GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BIDAR

(ISO Certified Institute ISO 9001/2015)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Microcontrollers Lab
(BECL456A)
B.E –IV Semester

Name :

USN :

Batch : Section :
 VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To be a premier technological institution that fosters humanity, ethics and excellence in

education and research towards inspiring and developing future torch bearers.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

M1 To impart quality educational experience and technical skills to students that enables them
to become leaders in their chosen professions.

M2 To nurture scientific temperament and promote research and development activities.

M3 To inculcate students with an ethical and human values so as to have big picture of societal
development in their future career.

M4 To provide service to industries and communities through educational, technical, and

professional activities.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be a premier department known for quality education and research in the field of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for the benefit of mankind.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

M1 To provide State-of-art education and skills in the field of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
M2 To promote research culture and life-long learning to meet the challenges of rapid
technological change in their chosen professional field.
M3 To provide service to the society through engineering solutions.
 Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Program Outcomes as defined by NBA (PO) Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO Statements
Apply fundamentals and skills needed for a successful professional Electronics
PEO1
& Communication Engineer and to pursue higher studies

Adapt latest technologies needed for addressing real world problems.

PEO2
Embed self-learning abilities, humanitarian and ethical values for a successful
PEO3
professional career.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSOs Statements

PSO 1 To analyze, design and develop various types of integrated electronics systems.

PSO 2 To apply their knowledge and skills to develop an application in communication

systems
 INDEX

Laboratory Experiments:

S.No Name of the Experiment

I. Assembly Language Programming
Data Transfer Programs:
Write an ALP to move a block of n bytes of data from source (20h) to destination (40h)
1 using Internal-RAM.
Write an ALP to move a block of n bytes of data from source (2000h) to destination
2 (2050h) using External RAM.
Write an ALP To exchange the source block starting with address 20h, (Internal RAM)
3 containing N (05) bytes of data with destination block starting with address 40h (Internal
RAM).
Write an ALP to exchange the source block starting with address 10h (Internal memory),
4 containing n (06) bytes of data with destination block starting at location 00h (External
memory).
Arithmetic & Logical Operation Programs:
Write an ALP to add the byte in the RAM at 34h and 35h, store the result in the register
5 R5 (LSB) and R6 (MSB), using Indirect Addressing Mode.
Write an ALP to subtract the bytes in Internal RAM 34h &35h store the result in register
6 R5 (LSB) & R6 (MSB).
Write an ALP to multiply two 8-bit numbers stored at 30h and 31h and store16- bit result
7 in 32h and 33h of Internal RAM.
8 Write an ALP to perform division operation on 8-bit number by 8-bit number.
9 Write an ALP to separate positive and negative in a given array.
10 Write an ALP to separate even or odd elements in a given array.
11 Write an ALP to arrange the numbers in Ascending & Descending order.
Write an ALP to find Largest & Smallest number from a given array starting from 20h &
12 store it in Internal Memory location 40h.
Counter Operation Programs:
13 Write an ALP for Decimal UP-Counter.
14 Write an ALP for Decimal DOWN-Counter.
15 Write an ALP for Hexadecimal UP-Counter.
16 Write an ALP for Hexadecimal DOWN-Counter.
II. C Programming
1 Write an 8051 C program to find the sum of first 10 Integer Numbers.
2 Write an 8051 C program to find Factorial of a given number.
3 Write an 8051 C program to find the Square of a number (1 to 10) using Look-Up Table.
Write an 8051 C program to count the number of Ones and Zeros in two consecutive
4 memory locations.
III. Hardware Interfacing Programs
1 Write an 8051 C Program to rotate stepper motor in Clock & Anti-Clockwise direction.
2 Write an 8051 C program to Generate Sine & Square waveforms using DAC interface.
Keil µVision 3 software
 The Keil 8051 development tools are designed to solve the
complex problems facing embedded software developers. When
starting a new project, select the microcontroller you use from the
device database. The µVision IDE automatically sets all compiler,
assembler, linker, and memory options.
 An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that provides comprehensive facilities for software
development. An IDE normally consists of at least a source-code
editor, build automation tools, and a debugger.
 µVision is a window-based software development platform that
combines a robust and modern editor with a project manager and
make facility tool. It integrates all the tools needed to develop
embedded applications including a C/C++ compiler, macro
assembler, linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.
 The µVision IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil
development toolchain and has numerous features that help the
programmer to develop embedded applications quickly and
successfully.
Steps for execution on Keil µvision3
Step 1: Create new folder on desktop

Step 2:Click on Keil µvision3 IDE

Step 3: Creating a 8051/8052 Project Using Keil µvision IDE

To create a new 8051 project using Keil IDE, Click on the ' Project ' item on the IDE
Menu bar and select ' New uVision Project... ' as shown in the above image.

Now give file name(e.g. P1) and your file should be in the Folder which you have
created in step1
Step 4:Selecting an 8051 Device in Keil

Select Atmel---AT89C51ED2

After selecting your 8051 derivative,You will get another dialog as shown
Above.Asking to copy STARTUP.A51

Click ' Yes '

Step 5: Click on file---select new file

Type program in text window and save it with same name with extension .asm as
given name to project in step 3
Step 6: Adding file to source group
Step 7: After adding file to source group, click on project → select build target

Step 8: After checking errors, click on debug → select start/stop debug, you will
get following window
Step 9: After that click on ok,then go on clicking step into { } to check step by step
execution.
I)Assembly Language Programming

1) Data Transfer Programs

 1. Write an ALP to move a block of n bytes of data from source
(20h) to destination (40h) using Internal-RAM.

Program:

MOV R0, #20H

MOV R1, #40H
MOV R2, #05H
UP: MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1, A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2, UP
END

Result:
Before Execution After Execution

20H=01H 40H=01H
21H=03H 41H=03H
22H=04H 42H=04H
23H=06H 43H=06H
24H=0BH 44H=0BH
 2. Write an ALP to move a block of n bytes of data from source
(2000h) to destination (2050h) using External RAM.

Program:
MOV DPTR,#2000H
MOV R0,#50H
MOV R1,#20H
MOV R2,#05H
UP:MOVX A,@DPTR
PUSH DPL
PUSH DPH
MOV A,R1
MOV DPH,A
MOV A,R0
MOV DPL,A
MOV A,R3
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC DPTR
MOV A,DPH
MOV R1,A
MOV A,DPL
MOV R0,A
POP DPL
POP DPH
INC DPTR
DJNZ R2,UP
END
Result:
Before Execution After Execution
2000H=01H 2050H=01H
2001H=02H 2051H=02H
2002H=03H 2052H=03H
2003H=04H 2053H=04H
2004H=05H 2054H=05H
 3. Write an ALP To exchange the source block starting with
address 20h, (Internal RAM) containing N (05) bytes of data
with destination block starting with address 40h (Internal
RAM).

Program:

MOV R0, #20H

MOV R1, #40H
MOV R2, #05H
UP: MOV A,@R0
XCH @R1, A
MOV @R0, A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2, UP
END
Result:
Before Execution After Execution

20H=0FH 40H=01H 40H=0FH 20H=01H

21H=0EH 41H=02H 41H=0EH 21H=02H
22H=0DH 42H=03H 42H=0DH 22H=03H
23H=0CH 43H=04H 43H=0CH 23H=04H
24H=0BH 44H=05H 44H=0BH 24H=05H
 4. Write an ALP to exchange the source block starting with
addresnn10h (Internal memory), containing n (06) bytes of
data with destination block starting at location 00h (External
memory).

Program:

MOV DPTR, #0000H

MOV R1, #10H
MOV R2, #05H
UP: MOVX A,@DPTR
XCH @R1, A
MOVX @DPTR, A
INC DPTR
INC R1
DJNZ R2, UP
END

Result:

Before Execution After Execution

10H<=0FH 0000H<=01H 10H<=01H 0000H<=0FH

11H<=0EH 0001H<=02H 11H<=02H 0001H<=0EH
12H<=0DH 0002H<=03H 12H<=03H 0002H<=0DH
13H<=0CH 0003H<=04H 13H<=04H 0003H<=0CH
14H<=0BH 0004H<=05H 14H<=05H 0004H<=0BH
2.Arithmetic & Logical Operation Programs
 5. Write an ALP to add the byte in the RAM at 34h and 35h,
store the result in the register R5 (LSB) and R6 (MSB), using
Indirect Addressing Mode.

Program:

MOV R0,#34H
MOV R1,#35H
MOV R6,#00H
MOV A,@R0
ADD A,@R1
MOV R5,A
JNC DOWN
INC R6
DOWN:END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

34H=05H R5=0AH
35H=05H R6=00H
 6. Write an ALP to subtract the bytes in Internal RAM 34h &35h
store the result in register R5 (LSB) & R6 (MSB).

Program:
MOV R0,#34H
MOV R1,#35H
MOV R6,#00H
MOV A,@R0
SUBB A,@R1
MOV R5,A
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

34H=06H R5=01H
35H=05H
 7. Write an ALP to multiply two 8-bit numbers stored at 30h and
31h and store16- bit result in 32h and 33h of Internal RAM.

Program:

MOV A,30H
MOV B,31H
MUL AB
MOV 32H,A
MOV 33H,B
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

30H=06H 32H=0CH
31H=02H 33H=00H
 8. Write an ALP to perform division operation on 8-bit number
by 8- bit number.

Program:

MOV A,30H
MOV B,31H
DIV AB
MOV 32H,A
MOV 33H,B
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

30H=06H 32H=03H
31H=02H 33H=00H
 9. Write an ALP to separate positive and negative in a given
array.

Program:
MOV 0D0H, #00H ; clear the PSW
MOV DPTR, #5000H
MOV R0, #30H
MOV R1, #20H
MOV R3, #05H
UP: MOVX A,@DPTR
RLC A
JNC NEXT
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV @R1, A
INC R1
SJMP SKIP
NEXT: MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV @R0, A
INC R0
SKIP: INC DPTR
DJNZ R3, UP
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

5000H<= FFH 5000H<= FFH

5001H<= 08H 5001H<= 08H
5002H<= 80H 5002H<= 80H
5003H<= 05H 5003H<= 05H
5004H<= 16H 5004H<= 16H
Negative:
30H<= FFH FF <= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31H<= 80H 08 <= 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Positive: 80 <= 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20H<= 08H 05 <= 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
21H<= 05H
Negative: FF & 80 16 <= 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
22H<= 16H
Positive: 08, 05 & 16

Negative: Positive:
30H<= FFH 20H<=08H
31H<= 80H 21H<= 05H
22H<= 16H
 10.Write an ALP to separate even or odd elements in a given
array.
Program:

MOV 0D0H, #00H ; clear the PSW

MOV DPTR, #5000H
MOV R0, #30H
MOV R1, #20H
MOV R3, #05H
UP: MOVX A,@DPTR
RRC A
JNC NEXT
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV @R1, A
INC R1
SJMP SKIP
NEXT: MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV @R0, A
INC R0
SKIP: INC DPTR
DJNZ R3, UP
END

Result:
Before Execution After Execution

5000H<= 05H 5000H<= 05H

5001H<= 06H 5001H<= 06H
5002H<= 07H 5002H<= 07H
5003H<= 08H 5003H<= 08H
5004H<= 09H 5004H<= 09H
Even:
30H<= 06H 05 <= 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
06 <= 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
31H<= 08H
07 <= 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
08 <= 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Odd: 09 <= 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
20H<= 05H
21H<= 07H Even: 06 & 08
22H<= 09H Odd: 05, 07 & 09

Even: Odd:
30H<= 06H 20H<=05H
31H<= 08H 21H<= 07H
22H<= 09H

11.Write an ALP to arrange the numbers in Ascending &

 Descending order.

I) Ascending order
Program:

MOV R3, #05H

UP: MOV DPTR, #5000H
MOV R2, #04H
AGAIN: MOV R1, 82H
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV 30H, A
INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR
CJNE A, 30H, DOWN
SJMP SKIP
DOWN: JNC SKIP
MOV 82H, R1
MOVX @DPTR, A
INC DPTR
MOV A, 30H
MOVX @DPTR, A
SKIP: DJNZ R2, AGAIN
DJNZ R3, UP
END

Result:
Before Execution After Execution
5000H<=08H 5000H<=01H
5001H<=01H 5001H<=02H
5002H<=02H 5002H<=05H
5003H<=09H 5003H<=08H
5004H<=05H 5004H<=09H
II) Descending order.
Program:
MOV R3, #05H
UP: MOV DPTR, #5000H
MOV R2, #04H
AGAIN: MOV R1, 82H
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV 30H, A
INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR
CJNE A, 30H, DOWN
SJMP SKIP
DOWN: JC SKIP
MOV 82H, R1
MOVX @DPTR, A
INC DPTR
MOV A, 30H
MOVX @DPTR, A
SKIP: DJNZ R2, AGAIN
DJNZ R3, UP
END

Result:
Before Execution After Execution

5000H<=08H 5000H<=09H
5001H<=01H 5001H<=08H
5002H<=02H 5002H<=05H
5003H<=09H 5003H<=02H
5004H<=05H 5004H<=01H

12. Write an ALP to find Largest & Smallest number from a given
 array starting from 20h & store it in Internal Memory location
40h.
I)SMALLEST
Program:

MOV R1, #20H

MOV R2, #05H
MOV R0, #0FFH
AGAIN: MOV A,@R1
MOV 30H, R0
CJNE A, 30H, DOWN
SJMP SKIP
DOWN: JNC SKIP
MOV R0, A
SKIP: INC R1
MOV 40H,R1
DJNZ R2, AGAIN
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

30H<=09H 40H=01H
31H<=08H
32H<=05H
33H<=02H
34H<=01H
II) LARGEST
Program:
MOV R1, #30H
MOV R2, #05H
MOV R0, #00H
AGAIN: MOV A,@R1
MOV 30H, R0
CJNE A, 30H, DOWN
SJMP SKIP
DOWN: JC SKIP
MOV R0, A
SKIP: INC R1
DJNZ R2, AGAIN
END
Result:

Before Execution After Execution

30H<=09H 40H=09H
31H<=08H
32H<=05H
33H<=02H
34H<=01H
 3.Counter Operation Programs:

13. Write an ALP for Decimal UP-Counter.

Program:

MOV A, #00H
UP: LCALL 061DH
MOV R3, A
MOV R4, #00H
MOV R5, #02H
LCALL 059EH
ADD A, #01H
DA A
CJNE A, #00H, UP
END
Result:
After Execution
00
01
02
03
.
.
96

97

98

99

14. Write an ALP for Decimal DOWN-Counter.

Program:

MOV A, #99H
UP: LCALL 061DH
MOV R3, A
MOV R4, #00H
MOV R5, #02H
LCALL 059EH
ADD A, #99H
DA A
CJNE A, #99H, UP
END
Result:
After Execution
99
98
97
96
.
.
03

02

01

00

15. Write an ALP for Hexadecimal UP-Counter.

Program:
 MOV A, #00H
UP: LCALL 061DH
MOV R3, A
MOV R4, #00H
MOV R5, #02H
LCALL 059EH
ADD A, #01H
CJNE A, #00H, UP
END

Result:
After Execution
00
01
02
03
.
.
FC

FD

FE

FF

16. Write an ALP for Hexadecimal DOWN-Counter.

Program:
 MOV A, #0FFH
UP: LCALL 061DH
MOV R3, A
MOV R4, #00H
MOV R5, #02H
LCALL 059EH
SUBB A, #01H
CJNE A, #0FFH, UP
END

Result:
After Execution
FF
FE
FD
FC
.
.
03

02

01

00
 II. C Programming

1. Write an 8051 C program to find the sum of first 10 Integer

Numbers.
Program:
#include<reg51.h> // to include the 8051 register set
void main()
{
unsigned char i ;
unsigned int sum=0; //initialize sum with zero
for (i=1; i<=10; i++) //loop to 10 iteration
{
sum +=i ; //increment and add
}
P0=sum; //display the sum
while (1); //loop indefinitely
}

2.Write an 8051 c program to find factorial of a given number.

Program:
#include<reg51.h>//include the 8051 microcontroller header file
void main()
{
//give the number to which you need the factorial of the given number & initialize
with 1
unsigned int num=5, fact=1;
while(num>0)
{
fact = fact*num;
num--;

}
P1=fact; // display the result on the output port
while(1);
}

3.Write an 8051 C program to find the Square of a number (1 to 10)

using Look-Up Table.

Program:
#include<reg51.h>
//look-up table of squares
const unsigned char squares[]={1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100};
void main()
{
unsigned char number=9; //Number for which we want to find the square
while(number<=10)
{
unsigned char square=squares [number-1];

P1=square; //Display the result on port 1

}
}

4.Write an 8051 C program to count the number of Ones and Zeros

in two consecutive memory locations.
Program:
#include<reg51.h>
void main()
{
unsigned char data1,data2;
unsigned char onescount1=0,onescount2=0;
unsigned char zeroscount1=0,zeroscount2=0;
unsigned char i;
//Read the data from two consecutive memory locations
data1=*(unsigned char*)0x40;
data2=*(unsigned char*)0x41;
//count the number of ones and zeros in the first memory location
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
if((data1 & (1 << i))!=0)
onescount1++;
else
zeroscount1++;
}
//count the number of ones and zeros in the second memory location
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
if((data2 & (1<<i)) !=0)
onescount2++;
else
zeroscount2++;
}
//output the results
P1=onescount1+onescount2; //output ones count for the first + second memory
location
P2=zeroscount1+zeroscount2; //output ones count for the first + second memory
location
While(1){//Endless loop
}
}
III. Hardware Interfacing Programs
1.Write an 8051 C Program to rotate stepper motor in Clock &
Anti-Clockwise direction

Program:
#include<at89c5led2.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define PHASED 0x09
#define PHASEC 0x0c
#define PHASEB 0x06
#define PHASEA 0x03
void delay_ms(unsigned int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
}
}
void main()
{
while (1)
{
P0=PHASEA;
delay_ms(10000);
P0=PHASEB;
delay_ms(10000);
P0=PHASEC;
delay_ms(10000);
P0=PHASED;
delay_ms(10000);
}
}

2.Write an 8051 C program to Generate Sine & Square waveforms

using DAC interface.
#include <8051.h
// Define DAC interface pins
#define DAC_DATA P0 // DAC data bus connected to Port 0
// Delay function
void delay(unsigned int time) {
unsigned int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < time; i++)
for(j = 0; j < 1275; j++); // Adjust the delay as needed
}

// Function to generate sine waveform

void generateSine() {
unsigned char sineWave[] = {127, 159, 190, 219, 245, 255, 245, 219, 190,
159}; // Sine values for one cycle

unsigned char i;
while(1) {
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
DAC_DATA = sineWave[i]; // Output sine waveform to DAC
delay(100); // Adjust delay for desired frequency
}
}
}

// Function to generate square waveform

void generateSquare() {
unsigned char squareWave[] = {0, 255}; // Square wave values

unsigned char i;
while(1) {
for(i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
DAC_DATA = squareWave[i]; // Output square waveform to DAC
delay(100); // Adjust delay for desired frequency
}
}
}

void main() {
// Initialize DAC interface
 DAC_DATA = 0; // Initialize DAC data bus
while(1) {
generateSine(); // Generate sine waveform
//generateSquare(); // Uncomment this line to generate square
waveform
}
}

Viva Questions
1. What do you mean by Embedded System? Give examples.
2. Why are embedded Systems useful?
3. What is Embedded Controller?
4. What is Microcontroller?
5. List out the differences between Microcontroller and Microprocessor.
6. How are Microcontrollers more suitable than Microprocessor for Real Time Applications?
7. What are the General Features of Microcontroller?
8. Explain briefly the classification of Microcontroller.
9. Explain the general features of 8051 Microcontroller.
10. How many pin the 8051 has?
11. Differentiate between Program Memory and Data Memory.
12. What is the size of the Program and Data memory?
13. Write a note on internal RAM. What is the necessity of register banks?
14. What is the function of accumulator?
15. What are SFR’s?
16. What is the program counter? What is its use?
17. What is the size of the PC?
18. What is a stack pointer (SP)?
19. What is the size of SP?
20. What is the PSW? And briefly describe the function of its fields.
21. What is the difference between PC and DPTR?
22. What is the difference between PC and SP?
23. What is ALE? Explain the functions of the ALE in 8051.
24. What are the disadvantages of the ceramic resonator?
25. Explain briefly the difference between the Von Neumann and the Harvard Architecture.
26. Describe in detail how the register banks are organized.
27. What are the bit addressable registers and what is the need?
28. What is the need for the general purpose RAM area?
29. What is Stack and the Stack Pointer.
30. Explain briefly how internal and external ROM gets accessed.
31. What are the different addressing modes supported by 8051 Microcontroller ?
32. Explain the Immediate Addressing Mode.
33. Explain the Register Addressing Mode.
34. Explain the Direct Addressing Mode.
35. Explain the Indirect Addressing Mode.
36. Explain the Code Addressing Mode.
37. Explain in detail the Functional Classification of 8051 Instruction set
38. What are the instructions used to operate stack?
39. What are Accumulator specific transfer instructions?
40. What is the difference between INC and ADD instructions?
41. What is the difference between DEC and SUBB instructions?
42. What is the use of OV flag in MUL and DIV instructions?
43. What are single and two operand instructions?
44. Explain Unconditional and Conditional JMP and CALL instructions.
45. Explain the different types of RETURN instructions.
46. What is a software delay?
47. What are the factors to be considered while deciding a software delay?
48. What is a Machine cycle?
49. Give a brief introduction on Timers/Counter.
50. What is the difference between Timer and Counter operation?
51. How do you differentiate between Timers and Counters?
52. What is the significance of DA instruction?
53. What is packed and unpacked BCD?
54. What is the difference between CY and OV flag?
55. When will the OV flag be set?
56. What is an ASCII code?