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Rights Reserved with the Author and the Publishers, EDS.0652-125-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING First Edition Price : Rs, 125.00 Oniy. C—9743/08/12 Laser Typesetted at : Goswami Printers, Delhi-110053 Printed at : Ajit Printers, Delhi-110053Contents Chapters Pages De Tn ction essen ennenen tensa snuennsnsunssnsnnesnnsntannansnne 128 1.1 Classification of Signals 1.2_Multi Channel s 8 & 1.4 Continuous-time Versus Discrete-time Signals .. 8 1.5 Frequency Concept is Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals 1.5.1 Continuons-time Sinusoidal signals 1.5.2 Diserete-time Sinusoidal Signals. 1.5.3 Harmonically Related Complex Exponential: 1.6 Energy and Power Signals (Continuous time-instants) 1.7 Singularity Functions... 1.7.1 Unit-Impulse Function 1.7.2 Unit-Step Function 16 1.7.3 Unit-Ramp Funetion 7 (17.4 Unit-Pulge Pumetion oneness LP 1.8 Energy Signals and Power Signals (Discrete-time instants) . 19 1.9 Signal Processing 24 1,10 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing Review Questions versus seisiacsivse RII acess snsnssssssnsssnsnnnnannsnsnsnssnsnssaroannssnnsnarssssnansssnasnsssssassssssssnunsnnsnsnesssasassssae 2D 2. Applications of Digital Signal Processing... 2.1 Introduction .. 2.2. Application to Speech Pro 10 10 12 wu 15 16 16 2.2.2 Speech Technology. 2.23 Parameters of Speech .. 2.2.4 Speech Analysis 2.2.5 Speech Coding 2.3 Application to Image Processing 2.3.1 Image Formation and Recording .. 2.3.2 Image Sampling and QuantizatioChapters Pages 2.3.3 Image Compression .. 2.3.4 Image Restoration Review Questions 3. Discrete Time Systems.. 3.1_Discrete-time Signals and Systems . a ition 3.1.2 Representations 3.1.3 Some Elemental 3.2 Classification of Discrete-time Signal 3.3 Sampling 3.4 Real and Complex Sequence... 8.5 Finite and Infinite Sequence . 3.6 Types of Infinite-length Sequence 8.7 Operations on Sequences 3.8 Sampling Rate Alteration 3.9 Classification Based on Symmetry Problem 3.9.1 Periodic Conjugate-symmetric Part and Periodic Conjugate Anti-symmetric Part 4 3.10 Sampling Process 3.11 Classification of Diserete-time Systems 3.12.1 Representation of a Discrete-time Sij 3.12.2 Discrete-time Unit Impulse Response and Convolution Sum Representation of LTI System. 2.13 The Convolution Process iui sasssssestssssssssastsasssns 3.14 Properties of Linear Time-invariant System 3.15 Causality and Stability Condition for LTI Discrete-time Syster 3.16 Classification of LT! System ... I BEB BEBRE Lobehebkbeeeee 3.18 Recursive and Non-recursive Discrete-time System .......... 3.19 Linear Constant Co-efficient Difference Equation 3.20.1 The Homogeneous Solution of a Difference Equation 3.20.2 The Particular Solution of the Difference Equation 3.20.3 The Total Solution the Difference i RBERBBBBBRERRSChapters Pages 3.22 Impulse Response... Review Questions Exercises. 4._Frequency Donain Characterization or Discrete-Time System. 4.1 Fourier Transform of discrete-time Signals 4.1.1 Fouricr Sorics for Discrete-time Periodic Signal 4.1.2 Condition for convergence of Fourier Transform 4.2. Frequency response of Discrete-time Systems 4.3. Properties of Frequency Response 4.4 Polar form of Frequency Response .. 4.5 Frequency Response of First order System. 4.6 Properties of Frequency Response 4.7 2-Transform 4.7.1 Definition of Z-transform 4.7.2 Region of Convergence . 4.73 Properties .. 4.7.4 Some Common One Sided Z-transform Pairs .. 4.8 Inverse Z-transform 48.1 The Inverse Z-transform Using Contour Integration 48,2 The Inverse 2-transform by Power Series Expan: or Via Long Division .. 4.8.3 The Inverse Z-transform by Partial Fraction Expansion 4.9 Solution of Difference Equation Using Z-Transform ... Review Questions Exercises 5. Frequency Analysis of Signals... 5.1 Frequeney Analysis of Continuous-time (Analog) Signals 5.2 Evaluation of Fourier Co-efficients 5.3 Symmetry Conditions for Periodic Signals 5.4 Exponential Fourier Series 5.4.1 Existence of Fourier Series 5.5 Fourier Spectrum .. 5.6 Properties of Continuous-time Fourier Series 5.7 Continuotis-Time Fourier Transform 5.8 Fourier Transform of a Periodic Signal 5.9 Properties of Continuous Time Fourier Transform 5.10 Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Time Signal and System . 5.10.1 Frequency Analysis of Discrete Time Signals... 92-130 136Chapters Pages 5.10.2 Fourier Series for Diserete Time Periodic Signals 5,10,3 Expression for the Values of the Co-efficient a... 5.11 Discrete Time Fourier Transform .. 5.11.1 Inverse Discrete Time Fourier Transform .. 5.11.2 Condition for Convergence of Fourier Transform. 5.11.3 Energy Density Spectrum ....... 5.114 Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Review Questions , Exercises... 6.1 Introduction 6.5.1 Methods of Performing Circular Convolution ae a eee ge 1 Overlap Add Method 6.6.2 Overlap Save Method. 6.7 Computation of the DFT of Real Sequences . 6.7.1 N-point DFTs of Two Real Sequences using a Single N-point DFT. 6.7.2 2N-point DFT of a Real Sequence using a Single N-point DFT .. Fast Fourier Transforms Algorithms ..... GBD Dont ai eaten 6.8.2 Radix of FFT Algorithms 6.8.3 Radix-2 Algorithm 6.9 Decimation-in-time FFT Algorithms The 8-point DFT using Radix-2 DIT FFT G.11 Decimation in Frequency (DIF) Radix-2 FFT ... 6.12 Comparison of DIT and DIF .. Review Z Digital Processing of Continuous Signals. 11 Introduction 1.2 Sampling Process... 7.2.4 Analysis of Sampling Process in Frequency Domain ......Chapters 7.3 Sampling Theorem 7.4 Anti Aliasing Filter. 7.8 Signal Reconstruction 7.6 Zero-order Hold ... 7.6.1 Transfer Function of Zero Order Hold 7.7 Sampling of Band Pass Signals .. 7.8 Frequency Selective Filters and Filter Specifications. 7.8.1 Filter Specifications. 7.9 Analog Lowpass Filter Design 7.40 Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter 7.11 Analog Lowpass Chebyshev Filters 7.11.1 Type-I Chebyshev Approximation .. 7.112 Pole Locations for Chebyshev Filter 7.11.3 Chebyshev Type-HI Filter ..... 7,12 Analog Frequency Transformation 7.13 Design Procedure for Analog Butterworth Lowpass Filter. 7.14 Design Procedure for Analog Chebyshev Lowpass Filter 7.15 Sample and Hold Cireuit.. 1.16 Analog-to-Digital Convertor 1.16.1 Flash A/D Converters . 7.16.2 Serial-Parallel A/D Converter 7.16.3 Successive-approximation A/D Converter 7.16.4 Counting A/D Converter. 7.16.5 Oversampling Sigma-Delta A/D Converter... Digital-to-Analog Converter .... 7.17.1 Weighted-Resistor D/A Converter 2.17.2 Resistor Ladder D/A Converter wuseiuseeueiieaanisaiisssse 2 7.17.8 Oversampling Signal-delta D/A Converter ... Review Questions... Exercises... 8. Digital Filter Structures 8.1 Introduction 295 8.2 System Describing Equations .. 3 Recurai Nom wed 8.4 Block Diagram Representations .... 8.4.1 First Order System Block Diagram Representation .. 8.5 Structure For IIR System 8.5.1 Direct Form Structures .. 8.5.2 Cascade Form Structure TY a