablename add(columnname datatype(size),columnname datatype(size)

….));

SQL> alter table org add(salary number(5));

Table altered.

OUTPUT:-

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2) Dropping a column of table

Syntax: alter table tablename drop column columnname;

SQL>alter table org drop column salary;

Table altered.

OUTPUT:-

3) Renaming a table

Syntax: alter table tablename rename to newname;

SQL> alter table org rename to org1;

Table altered.

OUTPUT:-

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4) Deleting row from table

Syntax: delete from tablename where columnname=datavalue;

SQL> delete from org where id=4;

1 row deleted.

OUTPUT:-

5) Describe structure of table

Syntax: desc tablename;

SQL>desc org;

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OUTPUT:-

6) Deleting a table

Syntax: drop tablename;

SQL>drop company;

Table Dropped.

OUTPUT:-

7) Modifying columns in a table

Syntax: alter table tablename modify columnname datatype(size);

SQL> alter table org modify id number(4);

Table altered.

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OUTPUT:-

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PROGRAM 4: UPDATING DATA VALUES IN A TABLE

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.

1) Updating data values of certain columns

Syntax: update tablename set columname=value where columname=datavalue;

SQL> update org set salary=10000,phno=9090909090 where id=1;

1 row updated.

SQL> update org set salary=10000 where id=2;

1 row updated.

SQL> update org set salary=10000 where id=3;

1 row updated.

OUTPUT:-

2) Update only certain rows

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 Syntax: update tablename set columname=value where columname=datavalue;

SQL> update org set id=5,name='ramu',loc='pkl',phno=123456789,salary=10001 where

id=3;

1 row updated.

OUTPUT:-

PROGRAM 5: RETRIEVING DATA FROM TABLE

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

1) Retrieve all data of table

Syntax: select * from tablename;

SQL>select * from org;

OUTPUT:-

2) Retrieve particular column

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 Syntax: select columnname from tablename;

SQL>select name form org;

OUTPUT:-

3) Retrieving by specifying a condition

Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname=datavalue;

SQL> select * from org where name='yuvi';

OUTPUT:-

4) Retrive distinct rows

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 Syntax: select DISTINCT * from tablename;

SQL> select distinct * from org;

OUTPUT:-

5) Retrieving records in descending order

Syntax: select 8 from tablename ORDER BY columname desc;

SQL> select * from org order by id desc;

OUTPUT:-

6) Retrieving records in ascending order

Syntax: select 8 from tablename ORDER BY columname;

SQL> select * from org order by name;

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OUTPUT:-

7) Retriving records using special operators

a) Like Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a
column.

Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname LIKE pattern;

SQL> select * from org where loc like 'c%';

OUTPUT:-

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 b) IN Operator

The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname IN(value1,value2….);

SQL> select * from org where name in('yuvi','karan');

OUTPUT:-

c) BETWEEN operator

The BETWEEN operator is used in a WHERE clause to select a range of data between
two values.

Syntax: select * from tablename where columnname inbetween value1 and value2;

SQL> select * from org where salary between 10000 and 10001;

OUTPUT:-

d) AS operator(Changing multiple column names)

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 Syntax: select column name as newname,… from tablename;

SQL> select name as name,loc as place from org;

OUTPUT:-

e) Concatenation Operator

Syntax: select ‘String.. ‘||columname from tablename;

SQL> select 'Id of '||name||'is '||id from org;

OUTPUT:-

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8) Joins in SQL

a) Equi Join or Inner join

Syntax:select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 where

table1.column=table2.column;

SQL> select name,esalary from org,account where org.id=account.ecode;

OUTPUT:-

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b) Cartesian join

Syntax:select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 ;

SQL> select name,esalary from org,account;

OUTPUT:-

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c) Outer Join

Syntax: select columnname1,columname2 from table1,table2 where

table1.column(+)=table2.column;

SQL> select name,esalary from org,account where org.id(+)=account.ecode;

OUTPUT:-

d) Self Join

Syntax: select alias1.columnname1,alias2.columname2 from table1 alias1,table2 alias2

where alias1.column=alias2.column;

SQL> select o.id,a.esalary from org o,account a where o.id=a.ecode;

OUTPUT:-

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