International Joint Conference of SMSAE/SMEBA 20'08

JULY 22-24, 2008 Nanjing, China

Organized by

Aeronautic- Science Key Lab for Smart Materials and Structures Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

11:45-12:000419 oral talk

Vibration Characteristics of SMA Embedded Conical Shell Structures Eun-hoJ{_iml, Rehan Jamshed', Woo Ji Hael, Jin-Ho Roh2 and In Lee*l

1 Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon,305-70 1, Korea

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-21125,USA

Session: Functional materials (Room 18-526) Chiarperson: Prof. Huiqing Fan

10:40-11:000320 invited talk

Novel Hydrogen Sensor Based on Thermoelectric Technology Weiling Luan, Hu Huang, Shan-tung Tu

School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R.China

11:00-11:150412 oral talk

Polymer Nano Composites for Micro-actuation and Magneto-electric Transduction

Kaori Yuse, Benoit Guiffard, Rabah Belouadah, Lionel Petit, Laurence Seveyrat and Daniel Guyomar

Laboratoire de Genie Electrique et Ferroelectricite, LGEF, INSA LYON, Bat. Gustave Ferrie, 69621 VIlleurbarme Cedex, France

11: 15-11 :300440 otal talk

Preparation and Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramic' Fibers of Barium Titanate via Sol-Gel Route

Manfang Mai, Cheng Li:q.,Zhaoxian Xiong, Hao Xue and Lifu Chen Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

11:30-11:450428 oral talk

A Continuum Electromechanical Model of IPMC based on Irreversible Thermodynamics theory

An Vi, Xiong Ke , Wang bangfeng, Gu Na

The Aeronautical Science Key Laboratory for Smart Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016

12:00-13:30 Lunch (Yuyuan Hotel')

Proseeding of SMSAE!SMEBA2008 22-28 Jul. 2008, in Nanjing, China'

Tile key Lab for Smart Material and Structure N~njillf: Univct-8ity of Aeronautics &Astmnauti!;!i

VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SMA EMBEDDED CONICAL SHELL STRUCTURES

REHAN JAMSHED '

'Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST, 373-/ Guseong-dong, Yliseong"gu, Daejeon,305-70l, Korea

WOO JI i-iAE" EUN-HO KIM', J[N-HO ROH', IN LEP'

I Department of Aerospace Engineering, KA/Sf, 373-1 Guseong-dong. Yuseollg-gu, Daejeon.305-701, Korea

2 Deportment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48f09-21125.USA

Vibration characteristics of shell panels of aerospace vehicles can be improved if the structure's stiffness is increased. The stiffness of the structure call be modified through embedding smart materials such as Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)_ SMAs are novel materials with unique ability to recover large strains under thermal loads. Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composite (SMAHC) shell panels exhibit improved vibration characteristics. In the present study, vibration analyses of SMAHC panels have been performed in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of SMAs through their recovery stress. II has been shown that a SMAHC panel with pre-strained SMA wires has recovery stress which increases the panel's natural frequency. Linear strain displacement relations based on layerwisc displacement theory have been used in the numerical forrnu lauon for conical shells, The study also includes the effect of SMA vol urne fraction on the vibration characteristics. The effectiveness of SMAs toward the vibration characteristics has been satisfactorily demonstrated,

Keywords: Layerwise theory; Shape Memory Alloys; Recovery stress; Shape memory alloy hybridcomposite; Thermomechanical response; Conical panel.

1. Introduction

Aerospace shell panels are subjected to vibration loads that may cause dynamic instabilities such as flutter. At elevated temperatures encountered at higher Mach numbers, the stiffness of the panel decreases thereby reducing its flutter boundary. The panel's vibration characteristics can be improved by enhancement of its stiffness, especially at ,higher temperatures. Conventional means to enhance stiffness such as addition of stiffeners pose weight penalties that limitdesign flexibility.

Recently, various smart materials have been introduced which have temperature dependent properties and they can influence the characteristics of their host structures. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are the smart materials with a unique ability to recover their large pre-strain (up to 8~1O%) when heated above a certain temperature (called Austenite Start Temperature, As). Above this temperature, the pre-strained SMA wires try to recover their original shape. A composite panel embedded with pre-strained SMA wires imposes constraint on the Wires and thus the wires develop recovery stresses. These recovery stresses spread across the panel, increase panel's resistance to vibrations. The results in the present study show that the variation in natural frequency depends on the variation in recovery stress in SMA wires of a SMAHC panel whereas it decreases with the increase in temperature for a conventional panel. A SMAHC panel is subjected to temperature increase in its curing process and the recovery stress induced in it remains present in SMAs on its return to room temperature. The residual recovery stress enhances the panel's natural frequency at room temperature. In service, when the panel is subj ected to elevated temperature, the recovery stress increases which increases the panel's natural frequency. The effect of semi-cone angle and the sub tend angle on the natural frequency of the panel have also been analyzed. The study has been performed using Finite Element Method based on Iayerwise displacement theory. Layerwise displacement theory represents the in-plane displacements in zigzag manner with Co type continuity at nodal interface across thickness. The theory is more suitable for the analyses of curved panels. Layerwise displacement fields provide a much more kinematically correct representation of moderate to severe cross sectional warping.

A great deal of literature is available which addresses the vibration characteristics of cylindrical and composite panels. Refs 6, 8 and 10 used FSDT in their finite element formulations. Bardell 8 and Cheung 10 analyzed free vibrations of isotropic conical shells. Reddy 5 explains the layerwise concept for modeling displacement across the thickness. Oh and Lee 2 used Jayerwise theory for cylindrical shells utilizing nonlinear

57

Rehan Jamshed Woo Ji Hae Eun-ho Kim et (II.

- - - -

von-Karman strain displacement relationships to analyze the vibration and thermal snapping characteristics of

cylindrical panels. Woo et al 3 performed vibration and thermal postbuckling analyses ~f composite conical panel using layerwise theory. Recently, SMA embedded composites (SMAHC) have received considerable attention by many researchers. L.c. Brinson 7 developed nonlinear finite element procedure which incorporates a thermodynamically derived constitutive law for shape memory alloy. Turner 9 proposed a thermoelastic model for a SMAHC plate beam. Roh et al 4 investigated the vibration and buckling behavior of SMAHC cylindrical panels. Literature indicates that the vibration characteristics of a SMAHC conical panel have not received the due consideration. In view of the foregoing, the vibration characteristics of the conical SMAHC panel were studied.

2. Shape Memory Alloy Model

In the present study, Brinson's model 7 has been used as SMA constitutive model. Using Brinson's the material's thermornehcanical behaviour at any temperature can be captured and its expressions include only the quantifiable engineering quantities and material parameters. Using the initial conditions (0"", Eo, 0;" .;." To) the differential form of Brinson 's constitutive equation for SMAs is given as follows:

(1)

where

is the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, D is Young's modulus ofSMAs, e is the Green strain, ~ is the

martensite fraction, n is the transformation tensor, e is the thermal expansion parameter. Since the martensite fraction depends on stress and temperature therefore the complete governing equations for the transformation kinetics are coupled with Eq. (1). The details of the same are given in Reference 7. Various SMA material parameters and transformation temperatures are given in Table 1.

Table I. SMA Material Properties

Maximum 'Residual Sttain

Moduli. Density Tran sforma lion Transformation
Temperatures Constants
~ . ~
D. 67 XIO.JMPa Mf= 9·C CM= 8 MPa ·C'
D .. 6.3 xlQ"MPa M," 18.4·C CA = 13.8 MPa "C'
MPa "C.l A. = 34.5 "C (j" = 100 MPa
p = 6448 kg/rrr', AI= 49 "C (j~ =170 MPa L=O.067

Using the relations and material properties above, stress vs, temperature curve for an axially constrained pre-strained SMA wire have been obtained as shown in Figure 1. Various characteristic temperatures given in Table I and the initial conditions determine the loci for the turning points along the stress curve. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the SMA recovery stress follows a hystereses loop whereby it follows a different path on its return to room temperature. Hence, there remains a residual recovery stress at the end of the first heating cycle. For subsequent heating cycles the recovery stress returns to the same residual stress of first cycle.

3. Finite Elemenet Formulation

3.1. The layerwlse laminate theory

The present finiteelement formulation is based on the layerwise displacement theory. Figure 2 shows the conical panel geometry used in the present study .

...
..,
7-~
:;i':!-:D
e..,
"
~""
i= o.,,,jJ
.
~'!.-- I _------ /
"'"" II / I ~ .. hi C~'C-le I
" E!' l , .... -"'l1dCycl~
8 I , .
c .::r::. ,.,. 4 _. r._ ~
• " .., '" .. "" ," ..,
r("C) 58

Vibration Char,lG!~ristics of SMA Embedded Conical Shell Structures

Fig.2. Conical panel geometry

Using layerwise theory, the displacements u, v and w along x-e-z coordinates are expressed as follows:

N,

u(x,¢,t) = LUi (x,¢,I)lPJ (z),

J·I

.(2)

N,

v(x,¢,t) = LVJ (x,¢,t)lPJ (z),·

JMI

(3)

w(x,¢,z,t) = W(x,¢,t).

(4)

In Eqs.(2) to (4), the UJ and VJ are the in-plane nodal displacements at the J th interface; Ni is the number of degree of freedom (DOF) for the in-plane displacement along the thickness direction for the i th element; <IlJ (z) is the Lagrange interpolation function. Its detailed expressions are given in Ref.2. The linear strain-displacement relationships for conical panel based on Donnell's theory I are adopted to consider deflections. The strain displacement relations are given in Ref.3.

3.2. SMAHC constitutive equation

The SMAHC constitutive equation for a kth general orthotropic layer of the laminate with fibers oriented at angle e with x-coordinate is given as follows:

(5)

(6)

where Um =1 - u, and to}, {a} and {or} denote the stress, thermal expansion coefficient and SMA recovery stress vectors respectively; Us and Urn are the volume fractions of SMA and composite matrix (GraphitelEpoxy), respectively. Matrices [Q]and [Ql are the transformed reduced stiffness matrices of the SMA embedded lamina and (us :;to) and the composite matrix (u, '" 0) respectively.

3.3. . Equation of motion for SMAHC panel

Using Hamilton's principle, the equation of motion can be expressed as follows:

(7)

where M, KL, K'IT, KSMA are the mass matrix, linear stiffness, thermal geometric stiffness and geometric stiffness due to SMA recovery stress respectively. The natural frequencies and mode shapes can be found from

eigenvalue equation obtained form the above equation as follows: .

(8)

where are the natural frequency and natural mode shape.

59

Rehan Jamshed. Woo Ji Hae Eun-ho Kim <,1 al.

4. Results and Discussions'

4.1. Code verification

The present computational code has been verified for the vibration analysis of an isotropic conical panel analyzed by Bardell 8 and Cheung 10. Figure 2 is refered for the panel geometry. Various geometric and material parameters are as follows:

afRo = 100, a/Ro = 3, h= 2 mm, a = 30°, 0 = 60°, u = 0.3, p = 2700 kg/m', E= 70 GPa

The analysis gives eigenvalues OJ from which non-dimensional frequency .Q is found from the following expression as follows:

(9)

where D = .s: l-u!

Table 2. Comparison of Natural Frequencies from LWT and FSDT

11 11, 11, 11, a,
Present 212.21 264.74 312.45 360.67
Bardell' 210.6 260.1 309.3 355.6
Cheung '0 213.4 262.5 3147 358.6 The results show a good agreement oflayerwise results with those ofFSDT.

4.2. Eigenvalue analysis of SMAHC conical panel

A SMAHC conical panel has been considered with geometry and material properties given in Table 3. The SMA properties are used from Table 1.

Table 3. Material and Geometric properties of SMAHC panel

EL = 138 GPa E, = E, '" 8.28 GPa GJ.1= G" '" Gn", 6.9 GPa
Vil =0.33 V" '" 0.373 [p = 1600 kg/rrr'
(1L =0.18 x 1O"·c' (12 = 27 x 10.6 -c: (1, = 27" 10"oC'
a '" b = RO '" 800 mm 1I=lmm IR'" 2.667 m 10 = 0.3 rad
Lamination: [90/9010101], IBoundary Condition: All sides simply supported es

Fig.3 (a). Natural frequency variation for the SMAHC panel at a = 0'

60

Vibration Characteristics of SMA Embedded Conical Shell Structures

140 ---- - _-_ - _ _" - .. __ .-_.--.

'N' 120
:r:
';: 100
u
5 00
"
<;T'
J: 00
i'l 4Q
.2
'" 20
Z
0
0 -+- 1 st Cycle

--2nd Cycle

4Q

6T(C)

60

00

20

Fig.3 (b). Natural frequency variation for the SMAHC panel at a = 0° and at v, = 30%

Figure 3(a) shows the variation in natural frequency of the panel with increasing temperature and the SMA volume fractions. Initially the natural frequency decreases but it again rises after passing through the austenite start temperature, As. Finally, the natural frequency starts to decrease when temperature increases beyond the austenite finish temperature, Af. The Figure 3(a) also shows that for temperatures above As, the natural frequency increases with the increase in SMA volume fraction. It, however, decreases for the temperatures less than As which is due to the increase in mass of the panel due to SMAs and with less recovery stress. Using the recovery stress obtained from Figure 1, the variation in natural frequency is shown Figure 3(b). Natural frequency follows the hystereses loop and there is a considerable increase in natural frequency on its return to room temperature in the first heating cycle. Thus a cured SMAHC panel has an enhanced stiffness at room temperature.

4.3. Parametric analyses

Two parametric analyses were performed which respectively show the effect of increasing subtend angle and semi-cone angle on the natural frequency ofa cured SMAHC conical panel at room temperature. The Figure 4(a) shows the effect of varying subtend angle in addition to the increase in volume fraction. Generally, the natural frequency decreases with increase in subtend angle due to the increase in mass. It is observed that at any subtend angle the increment in natural frequency decreases with the increment in SMA volume fraction. This is due to the increase in mass owing to the higher density of SMAs compared to the composite material. Another aspect evident in the Figure 4(a) is that the increase in natural frequency is smaller for lower subtend angles than for higher subtend angles.

The Figure 4 (b) depicts a possibility by which the panel's stiffness is increased while its mass is kept close to its original mass without SMA

S ubtend angle, '" (rad)

Fig.4 (a). Natural frequency variation with increasing subtend angle

61

Reholl Jomshed Woo Ji Hoe EUIl-I/O Kill~J e=l=o={_================~_---: _

'!IIO ~.,~.~---.~-

----.-- .. - .. - 1.'1

.. r· ----------~________.'___/

'.09

1.0e

107 1:00

~

1.06 ~ .. '.0' ::;;:

"'"

.... t.la1'-!1JI1 F~IlI~rlCY forl~l;S,. L?% s:.tr\ .... N~111DiI F~I1e-y fgrl\ilO."9O..'O"OI~N[J ~\.tA

'.OJ

!S 10 ~~ 1CI 2,.50 :J:lo

Semi-cone angle" (degrees)

Fig.4 (b). Natural frequency and mass variation with increasing semi-cone

The left and right axes of the Figure 4(b) represent natural frequency and the panel mass respectively. The value of mass and the two natural frequencies are plotted against semi-cone angle. It is observed that there is a general decrease in natural frequency with the increase in semi-cone angle. The natural frequencies of SMAHC panel ([90(0]s) are higher compared to the conventional panel ([90/90fO/O]s) for all semi-cone angles. At any semi-cone angle, the mass of the two panels is same. Also, it observed that the increment in natural frequency is higher for higher semi-cone angles for which the reason is the increase in active SMA content

s. Conclusions

The present computational code simulates the free vibration behaviour of conventional composite and SMAHC conical panels with satisfactory results. It has been found that layerwise theory closely approximates the dynamic behaviour of the panels with advantage of relatively accurate in-plane displacements across the thickness. Addition of SMAs greatly enhances the material stiffness as manifests from the increase in natural frequency of a SMAHC panel at higher temperatures. From the parametric analyses, it has been shown that the natural frequency decreases with increasing subtend angle and semi-cone angle. The increment is larger at higher angles. For a given geometry, it is observed that the natural frequency increment decreases with the increase in SMA volume fraction.

References

1. Donell L. H. (1933), Stability of Thin-walled Tubes under Torsion, NACA Technical Report.479, pp.95 -116.

2. Il-Kwon Oh and In Lee. (2001), Thermal Snapping and Vibration Characteristics of Cylindrical Composite Panels Using Layerwise Theory, Composite Structures.51, pp.L, 49-61 ..

3. Ji-Hye Woo,. Jin-Ho Roh and In Lee. (2007), Thermal Buckling Characteristics of Composite Conical Shell Structures, KSAS International Journal.B, pp.2, 82-88.

4. Jin-Ho Roh, Jae-Hung Han and In Lee. (2004), Effects of Shape Memory Alloys on Structural Modification, Key Engineering Materials, pp.270~273, 2120-2125.

5. 1. N. Reddy. (1996), Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates, CRC Press.

6. K. Chandrashekhara, (1989), Free Vibrations of Anisotropic Laminated Doubly Curved Shells, Computer and Structures.~3, pp.2, 435-440.

7. L.c. Brison and R. Lammering, (1993), Finite element Analysis of the Behavior of Shape Memory Alloy and Their Applications, International Journal of Solids Structures.30, pp.23. 3261-3280.

8. N. S. Bardell, J. M. Dunsdon and R. S. Langley, (1998), Free Vibration of Thin, Isotropic, Open, Conical Panels, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 217, pp.2, 297 -320.

9. Travis L. Turner. (2000), A New Thermoelastic Model for Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites, Journal of lntelligent Material Systems and Structures. I I , pp.5, 382-394.

10. Y. K. Cheung, W. Y. Li and L. G. Than" (1989), Free Vibration Analysis of Singly Curved Shell by Spline Finite Strip Method, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 128, pp.3, 44 I -422.

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